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Spe114336 PDF
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Fig.4--- Normal Force Acting on Sucker Rod (Eccentricity 0.3)
Normal Force
N
4 SPE 114336
Table 1- Minimum Uniform Load for Eccentric Wear Vs the Length of Rod String
Length of rod string m
Minimum values of uniform
load for eccentric wearN/m
Length of rod string
m
Minimum values of uniform load
for eccentric wearN/m
8 1.37 328400 4.73 x10
-7
2.14 x10
-7
16 8.36 x10
-2
408480 1.98 x10
-7
1.03 x10
-7
2480 1.65x10
-2
1.37x10
-4
488560 9.66 x10
-8
5.67 x10
-8
88160 9.13 x10
-5
8.36 x10
-6
568640 5.26 x10
-8
3.26 x10
-8
168240 6.87 x10
-6
1.65 x10
-6
648720 3.11 x10
-8
2.04 x10
-8
248320 1.45 x10
-6
5.22 x10
-7
728800 1.95 x10
-8
1.33 x10
-8
With the increase in length of the rod string, the minimum uniform load to cause eccentric wear will be decreased. Although
a normal force of 0.1N/m is not powerful enough to cause a sucker rod of 8m to have eccentric wear, it is sufficient for a rod
of 16m to have eccentric wear. For sucker rods with a length over 488m, there will be in eccentric wear when the normal force
is 10
-8
N/m, which is 10
-7
times less than real measured value. So it is necessary to centralize the sucker rod to overcome the
influence of normal force acting on the sucker rod.
Based on the above studies, some matching measures to prevent the occurrence of eccentric wear were taken, including
centralizing sucker rod, using rods with uniform diameter and pumps with large channels, and also regularly rotating rod
string.
Field practice proves that these measures are very effective to prevent eccentric wear and easy to operate in the field,
beneficial to popularization and application of this technique.
Field application results. 8341 wells have taken the above measures to control eccentric wear in Daqing Oil Field by the end
of 2007. After running for 1365days, only 7.39% of the wells suffered the problem of eccentric wear. Compared with the wells
without taking these measures (34.22%), the decrease of eccentric wear is 78.4% (Seen in Fig.5).
The matching techniques for controlling eccentric wear, not only can inhibit the occurrence of eccentric wear, but also can
increase the rigidity of rod string and decrease the horizontal bending influence of the normal force, acting on the sucker rod
1810
6
times per year, which can effectively reduce the failure rate of the sucker rod. Therefore for wells with the measures,
its running life is prolonged and the workover rate is decreased; the running life lasted 1365d and the workover ratio was
55.46%. Compared with the wells not taking the above measures (83.01%), the declining of the workover rate was 33.2% and
the average running time improved from 325d to 1035d (Seen in Fig.6).
1. 01
3. 09
5. 29
6. 10
6. 74
7. 39 6. 57
19. 28
24. 40
28. 18
32. 46
34. 22
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
15 105 195 285 375 465 555 645 735 825 915 1005 1095 1185 1275 1365
Runi ng t i me day
R
a
t
e
%
60mPa. s
40mPa. s
30mPa. s
Flow Ratem
3
/h
Polymer Viscosity 60mPa.s
Polymer Viscosity 40mPa.s
Polymer Viscosity 30mPa.s
Fresh Water
6 SPE 114336
Core tests with resin coated sands; walnut shell and carbon fiber have been performed to identify their respective capacity
for preventing the proppants from migration. The experiment results show that under different testing conditions, the resin
sand does not migrate within the fractures; therefore resin sand is the best material to prevent the proppants from moving
(Shown in Fig.9). And since resin sand has high consolidation strength to form an integrated sand pancake around the
wellbore, proppant migration can be effectively controlled.
Fig.10--- Accumulative Sand Production Rate Vs Polymer Viscosity 30mPas
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
+
+
Flow Rate
A
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
S
a
n
d
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
R
a
t
e
(
g
)
carbon fiber + quartz sand
walnut shell + quartz sand
resin coated sand
Fig.9 --- Accumulative Sand Production Rate Vs Polymer Viscosity 30mPas
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
+
+
Flow Rate
A
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
S
a
n
d
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
R
a
t
e
(
g
)
carbon fiber + quartz sand
walnut shell + quartz sand
resin coated sand
Fig.10--- Accumulative Sand Production Rate Vs Polymer Viscosity 30mPas
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
+
+
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
+
+
Flow Rate
A
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
S
a
n
d
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
R
a
t
e
(
g
)
carbon fiber + quartz sand
walnut shell + quartz sand
resin coated sand
Fig.9 --- Accumulative Sand Production Rate Vs Polymer Viscosity 30mPas
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
+
+
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
+
+
Flow Rate
A
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
S
a
n
d
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
R
a
t
e
(
g
)
carbon fiber + quartz sand
walnut shell + quartz sand
resin coated sand
The test results indicate that resin sand has a good migration-resistant capacity and its conductivity can meet the
requirements of stimulation. Therefore, the resin sand is selected to be the fracturing proppant.
Determine the radius of resin coated sand tail-in. Resin coated sand can effectively prevent the proppants from migration
and the technology of resin sand tail-in is adopted in the field (Seen in Fig.10, 11).
Wellbore Resin Sand Quartz Sand
Formation
Wellbore Resin Sand Quartz Sand
Formation
Wellbore
Quartz Sand
Resin Sand
Wellbore
Quartz Sand
Resin Sand
Fig.10--- Sketch Map of Resin Sand Tail-in Fracturing
Fig.11---Platform of Resin Sand Tail-in Fracturing
SPE 114336 7
For the proppants to be in a stable state in the entire fracture, it is necessary to determine the required radius of resin coated
sand tail-in, which can be obtained from the quartz sand migration experiment in the fracture. The experiment results can
provide different critical flow rates, matched to various fracture widths and polymer viscosities, at which the quartz sands
begin to migrate.
The experiment results show that in artificial simulated fractures, when the polymer flow rate reaches 0.0025m
3
/h (fluid
velocity in corresponding fractures is 0.0058m/s), the quartz sands begin to move within the fractures. Therefore, it is
recommended that when the fluid velocity within the fractures of polymer injection well is higher than 0.0058m/s, the process
of tail-in resin sand fracturing should be applied.
Field application results. This hydraulic fracturing technique has been used in 382 wells. The initial average injection
pressure was 3.0 MPa lower than before fracturing treatment, and daily injection rate increased 44.6m
3
as well. On average,
accumulative incremental injection rate for individual well has reached 1.9910
4
m
3
and the effective running time has been
prolonged to 26 months, which is 22 months more than that of previous conventional fracturing technology.
Surfactant Injection Stimulations
Since acid fluid will react with polymer solution, the conventional acid treatment can not be used for polymer injection
wells. Therefore, a new stimulation method using non-ionic surfactant was developed to improve relative permeability of the
reservoir.
From the formula kw = Kkrw, it can be seen that the increase of either absolute permeability (K) or relative permeability
(krw) can make effective permeability (kw) improved, which can achieve the targets of reducing injection pressure and
increasing injection rate. For polymer injection wells, conventional acid treatment is to enlarge the absolute permeability,
while surfactants with ultra-low interfacial tension can change properties of the sandstone and can modify interfacial tension
between crude oil and injection solution, which will increase the relative permeability and cause the injection rate to increase
and injection pressure to decrease.
Laboratory studies on surfactant system and test results
Selection of non-ionic surfactant and additives. From lab tests, a type of non-ionic surfactant (FLZB) was developed,
which is mainly composed of alkylolamide and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropyleneamide. The interfacial tension of the
surfactant can be 10
-3
mN/m. The HLB value of the surfactant can be modified by altering the number of carbon atoms in
the chain of alkyl carbon and the structure of the surfactant to meet the needs of different reservoirs and to realize an
ultra-low interfacial tension.
Performance evaluation on the system of FLZB and additive A. The evaluation studies on dilution-resistance, stability and
salinity-resistance of the compound system have been carried out and the study results are seen as Fig. 12, 13 and 14.
Fig. 13--- Stability of the System Fig. 14--- Salinity-resistance of the System
Fig. 12--- Dilution-resistance of the System
Nacl Concentration (mg/L)
I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
i
a
l
t
e
n
s
i
o
n
(
1
0
-
3
m
N
/
m
)
I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
i
a
l
t
e
n
s
i
o
n
(
m
N
/
m
)
8 SPE 114336
From the analysis, it is known that the system consisting of surfactant and additive A has quite good properties in terms of
stability, salinity-resistance and dilution-resistance.
To prove the effect of surfactant system on decrease of injection pressure, the core test has been implemented to check how
the injection pressure change and how to optimize the process of core flooding. The pressure change curves are shown in
Fig.15.
The test results indicate that after chlorine dioxide is used to remove polymer films adsorbed on sandstone porous surface,
the pressure drop, caused by the surfactant system with ultra-low interfacial tension of 10
-3
mN/m, can reach about 60%.
Field application results
The technology of surfactant injection stimulation has been used in 226 wells in the field. The average injection rate per well
increased 24m
3
/d and injection pressure decreased 1.46MPa. The accumulative incremental injection rate averaged at 0.7876
10
4
m
3
for each individual well and the effective running life has reached 18 months. After stimulation, the average apparent
injectivity index of each well increases 55%.
Conclusions
1. From field application results of 8341 polymer production wells, the technology of eccentric wear control has turned out
to be effective in solving the problem of severe eccentric wear of sucker rod and tubing in pumping wells and its economic
benefits are considerable.
2. The technique to prevent fracture closure of polymer injection wells and surfactant injection stimulation are new in the
field of the fracturing and acidizing treatment for polymer injection wells. Actual field practice in 411 wells indicates that
these techniques can result in significant increase in injection rate, which will be major alternative technologies for polymer
injection and have good application future.
3. These techniques can result in improved polymer flooding and further perfect the technology to greatly enhance oil
recovery rate and to provide technical support for the oilfields long term and stable development.
Fig. 15--- Pressure Change Curves
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
(
M
P
a
)
Displacemnt Pore Volume Multiple (PV)