1

GSCAS 1
Automatic Gain Control
GSCAS 2
Spatial Aliasing
GSCAS 3 GSCAS 4
Reflection Data
GSCAS 5
Seismic Section
Seismic reflection data
Offset sources
Recorded by several receivers offset from each source
Seismic section (unmigrated time section)
Combined data of many shots
Presented as if a source and a receiver in the same position GSCAS 6
Acquisition (1): Geophones
2
GSCAS 7
Basics of Reflection Time
receiver to source the from
distance horizontal X
2
intercept axis - T t
receiver to interface, to
source, the from time travel T
1
0
0
f
2
1
2
2
0
=
=
=
=
+ =
V
h
t
V
X
t T
f
GSCAS 8
Source-Receiver Design: Common Midpoint Method
GSCAS 9
Reflection Data Processing (1): Shot
Gather
GSCAS 10
Reflection Data Processing (2):
CMP Gather
GSCAS 11
Reflection Data Processing (3):
Normal Moveout Correction and Stack
GSCAS 12
Processing Details (5) Statics Corrections
3
GSCAS 13
Basics of Reflection Time
receiver to source the from
distance horizontal X
2
intercept axis - T t
receiver to interface, to
source, the from time travel T
1
0
0
f
2
1
2
2
0
=
=
=
=
+ =
V
h
t
V
X
t T
f
GSCAS 14
Normal Moveout Correction
0 2
1
2
2
0 0
t
V
X
t t T T
x x
+ = =
GSCAS 15
Velocity Spectrum
A velocity spectrum is a graph showing the power of
signals arriving at different two way vertical travel
time over a spectrum of velocities.
GSCAS 16
GSCAS 17
Processing Details (1) Gather
GSCAS 18
Processing Details (2) Velocity Analysis
4
GSCAS 19
Processing Details (3) NMO Correction
GSCAS 20
Processing Details (4) Mute
GSCAS 21
Migration
GSCAS 22
Anticline
GSCAS 23
An Example of Anticline
GSCAS 24
Syncline
5
GSCAS 25
Finite - Difference method of wave- equation migration
GSCAS 26
GSCAS 27
Migration Algorithms
Finite-difference solutions methods
Exploding Reflectors/Huygens secondary source
principle
Downward continuation/wavefield extrapolation
Frequency-wavenumber implementation
Stolt mapping
Integral solution of to the scalar wave equation
Diffraction summation
Kirchhoff migration
GSCAS 28
Exploding Reflector Model
GSCAS 29 GSCAS 30
Huygens Principle
Beach Barrier Example
6
GSCAS 31 GSCAS 32
GSCAS 33
Horizontal Resolution
GSCAS 34
Scalar wave equation
2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
1
( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , 0, )
2
1 1
4
( , , ) 2
1
4
x
x
i t ik x
x x
x x x
i k z
c
x x
x x
z x
x x
P x z t
x z c
P x z t P k z e d dk
P k z k P k z
z c
P k z P k e
c k v k
k k
c c v
P k z v k
i
z v

| |
+ =
|

\ .
=
| |
+ =
|

\ .
=
= = =

2
( , , )
x
P k z
GSCAS 35 GSCAS 36
0 ) , (
1
) , (
2
2
2
2
= t r U
t c
t r U

) ( ) ( ) , , (
1
) , , (
2
2
2
2
r r t t r r G
t c
t r r G =

Kirchhoff integral
0 ) , ( ) , (
2 2
= + r U k r U
) ( ) , , ( ) , , (
2 2
r r r r G k r r G = +
7
GSCAS 37 GSCAS 38
Kirchhoff integral
R
c R i
z y x G
FS

4
) / exp(
) , , , ( =
2
2
1
1
4
) / exp(
4
) / exp(
) , , , (
R
c R i
R
c R i
z y x G

=
| |
(

=

n
U
G
n
G
U dS U G G U r dV

0
2 2
) (
(

=

n
U
G
n
G
U dS r r r U r dV

0
) ( ) , ( ) (
GSCAS 39
Kirchhoff integral
U(r,) =
1
4
dS
0
[G(r
0
, r,)
U(r
0
,)
n
U(r
0
,)
G(r
0
, r,)
n
]
U(r, ) is a scalar field recorded along a surface S
o
,
S
0
encompasses the volume of interest,
G(r
0
,r, ) is the Greens function for a medium with equivalent velocity
structure,
r
0
is location along the surface,
r is location anywhere in the propagation space,
n is the normal direction to the surface, positive outward, and is angular
frequency.
G(r
0
, r,) = A(r
0
, r)exp(i(r
0
, r))
U(r,) =
1
2
dS
0
U(r
0
,)[
A
n
e
i
+ iA

n
]