Lecture 4:

Cellular Respiration;
Photosynthesis
Lecture 4:
Cellular Respiration;
Photosynthesis
24/26 September 2014
The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview
Glucose Pyruvate
Glycolysis
Electrons
carried
via NADH
K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe the three stages
of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
Cytosol
Glucose Pyruvate
Glycolysis
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH
2
Citric
acid
cycle
K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe f the three
stages of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
Mitochondrion
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
Cytosol
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
Glucose Pyruvate
Glycolysis
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH
2
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe the three stages
of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
Mitochondrion
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
Cytosol
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
1. Glycolysis
harvests
chemical
energy by
oxidizing
glucose to
pyruvate
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ADP + 2
P 2 ATP used
formed
4 ATP
Energy payoff phase
4 ADP + 4
P
1. Glycolysis
harvests
chemical
energy by
oxidizing
glucose to
pyruvate
K31
2 NAD
+
+ 4 e

+ 4 H
+
2 NADH
+ 2 H
+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H
2
O
2 Pyruvate + 2 H
2
O Glucose
Net
4 ATP formed 2 ATP used 2 ATP
2 NAD
+
+ 4 e

+ 4 H
+
2 NADH + 2 H
+
2. The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding
oxidation of organic molecules
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
NAD
+
NADH + H
+
2
1 3
Pyruvate
Transport protein
CO
2
Coenzyme A
Acetyl CoA
K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe the three stages
of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
Pyruvate
NAD
+
NADH
+ H
+
Acetyl CoA
CO
2
CoA
CoA
CoA
The citric acid cycle,
also called the Krebs
cycle, takes place
within the
mitochondrial matrix
The cycle oxidizes
organic fuel derived
from pyruvate,
generating 1 ATP, 3
NADH, and 1 FADH
2
per turn
Citric
acid
cycle
FADH
2
FAD
CO
2
2
3
3 NAD
+
+ 3 H
+
ADP + P
i
ATP
NADH
The citric acid cycle,
also called the Krebs
cycle, takes place
within the
mitochondrial matrix
The cycle oxidizes
organic fuel derived
from pyruvate,
generating 1 ATP, 3
NADH, and 1 FADH
2
per turn
K31
Acetyl CoA
CoASH
Citrate
H
2
O
Isocitrate
NAD
+
NADH
+ H
+
Citric
acid
cycle
H
2
O
Malate
Oxaloacetate
NADH
+H
+
NAD
+
1
2
3
7
8
CO
2
-Keto-
glutarate
CoASH
CO
2
NAD
+
NADH
+ H
+
Succinyl
CoA
CoASH
P
i
GTP GDP
ADP
ATP
Succinate
FAD
FADH
2
Fumarate
Citric
acid
cycle
H
2
O
4
5
6
7
K31
3. During oxidative
phosphorylation,
chemiosmosis couples
electron transport to
ATP synthesis
NADH
NAD
+
2
FADH
2
2
FAD
Multiprotein
complexes
FAD
FeS
FMN
FeS
Q
FeS

Cyt b

Cyt c
1
Cyt c
Cyt a
IV
50
40
30
e

The Pathway of
Electron Transport
Cyt a
Cyt a
3
20
10
2
(from NADH
or FADH
2
)
0
2 H
+
+
1
/
2
O
2
H
2
O
e

The Pathway of
Electron Transport
K32; K33
Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
Rotor
H
+
Stator
INTER-
MEMBRANE
SPACE
H
+
Internal
rod
Cata-
lytic
knob
ADP
+
P
ATP
i
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
ATP
synthase
ATP ADP + P
i
H
+
MITO-
CHONDRIAL
MATRIX
K32; K33
Protein complex
of electron
carriers
H
+
H
+
H
+
Cyt c
Q

V
FADH
2
FAD
2 H
+
+
1
/
2
O
2
H
2
O
H
+
ATP
synthase
FADH
2
FAD
NAD
+
NADH
(carrying electrons
from food)
Electron transport chain
2 H
+
+
1
/
2
O
2
H
2
O
ADP + P
i
Chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation
H
+
ATP
2 1
K32: Students should be able to explain the role of electron transport chain in cellular
respiration; K33: Students should be able to explain where and how the respiratory
electron transport chain creates a proton gradient
An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Citric
acid
cycle
2
Acetyl
CoA
Glycolysis
Glucose
2
Pyruvate
2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH
2
2 FADH
2
2 NADH
CYTOSOL
Electron shuttles
span membrane
or
MITOCHONDRION
Maximum per glucose:
About
36 or 38 ATP
+ 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 32 or 34 ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
4. Fermentation and anaerobic
respiration enable cells to produce ATP without
the use of oxygen
Types of Fermentation
2 ADP + 2 P
i
2 ATP
Glucose Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
K34: Students should be able to compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic
respiration, and fermentation
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH 2 NAD
+
+ 2 H
+
CO
2
2 Acetaldehyde
2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2
Glucose
2 ADP + 2 P
i
2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 NAD
+
2 NADH 2 NAD
+
2 NADH
+ 2 H
+
2 Pyruvate
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
K34: Students should be able to compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic
respiration, and fermentation
Fotosintesis
1. Photosynthesis
converts light energy
to the chemical
energy of food
Thylakoid
space
Chloroplast
Granum
Intermembrane
space
Outer
membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid
1 m
Thylakoid
space
Granum
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
Stroma
K35: Students should be
able to describe chloroplast
structure
Light
H
2
O
Light
Reactions
NADP
+
P
ADP
i
+
Calvin
Cycle
CO
2
Chloroplast
Light
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
O
2
[CH
2
O]
(sugar)
K36
2. The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical
energy of ATP and NADPH
Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light
Heat
Excited
state
E
n
e
r
g
y

o
f

e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
e

(a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence

Photon
Ground
state
Photon
(fluorescence)
E
n
e
r
g
y

o
f

e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
Chlorophyll
molecule
K36: Students should be able to compare two stages of photosynthesis
STROMA
e

Photon
T
h
y
l
a
k
o
i
d

m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
Photosystem
Primary
electron
acceptor
Reaction-center
complex
Light-harvesting
complexes
A Photosystem: A
Reaction-Center
Complex
Associated with
Light-Harvesting
Complexes
- Photosystem II
The reaction-
center chlorophyll
a of PS II is called
P680
- Photosystem I
The reaction-
center chlorophyll
a of PS I is called
P700
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
e

Pigment
molecules
Transfer
of energy
Special pair of
chlorophyll a
molecules
T
h
y
l
a
k
o
i
d

m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
- Photosystem II
The reaction-
center chlorophyll
a of PS II is called
P680
- Photosystem I
The reaction-
center chlorophyll
a of PS I is called
P700
K36
P680
e

Primary
acceptor
2
e

2 H
+
O
2
+
3
H
2
O
1
/
2
4
Pq
Pc
Cytochrome
complex
5
Light
Primary
acceptor
e

P700
Fd
NADP
+
reductase
NADP
+
+ H
+
NADPH
8
7
e

Linear Electron Flow

Pigment
molecules
Light
P680
1
5
ATP
Photosystem I
(PS I)
Light
6 6
Photosystem II
(PS II)
K37: Students should be able to discribe electron movement in the linear
electron flow
Cyclic Electron Flow
Primary
acceptor
Pq
Cytochrome
complex
Fd
Primary
acceptor
Fd
NADP
+
reductase
NADPH
NADP
+
+ H
+
ATP
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
Cytochrome
complex
Pc
K38: Students should be able to discribe electron movement in the cyclic
electron flow
Light
Fd
Cytochrome
complex
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H
+
concentration)
STROMA
(low H
+
concentration)
Photosystem II Photosystem I
4 H
+
4 H
+
Pq
Pc
Light
NADP
+
reductase
NADP
+
+ H
+
NADPH
+2 H
+
H
2
O
O
2
e

1
/
2
1
2
3
K36; K39: Students should be able to discribe roles of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin
cycle
ADP
+
i
H
+
ATP
P
ATP
synthase
To
Calvin
Cycle
STROMA
(low H
+
concentration)
Thylakoid
membrane
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H
+
concentration) 4 H
+
+2 H
+
3. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO
2
to sugar
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
3-Phosphoglycerate
Short-lived
intermediate
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
(Entering one
at a time)
Rubisco
Input
CO
2
P
3
6
3
3
P
P
P P
ATP 6
6 ADP
P P 6
Calvin
Cycle
3
3 ADP
ATP
K36; K39: Students should be able to discribe roles of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin
cycle
P P 6
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6
P
P 6
6
6 NADP
+
NADPH
i
Phase 2:
Reduction
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
1 P
Output G3P
(a sugar)
Glucose and
other organic
compounds
3
ATP
5 P
Phase 3:
Regeneration of
the CO
2
acceptor
(RuBP)
G3P
4. Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have
evolved in hot, arid climates
Photorespiration
In most plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of
CO2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon
compound
In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2
instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle
Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic
fuel and releases CO2 without producing
ATP or sugar
K 40: Students should be able to discribe consequences of photorespiration
In most plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of
CO2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon
compound
In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2
instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle
Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic
fuel and releases CO2 without producing
ATP or sugar
C
4
Plants
C
4
leaf anatomy
Mesophyll cell
Photosynthetic
cells of C
4
plant leaf
Bundle-
sheath
cell
Vein
(vascular tissue)
The C
4
pathway
Mesophyll
cell
CO
2
PEP carboxylase
Oxaloacetate (4C)
Malate (4C)
PEP (3C)
ADP
ATP
Pyruvate (3C)
CO
2
Bundle-
sheath
cell
K41: Students should be able to discribe two adaptation to minimize photorespiration
Stoma
CO
2
Bundle-
sheath
cell
Calvin
Cycle
Sugar
Vascular
tissue
CAM Plants
CO
2
Sugarcane
CO
2
C
4
Pineapple
CAM
CO
2
Mesophyll
cell
CO
2
Bundle-
sheath
cell
Organic acids
release CO
2
to
Calvin cycle
CO
2
incorporated
into four-carbon
organic acids
(carbon fixation)
Night
Day
Sugar Sugar
Calvin
Cycle
Calvin
Cycle
Organic acid Organic acid
(a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps
CO
2
CO
2
1
2
K41
Summary
1. Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by
oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
2. The citric acid cycle completes the energy-
yielding oxidation of organic molecules
3. During oxidative phosphorylation,
chemiosmosis couples electron transport to
ATP synthesis
4. Fermentation and anaerobic
respiration enable cells to produce ATP without
the use of oxygen
1. Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by
oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
2. The citric acid cycle completes the energy-
yielding oxidation of organic molecules
3. During oxidative phosphorylation,
chemiosmosis couples electron transport to
ATP synthesis
4. Fermentation and anaerobic
respiration enable cells to produce ATP without
the use of oxygen
Summary
1. Photosynthesis converts light energy to the
chemical energy of food
2. The light reactions convert solar energy to
the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
3. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to
convert CO
2
to sugar
4. Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation
have evolved in hot, arid climates
1. Photosynthesis converts light energy to the
chemical energy of food
2. The light reactions convert solar energy to
the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
3. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to
convert CO
2
to sugar
4. Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation
have evolved in hot, arid climates
Next Week
Quiz 2 (Cellular Respiration - Meiosis
and Sexual Life Cycle I)
Cell Cycle
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle I
Quiz 2 (Cellular Respiration - Meiosis
and Sexual Life Cycle I)
Cell Cycle
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle I