This document provides equations and examples for calculating volumes and weights of solids, liquids, and mixtures thereof. It introduces equations for calculating:
1) The volume of a solid added to change a mud's density
2) The weight of a solid added to change density
3) Specialized forms of these equations using common field units (barrels, sacks) for weighting materials like barite
Worked examples demonstrate using the equations to determine amounts of added solids or liquids needed to achieve target mud densities, as well as resulting volumes.
Original Description:
Calculations for mud used during rig-formation (petroleum Engineering)
This document provides equations and examples for calculating volumes and weights of solids, liquids, and mixtures thereof. It introduces equations for calculating:
1) The volume of a solid added to change a mud's density
2) The weight of a solid added to change density
3) Specialized forms of these equations using common field units (barrels, sacks) for weighting materials like barite
Worked examples demonstrate using the equations to determine amounts of added solids or liquids needed to achieve target mud densities, as well as resulting volumes.
This document provides equations and examples for calculating volumes and weights of solids, liquids, and mixtures thereof. It introduces equations for calculating:
1) The volume of a solid added to change a mud's density
2) The weight of a solid added to change density
3) Specialized forms of these equations using common field units (barrels, sacks) for weighting materials like barite
Worked examples demonstrate using the equations to determine amounts of added solids or liquids needed to achieve target mud densities, as well as resulting volumes.
Weight basis : sVs + iVi = fVf . . . . . . .. . . . (2) Where Vs = Volume of solid Vi = Volume of initial mud (or any liquid) Vf = Final volume of mixture s = Density of solid i = Density of initial mud f = Density of final mud Solving for Vs : Vs = Vf (f i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3) (s i) The units have to be in consistent set If the density is in lb/gal, the V will be in gal, and so does gm/cc cc. Since the net volume of a powdered solid is not readily measurable (usually measured by weight), by multiplying the s to equation (3), the Vs can be calculated : sVs = sVf (f i) . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) (s i) Example 1 A 9.5 lb/gal mud contains clay (SG = 2.5) and fresh water. Compute (a) the volume % and (b) the weight % clay in this mud. Using Equations (3) & (4) Solution : (a) Altering eq. (3) Volume % solids = Vs 100% Vf = f i 100% = 9.4 % s - i (b) Divide eq. (4) fVf : Weight % solids = sVs 100 fVf Substitute Vs & Vf in terms od densities : = 20.6% Example 2 For laboratory purposes, it is desired to mix one liter of bentonite- fresh water mud having a viscosity of 30 cP: (a) What will be the resulting mud density ? (b) How much of each material should be used ? Hints for Solution : Assume Wyoming bentonite, Solid content = 3 % by volume For certain types of problems it is convenient to express eq. (3) in a different form. Suppose that the quantity of solids (Vs) necessary to increase (or decrease) the density of an initial mud is desired. Then : Vs = (Vi + Vs) (f i) . . . . . . . . . . (3a) s i Where ; Vi + Vs = Vf . . . . . . . . . . . (from eq. 1) Solving for Vs gives : Vs = Vi (f i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5) (s f) Example 3 (a) How much weighting material BaSO4, barite, SG = 4.3) should be added to the mud of Example 2 to increase its density to 10 ppg ? (b) What will be the resulting volume ? Hint for Solution : Use eq. (5) Barite is so universally used as a weighting material, it is useful to express eq. (5) in field units. Barite is sold in 100 lb bags or sacks : 1 sack = 100 lb = 0.373 cu.ft 4.3 (62.4 lb/cu.ft) = 0.373 cu.ft = 0.0664 bbl of net 5.615 cu.ft/bbl barite Therefore, 1 bbl (net) of barite = 1 bbl = 15 sacks 0.0664 bbl/sack Note : Assuming SG of Barite = 4.3 Let Sb = Sacks of barite necessary to increase the density of Vi bbl of mud fromi to f. Substituting these special conditions into eq. (5): Sb = Vi (f i) 15 4.3 (8.33) f Therefore; Sb = 15 Vi (f i) . . . . . . . . . . . . (5a) 35.8 - f Similarly, if clay (SG = 2.5) is sold in 100 lb bags or sacks : 1 sack = 100 lb = 0.641 cu.ft 2.5 (62.4 lb/ cu.ft) = 0.641 cu.ft = 0.1142 bbl of net clay 5.615 cu.ft/ bbl 1 bbl (net) of clay = 1 bbl = 8.75 sacks 0.1142 bbl/sack Let Sc = Sacks of clay necessary to increase the density of Vi bbl of mud fromi to f. Substituting these special conditions into eq. (5): Sc = Vi (f i) 8.75 2.5(8.33) f Therefore, Sc = 8.75 Vi (f i) . . . . . . . . . . . . (5b) 20.8 - f Example 4 (a) How many sacks of barite are necessary to increase the density of 1000 bbl of mud from 10 to 14 lb/ gal ? (b) What will be the final mud volume ? Hint for solution : Use eq. (5a) To dilute or reduce mud density : Vw + Vi = Vf . . . . . . . . Volume basis wVw + iVi = fVf . . . . . . . . Weight basis wVw + iVi = f (Vw + Vi) wVw fVw = fVi iVi Vw = Vi (f i) w f Vw = Vi (i f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6) (f w) where, Vw = bbls of water necessary to reduce the density of Vi bbls initial mud fromi to f. Example 5 (a) How much fresh water must be added to 1000 bbl of 12 lb/gal mud to reduce its density to 10 lb/gal ? (b) What will be the resulting volume ? Hints for solution : (a) Use eq. (6) Example 6 (a) How many sacks of barite are required to raise the mud weight of 755 bbl from 77 pcf to 92 pcf ? What is the resulting volume ? (b) Calculate the new mud weight when 126 bbl of oil (SG= 0.8)is added to the new system. What is the resulting volume ? (c) Determine the quantity of barite required to maintain a mud weight of 92 pcf. What is the final volume ? Hints for solution : Use eq. (5a)