Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Laboratory Calculations and Preparation of Solutions
Laboratory Calculations and Preparation of Solutions
Laboratory Calculations and Preparation of Solutions
Laboratory studies of cells, molecules and cellular processes require the use of
solutions at different concentrations.
Solution concentrations : - based on volume
- based on weight
A. Volume concentrations
i !ased on percent
a. weight " volume percent #w"v $
b. volume " volume percent #v"v $
ii %olar and &ormal solutions
!. 'eight concentrations
- weight " weight percent #w"w $
()amples:
w"v $ gm solute in *++ ml of solution
,repare -++ ml of .$ w"v &a/0 solution
. gm &a/0 in *++ ml of solution
1 gm -++ ml of solution
22222222222222222222222222222222
13 *+ gm &a/0 dissolved in 0-/ and final volume
completed to -++ ml with distilled 0-/.
v"v $ ml solute in *++ ml of solution. Solutions are
composed of - liquids.
,repare * L of .$ acetic acid solution
. ml acetic acid in *++ ml of solution
1 ml *+++ ml of solution
22222222222222222222222222222222
13 .+ ml acetic acid diluted with d.0-/ to a final volume of * L.
%/LA4 S/L567/&
number of moles of solute
%olarity #% 3
L of solution
8efine mole: * mole of any compound is the molecular weight of that compound.
gm of solute
number of moles of solute 3
%' of solute
(): %' of &a/0 3 9+ gm, so * mole &a/0 contains 9+ gm &a/0
6herefore moles per liter is e)pressed as %olarity #%. So one molar #* %
solution contains one mole of solute per liter of solution.
gm of solute *
% 3 )
%' of solute L of solution
(): 'hat is the number of moles of :+ gm of &a/0; %'&a/0 3 9+
* mole &a/0 9+ gm
1 mole :+ gm
222222222222222222222222
13 - moles /4 from formula:
number of moles 3 gm " %' 3 :+ " 9+ 3 - moles
and 7f :+ gm of &a/0 dissolved in 0-/ and volume completed to .++ ml,
what will be the molarity;
% 3 number of moles " L of solution 3 - " +.. L 3 9 %
m% for dilute solutions
)*+
<
+.- % -++ m%
)*+
<
m% =%
* % 3 * mole " L 3 * mmole " ml
&/4%AL S/L567/&
number of equivalents of solute
&ormality #& 3
L of solution
* & solution contains one equivalent of a substance in one liter of solution.
gm of solute
number of equivalents 3
eq. wt.
6he gram equivalent weight of a substance is defined as the weight of that substance
that combine with or displace *.+ gm of hydrogen.
()planation:
6he eq. wt. of the substance depends on the nature of the molecule and reaction.
(): >/0 one mole of >/0 can combine with one mole of 0
?
,
6hus eq. wt. 3 mol. wt. and & 3 %
0
-
S/
9
has - replacable #ioni@able 0
?
group
0
<
,/
9
has < replacable #ioni@able 0
?
group
So eq. wt. 3 mol. wt. " -#<
mol. wt.
7n general : eq. wt. 3
n
where n is the number of 0
?
or electrons
gm of solute *
&ormality 3 )
eq. wt. L of solution
7n the case of redo) reaction, eq. wt. depends on the number of electrons
transferred.
?*e
-
Ae
<?
Ae
-?
(): 0ow many gm of pure &a/0 #%': 9+ is required for preparation of .++ ml of
+.* & solution; Solve the same problem for both +.* % and +.* & 0-S/9 #%'3 B:
&umber of equivalents 3 +.* & ) +.. L 3 +.+. equivalent
* equivalent &a/0 9+ gm
+.+. equivalent 1 gm
222222222222222222222222222222
1 3 - gm &a/0 dissolved in 0-/ and volume completed to .++ ml.
/4 gm of solute 3 & ) eq. wt. ) L of solution 3 +.* ) 9+ ) +.. L 3 - gm
Concentrations based on weight:
w " w $ gm of solute " *++ gm of solution
,reparation of solution from commercially available stocD acid solution
(): ,repare -++ ml of - % 0Cl solution from stocD bottle containing <E$ w"w 0Cl
and d 3 *.- #gm"ml. %'
0Cl
3 <F.. gm
i number of moles 3 - % ) +.- L 3 +.9 moles
ii * mole 0Cl <F.. gm
+.9 mole 0Cl 1 gm
2222222222222222222222222
1 3 *9.F gm 0Cl is needed
iii StocD 0Cl contains <E gm pure 0Cl in *++ gm 0Cl solution
*9.F gm pure 0Cl 1 gm
222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
1 3 <E gm 0Cl solution
iv d 3 wt " vol, volume 3 wt " d 3 <E " *.- 3 <- ml
So <- ml 0Cl solution #stocD is diluted to -++ ml with d.0-/ to obtain - % 0Cl.
,roblem: Calculate % of <E$ w"w 0Cl solution; d3 *.-, then solve the above problem
%olality #m: number of moles of solute " * Dg of solvent
(): 7f a solution contains -:$ w"w 0Cl, what is the molality; %'
0Cl
3 <F.. gm
-: gm 0Cl in E- gm 0-/
1 gm in *+++ gm 0-/
2222222222222222222222222222
1 3 <:B gm 0Cl " *+++ gm 0-/
&umber of moles 3 <:B gm " <F.. gm 3 *+.F. mole 0Cl " * Dg 0-/
&ote:
& 3 n% and V
*
) C
*
3 V
-
) C
-
(): - % 0<,/9 3 ..;.. &
F & 0-S/9 3 ..;.. %
(): ,repare -++ ml of - % 0-S/9 from *+ % 0-S/9
,repare -++ ml of - % 0-S/9 from *+ & 0-S/9
,repare *++ ml of *$ glucose from *. % glucose #%'3 *:+