SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core
Topicality
Resolved: The United States federal government should sustantially reduce its military
and!or police presence in one or more of the follo"ing: South #orea$ %apan$ &fghanistan$
#u"ait$ Ira'$ Tur(ey)
**Sustantial** )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 2
1NC Substantial Reduction 25%..........................................................................................................................2
Ext: Substantial Reduction = 25%..............................................................................................................................3
1NC Substantial Reduction 50%..........................................................................................................................4
Ext: Substantial Reduction = 50%..............................................................................................................................5
Substantial = I!o"tant...............................................................................................................................................#
Substantial = $"bit"a"%................................................................................................................................................&
**Reduce** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) +
1NC ' Reduce C$NN() Eliinate...........................................................................................................................*
Reduce C$N Eliinate...............................................................................................................................................+
Reduce = ,ec"ease....................................................................................................................................................10
**Its** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 11
1NC Its ' Excludes -"i.ate Cont"acto"s.................................................................................................................11
Ext: -"i.ate /ilita"% Cont"acts a"e N() )o!ical.....................................................................................................12
$00 -"i.ate Cont"acto"s a"e to!ical........................................................................................................................13
Its = -ossession.........................................................................................................................................................14
Its = Related )o.........................................................................................................................................................15
**,ilitary -resence** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1.
1NC -"esence Excludes Cobat 1o"ces................................................................................................................1#
Ext: -"esence is N() Cobat (!e"ations................................................................................................................1&
$): Cobat ,istinction Excludes I"a23$045anistan.................................................................................................1*
C3I ' -"esence = (nl% /ilita"% $id6 Cobat (!e"ations6 and 7ases.......................................................................1+
$00 ' -"esence = Cobat (!e"ations.......................................................................................................................20
Cobat ,istinction Excludes I"a23$045anistan.......................................................................................................21
Cobat ,istinction 1ails..........................................................................................................................................22
$): 8"ee" E.idence...................................................................................................................................................23
1NC -"esence is (nl% )"oo!s................................................................................................................................24
Ext: -"esence = )"oo!s.............................................................................................................................................25
$00 -"esence Includes 7ot5 )"oo!s and In0"ast"uctu"e..........................................................................................2#
$00 -"esence is ,e0ined 7"oadl%...........................................................................................................................2&
7"oad $00 Inte"!"etations o0 -"esence.......................................................................................................................2*
7"oad $00 Inte"!"etations o0 -"esence.......................................................................................................................2+
**-olice -resence** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) /0
1NC -olice -"esence = $ctual -olice ,e!lo%ents..............................................................................................30
Ext: -olice -"esence Re0e"s to Ci.ilian -olice.........................................................................................................31
1NC -olice -"esence ,oesn9t $llo: Cobat )"oo!s............................................................................................32
Ext: -olice -"esence "e0e"s to !ost'con0lict !eace;ee!in4.......................................................................................33
**0ther 1ords** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) /2
<nited States 0ede"al 4o.e"nent.............................................................................................................................34
$nd3(" ,oes /eans 7ot5 o" Eit5e" =$): It (nl% /eans 7ot5>...............................................................................35
In = ?it5in................................................................................................................................................................3#
1
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
2
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
**Sustantial**
13C 4 Sustantial Reduction 4 256
&) Interpretation 4 a sustantial reduction is 256 7 military regulations prove)
/a@o" Ste.en N. Tomanelli et al6 5as se".ed as a Aud4e $d.ocate in t5e <nited States $i" 1o"ce6 C5ie0 o0
$c2uisition and 1iscal Ba: 0o" t5e $i" 1o"ce s $i" /obilit% Coand6 and Senio" ,o, Counsel 0o" t5e National
Reconnaissance (00ice =NR(>6 $"% Ba:%e"6 1eb"ua"% 18826 Bexis $cadeic
1. Re4ulato"% C5an4es''Noti0ication Re2ui"eents 0o" )e"ination o" Reduction o0 ,e0ense -"o4"as.''The D0D has issued an
interim rule re'uiring military departments and de0ense a4encies to notify contractors of a !otential te"ination o06 o"
sustantial reduction in$ a defense program. n5*1 <nde" t5e ne: "ule6 eac5 ilita"% de!a"tent and de0ense a4enc% ust establis5
!"ocedu"es 0o" dete"inin4 :5ic5 de0ense !"o4"as a"e li;el% to be te"inated o" substantiall% "educed as a "esult o0 t5e subission o0 t5e
-"esidentCs bud4et o" enactent o0 an a!!"o!"iations act. ?it5in t5i"t% da%s o0 suc5 subission o" enactent6 a4encies and ilita"% de!a"tents
ust noti0% a00ected cont"acto"s o0 t5e !"o!osed te"ination o" "eduction. &ffected contractors are those "ith a contract o0 D
5006000 o" o"e under a program identi0ied as li;el% to be te"inated o" reduced y at least t"enty7five percent. ?it5in t:o
:ee;s a0te" "ecei.in4 notice 0"o t5e 4o.e"nent6 cont"acto"s ust noti0%6 aon4 ot5e"s6 t5ei" a00ected e!lo%ees and subcont"acto"s o0 t5e
!"o!osed te"ination o" "eduction.
-resence is the totality of military activities in each country)
7a""% /. 9lechman et al6 -"esident o0 ,1I Inte"national6 S!"in46 188:6 St"ate4ic Re.ie:6 !.14
8i.en its ulti0aceted natu"e6 neit5e" !"actitione"s no" sc5ola"s 5a.e %et settled on a sin4le de0inition o0 presence. )ec5nicall%6 t5e te"
refers to bot5 a ilita"% !ostu"e and a ilita"% ob@ecti.e. )5is stud% uses t5e te" E!"esenceF to "e0e" to a continuum of military
activities6 0"o a .a"iet% o0 inte"actions du"in4 !eacetie to c"isis "es!onse in.ol.in4 bot5 0o"ces on t5e scene and t5ose based in t5e <nited
States. 0ur definition follo"s that articulated y the U)S) %oint Chiefs of Staff: ;-resence is the totality of
U.S. instruments of power deployed o.e"seas =bot5 !e"anentl% and te!o"a"il%> along "ith the re'uisite
infrastructure and sustainment capailities.G
9) <iolation 4 the aff does not reduce 256 of the US military presence in ==============
C) <ote neg 4 our interpretation is (ey to preserve fair ground for oth sides
7 #ey to limits and ground 4 Chec(s ased on ;sustantial> are (ey to prevent infinite tiny
affirmatives that "ithdra" specific sections of troops 4 these destroy core generic negative
ground and educational clash since they don?t have much literature
7 -recision 4 this isn?t your usual sustantial argument 4 our interpretation is ased on US
la" specific to the military 4 this est preserves predictaility and real7"orld education
3
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
@At: Sustantial Reduction B 256
256 is the definition used in military legislation)
3ational Defense &uthoriCation &ct for Discal Eear 18826 -<7BIC B$? 103'1#0 HI.R. 2401J6
N(KE/7ER 306 1++36 Bexis Con4"essional
G=4> ,e0initions.''1o" !u"!oses o0 t5is section:
G=1> )5e te" Ca@o" de0ense !"o4"aC eans a !"o4"a t5at is ca""ied out to !"oduce o" ac2ui"e a a@o" s%ste
=as de0ined in section 2302=5> o0 title 106 <nited States Code>.
G=2> The terms Fsustantial reductionF and Fsustantially reducedF$ "ith respect to a maGor defense program$
mean a reduction of 25 percent or more in t5e total dolla" .alue o0 cont"acts unde" t5e !"o4"a.G.
4
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
13C 4 Sustantial Reduction 4 506
&) Interpretation 7 D0D defines sustantial reduction as 506 7 official guidelines prove)
<S ,e!a"tent o0 ,e0ense =D0D>6 !"oduced b% t5e (00ice o0 <nde" Sec"eta"% o0 ,e0ense =$c2uisition6
)ec5nolo4%6 and Bo4istics>6 (00ice o0 $ssistant Sec"eta"% o0 ,e0ense =Coand6 Cont"ol6 Counications6 and
Intelli4ence>6 (00ice o0 ,i"ecto"6 (!e"ational )est and E.aluation6 E/andato"% -"ocedu"es 0o" /a@o" ,e0ense
$c2uisition -"o4"as =/,$-S> and /a@o" $utoated In0o"ation S%stes =/$IS> $c2uisition -"o4"as6F $!"il
56 20026 5tt!:33:::.ex!lo"ations%stes.nasa.4o.3docuents3)))L0520053,o,50002R.!d0 ,$ &31232010
C&.10.3.12. )5e ,o, Co!onents s5all not te"inate o" substantiall% "educe !a"tici!ation in @oint $C$) I, !"o4"as :it5out Re2ui"eents
$ut5o"it% "e.ie: and <S,=$)MB> a!!"o.alN o" in @oint $C$) I$ !"o4"as :it5out Re2ui"eents $ut5o"it% "e.ie: and $S,=C3I> a!!"o.al. )5e
<S,=$)MB> o" $S,=C3I> a% "e2ui"e a ,o, Co!onent to continue soe o" all 0undin46 as necessa"%6 to sustain t5e @oint !"o4"a in an
e00icient anne"6 des!ite a!!"o.in4 t5ei" "e2uest to te"inate o" "educe !a"tici!ation. Sustantial reduction is defined as a 0undin4 o"
2uantit% decrease of 50 percent or more in the total funding or 'uantities in t5e latest -"esidentCs 7ud4et 0o" t5at !o"tion o0
t5e @oint !"o4"a 0unded b% t5e ,o, Co!onent see;in4 t5e te"ination o" "educed !a"tici!ation.
-resence is the totality of military activities in each country)
7a""% /. 9lechman et al6 -"esident o0 ,1I Inte"national6 S!"in46 188:6 St"ate4ic Re.ie:6 !.14
8i.en its ulti0aceted natu"e6 neit5e" !"actitione"s no" sc5ola"s 5a.e %et settled on a sin4le de0inition o0 presence. )ec5nicall%6 t5e te"
refers to bot5 a ilita"% !ostu"e and a ilita"% ob@ecti.e. )5is stud% uses t5e te" E!"esenceF to "e0e" to a continuum of military
activities6 0"o a .a"iet% o0 inte"actions du"in4 !eacetie to c"isis "es!onse in.ol.in4 bot5 0o"ces on t5e scene and t5ose based in t5e <nited
States. 0ur definition follo"s that articulated y the U)S) %oint Chiefs of Staff: ;-resence is the totality of
U.S. instruments of power deployed o.e"seas =bot5 !e"anentl% and te!o"a"il%> along "ith the re'uisite
infrastructure and sustainment capailities.G
9) <iolation 4 the aff does not reduce 506 of the US military presence in ==============
C) <ote neg 4 our interpretation is (ey to preserve fair ground for oth sides
7 #ey to limits and ground 4 Chec(s ased on ;sustantial> are (ey to prevent infinite tiny
affirmatives that "ithdra" specific sections of troops 4 these destroy core generic negative
ground and educational clash since they don?t have much literature
7 -recision 4 this isn?t your usual sustantial argument 4 our interpretation is ased on US
la" specific to the military 4 this est preserves predictaility and real7"orld education
5
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
@At: Sustantial Reduction B 506
,ilitary legislation defines sustantial reductions as 506)
Comprehensive 9ase Closure Reform and Recovery &ct of 1882 =102 I. R. 44216 )ext o0 t5e 0ull
bill6 int"oduced b% (l%!ia Sno:e6 Bexis Con4"essional>
)I)BE I'ENKIR(N/EN)$B RES)(R$)I(N $) /IBI)$RO INS)$BB$)I(NS )( 7E CB(SE, SEC. 101. CBE$N<- SCIE,<BE 1(R
CER)$IN 7$SES (N S<-ER1<N, N$)I(N$B -RI(RI)IES BIS).
=a> CBE$N<- SCIE,<BE 1(R CER)$IN 7$SES (N N$)I(N$B -RI(RI)IES BIS).'=1> ?it5 "es!ect to eac5 ilita"% installation
desc"ibed in subsection =b>'
=$> be0o"e t5e installation is closed o" substantial "eductions in its o!e"ations 5a.e occu""ed6 at least &5 !e"cent o0 t5e "eedial action
"e2ui"ed on t5e installation !u"suant to t5e Co!"e5ensi.e En.i"onental Res!onse6 Co!ensation6 and Biabilit% $ct o0 1+*0 =42 <.S.C.
+#01 et se2.> s5all be co!letedN and
=7> not late" t5an t:o %ea"s a0te" t5e installation is closed o" substantial "eductions in its o!e"ations 5a.e occu""ed6 all o0 t5e "eedial action
"e2ui"ed on t5e installation !u"suant to suc5 $ct s5all be co!leted.
=2> 1o" !u"!oses o0 !a"a4"a!5 =1>6 sustantial reductions in the operations of a military installation shall e
considered to have occurred if more than 50 percent o0 t5e !e"sonnel assi4ned to t5e installation6 includin4 e!lo%ees and
ebe"s o0 t5e $"ed 1o"ces6 have een reassigned and o.ed to anot5e" installation.
#
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
Sustantial B Important
Sustantially means significant)
Concise 0Aford @nglish Dictionary 200+6 ):el0t5 Edition6 (x0o"d Re0e"ence (nline6
5tt!:33:::.ox0o"d"e0e"ence.co.!"ox%1.cl.su.edu3.ie:s3EN)RO.5tlP
ent"%=t23.e5#0#2Ms"n=1Mssid=4#452&#1#Q1IRS)II)
sustantially
R ad..
1. to a great or significant eAtent.
2. 0o" t5e ost !a"tN essentiall%.
Sustantial means important)
0Aford Dictionary of @nglish$ 20056 (x0o"d Re0e"ence (nline6
5tt!:33:::.ox0o"d"e0e"ence.co.!"ox%1.cl.su.edu3.ie:s3EN)RO.5tlP
ent"%=t140.e&##34Ms"n=&Mssid=104#*5520&Q1IRS)II)
sustantial
R ad@ecti.e
1. of considerale importance6 siSe6 o" :o"t5: a substantial aount o0 cas5.
T st"on4l% built o" ade: a "o: o0 substantial Kicto"ian .illas. T =o0 a eal> la"4e and 0illin4. T i!o"tant in ate"ial o" social te"sN :ealt5%: a
substantial ,e.on 0ail%.
2. conce"nin4 t5e essentials o0 soet5in4: t5e"e :as substantial a4"eeent on c5an4in4 !olicies.
3. "eal and tan4ible "at5e" t5an ia4ina"%: s!i"its a"e s5ado:%6 5uan bein4s substantial.
&
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
Sustantial B &ritrary
Their definition of sustantial is aritrary 4 there?s no consistency in US Code)
Ae00"e% /. Colon6 $ssociate -"o0esso" o0 Ba:6 1o"d5a <ni.e"sit% Sc5ool o0 Ba:6 ?inte" 188:6 San ,ie4o Ba:
Re.ie:6 34 San ,ie4o B. Re.. 16 Bexis $cadeic
n13*. I.R.C. *&&=e>. 3either the statute nor the legislative history indicates ho" much of a reduction in taAes is
necessary in order to constitute a HsustantialH reduction) The meaning of HsustantialH varies from one
Code section to the other. Co!a"e6 e.4.6 I.R.C. 3#*=a>=1>=C> =?est 1+** M Su!!. 1++#> =ac2uisition o0 Gsubstantiall% allG o0 ac2ui"ed
co!an%Cs assets 0o" "ulin4 !u"!oses is &0% o0 4"oss assets and +0% o0 net assets =Re.. -"oc. &&'3&6 1+&&'2 C.7. 5#*>> :it5 I.R.C. 10+2 =?est
1+** M Su!!. 1++#> =Gsubstantial diinutionG o0 "is; o0 loss>.
*
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
**Reduce**
13C 7 Reduce C&330T @liminate
&) Interpretation 7 Reduce does not mean to eliminate 4 Gudicial rulings prove
/a"cus -e""in #no"lton6 Bate C5ie0 Austice (0 )5e Su!"ee Audicial Cou"t (0 /assac5usetts6 (!inion in ,o"a
8"een .. $b"a5a S;la"6 Aune 206 18056 Bexis $cadeic
)5e 0i"st 2uestion is :5et5e"6 in a!!l%in4 t5e statute6 t5e @ud4e a% conside" t5e costs o0 t5e di00e"ent cases to4et5e" as one a44"e4ate6 and "educe
t5e to an aount Gnot less t5an t5e HU3#4J o"dina"% :itness 0ees and ot5e" costs "eco.e"able in one o0 t5e casesGN o"6 :5et5e" 5e is to conside"
t5e costs o0 eac5 case b% itsel06 and a;e t5e "eduction in eac5 case se!a"atel%. I0 5e is liited to t5e latte" ode6 5e cannot extin4uis5 o" disallo:
t5e costs alto4et5e" in an% case6 0o" the "ord Hreduce$H in its ordinary signification$ does not mean to cancel6 dest"o% or
ring to naught$ ut to diminish$ lo"er or ring to an inferior state. ?e t5in; IN28o to t5is Ieadnote in t5e case.t5e
:o"ds abo.e 2uoted indicate t5at6 in "educin4 t5e costs6 t5e aount in all t5e cases to4et5e" is to be conside"ed and "educed. )5is a;es it
!ossible 0o" t5e @ud4e6 in 5is disc"etion6 to "educe t5e in suc5 a :a% as to lea.e not5in4 in soe o0 t5e cases6 !"o.idin4 5e lea.es in t5e
a44"e4ate an aount not HUUU3J less t5an t5e la"4est su "eco.e"able in an% o0 t5e cases.
9) <iolation 4 the aff eliminates all US presence in =================
C) <ote neg 4 our interpretation is (ey to preserve fairness and limits
7 #ey to predictaility 4 our evidence spea(s to the common usage of reduce 4 this is (ey to
negative aility to predict affirmative ground 4 "hich is (ey to clash
7 #ey to limits 4 There are infinite "ays for the aff to reduce military presence 4 our
interpretation limits out small large affs and guarantees negatives solvency ground ased
on continued US presence
+
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
Reduce C&3 @liminate
Dederal code proves elimination is a "ay to reduce)
US Code 2005 =Code o0 1ede"al Re4ulations ' )itle 2#: Inte"nal Re.enue =,ecebe" 2005>6 2# C1R 54.4+*01'16
5tt!:33c0"..lex.co3.id354'si4ni0icantl%'"educin4'0utu"e'acc"ual'1+&1125*>
=c> Eliination o" cessation o0 bene0its. 1o" !u"!oses o0 t5is section6 the terms reduce or reduction include
eliminate or cease o" eliination o" cessation.
Iegislation proves reduce can mean eliminate 4 you can reduce to Cero)
/a@o" Sauel ?. #an6 Aud4e $d.ocate6 <.S. $"%6 citing <irginia Code6 Aanua"% 20106 $"% Ba:%e"6
Bexis $cadeic
n31# K$. C(,E $NN. V 5*.1'322 =?estla: 2010> =GD 156000 o0 ilita"% basic !a% 0o" ilita"% se".ice !e"sonnel on extended acti.e dut% 0o"
!e"iods in excess o0 +0 da%sN 5o:e.e"6 the sutraction amount s5all be "educed dolla"'0o"'dolla" b% t5e aount :5ic5 t5e tax!a%e"Cs
ilita"% basic !a% exceeds D 156000 and shall e reduced to zero if such military asic pay amount is e'ual to o"
exceeds D /0$000.G>.
Reduce can mean eliminate 4 conteAtual evidence)
/a@o" /ic5ael E. Juillory6 "ese".ist assi4ned to t5e Inte"national and (!e"ations Ba: ,i.ision at t5e $i" 1o"ce
Aud4e $d.ocate 8ene"al Sc5ool6 /ax:ell $17 $B6 and ebe" o0 t5e 1lo"ida State 7a"6 20016 $i" 1o"ce Ba:
Re.ie:6 51 $.1. B. Re.. 1116 Bexis $cadeic
)5e "es!onses a.ailable to t5e <nited States6 o" an% ot5e" count"% in @eo!a"d% o0 usin4 ci.ilians in an ina!!"o!"iate anne" a"e as .a"ied as t5e
o!inions o0 inte"national le4al sc5ola"s. The safest route "ould e to cease using civilians "hene.e" t5e !ossibilit% exists t5at
their activities are integrated into comat operations6 but t5is :ould !"o.e di00icult 0"o a !olitical stand!oint. The
positions affected are critical for military operationsN eliminating them without replacement would
mean a reduction in military capability :5ile "e!lacin4 t5e :it5 ilita"% !e"sonnel :ould be ex!ensi.e. Eit5e" c5oice
:ould not be a!!ealin4 to Con4"ess o" t5e tax!a%e"s. n15& $ less HU13&J d"astic a!!"oac56 at least t5eo"eticall%6 :ould be to discontinue t5ei"
usa4e te!o"a"il% :5ile atte!ts a"e ade to cla"i0% t5e la: =o" !e"5a!s aend t5e la: to "eco4niSe t5e a0o"eentioned 2uasi'cobatant status>6
but as an%one 0ailia" :it5 inte"national la: ;no:s6 4ettin4 count"ies to a4"ee on an%t5in4 is ext"eel% di00icult. $lt5ou45 se.e"al decades is
conside"ed s5o"t'te" :5en it coes to establis5in4 inte"national a4"eeents6 n15* it :ould be !"o5ibiti.el% lon4'te" in add"essin4 t5e issue o0
ci.ilians o!e"atin4 in 2uestionable "oles.
10
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
Reduce B Decrease
Reduce means to ma(e smaller)
Concise 0Aford @nglish Dictionary$ 200+6 ):el0t5 Edition6 (x0o"d Re0e"ence (nline
reduce
R ..
1. ma(e or ecome smaller o" less in amount6 de4"ee6 or siCe. T boil =a sauce o" ot5e" li2uid> so t5at it becoes t5ic;e" and
o"e concent"ated. T =c5ie0l% N. $e".> =o0 a !e"son> lose :ei45t. T =-5oto4"a!5%> a;e =a ne4ati.e o" !"int> less dense.
2. ="educe soeone3t5in4 to> b"in4 soeone o" soet5in4 b% 0o"ce o" necessit% to =an undesi"able state o" action>. T ="educe soeone to> a;e
soeone 5el!less :it5 =s5oc;6 an4uis56 o" auseent>.
3. ="educe soet5in4 to> c5an4e soet5in4 to =a si!le" o" o"e basic 0o">. T con.e"t a 0"action to =t5e 0o" :it5 t5e lo:est te"s>.
4. =C5eist"%> cause to cobine c5eicall% :it5 5%d"o4en. T unde"4o o" cause to unde"4o a "eaction in :5ic5 elect"ons a"e 4ained 0"o anot5e"
substance o" olecule. )5e o!!osite o0 oxidiSe.
5. "esto"e =a dislocated bod% !a"t> to its !"o!e" !osition.
#. =a"c5aic> besie4e and ca!tu"e =a to:n o" 0o"t"ess>.
11
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
**Its**
13C 4 Its 7 @Acludes -rivate Contractors
&) Interpretation 4 ;its> implies o"nership)
Jlossary of @nglish Jrammar Terms$ 2005 =5tt!:33:::.usin4en4lis5.co34lossa"%3!ossessi.e'
!"onoun.5tl>
/ine6 %ou"s6 5is6 5e"s6 its6 ou"s6 t5ei"s are t5e possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to sho"
possession or o"nership.
E8. )5is is %ou" dis; and t5atCs ine. =/ine substitutes t5e :o"d dis; and s5o:s t5at it belon4s to e.>
,ilitary means elonging to the armed forces)
Camridge &dvanced IearnerFs Dictionary 2010
=5tt!:33dictiona"%.cab"id4e.o"43dictiona"%3b"itis53ilita"%L1>
military ad@ecti.e
"elatin4 to o" belonging to the armed forces
foreign military intervention
military targets/forces
military uniform
Tdesc"ibes a c5a"acte"istic t5at is t%!ical o0 t5e a"ed 0o"ces
military precision
9) <iolation 4 -rivate military contractors don?t elong to the US military)
C) <ote 3eg 4 our interpretation is (ey to preserve predictaility and fairness
7 Iimits 4 the topic is already huge 4 limiting the aff to official memers of the military is
(ey to prevent further eApansion 4 "hich destroys clash and negative ground
7 -redictaility 4 limiting private military contractors eAcludes lin( to core generic ground
4 "hich is (ey to clash and negative ground
7 @Atra7topicality is an independent reason to vote 4 even if they remove some official
military forces$ removing private contractors still allo"s them to access eAtra advantages 4
destroys predictaility and proves the topic insufficient
12
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
@At: -rivate ,ilitary Contracts are 30T Topical
,ilitary contractors are not part of the USDJ 4 legislation and court rulings)
$a"on E. Jarfield6 assi4ned to t5e 205t5 /ilita"% Intelli4ence 7"i4ade 0"o Aanua"% to ,ecebe"6 20036 as a
ilita"% intelli4ence anal%st6 Sue" 200.6 8eo"4eto:n Aou"nal o0 Inte"national Ba:6 3& 8eo. A. IntCl B. &256 Bexis
$cadeic
?it5 t5e 1ede"al )o"t Clais $ct =1)C$>6 Con4"ess exe!ted t5e 0ede"al 4o.e"nent 0"o to"t liabilit% unde" s!eci0ied conditions6 suc5 as
:5e"e a clai a"ises in a 0o"ei4n count"% o" 0"o cobatant acti.ities. n22 Io:e.e"6 the DTC& eAplicitly eAcludes private
contractors from its definition of "ho may e considered to e acting as an agent or instrumentality of the
U)S) government. n23 The courts 5a.e not s!eci0icall% dealt :it5 t5e issue o0 inde!endent cont"acto"s e!lo%ed in t"aditionall%
4o.e"nental 0unctions in t5e ilita"% o!e"ational context. HU&30J )5e% have6 5o:e.e"6 eAplicitly eAcluded contractors from
immunity in cases involving outsourced correctional officers in penal and immigration facilities. n24 $s :it5
outsou"ced e!lo%ees at doestic 0acilities6 t5e 0lo: o0 4o.e"nent aut5o"it% in I"a2 sto!s at t5e cont"actin4 o00icial6 and does not continue do:n
to t5e cont"acted 0i" o" its e!lo%ees.
Contractors are not agents of the government 4 Supreme Court rulings prove)
-"o0esso" 7a"ba"a 9eCde(6 $ssociate -"o0esso" at t5e <ni.e"sit% o0 /a"%land Sc5ool o0 Ba:6 Aune 20016
1o"d5a <"ban Ba: Aou"nal6 2* 1o"d5a <"b. B.A. 155+6 Bexis $cadeic
$dinist"ati.e !"ocedu"e acts n4# and !ublic in0o"ation la:s n4& o0ten do not a!!l% to !"i.ate cont"acto"s. The
Supreme Court has HU15&0J held that receiving money under a grant does not turn the recipient into a
government agent, nor create a Goint venture et"een government and grantee. n4* ,ata 4ene"ated b%
!"i.atel% cont"olled o"4aniSations6 :5et5e" o" not "ecei.ed and used b% t5e 4o.e"nent a4enc%6 do not constitute
Ga4enc% "eco"ds.G n4+ Consultants employed to improve the 'uality of the agencyFs "or( are not HagencyH
actors6 unless t5e% 5a.e le4al aut5o"it% to a;e decisions as t5e a4enc%Cs o:n. n50
Contractors are not part of the military 4 fall outside the military chain of command)
Aenni0e" W. @lsea et al6 Be4islati.e $tto"ne% in t5e $e"ican Ba: ,i.ision at t5e Con4"essional Resea"c5 Se".ice6
$u4ust 256 200+6 E-"i.ate Secu"it% Cont"acto"s in I"a2: 7ac;4"ound6 Be4al Status6 and (t5e" Issues6F
5tt!:33:::.0as.o"43s4!3c"s3natsec3RB3241+.!d0
Can Cont"acto"s 7e ECobatantsFP $ c"itical 2uestion a!!ea"s to be :5et5e" t5e duties o0 cont"acto"s aount to Eta;in4 an acti.e !a"t in
5ostilities.F In an inte"national a"ed con0lict o" occu!ation65* only memers of regular armed forces and !a"ailita"% 4"ou!s that
come under military command and meet certain criteria =ca""% t5ei" :ea!ons o!enl%6 distin4uis5 t5esel.es 0"o ci.ilians6
and 4ene"all% obe% t5e la:s o0 :a"> 'ualify as comatants)5+ 7ecause contract employees fall outside the
military chain of command $#0 e.en t5ose :5o a!!ea" to eet t5e c"ite"ia as cobatants could be at "is; o0 losin4 t5ei" "i45t to be
t"eated as -(?s i0 ca!tu"ed b% t5e ene%.
ConteAtual evidence proves)
Ae"e% Scahill6 -u00in 1oundation ?"itin4 1ello: at )5e Nation Institute6 $u4ust 136 200:6 E1lus5 :it5 -"o0its
0"o t5e I"a2 ?a"6 /ilita"% Cont"acto"s See a ?o"ld o0 7usiness (!!o"tunities6F
5tt!:33:::.alte"net.o"43:o"ld35+5&13
,u"in4 t5e 1++1 8ul0 ?a"6 t5e "atio o0 t"oo!s to !"i.ate cont"acto"s :as about #0 to 1. )oda%6 it is t5e cont"acto"s :5o outnube" <.S. 0o"ces in
I"a2. $s o0 Aul% 200&6 t5e"e :e"e o"e t5an #30 :a" cont"actin4 co!anies :o";in4 in I"a2 0o" t5e <nited States. Co!osed o0 soe 1*06000
indi.idual !e"sonnel d"a:n 0"o o"e t5an 100 count"ies6 the army of contractors surpasses the official U)S) military
presence of 1.0$000 troops.
13
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
&ff 4 -rivate Contractors are topical
-rivate contractors meet ;police presence)>
Aenni0e" W. @lsea et al6 Be4islati.e $tto"ne% in t5e $e"ican Ba: ,i.ision at t5e Con4"essional Resea"c5 Se".ice6
$u4ust 256 200+6 E-"i.ate Secu"it% Cont"acto"s in I"a2: 7ac;4"ound6 Be4al Status6 and (t5e" Issues6F
5tt!:33:::.0as.o"43s4!3c"s3natsec3RB3241+.!d0
The Jeneva Conventions and other la"s of "ar do not appear to forid the use of civilian contractors in a
civil police role in occupied territory$ in "hich case contractors might e authoriCed to use force :5en
absolutel% necessa"% to de0end !e"sons o" !"o!e"t%.#1 8i.en t5e 0luid natu"e o0 t5e cu""ent secu"it% situation in I"a26 it a% soeties be di00icult
to disce"n :5et5e" ci.ilian secu"it% 4ua"ds a"e !e"0o"in4 la:'en0o"ceent duties o" a"e en4a4ed in cobat. I0 t5ei" acti.it% aounts to cobat6
t5e% :ould becoe la:0ul ta"4ets 0o" ene% 0o"ces du"in4 t5e 0i45tin46 and6 i0 ca!tu"ed b% an ene% 4o.e"nent =i0 one s5ould ee"4e>6 could
!otentiall% be !"osecuted as c"iinals 0o" t5ei" 5ostile acts.#2 Cont"act !e"sonnel :5o intentionall% ;ill o" in@u"e ci.ilians could be liable 0o" suc5
conduct "e4a"dless o0 t5ei" cobatant status.#3
Their interpretation of its doesn?t eAclude private contractors 4 they can legally e
considered agents of the government "hen acting for the government 4 court rulings prove)
Nanc% Jertner6 <S ,ist"ict Cou"t Aud4e6 /a% 46 20086 1R$NWBIN ,. I(B,REN6 et al.6 -lainti00s6 ..
7<11$B( -</-S6 INC.6 et al.6 ,e0endants6 Ci.il $ction No. 0*c.105&0'N86 <NI)E, S)$)ES ,IS)RIC)
C(<R) 1(R )IE ,IS)RIC) (1 /$SS$CI<SE))S #14 1. Su!!. 2d 12+N 200+ <.S. ,ist. BEXIS 3*2536 Bexis
$cadeic
-rivate military contractors sued in state court for design defects have also een rought "ithin the amit of
the federal officer removal statute6 but onl% under certain circumstances. See R%an .. ,o: C5eical Co.6 &*1 1. Su!!. +346
+3+ =E.,.N.O. 1++2> =su44estin4 t5at !"i.ate acto"s see;in4 to in.o;e t5e 0ede"al o00ice" "eo.al statute Gbea" a s!ecial bu"denG>. $0te" all6 t5ese
cont"acto"s6 sued b% !lainti00s 0"o t5e sae state6 5a"dl% 0ace t5e ;ind o0 state'cou"t bias :it5 :5ic5 t5e 0ede"al o00ice" "eo.al statute :as
o"i4inall% conce"ned. ?5at t5e% do 0ace6 5o:e.e"6 is state to"t liabilit% stein4 0"o t5e execution o0 0ede"al duties '' uc5 li;e HUU*J t5e
0ede"al ta"i00 o00ice" :5o acted at t5e be5est o0 t5e national 4o.e"nent. See In "e Easte"n and Sout5e"n ,ist. Ne: Oo"; $sbestos Biti4ation6 *+&
1.2d #2#6 #30 =2d Ci". 1++0>. )5us6 a contractor may assert the Hfederal contractor defenseH onl% insofar as it has acted
as the federal government's agent b% co!l%in4 :it5 G"easonabl% !"eciseG desi4n s!eci0ications. See 7o%le .. <nited
)ec5nolo4ies Co"!.6 4*& <.S. 5006 50&'0*6 10* S. Ct. 25106 101 B. Ed. 2d 442 =1+**>. $nd6 li;e t5e 0ede"al o00ice"6 it may remove the
action only if the federal government "as the source of the specific act for "hich the contractor no" faces
suit. See /esa .. Cali0o"nia6 4*+ <.S. 1216 131'326 10+ S. Ct. +5+6 103 B. Ed. 2d ++ =1+*+>.
14
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
Its B -ossession
;Its> implies o"nership)
Jlossary of @nglish Jrammar Terms$ 2005 =5tt!:33:::.usin4en4lis5.co34lossa"%3!ossessi.e'
!"onoun.5tl>
/ine6 %ou"s6 5is6 5e"s6 its6 ou"s6 t5ei"s are t5e possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to sho"
possession or o"nership.
E8. )5is is %ou" dis; and t5atCs ine. =/ine substitutes t5e :o"d dis; and s5o:s t5at it belon4s to e.>
Its implies possession)
The &merican KeritageL Dictionary of the @nglish Ianguage$ 20086 1ou"t5 Edition6
5tt!:33dictiona"%."e0e"ence.co3b"o:se3its
its =Yts>
ad@. The possessive form of it.
<sed as a odi0ie" be0o"e a noun: )5e ai"line canceled its ea"l% 0li45t to Ne: Oo";.
15
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
Its B Related To
;Its> means related to)
,erriam 1esters 0nline Dictionary$ 20106 5tt!:33:::.e""ia':ebste".co3dictiona"%3its
/ain Ent"%: its
-"onunciation: Z its6 [tsZ
1unction: ad@ecti.e
,ate: ci"ca 150&
: of or relating to it o" itsel0 es!eciall% as !ossesso"6 a4ent6 o" ob@ect o0 an action \4oin4 to its ;ennel] \a c5ild !"oud o0 its 0i"st
d"a:in4s] \its 0inal enactent into la:]
1#
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
**,ilitary -resence**
13C 4 -resence @Acludes Comat Dorces
&) Interpretation 7 -resence eAcludes comat activities)
Aaes Thomason -"o@ect Beade"6 Institute 0o" ,e0ense $nal%sis6 E)"ans0o"in4 <S (.e"seas /ilita"% -"esence: E.idence and (!tions
0o" ,o,6F Aul%6 2002 5tt!:33citesee"x.ist.!su.edu3.ie:doc3do:nloadPdoi=10.1.1.122.1144M"e!="e!1Mt%!e=!d0
(u" :o";in4 de0inition o0 US overseas military presence is t5at it consists of all the US military assets in
overseas areas that are engaged in "elati.el% routine6 "e4ula"6 non-combat activities or functions.1 7% t5is
de0inition6 forces that are located overseas may or may not e engaging in presence activities. If they are
engaging in comat Msuch as 0peration @nduring Dreedom>6 o" a"e in.ol.ed in a one'tie non'cobat action
=suc5 as an unsc5eduled ca""ie" battle 4"ou! de!lo%ent 0"o t5e <nited States aied at calin4 o" stabiliSin4 an
ee"4in4 c"isis situation>6 then they are not engaging in presence activities. )5us6 an asset t5at is located =o"
!"esent> o.e"seas a% o" a% not be Een4a4ed in !"esence acti.ities6F a% o" a% not be Edoin4 !"esence.F
9) <iolation 4 the affirmative "ithdra"al of troops from =============== "ithdra"s
comat troops 4 "hich are not a part of military presence)
C) <ote neg for fairness and education 4
7 #ey to limits 4 the topic is already huge 4 eAcluding large troop affs is (ey to (eeping the
topic manageale
7 #ey to precision 4 0ur interpretation relies on precise$ 'ualified definitions "ith intent to
define 4 this is (ey to predictaility and real7"orld education
7 #ey to neg ground 4 The US is already "ithdra"ing comat troops from &fghanistan and
Ira' 4 limiting the aff to non7comat troop affs is (ey to negative uni'ueness$ "hich is (ey
to generic ground
7 @Atra7topicality is an independent reason to reGect 4 even if they "ithdra" some non7
comat troops$ action eyond the resolution destroys predictaility and clash$ and proves
the resolution insufficient
1&
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
@At: -resence is 30T Comat 0perations
-resence eAcludes comat forces)
Bieutenant Colonel C5a"les Jreer6 <nited States $"%6 1eb"ua"% 1+6 18816 E)5e 1utu"e o0 1o":a"d -"esence6F
5tt!:33:::.dtic.il3c4i'bin38et)R,ocP$,=$,$23422&MBocation=<2Mdoc=8et)R,oc.!d0
)o establis5 a conce!tual 0"ae:o"; 0o" t5is !a!e"6 I developed the follo"ing definition of 0o":a"d presence "ithin the
conteAt of national defense: the visile employment of US military personnel and!or military materiel as a
deterrent outside of the continental United States =(C(N<S> at any point along the operational continuum
short of involving maGor US conventional forces in comat. /% si!listic de0inition could be sub@ect to endless sc5ola"l%
debate. It includes sall unit cobat o!e"ations o0 liited sco!e and du"ation and !eacetie contin4enc% o!e"ations suc5 as ,ese"t S5ield in
Saudi $"abia6 but it excludes t5e subse2uent cobat o!e"ation desi4nated ,ese"t Sto". It includes ou" ilita"% acti.ities in $las;a and Ia:aii.
It excludes an% di!loatic6 econoic6 social o" !s%c5olo4ical acti.ities t5at do not 5a.e a ilita"% co!onent.
-resence eAcludes crisis response and comat forces)
7"ad0o"d Dismu(es6 "e!"esentati.e o0 t5e Cente" 0o" Na.al $nal%ses to t5e Bondon sta00 o0 t5e Coande" in
C5ie06 <.S. Na.al 1o"ces Eu"o!e 6 (ctobe" 200/6 ENational Secu"it% St"ate4% and 1o":a"d -"esence: I!lications
0o" $c2uisition and <se o0 1o"ces6F 5tt!:33cna.o"43sites3de0ault30iles3"esea"c532&+301+200.!d0
7e%ond t5e di"ect de0ense o0 t5e <nited States6 U)S) con.entional forces fulfill three strategic functions: overseas presence$
immediate crisis response$ and sustained6 la"4e'scale comat. )5e de0initions o0 t5e t5"ee !"o.ide t5e 0"ae:o"; 0o" decision on
0o"ces. 7asicall%6 0o"ces needed 0o" ot5e" tas;s^0o" exa!le6 !eace';ee!in4 and !eace en0o"ceent^a"e lesse" cases o0 t5ese t5"ee. =)5e 7us5
$dinist"ation 4"ou!ed t5e latte" t:o to4et5e" unde" t5e label GC"isis Res!onse.G )5e 7otto'<! Re.ie: does not add"ess c"isis "es!onse exce!t
b% i!lication as !a"t o0 !5ase 16 be0o"e la"4e'scale cobat in a Ga@o" "e4ional contin4enc%.G /". $s!in tends to !ut t5e label !"esence on all
0o":a"d 0o"ces :5et5e" t5e% a"e 0o"ces 0o" !"esence =as :ill be s!eci0ied> o" :5et5e" t5e% a"e en4a4ed in t5e tas;s o0 c"isis "es!onse.> $ basic
!"oble :it5 o.e"seas presence is t5at t5e te" descries oth a military posture =ilita"% eans> and a military mission
=ilita"% eans and !olitical ob@ecti.es>. In t5e case o0 !"esence as a ission6 the oGective is influence on be5al0 o0 a .a"iet% o0 <.S.
!olitical 4oals. )5is abi4uit% is ade :o"se b% t5e 0act t5at the term has een in use since at least the 18.0s$ ut it has
never een defined in the %CS dictionary of military terms. &s a strategic tas( of the armed forces$ o.e"seas
presence is 5e"e defined as the routine operation of forces for"ard =t5e eans> to influence "hat foreign
governments6 113 bot5 ad.e"sa"% and 0"iend6 thin( and do =t5e ends> without combat.114 (.e"seas !"esence does not constitute
a st"ate4%6 t5ou45 it o" a siila" te" a% in tie becoe t5e s5o"t5and nae 0o" t5e national st"ate4%. )5e national st"ate4% is one o0
en4a4eent o0 <.S. !o:e" in t5e ;e% "e4ions to !"oote t5ei" stabilit% and deoc"atic de.elo!ent. $s desc"ibed in t5e bod% o0 t5is !a!e"6 a
national st"ate4% :ould inte4"ate t5e co!onents o0 <.S. !o:e" to ac5ie.e stabilit% in t5e s5o"t te" and build coo!e"ati.e "elations in t5e lon4
te". )5e latte" :ould add"ess t5e dan4e"s in5e"ent in t5e inte"national s%ste6 outlined in table 16 on !a4e 23. &n important
distinguishing characteristic of overseas presence115^ the asence of comat^places it on a continuum of
increasing violence "ith the other strategic tas(s$ crisis response and sustained comat. Eac5 0o" o0 t5e a!!lication
o0 !o:e" ais to in0luence !olitical be5a.io". Presence is nonviolent =t5ou45 it is t5ei" !otential 0o" .iolence t5at a;es 0o":a"d
0o"ces in0luential>N crisis response involves the threat$ or the actual practice$ of limited violenceN sustained comat
see(s to change an adversaryFs ehavior through la"4escale violence aied at dest"o%in4 5is a"ed 0o"ces in t5e 0ield6 den%in4
5i t5e eans to cont"ol o" continue to su!!o"t 5is o!e"ations6 and so on. )5in;in4 about t5e t5"ee st"ate4ic 0unctions as !oints o" bands on a
continuu 0its t5e "eal :o"ldN %et t5e t5"ee de0ine t5e need 0o" distinct ;inds o0 ca!abilities.
1*
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
&T: Comat Distinction @Acludes Ira'!&fghanistan
The US has tens of thousands of non7comat troops in Ira' 4 plenty of aff ground)
Sa Smith6 edito" o0 <nde"ne:s =online "e!o"t o0 t5e -"o4"essi.e Re.ie:>6 Aanua"% 1+6 20086 E)5e Non'Cobat
)"oo! )"ic;6F <nde"ne:s6 5tt!:33:::.!"o"e..co3200+3013non'cobat't"oo!'t"ic;.5tl
7a"ac; 0ama has repeatedly tal(ed aout removing all comat troops from Ira' but neit5e" t5e edia no" 5is
su!!o"te"s 5a.e !aid uc5 attention to t5e c"itical ad@ecti.e: cobat) Ieft in Ira' "ill e an unce"tain nube" o0 Hnon7comatH
troo!s. $on4 t5ese :ill be 1006000 e"cena"ies t5at /innesota -ublic Radio !olitel% calls Gt5e !a"allel a"%. . . 0illin4 in t5e 4a!s.G 8i.en t5at
:e 5a.e about "e4ula" 1506000 t"oo!s t5e"e no: ' bot5 cobat and non'cobat ' t5atCs 2uite a 0e: 4a!s bein4 0illed. )5e ot5e" 4"ou! bein4 le0t
in I"a2 a"e Gnon7comat troopsH estimated at some"here around /0$000 to :0$000 ' o" about t5e sae nube" o0 t"oo!s :e
5ad in Kietna in ea"l% 1+#5. $cco"din4 to :a" sec"eta"% Robe"t 8ates6 t5e nube" :ill be Gse.e"al tens o0 t5ousands.G 1hatFs the
difference et"een comat and non7comat troopsO The former are assigned to offensive operations "hile6 as
$% _alan !uts it$ non7comat troops Hmay provide training and mentoring$ assist Ira'i troops$ conduct
intelligence and communications functions$ among other tas(s.G
3ot all US troops in &fghanistan are comat troops)
)5e Juardian6 (ctobe" 136 20086 5tt!:33:::.4ua"dian.co.u;3:o"ld3200+3oct3133obaa'a045anistan't"oo!'
de!lo%ent
-"esident 7a"ac; 0ama is 'uietly deploying an eAtra 1/$000 troops to &fghanistan6 an unannounced o.e t5at is se!a"ate
0"o a "e2uest b% t5e <S coande" in t5e count"% 0o" e.en o"e "ein0o"ceents. )5e ext"a 136000 is !a"t o0 a 4"adual s5i0t in !"io"it% since
(baa becae !"esident a:a% 0"o I"a2 to $045anistan. )5e ?5ite Iouse and t5e -enta4on bot5 announced ea"lie" t5is %ea" t5at t5e nube" o0
<S t"oo!s in $045anistan :as to be "aised b% 2160006 b"in4in4 t5e total at !"esent to #260006 :it5 t5e ai o0 #*6000 b% t5e end o0 t5e %ea". 7ut
t5e ?as5in4ton -ost6 based on con.e"sations :it5 -enta4on o00icials6 said t5at on to! o0 t5ose an ext"a 136000 Genable"sG a"e also bein4 de!lo%ed.
They are ainl% engineers$ medical staff$ intelligence officers and military police) &out /$000 of them are
specialists in eAplosives$ eing sent to try to comat the gro"ing fatality rate from roadside oms) The
deployment of such non7comat troops is in line "ith the professed aim of the ne" US commander6 8ene"al
Stanle% /cC5"%stal6 to try to "in the hearts and minds of the &fghanistan population.
1+
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
C!I 7 -resence B 0nly ,ilitary &id$ Comat 0perations$ and 9ases
;-resence> is only military aid$ comat operations$ and ases)
&merican 0server 2uotin4 ,(, Re!o"ts E<S ilita"% !"esence in 0o"ei4n count"ies exceeds "est o0
:o"ldF No.ebe" 106 2008 5tt!:33ine:s#.ae"icanobse".e".net3a"ticles3us'ilita"%'!"esence'0o"ei4n'count"ies'
exceeds'"est':o"ld
The United States has military presence in over 1/0 countries$ according to a Department of Defense report
for 200+) 3o other nation in the "orld has such "idespread gloal military presence) $cco"din4 to )5e Cente" 0o"
Resea"c5 and 8lobaliSation6 an inde!endent "esea"c5 o"4aniSation6 E)5e <nited States /ilita"% is cu""entl% de!lo%ed to o"e locations t5an it 5as
been t5"ou45out 5isto"%.F Not onl% does t5e <.S. 5a.e ilita"% in a si4ni0icant nube" o0 count"ies6 but it also 5as di!loatic "elations :it5
alost e.e"% count"%. $ Aune 2+6 200+ "e!o"t 0"o t5e State ,e!a"tent indicated t5at t5e"e a"e 1+2 count"ies in t5e :o"ld. )5e <.S. 5as
di!loatic "elations :it5 all but 0ou": 75utan6 Cuba6 I"an and No"t5 Wo"ea. Si!l% !ut6 0o"ei4n !olic% decisions ade b% leade"s elected in t5e
<nited States di"ectl% i!act t5e "est o0 t5e :o"ld. ?5ile t5e e00ects o0 ou" ilita"% de!lo%ent i!act t5ose :5o ;no: soeone in uni0o"6
an% <.S. citiSens "a"el% see t5e conse2uences6 unless t5e% a;e 5eadline ne:s. <.S. t"oo!s toda% a"e stationed t5"ou45out t5e /iddle East6
includin4 I"a26 $045anistan6 )u";e% and Wu:ait. ?5ile soe count"ies a"e 5oe to ilita"% bases6 ot5e"s "e2ui"e ilita"% disaste" "elie0 a0te" a
c"isis6 li;e a tsunai. (t5e"s 5a.e becoe battle0ields6 "esultin4 in t5e deat5s o0 <.S. soldie"s and 0o"ei4n ci.ilians. ,ilitary presence is
defined b% an% nation "here the U)S) has a military ase6 "here the U)S) is providing military aid6 acti.e dut% ilita"%
!e"sonnel6 or "here U)S) soldiers are engaged in comat t5eate"s.
20
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
&ff 7 -resence B Comat 0perations
-resence includes oth comat and non7comat operations 4 official udget planning for
Ira' proves)
Con4"essional 7ud4et (00ice =C90>6 Se!tebe" 206 200:6 E)5e -ossible Costs to t5e <nited States o0
/aintainin4 a Bon4')e" /ilita"% -"esence in I"a26F 5tt!:33:::.cbo.4o.30t!docs3*#xx3doc*#4130+'20'
Con"adB)!"esenceinI"a2.!d0
$t t5e "e2uest o0 Senato" Went Con"ad6 C5ai"an o0 t5e Senate Coittee on t5e 7ud4et6 the Con4"essional 7ud4et (00ice =C90> has
estimated the possile costs to the United States of maintaining a lon4'te" military presence in Ira' siila" to
t5e <.S. 0o"ces in t5e Re!ublic o0 Wo"ea and t5e No"t5east $sia "e4ion. )5e natu"e and !ace o0 o!e"ations o0 suc5 a !"esence6 i0 an%6 in I"a2 0o"
one o" o"e decades into t5e 0utu"e a"e unce"tain. )o accoodate a "an4e o0 !ossibilities6 C90 has proGected costs under t"o
scenarios: a ;comat> scenario6 :5ic5 :ould in.ol.e "otatin4 ilita"% units into and out o0 I"a2 to sustain <.S. o!e"ations in a cobat
en.i"onent =as is no: bein4 done>N and a ;noncomat> scenario6 :5ic5 :ould in.ol.e stationin4 s!eci0ic ilita"% units inde0initel% at
establis5ed bases in t5e "e4ion in a less 5ostile en.i"onent. I0 <.S. ilita"% o!e"ations in I"a2 :e"e to de.elo! into a lon4'te" !"esence6 suc5
0o"ces could di00e" substantiall% 0"o t5ose assued in eit5e" o0 t5e scena"ios used in t5is anal%sis. /o"eo.e"6 the t"o scenarios are not
mutually eAclusive o.e" tie: )5e o"e intensi.e !ace o0 cobat o!e"ations could 4i.e :a% to t5e slo:e" !ace o0 noncobat o!e"ations
o.e" soe nube" o0 %ea"s. In an% e.ent6 t5e ultiate costs o0 an% lon4'te" <.S. ilita"% !"esence in I"a2 :ould de!end 5ea.il% on t5e scale
and !ace o0 0utu"e o!e"ations. Under the comat scenario that C90 considered$ the United States "ould maintain a
lon4'te" presence of a!!"oxiatel% 55$000 military personnel in I"a26 deploying military units and their associated
personnel there for specific periods and then returning them to their permanent ases eit5e" in t5e <nited States o"
o.e"seas. )5e scena"io also inco"!o"ates t5e assu!tion t5at units de!lo%ed to I"a2 :ould o!e"ate at t5e sae !ace and conduct t5e sae t%!es o0
issions as t5e 0o"ces cu""entl% de!lo%ed t5e"e. In C7(9s estiation6 t5is scena"io could 5a.e one'tie costs o0 D4 billion to D* billion and
annual costs o0 a!!"oxiatel% D25 billion. =$ll costs in t5is anal%sis a"e ex!"essed as 200* dolla"sN see )able 1.> Under the noncomat
scenario t5at C7( anal%Sed6 the United States "ould maintain a lon4'te" presence of approAimately 55$000 military
personnel in Ira' y indefinitely stationing specific units at estalished ases t5e"e in a anne" siila" to t5e cu""ent
!"actice o0 assi4nin4 !e"sonnel to units based in Wo"ea o" 8e"an%. )5e scena"io inco"!o"ates t5e assu!tion o0 uc5 less intense ilita"%
o!e"ations t5an t5ose unde" t5e cobat scena"io. <nde" t5is noncobat alte"nati.e6 units stationed in I"a2 :ould "a"el%6 i0 e.e"6 be en4a4ed in
cobat o!e"ations. <!'0"ont costs =ainl% 0o" const"uction> unde" t5e noncobat scena"io :ould be a!!"oxiatel% D* billion6 :it5 annual costs
o0 D10 billion o" less6 C7( estiates.
#orea proves)
Con4"essional 7ud4et (00ice =C90>6 Se!tebe" 206 200:6 E)5e -ossible Costs to t5e <nited States o0
/aintainin4 a Bon4')e" /ilita"% -"esence in I"a26F 5tt!:33:::.cbo.4o.30t!docs3*#xx3doc*#4130+'20'
Con"adB)!"esenceinI"a2.!d0
Senato" Conrad re'uested that C90 estimate the costs of a long7term U)S) military presence in Ira'$ similar to
the presence maintained b% t5e <nited States in and around t5e Re!ublic o0 #orea since t5e 1+50s. Those forces6 :5ic5 a"e
s!"ead t5"ou45out t5e No"t5east $sia "e4ion6 include &rmy ground comat units stationed in Wo"ea itsel0 and ,arine Corps
ground comat units stationed in 0(ina"a6 Aa!an. Siila"l%6 t5e $i" 1o"ce aintains units in bot5 Wo"ea and Aa!an6 and t5e /a"ine
Co"!s 5as a.iation e2ui!ent and !e"sonnel in (;ina:a. In !a"ticula"6 0"o 1++1 to 2004 =until a "ecent $"% "eo"4aniSation>6 t5e <nited States
5ad aintained t5e cu""ent e2ui.alent o0 0ou" b"i4ade cobat teas6 di.isional and 5i45e"'le.el $"% and /a"ine 5ead2ua"te"s and su!!o"t units6
six land'based tactical 0i45te" s2uad"ons6 and an ai"c"a0t ca""ie" battle 4"ou! in t5e No"t5east $sia "e4ion^a total 0o"ce co!"isin4 about *06000
!e"sonnel.
21
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
Comat Distinction @Acludes Ira'!&fghanistan
Their interpretation eAcludes Ira' and &fghanistan 4 no distinction et"een comat and
non7comat troops)
Ieat5e" S. In4"u Jipson6 A.,. Candidate6 <ni.e"sit% o0 /issou"i'Wansas Cit%6 ?inte" 20056 </WC Ba:
Re.ie:6 &4 </WC B. Re.. 3*36 Bexis $cadeic
n13# $nn Scott )%son6 7id to Biit ?oen In Cobat ?it5d"a:n6 )IE ?$SIIN8)(N -(S)6 /a% 2#6 20056 at $01. See also )5o S5an;e"6
Iouse 7ill ?ould -"ese".e6 and Biit6 t5e Role o0 ?oen in Cobat _ones6 N.O. )I/ES6 /a% 206 20056 at 20. Cu""entl%6 t5e"e a"e o.e" 226000
!ositions o!en to :oen in G0o":a"d su!!o"t co!anies.G Id. 1u"t5e"o"e6 given the nature of the "arfare in Ira' and
&fghanistan$ the Hfront linesH are amiguousN therefore$ it is harder to differentiate et"een comat and
non7comat positions. Id.
22
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
Comat Distinction Dails
Comat distinction fails 4 no "ay to separate comat and non7comat activities)
Colonel ,a.id $. Dastaend6 ?"itin4 )ea at t5e Sc5ool o0 $d.anced /ilita"% Studies6 <S $"% Coand and
8ene"al Sta00 Colle4e6 0o"e" $"% National Secu"it% 1ello: at t5e Ioo.e" Institution6 Stan0o"d <ni.e"sit%6
Sue" 188:6 -a"aete"s6 5tt!:33:::.ca"lisle.a"%.il3usa:c3!a"aete"s3$"ticles3+&sue"30astaben.5t
Reco4niSin4 t5at a st"ate4ic distinction bet:een :a" and (()? is !"obleatic at t5e tactical le.el6 ot5e"s a"e !"e!a"ed to use tactical distinctions
as t5e basis o0 cate4o"iSation. Comat and non7comat is an alluring "ay to categoriCe operations6 0o" t5e"e is :ides!"ead
a4"eeent t5at t5e use o" t5"eat o0 .iolence d"aaticall% alte"s t5e natu"e o0 5uan acti.it%. 1ai" enou45. )5is distinction is !"esent =but o0ten
o.e"loo;ed> in t5e @oint doct"ine elabo"ation o0 /(()? acti.ities6 and it is t5e basis 0o" disc"iinatin4 bet:een stabilit% o!e"ations and su!!o"t
o!e"ations in t5e d"a0t "e.ision o0 1/ 100'5. 9ut comat$ real or potential$ is so inter"oven "ith non7comat activities in
most military operations that it is an impractical means of categoriCation. To categoriCe y comat "ould
suggest that D Company6 3'5 Ca.6 "as on a non7comat operation until the drun( staggered into his front yard
and started firingN then the operation instantly transmuted to comat) It is impossile to associate sustantive
planning and eAecution guidance "ith such a fleeting6 t"ansient model of categoriCation. $s /a@o" 8ene"al Ca"l 1. E"nst
noted in t5e Aoint )as; 1o"ce Soalia $0te" $ction Re!o"t6 G$ll coande"s ust belie.e t5e% a"e al:a%s onl% a 5ea"tbeat a:a% 0"o a
4un0i45t.GH2&J
Their distinction is outdated 4 current conflict has collapsed the difference et"een comat
and non7comat)
,iane I. ,aCur6 -"o0esso" o0 Ba:6 <ni.e"sit% o0 1lo"ida Colle4e o0 Ba:N 0o"e" Ca!tain6 <nited States $i"
1o"ce6 /a%6 200:6 ,u;e Aou"nal o0 8ende" Ba: M -olic%6 14 ,u;e A. 8ende" B. M -olC% +&&6 Bexis $cadeic
n5#. In 20056 the &rmy opened Ranger training to men serving in non7comat roles$ recogniCing that the Ira'
1ar had made formal distinctions between combat and non-combat arms less important:
)5e 8lobal ?a" on )e""o"is =8?()> c"eated an% ne: c5allen4es 0o" ou" $"%. Traditional ranch roles on
the attlefield are no longer the norm for our forces and t5e t5"eat 0acin4 us toda% "e2ui"es t5at :e ensu"e
additional select leade"s o0 CS Hcobat su!!o"tJ and CSS Hcobat se".ice su!!o"tJ units "ecei.e t5e uni2ue s;ills
tau45t at Ran4e" Sc5ool. /IB-ER /essa4e No. 05'0#&6 Ex!ansion o0 Ran4e" Sc5ool $ttendance to Cobat
Su!!o"t =CS> and Cobat Se".ice Su!!o"t =CSS> 7"anc5es =/a". +6 2005> =alte"ations added>6 a.ailable at
5tt!:33:::. ilita"%.co3/ilita"%Ca"ee"s3Content3061455#6/-,C Ca"ee"Ne:s $" % Enlisted 030+05600.5tl.
)5e ission'o"iented sentient a!!lies unless6 o0 cou"se6 t5e% a"e :oen: G$ttendance at Ran4e" sc5ool :ill
"eain liited to Soldie"s 0o" :5o t5e cobat exclusion !olic% does not a!!l%.G Id.
3ature of conflict has changed 4 can?t distinguish et"een comat and non7comat)
Ste.en W. 9erenson6 $ssociate -"o0esso" o0 Ba:6 )5oas Ae00e"son Sc5ool o0 Ba:6 1all 20086 Ialine Aou"nal
o0 -ublic Ba: M -olic%6 31 Ialine A. -ub. B. M -olC% 1016 Bexis $cadeic
(0 cou"se6 !s%c5olo4ical and ot5e" less .isible 0o"s o0 in@u"ies 5a.e been a 0eatu"e o0 :a"0a"e 0"o t5e be4innin4 o0 5uan existence. n12+
Io:e.e"6 a nube" o0 0eatu"es o0 t5e cu""ent con0licts a% be in0luencin4 an inc"ease in t5e !"e.alence o0 suc5 in@u"ies. )5e 0i"st o0 t5ese "elates
to c5an4es in ilita"% o!e"ations6 HU12&J includin4 extended de!lo%ents. n130 G)"oo!s a"e seein4 o"e'0"e2uent de!lo%ents6 o0 4"eate"
len4t5s6 :it5 s5o"te" "est !e"iods in bet:een ' 0acto"s t5ou45t to c"eate a o"e st"ess0ul en.i"onent 0o" se".iceebe"s.G n131 $dditionall%6
the line et"een comat and non7comat situations has lurred in the current conflicts. )5us6 rather than
eAperiencing distinct periods of comat6 0ollo:ed b% !e"iods o0 "est6 service memers face a constant threat of
guerilla type attac(s. n132 )5e constant .i4ilance "e2ui"ed to de0end onesel0 is a t%!e o0 st"esso" t5at 5as been lin;ed to -)S,.
23
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
&T: Jreer @vidence
Jreer admits that his definition is not universal and only applies to his research 4 prefer
our evidence$ "hich cites US la")
Bieutenant Colonel C5a"les Jreer6 <nited States $"%6 1eb"ua"% 1+6 18816 E)5e 1utu"e o0 1o":a"d -"esence6F
5tt!:33:::.dtic.il3c4i'bin38et)R,ocP$,=$,$23422&MBocation=<2Mdoc=8et)R,oc.!d0
The denition may not be scholastically airtight. It is only offered to provide a conceptual frame of
reference for the study. So for the purpose of this study$ let us accept that for"ard presence is the visile
employment of US military personnel and3o" ilita"% ate"iel as a dete""ent outside o0 t5e continental <nited
States =(C(N<S> at an% !oint alon4 t5e o!e"ational continuu short of involving a@o" <S con.entional 0o"ces in
comat.
24
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
13C 4 -resence is 0nly Troops
&) Interpretation 7 -resence is limited to troops)
The 0Aford @ssential Dictionary of the U)S) ,ilitary$ 20016 (x0o"d Re0e"ence (nline
presence n.a group of people$ especially soldiers or police$ stationed in a particular place: aintain a
!"esence in t5e "e4ion.
9) <iolation 4 the aff changes military doctrine or "eapons policy 4 it does not remove
troops from ===============
C) <ote neg 4 our interpretation is (ey to preserve fairness and educational clash
7 #ey to limits 4 @Apanding the topic to include oth troops$ missions$ and "eapons leads to
infinite small affs 4 this destroys negative generic and specific ground$ "hich is (ey to
fairness
7 #ey to predictaility 4 Iimiting the topic to troops allo"s viale affs "ithin each topic
country ut still guarantees negative aility to predict affirmatives 4 this is (ey to research
and clash 4 "hich are (ey to education
25
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
@At: -resence B Troops
-resence is measured ased on troops)
Aessie -I -oon$ et al6 -"o0esso" in t5e ,e!a"tent o0 8eo4"a!5%6 <ni.e"sit% at 7u00alo'S<NO6 Se!tebe" 200.6
-olitical 8eo4"a!5%6 Science,i"ect
)5e a@o" sou"ce o0 de0ense t"ade data coes 0"o t5e <nited States Inte"national )"ade Coission =<SI)C> :5e"e 1+*+ 0o"s t5e ea"liest
%ea" t5at t5e data a"e a.ailable and 2004 t5e ost "ecent =5tt!:33data:eb.usitc.4o.3sc"i!ts3use"Lset.as!>. 1"o t5is database6 cu""ent and 5isto"ical
"eco"ds a% be sea"c5ed 0o" <.S. ex!o"ts to $sia -aci0ic count"ies :it5 t5e end use cate4o"% ``de0ense.99 )5is ensu"ed t5at dual use !"oducts :e"e
excluded 0"o t5e sea"c5. Se.en secto"s a% be identi0ied 0o" de0ense t"ade includin4 ilita"% ai"c"a0ts6 ai"c"a0t launc5in4 4ea"3!a"ac5utes6 etc.6
en4ines3tu"bines 0o" ilita"% ai"c"a0t6 ilita"% t"uc;s3a"o"ed .e5icles6 etc.6 ilita"% s5i!s3boats6 tan;s3a"tille"%3
issiles3"oc;ets34uns3aunition6 and !a"ts3s!ecial 4oods6 etc. Not all o0 t5e secto"s :ill be anal%Sed because an% count"ies contain onl% .e"%
s!a"se data. $!!"oxiatel% t5i"t% $sia -aci0ic count"ies a"e identi0ied to be en4a4ed in de0ense t"ade :it5 t5e <S alt5ou45 t5is nube" .a"ies
0"o secto" to secto". )5e count"ies include all ebe"s o0 $-EC and t5e $R1 but also extend to ot5e" count"ies t5at 5a.e been excluded 0"o
t5ese a""an4eents suc5 as Ne!al6 75utan6 /on4olia6 -a;istan6 7an4lades5 and (ceania. ,e0ense ex!o"ts a"e su!!leented b% t:o ot5e" sou"ces
o0 data6 t5at is6 <S ilita"% !"esence and count"ies9 ilita"% ex!enditu"e. US military presence is measured y the numer and
shares of active military personnel in t5e "e4ion. This information is compiled y the US Department of Defense
=5tt!:33:::.dio".:5s.il3id3ilita"%3ilto!.5t>. Statistics on ilita"% ex!enditu"es a% be obtained 0"o t5e Stoc;5ol Inte"national -eace
Resea"c5 Institute =:::.si!"i. o"4>. In addition6 contextual in0o"ation is also collected 0"o "esea"c5 ono4"a!5s on <S ilita"% st"ate4ies.
)5ese "e!o"ts a"e co!iled b% t5e Con4"essional Resea"c5 Se".ice =CRS> in ?as5in4ton6 ,.C.6 and CRS constitutes t5e !ublic !olic% "esea"c5
a" o0 t5e <S Con4"ess. /an% o0 t5ese "e!o"ts include testionials to t5e Con4"ess "e4a"din4 de0ense and st"ate4ic e.ents in t5e $sia -aci0ic6
and !"o.ide i!o"tant docuentation as :ell as e.idence o0 <S 4eo!olitical inte"ests6 !olicies and de.elo!ents in t5e "e4ion.
There is no official military definition of presence 4 common usage proves that troops are
the est definition of presence)
C"ai4 ?. ,astapeter6 Senio" -lannin4 (00ice"6 ,e!a"tent o0 Ioeland Secu"it%6 ,ecebe" 200+6 E)5e
Inst"uents o0 National -o:e": $c5ie.in4 t5e St"ate4ic $d.anta4e in a C5an4in4 ?o"ld6F
&ccording to 1ester?s Unaridged Dictionary$ presence is defined as the state of eing present6 o" o0 bein4
:it5in si45t o" call6 o" at 5andN as o!!osed to absence.43* Oou",ictiona"% de0ines !"esence as t5e 0act o" condition o0 bein4 !"esentN existence6
ccu""ence6 o" attendance at soe !lace o" in soe t5in4.43+ 1"o t5e !e"s!ecti.e o0 t5e !u"!ose o0 t5is !a!e"6 the DreeDictionary
provides the most relevant definition: the di!loatic6 !olitical6 o" military influence of a nation in a foreign country$
especially as evidenced by the posting of its di!loats o" its troops there.440 Inte"estin4l% enou456 The %oint
-ulications 1'026 Department of Defense Dictionary of ,ilitary and &ssociated Terms does not include a
definition of presence. Io:e.e"6 Aoint -ublication 1'06 ,oct"ine 0o" t5e $"ed 1o"ces o0 t5e <nited States6 clea"l% states t5at an extended
<.S. !"esence :ill be "e2ui"ed6 !ost'te"ination6 to conduct stabilit% o!e"ations to enable le4itiate ci.il aut5o"it% and attain t5e national
st"ate4ic end state441 and t5at6 as a nation6 t5e <nited States :a4es :a" e!lo%in4 all inst"uents o0 national !o:e" to ac5ie.e national st"ate4ic
ob@ecti.es on te"s 0a.o"able to t5e <nited States.442 It can t5e"e0o"e be in0e""ed 0"o t5is ent"% t5at a <.S. !"esence is necessa"% !"io" to and
du"in4 o!e"ations because !"esence deonst"ates <.S. coitent6 0acilitates access6 en5ances dete""ence6 and su!!o"ts t5e t"ansition 0"o
!eace to :a" and a "etu"n to !eace once 5ostilities 5a.e ended on te"s 0a.o"able to t5e <.S.
2#
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
&ff 4 -resence Includes 9oth Troops and Infrastructure
-resence includes oth troops infrastructure)
7a""% /. 9lechman et al6 -"esident o0 ,1I Inte"national6 S!"in46 188:6 St"ate4ic Re.ie:6 !.14
8i.en its ulti0aceted natu"e6 neit5e" !"actitione"s no" sc5ola"s 5a.e %et settled on a sin4le de0inition o0 presence. )ec5nicall%6 t5e te"
refers to bot5 a ilita"% !ostu"e and a ilita"% ob@ecti.e. )5is stud% uses t5e te" E!"esenceF to "e0e" to a continuum of military
activities6 0"o a .a"iet% o0 inte"actions du"in4 !eacetie to c"isis "es!onse in.ol.in4 bot5 0o"ces on t5e scene and t5ose based in t5e <nited
States. 0ur definition follo"s that articulated y the U)S) %oint Chiefs of Staff: ;-resence is the totality of
U.S. instruments of power deployed o.e"seas =bot5 !e"anentl% and te!o"a"il%> along "ith the re'uisite
infrastructure and sustainment capailities.G
2&
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
&ff 4 -resence is Defined 9roadly
0fficial usage of presence is road 4 includes for"ard7deployed troops)
/a"% B. Scala6 (00ice o0 t5e Sec"eta"% o0 ,e0ense6 /a% 1*6 188+6 E)5eate" En4a4eent -lannin4: $n Inte"a4enc%
(!!o"tunit%6F 5tt!:33:::.dtic.il3c4i'bin38et)R,ocP$,=$,$351&#2MBocation=<2Mdoc=8et)R,oc.!d0
During the run7up to the 1++& auad"ennial ,e0ense Re.ie: =PDRQ6 the %oint Staff and the 0ffice of the Under
Secretary of Defense for -olicy undertoo( a comprehensive revie" of o.e"seas presence "e2ui"eents and issues. )5e
intention :as to ensu"e t5e "esou"ces coitted to !"esence :e"e consistent :it5 national !"io"ities in t5e "e4ion^and to identi0% o.e"seas
coitents t5at :e"e !otentiall% excess to t5e ee"4in4 de0ense st"ate4%. )o a;e su"e e.e"%t5in4 :as conside"ed6 the definition of
;presence> "as made as road as possileRfrom for"ard7stationed troops$ to prepositioned stoc(s$ to naval
deployments$ to Goint and comined military eAercises$ to mil7to7mil contacts.3 $t about t5e sae tie6 t5e Aoint Sta00
:as :o";in4 to c"eate a notional Ebaseline en4a4eent 0o"ceF in o"de" to 4et a clea"e" 5isto"ical !ictu"e o0 5o: an% <.S. 0o"ces :o"ld:ide :e"e
en4a4ed "outinel% in en4a4eent o" c"isis'"es!onse o!e"ations. 7ot5 t5e o.e"seas !"esence stud% and t5e baseline en4a4eent 0o"ce anal%sis
:e"e intended to 0o" one !oint o0 de!a"tu"e 0o" t5e 0o"ulation o0 a ne: de0ense st"ate4%. -lanne"s 5o!ed to 0ind "elati.el% !ainless :a%s to
inc"ease s!endin4 on ilita"% "eadiness and !"ocu"eent6 :it5out unde"cuttin4 essential :a"0i45tin4 0o"ces o" tec5nolo4%
2*
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
9road &ff Interpretations of -resence
Dive categories of military presence 4 permanently stationed forces$ rotational forces$
temporary deployments for training$ defense cooperation$ and academic centers)
Ric5a"d A. Samuels6 1o"d Inte"national -"o0esso" o0 -olitical Science and ,i"ecto" o0 t5e Cente" 0o" Inte"national
Studies6 200.6 G1o":a"d 7asin4.G Enc%clo!edia o0 <.S. National Secu"it%6 !.3&0
There are five primary categories of U)S) military presence aroad) These include U)S) forces permanently
stationed overseasN U)S) forces deployed aroad on a rotational asisN U)S) forces deployed temporarily for
eAercises$ comined training$ or military7to7military interactionsN programs such as defense cooperation$
security assistance$ and international arms cooperationN and regional academic centers that provide training
in ?este"n conce!ts o0 ci.ilian cont"ol o0 t5e ilita"%6 con0lict "esolution6 and sound de0ense'"esou"ce ana4eent 0o" 0o"ei4n ilita"% and
ci.ilian o00icials.
,ilitary presence includes a road range of military activities)
US %oint Chiefs of Staff6 Aune 1#6 18856 Aoint ,oct"ine 0o" /ilita"% (!e"ations ot5e" t5an ?a"6 Aoint -ub 3'
0&6 5tt!:33sall:a"s@ou"nal.co3docuents3@!3'0&.!d0
b. 1o":a"d -"esence. 1o":a"d !"esence acti.ities deonst"ate ou" coitent6 lend c"edibilit% to ou" alliances6
en5ance "e4ional stabilit%6 and !"o.ide a c"isis "es!onse ca!abilit% :5ile !"ootin4 <S in0luence and access. In
addition to forces stationed overseas and afloat$ for"ard presence activities include periodic and rotational
deployments$ access and storage agreements$ multinational eAercises$ port visits$ foreign military training$
foreign community support and military7to7military contacts. 8i.en t5ei" location and ;no:led4e o0 t5e "e4ion6
0o":a"d !"esence 0o"ces could be t5e 0i"st :5ic5 t5e cobatant coande" coits to /(()?.
-resence includes for"ard asing and road list of deployments)
Ric5a"d A. Samuels6 1o"d Inte"national -"o0esso" o0 -olitical Science and ,i"ecto" o0 t5e Cente" 0o" Inte"national
Studies6 200.6 G1o":a"d 7asin4.G Enc%clo!edia o0 <.S. National Secu"it%6 !!.2&2'3
,u"in4 !eacetie6 <.S. o.e"seas ilita"% !"esence in st"ate4ic "e4ions o0 t5e :o"ld6 establis5ed to su!!o"t
inte"national secu"it% ob@ecti.es and national inte"ests. Dor"ard asing refers to the e'uipment$ U)S) armed
forces$ and military facilities that are stationed in a foreign country or deployed at sea du"in4 !eacetie. The
more general term for"ard presence encompasses noncomat overseas U)S) military activities and includes6
but is not liited to6 ases$ fiAed and rotational deployments$ access agreements$ foreign military assistance$
training of foreign armed forces$ Goint training eAercises$ intelligence sharing$ and military7to7military
contacts.
-resence includes physical stationing of forces)
Ca!tain /a"; $. -atterson6 <S Na.% Rese".e6 !u"suin4 /aste" o0 St"ate4ic Studies ,e4"ee 6 +'5'200+6 E,e0end
t5e $!!"oac5esbF 5tt!:33:::.dtic.il3c4i'bin38et)R,ocP$,=$,$4*#&3*MBocation=<2Mdoc=8et)R,oc.!d0
)5"ou45out 5isto"%6 <.S. a"itie st"ate4% 5as e.ol.ed in "es!onse to t5e "ealities o0 a c5an4in4 :o"ld. $s :o"ld 4eo'!olitical d%naics c5an4e6
<S national !"io"ities a% c5an4e and :it5 it t5e t5"eats6 "is;s and !otential o!e"atin4 en.i"onent 0o" t5e nations9 a"ed 0o"ces. In "es!onse6 t5e
Na.% =includin4 t5e /a"ine Co"!s> de.elo!s ne: st"ate4ies o" odi0ies existin4 ones to su!!o"t <S national st"ate4% and !"io"ities. (ne constant
since t5e end o0 ?o"ld ?a" II 5as been t5e endu"in4 !"inci!le o0 0o":a"d !"esence as a ainsta% o0 <S a"itie st"ate4%. The term
presence encompasses many activities from port visits to stationing ships :it5in si45t o0 s5o"e to full scale
operations.1 1o" t5is !a!e"6 presence is the visile positioning or stationing of ships$ aircraft and!or personnel for
the purpose of influencing$ assuring or engaging other state actors or non7state actors) The scope o0 t5is de0inition
includes the full range of t"aditional and ee"4in4 military missions$ including port visits$ training =!e"sonnel and 0o"ces>6
)5eate" Secu"it% Coo!e"ation -"o4"as =)SC->6 personnel eAchanges$ humanitarian assistance and liited o" 0ull scale
permissive and non7permissive military operations.
2+
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
9road &ff Interpretations of -resence
,ilitary presence includes a road list of non7comat activities)
7a""% /. 9lechman et al6 -"esident o0 ,1I Inte"national6 S!"in46 188:6 St"ate4ic Re.ie:6 !.13
(ccu!%in4 a continuu o0 o!e"ations s5o"t o0 actual cobat6 presence missions have included the permanent
asing of troops overseas$ routine military7to7military contacts$ military eAercises and training "ith other
nations$ participation in multinational peace and humanitarian operations$ the provision of timely
intelligence information and other data to leaders of other nations$ military deployments in response to crises$
and6 :5en necessa"%6 the deployment of forces in anticipation of comat.
,ilitary presence includes a road list of actions$ including peace(eeping)
Aaes Thomason -"o@ect Beade"6 Institute 0o" ,e0ense $nal%sis6 E)"ans0o"in4 <S (.e"seas /ilita"% -"esence: E.idence and (!tions
0o" ,o,6F Aul%6 2002 5tt!:33citesee"x.ist.!su.edu3.ie:doc3do:nloadPdoi=10.1.1.122.1144M"e!="e!1Mt%!e=!d0
0verseas military presence activities are generally vie"ed as a suset of the overall class of activities that the
US government uses in its e00o"ts to !"oote i!o"tant ilita"%3secu"it% ob@ecti.es H,isu;es6 1++4J. $ .a"iet% o0
"ecu""ent6 o.e"seas ilita"% acti.ities a"e no"all% !laced unde" t5e Eub"ellaF conce!t o0 ilita"% !"esence. These
include ut are not limited to US military efforts overseas to train foreign militariesN to improve inter7
operaility of US and friendly forcesN to peacefully and visily demonstrate US commitment and3o" abilit% to
de0end <S inte"estsN to gain intelligence and familiarity "ith a localeN to conduct peace(eeping activitiesN and
to position relevant$ capale US military assets suc5 t5at t5e% a"e li;el% to be a.ailable soone" "at5e" t5an late" in
case an e.ol.in4 secu"it% o!e"ation o" contin4enc% s5ould call 0o" t5e.2
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SDI 2010 Topicality
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**-olice -resence**
13C 4 -olice -resence B &ctual -olice Deployments Mvs) affs that
claim their "ithdra"al of military decrease ;police>Q
&) Interpretation 4 -olice presence is distinct from military presence 4 it is limited to actual
deployments of police for training and sustitution for indigenous forces)
Aaes Doins et al6 ,i"ecto"6 Inte"national Secu"it% and ,e0ense -olic% Cente"6 R$N, National Secu"it%
Resea"c5 ,i.ision6 200/6 $e"icaCs Role in Nation'7uildin4: 1"o 8e"an% to I"a26
5tt!:33:::."and.o"43!ubs3ono4"a!5L"e!o"ts3/R1&533/R1&53.c5+.!d0
IN)ERN$)I(N$B -(BICE -RESENCE (KER )I/E
& more recent innovation has een dispatching U)S) and international police to supplement the efforts of
military forces to !"o.ide secu"it% 0o" local in5abitants. )5ese initiati.es 5a.e di00e"ed 4"eatl% in sco!e and scale. Some have
principally consisted of training programs for local la" enforcement officersN others have een maGor
operations that have included deploying hundreds or thousands of armed international police to monitor$
train$ mentor$ and even sustitute for indigenous forces until t5e c"eation o0 a !"o0icient doestic !olice 0o"ce. 1i4u"e +.3
s5o:s nube"s o0 0o"ei4n !olice !e" t5ousand in5abitants o.e" tie 0o" t5e 0ou" cases t5at 0eatu"ed si4ni0icant de!lo%ents o0 inte"national
!olice.
9) <iolation 4 1ithdra"ing military troops can?t reduce police presence 4 the t"o concepts
are distinct
C) <ote neg 4 0ur interpretation of the topic is (ey to preserve fairness and education
7 #ey to limits 4 Defining police ased on ma(e7up rather than mission is (ey to preserve
limits on this topic 4 police missions have no clear defined meaning 4 "hich eAplodes the
topic$ destroying clash and negative ground
7 #ey to precision 4 The framers included oth terms in the topic$ proving they "ere meant
to have distinct meanings 7 0ur interpretation is ased in literature comparing military
and police presence 4 1hich proves it?s more predictale and oosts clash
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SDI 2010 Topicality
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@At: -olice -resence Refers to Civilian -olice
-olice refers to civilian police forces 4 proves that police presence should e distinct from
the military)
/at5ieu Deflem and SuSanne Sut!5in6 -"o0esso" o0 Sociolo4% at t5e <ni.e"sit% o0 Sout5 Ca"olina and Resea"c5
$ssistant -"o0esso" in t5e Resea"c56 E.aluation6 and Ee"4in4 Counit% Issues ,i.ision6 No.ebe" 200.6
E-olicin4 -ost'?a" I"a2: Insu"4enc%6 Ci.ilian -olice6 and t5e Reconst"uction o0 Societ%6F Sociolo4ical 1ocus6
5tt!:33:::.cas.sc.edu3soc%30acult%3de0le3S!oli"a2.5tl
(u" anal%sis o0 t5e !olice situation in I"a2 0ocuses on de.elo!ents since an end to a@o" cobat o!e"ations :as announced in t5e S!"in4 o0
2003. <nless ex!licitl% noted ot5e":ise6 the term police in t5is !a!e" refers to the institution and function of civilian pulic
police forces that are formally legitimated "ithin the conteAt of national states "ith the tas(s of crime control
and order maintenance. I!o"tantl%6 :e a;e no asse"tion t5at t5e !olice in I"a2 5as ac2ui"ed a de4"ee o0 !o!ula" le4itiac% co!a"able
to t5at o0 la: en0o"ceent a4encies in ot5e" nations6 es!eciall% t5ose :it5 a lon4 5isto"% o0 deoc"atiSation. Relatedl%6 :5en :e use suc5 te"s
as insu"4enc% and te""o"is in t5is !a!e"6 :e i!l% no essentialist !ositions but instead "el% on a const"uctionist .ie:!oint and t5e"e0o"e !"ecisel%
"el% on t5e te"s t5at a"e bein4 used6 es!eciall% on t5e !a"t o0 t5e a4ents o0 cont"ol6 to "e0e" to acts o0 .iolence t5at a"e "es!onded to acco"din4l%
b% !olice a4encies and ot5e" institutions o0 social cont"ol. Conside"in4 t5e "a!idl% e.ol.in4 and c5an4in4 natu"e o0 t5e I"a2i situation6 also6 it is
i!o"tant to note t5at t5is a"ticle :as co!leted in $u4ust 200#6 at a tie :5en discussions on t5e insu"4enc% in I"a2 :e"e 0o" se.e"al ont5s
al"ead% i!l%in4 a s5i0t to:a"ds ci.il :a".
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SDI 2010 Topicality
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13C 4 -olice -resence Doesn?t &llo" Comat Troops
&) Interpretation 7 -olice presence refers to post7comat military forces 4 conteAtual Ira'
evidence proves)
7a;e" Spring and Aac; Spencer6 Resea"c5 1ello: in National Secu"it% -olic% and Resea"c5 1ello:6 Nuclea"
Ene"4% -olic% at t5e Ie"ita4e 1oundation6 Se!tebe" 256 20026 EIn -ost'?a" I"a26 <se /ilita"% 1o"ces to Secu"e
Kital <.S. Inte"ests6F 5tt!:33:::.5e"ita4e.o"43Resea"c53Re!o"ts3200230+3In'-ost'?a"'I"a2'<se'/ilita"%'1o"ces'to'
Secu"e'Kital'<S'Inte"ests
$t t5e outset6 t5is tas; a% "e2ui"e u! to 306000 <.S. ilita"% !e"sonnel6 :it5 additional allied t"oo!s nube"in4 !e"5a!s 156000.10 $s I"a2Cs
ilita"% !"o.es itsel0 able to de0end t5e count"% a4ainst I"an6 t5is eleent o0 t5e !ost':a" 0o"ce s5ould be "educed inc"eentall%. 1. )o !"o.ide
!5%sical !"otection to I"a2Cs ene"4% in0"ast"uctu"e. 8i.en I"a2Cs "elati.el% dis!e"sed ene"4% sou"ces6 t5is eleent a% initiall% "e2ui"e about 56000
<.S. ilita"% !e"sonnel and an e2ual nube" o0 allied !e"sonnel. It is unce"tain 5o: lon4 t5is e00o"t could ta;e6 but it is a less co!lex and
na""o:e" ission t5an t5e ot5e" t:o. $t t5e outset6 protecting the energy infrastructure should involve infantry rigades$
ut over time$ this element of the force could gradually transition to military police rigades efore eventually
dra"ing do"n the force siCe as t5e situation stabiliSes. This "ould provide the United States military commanders
"ith the necessary fleAiility to transition from a combat force to a military police presence. )5e
<nited States also s5ould see; to tu"n t5is "es!onsibilit% o.e" to "econstituted I"a2i secu"it% 0o"ces.
9) <iolation 4 they attempt to include comat forces under the phrase ;police presence>
C) <ote neg 4 our interpretation is (ey to preserve fairness
7 #ey to limits 4 0ur interpretation preserves the eAclusion of comat forces$ "hich is (ey
to limit our large affs that eAplode the topic 4 this is (ey to preserve negative ground and
clash)
7 @Atra7topicality is an independent reason to vote 4 @ven if they remove some police
presence$ they also go eyond the reach of the topic 4 this gives the aff unfair advantages$
undermines negative?s aility to generate literature and clash$ and proves the resolution
insufficient
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SDI 2010 Topicality
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@At: -olice -resence refers to post7conflict peace(eeping
-olice presence refers to peace(eepers)
/a"% Io!e Sch"oeel6 !"o4"a o00ice" in <SI-9s Education and )"ainin4 Cente"3Inte"national6 Aul%6 20086
E<nited States Institute o0 -eace )eac5es Inte"national Secu"it% -e"sonnel to Resol.e Con0licts :it5out Reso"tin4 to
t5e <se o0 1o"ce6F <SI-eace 7"ie0in46 5tt!:33:::.usi!.o"430iles3"esou"ces3usi!Lteac5es.!d0
The J7+ &ction -lan pledged to train &56000 international peace(eepers b% 20106 &6500 o0 :5o :e"e to e gendarme7
type peace(eepers specialiCing in managing the transition from armed violent conflict to a post7conflict
stailiCation and reconstruction conteAt. Jendarme7type forces a"e !"e!a"ed 0o" "a!id de!lo%ent6 5a.e sel0'sustained
lo4istics6 5a.e inte"o!e"abilit% :it5 ilita"% co!onents6 and have the capaility to estalish a strong police presence in
5ostile nei45bo"5oods. Stabilit% -olice <nits =S-<s> a"e 0lexible and ada!table6 o!e"atin4 in contexts in :5ic5 bot5 ilita"% and ci.ilian tas;s
a% be "e2ui"ed in di00e"ent cobinations and at di00e"ent ties du"in4 t5e cou"se o0 stabiliSation and "econst"uction. ,ue to t5ei" 5%b"id natu"e6
S-<s a% be !ut unde" bot5 ilita"% and ci.ilian c5ains o0 coand.
34
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
**0ther 1ords**
United States federal government
United States federal government refers to the three ranches of the federal government)
US Iegal$ 3o Date =E<nited States 1ede"al 8o.e"nent Ba: and Be4al ,e0inition6F
5tt!:33de0initions.usle4al.co3u3united'states'0ede"al'4o.e"nent3>
The United States Dederal Jovernment is establis5ed b% t5e <S Constitution. )5e 1ede"al 8o.e"nent s5a"es so.e"ei4nt% o.e" t5e
<nited Sates :it5 t5e indi.idual 4o.e"nents o0 t5e States o0 <S. )5e 1ede"al 4o.e"nent has three ranches: iQ the legislature$
:5ic5 is t5e <S Con4"ess6 iiQ @Aecutive6 co!"ised o0 t5e -"esident and Kice !"esident o0 t5e <S and iiiQ %udiciary. )5e <S
Constitution !"esc"ibes a s%ste o0 se!a"ation o0 !o:e"s and `c5ec;s and balances9 0o" t5e soot5 0unctionin4 o0 all t5e t5"ee b"anc5es o0 t5e
1ede"al 8o.e"nent. )5e <S Constitution liits t5e !o:e"s o0 t5e 1ede"al 8o.e"nent to t5e !o:e"s assi4ned to itN all !o:e"s not ex!"essl%
assi4ned to t5e 1ede"al 8o.e"nent a"e "ese".ed to t5e States o" to t5e !eo!le.
35
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
&nd!0r Does ,eans 9oth or @ither M&T: It 0nly ,eans 9othQ
&nd!0r does not mean oth 4 it means you can do oth or either)
-oc(et Do"lerFs ,odern @nglish Usage$ 200+6 Ed. Robe"t $llen6 (x0o"d Re0e"ence (nline
and!or is a formula indicating that the items connected y it can e ta(en either together or as
alternatives. Its !"inci!al uses a"e in le4al and ot5e" 0o"al docuents =)5ese "atios indicated t5at t5e c5an4es in t5e o"de" o0 c"%stallinit%
:e"e siila" to t5ose :it5 t5e :ate" content and3o" de5%d"ation and te!e"atu"e 0o" 4elatiniSation aon4 and3
o" :it5in culti.a"s^$nnals o0 7otan%6 7"E 2001>
6 and in lo4ic =)5e best !5iloso!5%cebodies a !ictu"e o0 t5e :o"ld and3
o" a set o0 .alues^E. C"ai46 2002>.
In 4ene"al use t5e e00ect can be un4ainl%:
Stalin6 c5a"acte"isticall% insensiti.e to ?este"n !ublic o!inion and3o" "el%in4 on t5e !olitical abi4uit% o0 t5ese !5"ases in t5e existin4 context6
si4ned it^Cab"id4e Re.ie:6 1+5+.
$ o"e co0o"table :a% o0 ex!"essin4 t5e sae idea is to use `X o" O o" bot596 and in soe cases `o"9 b% itsel0 :ill do.
3#
SDI 2010 Topicality
Topicality Core
In B 1ithin
In means "ithin the relevant country)
)5e &merican KeritageL Dictionary o0 t5e En4lis5 Ban4ua4e6 20086 1ou"t5 Edition6
5tt!:33dictiona"%."e0e"ence.co3b"o:se3in
in 1 =Yn>
!"e!.
1. a. 1ithin the liits6 bounds6 o" area of: :as 5it in t5e 0aceN bo"n in t5e s!"in4N a c5ai" in t5e 4a"den.
b. 1"o t5e outside to a !oint :it5inN into: t5"e: t5e lette" in t5e :astebas;et.
c. Ia.in4 t5e acti.it%6 occu!ation6 o" 0unction o0: a li0e in !oliticsN t5e o00ice" in coand.
d. ,u"in4 t5e act o" !"ocess o0: t"i!!ed in "acin4 0o" t5e bus.
e.?it5 t5e a""an4eent o" o"de" o0: 0ab"ic t5at 0ell in luxu"iant 0oldsN a""an4ed to !u"c5ase t5e ca" in e2ual !a%ents.
0.$0te" t5e st%le o" 0o" o0: a !oe in iabic !entaete".
4. 7% eans o0: !aid in cas5.
5. /ade :it5 o" t5"ou45 t5e ediu o0: a statue in b"onSeN a note :"itten in 8e"an.
3&