Radar Bullet

Radar bullet
RADAR BULLET

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0
Radar bullet
ABSTRACT
Radar bullet is a special type of bullet the main use of radar bullet is to find
landmines without setting foot into the ground .This consists of firing a special
bullet into ground from a helicopter which could pinpoint buried landmines.
Anti -personal mines claims seventy new victims every day. This weapon is
particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast
are more liely to sustain serious in!ury. The severe disabilities and
psychological trauma that follow the blast mean these children will have to be
looed after for many years.

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Radar bullet
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT RADAR BULLET
PRINCIPLES
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION
FIELD TEST
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
APPLICATION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
CONCLUSION
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Radar bullet
INTRODUCTION
Radar bullet is a relatively new discovery that was invented in mid $$ in
the %&. 't is used for detecting land mines. And this discovery finds a very
important prospect as about "($ countries singed a treaty in favor of banning
anti-personal mines. This treaty was signed during the second wee of )arch
"$$$ in *ttawa Canada.
Anti -personal mines claims seventy new victims every day. This weapon
is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the
blast. Are more liely to sustain serious in!ury. The severe disabilities and
psychological trauma that follow the blast mean these children will have to be
looed after for many year.
A child in!ured at the age of ten will need about #+ artificial limbs during
their life time. The cost is ,(000- a huge sum to pay in countries where people
earn as little as ."0 a month between "$/$ and "$$00- the red cross fitted over
/0-000 amputees with artificial limbs. And the landmines problem is still
growing. Therefore considering these factors the discovery of radar bullet is
really a big boost to our world as we launches into the #"1
t
century.
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Radar bullet
Technologies are used for landmine detection are2
)etal detectors--- capable of finding even low-metal content mines in
minerali3ed soils.
4uclear magnetic resonance- fast neutron activation and thermal
neutron activation.
Thermal imaging and electro-optical sensors--- detect evidence of
buried ob!ects.
5iological sensors such as dogs- pigs- bees and birds.
Chemical sensors such as thermal fluorescence--- detect airborne and
waterborne presence of e6plosive vapors.
'n this discussion- we will concentrate on Radar This ultra wide band radar
provides centimeter resolution to locate even small targets. There are two
distinct types of Radar- time-domain and fre7uency domain. Time domain
or impulse Radar transmits discrete pulses of nanosecond duration and
digiti3es the returns at 893 sample rates. :re7uency domain radar systems
transmit single fre7uencies either uni7uely- as a series of fre7uency steps- or
as a chirp. The amplitude and phase of the return signal is measured. The
resulting data is converted to the time domain. Radar operates by detecting
the dielectric contrasts in the soils- which allows it to locate even non
metallic mines.
;
Radar bullet
A5*%T RADAR 5%<<ET
Radar bullet is a special type of bullet the main use of radar bullet is to find
landmines without setting foot into the ground .This consists of firing a
special bullet into ground from a helicopter which could pinpoint buried
landmines

The bullet emits a radar pulse as it grinds to halt .This pulse stries the mine
and its image gets available on the computer in the helicopter- offering a
safe and efficient way of finding land mines 'n this discussion we deal with
buried anti-tan =AT> and anti-personnel =A?> landmines which re7uire
close approach or contact to activate. AT mines range from about "+ to (+
cm in si3e. They are typically buried up to ;0cm deep- but they can also be
deployed on the surface of a road to bloc a column of machinery. A? mines
range from about + to "+cm in si3e. AT mines which are designed to impede
the progress of destroy vehicles and A? mines which are designed to ill
and maim people.
'n this discussion- we will concentrate on Radar This ultra wide band radar
provides centimeter resolution to locate even small targets. There are two
distinct types of radar bullet time-domain and fre7uency domain. Time
domain or impulse radar bullet transmits discrete pulses of nanosecond
+
Radar bullet
duration and digiti3es the returns at 893 sample rates. :re7uency domain
radar systems transmit single fre7uencies either uni7uely- as a series of
fre7uency steps- or as a chirp. The amplitude and phase of the return signal
is measured. The resulting data is converted to the time domain. Radar
operates by detecting the dielectric contrasts in the soils- which allows it to
locate even non metallic mines.
'n this discussion we deal with buried anti-tan =AT> and anti-
personnel =A?> landmines which re7uire close approach or contact to
activate. AT mines range from about "+ to (+ cm in si3e. They are typically
buried up to ;0cm deep- but they can also be deployed on the surface of a
road to bloc a column of machinery. A? mines range from about + to "+cm
in si3e. AT mines which are designed to impede the progress of destroy
vehicles and A? mines which are designed to ill and maim people.
'n this discussion- we will concentrate on Radar bullet This ultra wide
band radar provides centimeter resolution to locate even small targets. There
are two distinct types of Radar bullet time-domain and fre7uency domain.
Time domain or impulse Radar bullet transmits discrete pulses of
nanosecond duration and digiti3es the returns at 893 sample rates.
:re7uency domain
0
Radar bullet
Radar bullet systems transmit single fre7uencies either uni7uely- as a series
of fre7uency steps- or as a chirp. The amplitude and phase of the return
signal is measured. The resulting data is converted to the time domain
'n this discussion we deal with buried anti-tan =AT> and anti-personnel
=A?> landmines which re7uire close approach or contact to activate. AT
mines range from about "+ to (+ cm in si3e. They are typically buried up to
;0cm deep- but they can also be deployed on the surface of a road to bloc a
column of machinery. A? mines range from about + to "+cm in si3e. AT
mines which are designed to impede the progress of destroy vehicles and
A? mines which are designed to ill and maim people.
/
Radar bullet
?R'4C'?<E&
Radar is radio detection and ranging. Radar maes use of radio waves to
detect and locate ob!ects. Radar is a sensor- its purpose is to provide estimates
of certain characteristic if its surroundings- most commonly the presence and
motion of aircrafts- ships or vehicles.
Radar operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy into the
surroundings and detecting energy reflected by ob!ects. 'f a narrow beam of
this energy is transmitted by the directive antenna- the direction from which
reflections come and hence the bearing of the ob!ect may be estimated. The
distance to the reflecting ob!ect is estimated by measuring the period between
the transmission of the radar pulse and reception of the echo. 'n radar bullet
principle- the change of medium by the waves must be taen into
consideration.
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Radar bullet
Radar is basically a means of gathering information about distant
ob!ects- or targets- by sending electromagnetic waves at them and analy3ing
the echoes. 't was evolved during the years !ust before Aorld Aar ''-
independently and more or less simultaneously in 8reat 5ritain- the %nited
&tates- 8ermany and :rance. At first- it was used as an all-weather method of
detecting approaching aircraft- and later for many other purpose. The word
itself is an acronym- coined in "$;# by the %.&. 4avy- from the words radio
detection and ranging.
5A&'C ?R'4C'?<E&
'n essence- a radar consists of a transmitter and a receiver- each
connected to a directional antenna. The transmitter is capable of sending out a
large %9: or microwave power through the antenna. The receiver collects as
much energy as possible from the echoes reflected in its direction by the target
and then treats and displays this information in a suitable way. The receiving
antenna is very often the same as the transmitting antenna. This is
accomplished through a ind of time-division multiple6ing arrangement- since
the radio energy is very often sent out in the form of pulses
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Radar bullet
:%4DA)E4TA<&
5asic radar system2 The bloc diagram of an elementary pulsed radar set
is shown in :ig. :or each transmitted pulse- the cycle of events is as follows.
:igure " 5loc diagram of an elementary pulse radar set
Figure 1 5loc diagram of an elementary pulse radar set
Transmitter
Receiver
Duple6er
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Radar bullet
'n response to an internally generated trigger signal- the transmitter
generates a short- rectangular pulse. As soon as a small fraction of the pulse
power is fed to the duple6er- this device disconnects the receiver from the
antenna and connects the transmitter to it. 'n most radars- though by no
means in all- the antenna moves in a predetermined pattern- i.e.- it scans.
Either way- it is normally directional and sends out the generated pulse
in the direction in which it is pointing at the time. The scanning speed may be
mechanically high- but it is small compared with the time taen by pulses to
return from a normal range of targets. Thus- when such echoes are received-
the antenna still points in the right direction to collect them.
As soon as the transmitted pulse terminates- the duple6er disconnects
the transmitter from the antenna. The duple6er also reconnects the receiver to
the antenna- allowing the returning echoes to be correctly processed. The
received pulses are amplified and demodulated by the receiver =which is
almost invariably super heterodyne- as had been discussed in detail in Chap.
0>. The pulses from the returning echoes =and noise- of course> are then fed to
the device on which they are to be displayed- as will be described. The cycle is
complete- and the set is once again ready for the transmission of the ne6t pulse
and the succeeding ones- while the antenna scans along its predetermined path.
The radar set is able to show the position of the target- because information
about the a3imuth =hori3ontal direction> and the elevation =vertical direction>
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Radar bullet
of the antenna is available. 'n addition- the distance to the target may
transmitter output tubes- and the first stage of the receiver is often a diode
mi6er. The antenna generally uses a parabolic reflector of some form- as will be
mentioned in &ec.
Development of radar :rom its inception- radar has used a system of
sending short- powerful pulses of radio energy and then analy3ing the returned
echoes to determine the position- distance and possibly velocity of the target.
9owever- the methods of doing so have evolved and become far more refined
and sophisticated as time has gone by. The primary incentive as in so many
other things was the imminence of war. Radar was made possible by a
technology- which- at the time war broe out- was !ust beginning to show
promise. This technology itself too great strides forward to meet the new
challenges imposed by war.
The first radars wored at much lower fre7uencies than present systems
=as lo7 as 00)93 for the original 5ritish coastal air-warning radar because of a
lac of sufficiently powerful transmitting tubes at higher fre7uencies. This was
changed in "$;0 with the appearance of the cavity magnetron- and the stage was
then set for the development of modern radar. As can be appreciated- one of the
prime re7uirements of a radar system is that it should have a fair degree of
accuracy in its indication of target direction. This is possible only if the
antennas used are narrow beam ones- i.e.- have dimensions of several
"#
Radar bullet
wavelengths. That re7uirement cannot be fulfilled satisfactorily unless the
wavelengths themselves are fairly short- corresponding to the upper %9: or
microwave fre7uencies.
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The impulse radar bullet system developed in the 'nternational Research
Centre for Telecommunications-transmission and Radar ='RCTR>. 'mpulse
radar bullet system comprises 'mpulse generator- Transmitter- Receiver-
?ulse e6tender- ABD converter- ?rocessor and Cisual display.
5loc diagram
IMPULSE GENERATOR
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Radar bullet
The pulse generator delivered by &AT'& Co. produces 0.@ ns
monocycle pulses. The uni7ue feature of this generator is its small trailing
oscillations- which are below #.;D of ma6imum amplitude during the first #
ns and below 0.+D afterwards. The advantage of a monocycle in
comparison with a mono pulse is that the fre7uency spectrum of the first
one decreases to 3ero at low fre7uencies- which cannot be efficiently
transmitted via the antenna system- while the fre7uency spectrum of the
second one has a global ma6imum there. As a result- the magnitude of the
field radiated by an antenna system fed by a monocycle is considerably
larger than the magnitude of the field radiated by the antenna system fed by
a monopoles with the same magnitude.
output signal from the 0.@ns generator
The generator spectrum covers a wide fre7uency band from
+00)93 till #893 on (d5 level. At fre7uencies below "893- attenuation
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Radar bullet
losses in the ground are small and considerable penetration depth can be
achieved. 9owever- landmines detection re7uires down-range resolution of
the order of several centimeters- which can be achieved using fre7uencies
above "893. 't was found e6perimentally that the 0.@ns monocycle satisfies
penetration and resolution re7uirements. This output signal from 0.@ns
generator is shown in figure. The spectrum of this pulse has a ma6imum at
fre7uencies where the attenuation losses in the ground start to increase. &o
the spectral content of the monocycle below this ma6imum penetrates deep
into the ground and the spectral content above this ma6imum provides
sufficient down-range resolution.
ANTENNA SYSTEM
The antenna system is one of the most critical parts of radar bullet
system- because its performance depends strongly on the antenna system.
The antenna system should satisfy a number of demands. The antenna
system contains transmitter and receiver. The transmit antenna should2
Radiate short ultra-wide band =%A5> pulse with small ringing.
Radiate electro magnetic energy within a narrow cone in order to filter
out undesirable bac scattering from surrounding ob!ects.
?roduce an optimal footprint on the ground surface and below it.
The waveform of the radiated field on the surface and in the ground
should be the same.
"+
Radar bullet
The waveform of the radiated field in the ground should not depend on
type of the ground.

The receiver antenna should2
Allow time windowing to isolate the direct air wave from the ground
reflection.
?rovide sufficient sensitivity in order to receive very wea fields.
Receive the field in a local pointE effective aperture should not be
larger than "cm
#
.
5e elevated at least "0cm above the ground surface.
Additionally a possibility to measure simultaneously bacscattered
field in two orthogonal polari3ations is desirable.
PULSE EXTENDER
?ulse e6tender will amplify the ground reflection signal up to the
ma6imum level ac7uired by ABD converter.
A/D CONVERTER
The transmitter sends out a series of electromagnetic pulses then
listens with the receiver connected to high speed sampler which in turn
feeds ABD Converter. A dielectric anomaly in the soil may cause the signal
to be reflected bac to a separate receiver antenna. This information is
converted from nanoseconds to milliseconds so that it may be digiti3ed by a
"0
Radar bullet
conventional ABD converter for processing and display. The center
fre7uency and band width of the transmitted pulse can be varied by
changing the antenna and are chosen with respect to the re7uired depth of
penetration- soil type and si3e of the ob!ect to be detected. 'n this
e6periment- we used antennas with a center fre7uency ".;893 and @0D
band width. The precision of sampling converter is sufficiently high to do
accurate measurements of scattered transient field. This ABD converter "#
bit accuracy. This provides 00 d5 linear dynamic ranges. ABD converter
converts the signal into digital signal which passes to the processor.
PROCESSOR
ABD converter converts the signal into digital signal which passes to
the processor. ?rocessor filters the signal. This signal shows presence or
absence of surrogate mine in the soil. ?rocessor allows passing the presence
of mine detecting signal. ?rocessor selects the mine detecting signal and
passes to the visual display.
VISUAL DISPLAY
Cisual display helps to see the range of targets. 't displays the e6act
position of landmine. The advent of the magnetron also made possible the ne6t
steps in the evolution of radar- namely- airborne radar for the detection of
surface vessels and then airborne aircraft interception radar. 'n each of these-
particularly the former- tight beams are necessary to prevent the receiver from
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Radar bullet
begin swamped by ground reflections- which would happen if insufficient
discrimination between ad!acent targets e6isted.
)icrowave radar for antiaircraft fire control was 7uicly developed- of
which the most successful ground - based version was the %.&. Army1s &CR-+@.
't was capable of measuring the position of enemy aircraft to within 0."
F
- and
the distance- or range to within #+m. such radars were eventually capable of
tracing targets by locing onto them- with the aid of servomechanisms
controlling the orientation of the antennas. Anti-surface vessel =A&C> radars
became very common and 7uite accurate toward the end of the war. &o aid
airborne radar for navigation- bombing or bomber protection electronic
navigation systems were also developed. Radar countermeasures were
instituted- consisting mainly of !amming =transmission of confusing signals at
enemy radar> or the some what more effective dropping of aluminum foil- in
strips of about a half - wavelength- to cover approaching aircraft by producing
false echoes. This GchaffG=American> or GwindowG=5ritish> proved very
effective- but its use in the war was considerably delayed. Each side thought that
the other did not now about it and so it was ept secretE however- it eventually
came to be used on a very larges scale. *ne of the indications of the
enormous growth in the importance of radar in Aorld Aar "" is the increase in
the staff of the %.& ArmyHs Radiation <aboratory. 't started with about ;0
people in "$;"- and number multiplied tenfold by "$;+.
"@
Radar bullet
The advent of the magnetron also made possible the ne6t steps in the evolution
of radar- namely- airborne radar for the detection of surface vessels and then
airborne aircraft interception radar. 'n each of these- particularly the former-
tight beams are necessary to prevent the receiver from begin swamped by
ground reflections- which would happen if insufficient discrimination between
ad!acent targets e6isted. )icrowave radar for antiaircraft fire control was
7uicly developed- of which the most successful ground - based version was the
%.&. Army1s &CR-+@. 't was capable of measuring the position of enemy aircraft
to within 0."
F
- and the distance- or range to within #+m. &uch radars were
eventually capable of tracing targets by locing onto them- with the aid of
servomechanisms controlling the orientation of the antennas. Anti-surface
vessel =A&C> radars became very common and 7uite accurate toward the end of
the war. &o aid airborne radar for navigation- bombing or bomber protection
electronic navigation systems were also developed. Radar countermeasures
were instituted- consisting mainly of !amming =transmission of confusing
signals at enemy radar> or the some what more effective dropping of aluminum
foil- in strips of about a half - wavelength- to cover approaching aircraft by
producing false echoes. This GchaffG=American> or GwindowG=5ritish> proved
very effective- but its use in the war was considerably delayed. Each side
thought that the other did not now about it and so it was ept secretE however-
it eventually came to be used on a very larges scale. *ne of the indications
of the enormous growth in the importance of radar in Aorld Aar "" is the
"$
Radar bullet
increase in the staff of the %.&. Army1s Radiation <aboratory. 't started with
about ;0 people in "$;"- and number multiplied tenfold by "$;+.
The radar receiver is an ordinary radio receiver having the lowest
possible noise figure- high sensitivity- and a bandwidth appropriate for handling
the pulses involved. The receiver video output is usually displayed on a
cathode-ray tube indicator in such a manner as to show the time difference
between the outgoing pulses and the returning echoes. To achieve this result- the
sweep voltage of the cathode-ray-tube display is synchroni3ed with the
transmitted pulses.
EI?ER')E4TA< &ET %?
Raar !u"#e #!rea# $% a raiu# %& 1' ()
#0
Radar bullet
:irst of all- a special bullet is fired downward into the ground from a gun
mounted on a helicopter flying about "00m above the ground. The bullet is
designed in such a way that it gives out powerful bust of radio waves from
under the ground. The bullet will produce a pulse of radio waves as it pierces
the ground- and the signal reflected from any landmines within about a "+m
radius will be detected by an antenna on the helicopter.
*nce the mines are located- they can be destroyed at once or their e6act
position noted so they can be destroyed at once or their e6act position noted so
they can be dealt with later. And if the bullet hits it- it would e6plodeThe radar
pulse is generated from the bullets hit by a process nown as magnetic flu6
compression.

#"
Radar bullet
##
Radar bullet
)A84ET'C :<%I C*)?RE&&'*4
#(
Radar bullet

'nside the bullet is a solid metal cylinder- surrounded by a tightly wound
coil of wire. As the bullet leaves the gun- there is a battery generating a
magnetic field in the cylinder. Ahen the bullet smashes into the ground- the
sudden deceleration forces the cylinder out from inside the coil. The sudden
movement of the metal cylinder through the magnetic field induces a large pulse
of current in the coil. The coil then acts lie an antenna- converting the pulse
into a short burst of high fre7uency radiation.
#;
Radar bullet
:'E<D TE&T
After the laboratory tests- testes were conducted at the Ari3ona desert
using the same e6perimental setup - the radar bullet was able to detect (+ anti-
tan mines and Cal )ara 0$ antipersonnel mines- which are a particular
problem in northern 'ra7- where the mines have been laid by saddaam husseins
force in their confrontation with the J%R5&.
ADCA4TA8E&
#+
Radar bullet
The light weight system can be fitted to any helicopter. i.e. the gun antenna
computer controllers etc.
E6tremely small bullets can be used for detection. A (0 mm bullet gives out
a ; JA radar pulse - almost "0 times more power than a standard ground
penetrating radar- from #0 centimeters down.
Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground- it transmits more
radio wave into the ground. :or ordinary ground- penetrating radar little
radiation penetrates the soil- most is reflected by the ground because of the
sudden change in density between the air and the soil.
't has accurate measurements.
't locates even small targets.
't has been well founded by the defense.
't operates by detecting the dielectric soils which allows it to locate even no
metallic mines.
5iological sensors can only operate for limited periods- but in 8?R has no
such limits.
't has been tested in different environmental conditions.
D'&ADCA4TA8E&
#0
Radar bullet
?lastic landmines cannot be detected.
't is highly e6pensive.
't is more power hungry.
't can suffer falls alarm rates as high as metal detectors.
A??<'CAT'*4&
#/
Radar bullet
". 't can be used for detecting landmines
#. 't could help geologists surveying for oil- minerals and other buried natural
resources.
(. 't can be used for detecting buried pipes. :or e.g. recently an illegal pipeline
carrying drugs between Afghanistan and Turmenistan have been
discovered. &uch type of illegal pipeline can be found out using radar
bullets.
:%T%RE ?R*&?ECT&
#@
Radar bullet
". As the %4 has already implemented a world wide ban on antipersonnel
mines- the invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the destruction of the
mines.
#. Ten thousands of antipersonnel mines lied buried in the hilly regions of
Cambodia- n. Jorea- Afghanistan etc. and according to %4 it would tae
more than "00 years to detect and destroy these if wored out manually.
)ines clearance or defining is normally broen into these stages. Detection
removal and disposal. Current detection methods range from high-tech
electronic =ground penetrating radar>- infrared- magnetic resonance imaging>
to biological detection schemes=Dog &niff or> and insects or bacteria to
simple brute force detonation methods =:lails- Rollers and plows> and the
use of the hand held mechanical prodders. )ost of these methods are very
slow and or e6pensive and suffer from a hi@gh false alarm rate .&o with
helicopters and radar bullets- the mines can be cleared easily.
(. )ass graveyards which results from internal civil wars as in
Cambodia- Josovo and in some African nations can be detected using radar
bullets.
)'4E E::ECTED C*%4TR'E&
#$
Radar bullet
The countries nown to have severe landmine problems areE
Afghanistan- 5osnia- Eritrea- Croatia- china. %nfortunately 'ndia ?aistan- &ri
<ana- )yanmar are also in the list of less-mine affected countries b-sides other
"00 countries.
C*4C<%&'*4
(0
Radar bullet
The research on radar bullet were headed by the electrical engineers.
Themes Engel of Ailliam 4unnally at the university of )issouri at
Columbia- with .+million in funding from the %& army. This can be used
not only for detecting antipersonnel mines- but also for detecting anti- tan
mines as well as for the mines used in sea for targeting the ship and
submarines. . &ince it can also be used for e6ploring oil- minerals and other
buried natural resources- the discovery of radar bullet is a big boost for the
modern world as we are in #"
&t
century. Currently- very little technology is
used in real-world defining activities. Active programs by the %.& Army in
both land mine detection sensor development and systems integration are
evaluating new technologies- incrementally improving e6isting
technologies- increasing the probability of detection- reducing the false
alarm rate- and planning out useable deployment scenarios. Through
iterative design- build test cycles- and blind and scored testing at Army mine
lanes- steady progress is being made.
("
Radar bullet
RE:ERE4CE
". Radar and radio detection- :redric Emmons Terman #. <andmines and radio
detecting- Andrew Deerorow (. Armed forces - nic.in
(#

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