Learning Objectives Content Learning

Method/Strategy
Resources/
Visual Aids
Evaluation
1. The client will learn
the concept of
tuberculosis
a. Etiology of
tuberculosis







b. Difference
between TB
infection and
disease and
corresponding
signs and
symptoms













Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack
the lungs. But TB bacteria can attack any part of the
body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. TB disease
can cause death if untreated. Once inhaled, the bodys
immune system typically reacts by enfolding the
bacteria, forming a tubercle that contains the bacteria
to help keep it from spreading. Most cases the bacteria
will die; in others however, the bacteria can survive,
become dormant and the infected individual may
develop active disease at a later date.
Latent TB infection
In most people who breathe in TB bacteria and
become infected, the body is able to fight the
bacteria to stop them from growing. The bacteria
become inactive, but they remain alive in the body
and can become active later. This is called latent TB
infection. People with latent TB infection:
Have no symptoms
>Dont feel sick
>Cant spread TB bacteria to others
>Usually have a positive skin test reaction or positive TB
blood test
>May develop TB disease if they do not receive
treatment for latent TB infection
Many people who have latent TB infection never
develop TB disease. In these people, the TB bacteria
remain inactive for a lifetime without causing
disease. But in other people, especially people who
-Explanation
-Printed
Materials









-Explanation
-Printed
Materials

















-Image of
positive
chest x-ray
result
-Image of a
positive
sputum
exam
-
descriptive
report of
TB etiology
-Table of
the
difference
between
latent TB
infection
and active
TB disease
w/
correspond
ing
diagnostic
requireme
nts
-narrative
description
of between
TB
infection
and TB
The client recalled
about 80% of the
content









The client recalled
about 80% of the
content

















































c. Risk factors of
tuberculosis
have weak immune systems, the bacteria become
active, multiply, and cause TB disease.
TB infection
If the immune system cant stop TB bacteria from
growing, the bacteria begin to multiply in the body
and cause TB disease. The bacteria attack the body
and destroy tissue. If this occurs in the lungs, the
bacteria can actually create a hole in the lung. Some
people develop TB disease soon after becoming
infected (within weeks) before their immune system
can fight the TB bacteria. Other people may get sick
years later, when their immune system becomes
weak for another reason.
Symptoms of TB disease depend on where in the
body the TB bacteria are growing. TB disease in the
lungs may cause symptoms such as:
- a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
- pain in the chest
- coughing up blood or sputum
- weakness or fatigue
- weight loss
- no appetite
- chills
- fever
- sweating at night

Babies and young children often have weak immune
systems. People infected with HIV, the virus that
































-Explanation
-Printed
disease































-List of risk
factors and
































The client recalled
about 80% of the

causes AIDS, have very weak immune systems.
Other people can have weak immune systems,
especially people with any of these conditions:
>Crowding
>Substance abuse
>Diabetes mellitus- People with a weak immune system,
as a result of chronic diseases such as diabetes, are at a
higher risk of progressing from latent to active TB
>Silicosis - Silica particles irritate the respiratory system,
causing immunogenic responses such as phagocytosis,
which results in high lymphatic vessel deposits.
[8]
It is
probably this interference and blockage
of macrophage function that increases the risk of
tuberculosis.
>Cancer of the head or neck
>Leukemia or Hodgkins disease
>Severe kidney disease
>Nutrition - Low body weight is associated with risk of
tuberculosis. A body mass index (BMI) below 18.5 increases
the risk by 2 to 3 times. An increase in body weight lowers
the risk
Materials relation to
susceptibili
ty of TB
infection/di
sease
content






















2. The client will
enumerate the
different modes of
transmission of
tuberculosis
TB is spread through the air from one person to
another. The bacteria are put into the air when a
person with TB disease of the lungs or throat
coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby
may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
When a person breathes in TB bacteria, the bacteria
can settle in the lungs and begin to grow. From
there, they can move through the blood to other
-Explanation
-Printed
Materials
-list of
modes of
transmissio
ns
-list of
prevention
of
transmissio
n
The client recalled
about 80% of the
content

The client
verbalized
understanding of
importance of
prevention of
transmission
parts of the body, such as the kidney, spine, and
brain.
TB disease in the lungs or throat can be infectious.
This means that the bacteria can be spread to other
people. TB in other parts of the body, such as the
kidney or spine, is usually not infectious.
People with TB disease are most likely to spread it
to people they spend time with every day. This
includes family members, friends, and coworkers or
schoolmates.
Reducing Transmission of TB in households

Interventions:
1. Triage
Major risks for household infections are
usually through close contact with the
infectious case before diagnosis. Early
detection is still a major intervention for
reducing the risk of household TB
transmission. All patients should be
screened upon arrival for chronic cough (i.e.
>2-3 weeks), fever, weight loss, night
sweats, haemoptysis, or contact with a
person with TB.
2. Separation
Family members with TB should sleep alone
in an adequately ventilated room. Benefits
include reduced transmission of close
contacts.
3. Cough Etiquette and Respiratory Hygiene
Patients should be instructed to cover their
mouths and nose when coughing, with
hands,
cloth such as handkerchief, clean rag,
tissues, or paper masks.
4. Houses should be adequately ventilated,
particularly rooms where people with
infectious TB spend considerable time
(natural ventilation may be sufficient to
provide adequate ventilation). Adequately
ventilated rooms are defined as a room with
at least 12 air changes per hour.


3. The client will
explain the
prognosis of
tuberculosis
Reactivation TB may occur if the individual's immune
system becomes weakened and is no longer able to
contain the dormant bacteria. The bacteria then become
active and make the person sick with TB. This is called
TB disease.
The greatest risk for developing reactivation TB disease
is within the first two years following the initial infection.
Reactivation can also occur in people with HIV, diabetes
mellitus, malnutrition, or those who take medications that
weaken the immune system, such as steroids or cancer
chemotherapy. It can also occur with aging and
weakening of the immune system. Reactivation may also
occur for other, unknown reasons.
-Explanation
-Printed
Materials
-narrative
report of
TB
reactivatio
n
-narrative
report of
health
maintenan
ce to
prevent
reactivatio
n
The client recalled
about 80% of the
content

The client
verbalized
understanding of
importance of
maintenance of
health