EE 131

LECTURE 1 BASIC LAW

Prepared by:

Engr. Rogelio F. Bersano Jr.
Resistance and Ohms Law
All materials resist the flow of current..
Resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist
the flow of electric current, which is measured in ohms
().

Resistance and Ohms Law
Resistance: Basic Concepts and Assumptions:
Conductors (e.g. Wires) have very low resistance (<0.1 ), which is
usually be neglected (i.e. We will assume that wires have zero
resistance).
Insulators (e.g. air) have very large resistance (>50 M) that can be
usually ignored ( omitted from circuit for analysis).
Resistors have a medium range of resistance and must be
accounted for the circuit analysis.
Conceptually, a light bulb is similar to the resistor.
Properties of the bulb control how much current flows and how much
power is dissipated (absorbed then emitted as light and heat).
As with the circuit elements, we need to know the current through and
voltage across the device are related.
The relationship between the current and voltage can be linear or
nonlinear.
Resistance and Ohms Law
Ohms Law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor.





Sign is determined by passive sign convention (PSC).
Materials with linear relationships between the current and the
voltage satisfy the Ohms Law.
Resistance and Ohms Law
Resistors and Passive Sign Convention (PSC)
Note that the relationship between current and voltage are sign
sensitive.
PSC is satisfied if the current enters the positive terminal of an
element:
f PSC is satisfied : v =iR
f PSC is not satisfied : v =iR
Equations derived from Ohms Law
Resistors cannot produce power , so the power absorbed by a resistors will
always be positive.
Short Circuit and Open Circuit
Short Circuit as Zero resistance:








An element (or wire) with R =0 is called a short circuit.
Short circuit is just drawn as a wire (line).
Short Circuit and Open Circuit
Short Circuit as Voltage Source (0V):








An ideal voltage source with Vs=0 V is equivalent to a short circuit.
Since v =iR and R =0, v =0 regardless of i.
You cannot connect a voltage source to a short circuit.
If connected, usually wire wins and the voltage source melts (smoke
comes out) if not protected.







Short Circuit and Open Circuit
An element (or wire) with R = inf () is called an open circuit.
Such an element is just omitted.
Short Circuit and Open Circuit
Open Circuit as Current Source (0 A):







An ideal current source with I=0 A is equivalent to a open circuit.
Since v =iR and if I=0 A, then R = .
You cannot connect a current source to an open circuit.
If connected, usually you blow the current source (smoke comes out) if not
protected.
The insulator (air) wins. Else, sparks fly.
Conductance: inverse of resistance
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric current.
Conductance is the inverse of resistance.
Circuit Building Blocks: Nodes, Branches
and Loops:
In circuit analysis, we need a common language and
framework for describing circuits.

In this course, circuits are modeled to be the same as
networks.

Networks are composed of nodes, braches and loops.
Circuit Building Blocks: Nodes, Branches
and Loops:
A branch represents a single element such as voltage source, resistor or
current source.









How many branches?
Branch: a single two-terminal circuit element.
Wire segments are not counted as branches.
Examples: voltage source/current source/resistors.
Circuit Building Blocks: Nodes, Branches
and Loops:
A node is a point of connection between two or more branches.









How many nodes?
Node: a connection point between two or more branches.
May include a portion of circuit (more than a single point).
Essential Node: the point of connection between three or more branches.
There are 3 nodes (a, b and c)
2 essential nodes (b and c)
Circuit Building Blocks: Nodes, Branches
and Loops:
A loop is a closed path in a circuit.










How many loops?
Loop: a closed path in a circuit.
Independent Loop: A loop is independent if it contains at least one branch
which is not a part of any other independent loop.
There are 6 loops.
There are 3 independent loops.
Kirchhoffs Laws: Overview
Ohms Law is not sufficient to analyze circuits alone.

Kirchhoffs Laws help Ohms law to form the foundation for
circuit analysis:
The defining equations for circuit elements (Ohms Law).
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL).
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL).

The defining equations (from Ohms law) tell us how the
voltage and current within a circuit element are related.

Kirchhoffs laws tell us how the voltages and currents in
different branches are related.

Kirchhoffs Current Law
Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents
entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.







The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents
leaving the node.

KCL also applies to a closed boundary



Kirchhoffs Current Law
Kirchhoffs Current Law: for Closed
Boundaries
Kirchhoffs Current Law: Example
Ideal Current Sources: Series
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law: KVL
Applying Basic Laws: Example
Applying Basic Laws: Example
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
Resistor Networks and Equivalent Resistance
Resistor Networks and Equivalent Resistance
Resistor Networks and Equivalent Resistance
Resistor Networks: Wye-Delta Transformations
Resistor Networks: Wye-Delta Transformations
Resistor Networks: Wye-Delta Transformations
Resistor Networks: Wye-Delta Transformations
Resistor Networks: Wye-Delta Transformations
Resistor Networks: Wye-Delta Transformations
Resistor Networks: Wye-Delta Transformations