TABLE OF CONTENTS

ITEMS PAGE
1. Objectives 3
2. Abstract and Introduction 3
3. Procedures 4
4. Results Aendi!
". #alculation 4
$. %iscussion &
&. #onclusion '
(. Re)erence 1*
'. Ans+ers 1*
Aendi! 11
1
OBJECTIVES
T,e objectives o) t,e e!eri-ent are.
1 1. To de-onstrate la-inar/ transition and turbulent )lo+
2 2. To introduce Re0nolds nu-ber to classi)0 la-inar/ transition and turbulent )lo+
INTRODUCTION
1luid )lo+ can be classi)ied to t,ree re2i-es +,ic, is la-inar/ transitional and
turbulent re2i-e. 3a-inar re2i-e is a re2i-e +,ere t,e )lo+ is c,aracteri4ed b0 s-oot,
strea-lines and ,i2,l0 ordered -otion. Turbulent is a re2i-e +,ere )lo+ is c,aracteri4ed
b0 velocit0 )luctuations and ,i2,l0 disordered -otion. Transitional re2i-e is +,ere t,e
)lo+ )luctuates bet+een la-inar and turbulent be)ore it beco-es )ull0 turbulent.
T,e transitional )ro- la-inar to turbulent )lo+ deends on 2eo-etr0/ sur)ace rou2,ness/
)lo+ velocit0/ sur)ace te-erature/ and t0e o) )luid. 5o+ever/ Osborne Re0nolds
discovered t,at t,e )lo+ re2i-e -ainl0 deends on t,e ratio o) inertial )orces to viscous
)orces. T,is ratio is +,at +e called as Re0nolds nu-ber.
At s-all or -oderate Re0nolds nu-bers t,e viscous )orces are lar2e enou2, to suress
t,eses )luctuations and to 6ee t,e )luid 7in line8. T,us/ t,e )lo+ is strea-lined and in
ordered -otion. 5o+ever/ at lar2e Re0nolds nu-bers/ t,e inertial )orces/ +,ic, are
roortional to t,e )luid densit0 and t,e s9uare o) t,e )luid velocit0/ are lar2e relative to
t,e viscous )orce. As t,e results/ t,e viscous )orce cannot revent t,e rando- and raid
)luctuations o) t,e )luid. T,us/ t,e )lo+ +ill be in disordered -otion.
T,e boundar0 o) Re0nolds nu-ber )or la-inar/ transitional and turbulent re2i-e varies
b0 2eo-etries and )lo+ condition. 1or e!a-le/ )lo+ in a circular ie is la-inar )or
Re0nolds nu-ber less t,an 23**/ turbulent )or Re0nolds nu-ber lar2er t,an 4*** and
transitional in bet+een. :Re ; 23**<3a-inar/ 23** ; Re ; 4*** < Transitional/ Re =
4*** < Turbulent>. 5o+ever/ +e +ill ,ave ot,er boundaries i) t,e ie cross sectional
area is a s9uare. T,is e!eri-ent is to visuali4e t,e la-inar/ transitional and turbulent
)lo+ in a ie and to deter-ine t,e boundar0 o) Re0nolds nu-ber )or )lo+ in t,e ie.
1irst b0 controllin2 t,e )lo+ rate/ establis, t,e la-inar )lo+. T,en b0 slo+l0 increase t,e
)lo+ rate observes +,at ,aened to t,e d0e strea6. Record t,e )lo+ attern c,an2e and
its volu-etric )lo+ rate readin2. %eter-ine t,e boundar0 o) Re0nolds nu-ber )or
la-inar/ transitional and turbulent re2i-e.
2
PROCEDURES
1. T,e su- tan6 is )illed +it, +ater until aro!i-atel0 '*? )ull. Ma6e sure t,at
t,e drain valve is closed
2. T,e +ater sul0 is s+itc,ed on b0 s+itc, on u- on t,e -otor controller.
3. T,e d0e injection is started and t,e )lo+ attern o) t,e d0e is observed.
4. As t,e )lo+ attern beco-e 3a-inar :3a-inar )lo+ t,e d0e )or-s a s-oot,
continuous ribbon> can be observed/ t,e drain valve is oen and at t,e sa-e ti-e
t,e sto+atc, is started.
". Ti-e is ta6en as t,e +ater )lo+ t,rou2, t,e drain )illed t,e a-ount o) 1.23 +it,in
t,e ju2.
$. Stes 2@" are reeated t,ree ti-es in order to 2et t,e avera2e )lo+.
&. Stes 2@$ are reeated )or transitional and turbulent )lo+.
3
RESULTS
Results in t,e Aendi!
CALCULATIONS
Given.
Inner tube dia-eter< 1$--< *.*1$-
%ensit0 o) +ater/ A < 1*** 62B-C
Discosit0 o) +ater/ E < (.'4e@4 F.sB-G
So/ t,e Area can be calculated usin2 HrG )or-ula.
A< HrG
< H:*.*1$B2>G
< 2.*1*$e@4 -G
T,en/ +e can )ind t,e value o) velocit0/ v b0 e9uation.
v<IBA
And t,e Re0noulds nu-ber is 2iven b0
Re< A.v.d B E

Laminar
Reading 1J
v< I BA
< :&.'4K1*
@$
-CBs> B :2.*1*K1*
@4
-G>
< *.*3'" -Bs
Re< A.v.d B E
< L:1*** 62B-C>.:*.*3'" -Bs>.:1$-->M B :(.'4K1*
@4
F.sB-G>
< 706.!
Reading "#
v< I BA
< :1.23K1*
@"
-CBs> B :2.*1*K1*
@4
-G>
< *.*$12 -Bs
Re< A.v.d B E
< L:1*** 62B-C>.:*.*$12-Bs>.:1$-->M B :(.'4K1*
@4
F.sB-G>
4
< 10$.%0
Reading %
v<IBA
< :".'"K1*
@$
-CBs> B :2.*1*K1*
@4
-G>
< *.*2($ -Bs
Re< A.v.d B E
< L:1*** 62B-C>.:*.*2($ -Bs>.:1$-->M B :(.'4K1*
@4
F.sB-G>
< $11.&6
Tran'i(i)na*
Reading 1
v< I BA
< :3."&K1*
@"
-CBs> B :2.*1*K1*
@4
-G>
< *.1&&$ -Bs
Re< A.v.d B E
< L:1*** 62B-C>.:*.1&&$ -Bs>.:1$-->M B :(.'4K1*
@4
F.sB-G>
< %17&.$"
Reading "
v< I BA
< :3.*3K1*
@"
-CBs> B :2.*1*K1*
@4
-G>
< *.1"*& -Bs
Re< A.v.d B E
< L:1*** 62B-C>.:*.1"*& -Bs>.:1$-->M B :(.'4K1*
@4
F.sB-G>
< "67.0
Reading %
v< I BA
< :2.(''K1*
@"
-CBs> B :2.*1*K1*
@4
-G>
< *.1442 -Bs
Re< A.v.d B E
< L:1*** 62B-C>.:*.1442 -Bs>.:1$-->M B :(.'4K1*
@4
F.sB-G>
"
< "$&0.76
T+r,+*en(
Reading 1
v< I BA
< :".4K1*
@"
-CBs> B :2.*1*K1*
@4
-G>
< *.2&*1 -Bs
Re< A.v.d B E
< L:1*** 62B-C>.:*.2&*1 -Bs>.:1$-->M B :(.'4K1*
@4
F.sB-G>
< !&%!
Reading "
v< I BA
< :&.4*&K1*
@"
-CBs> B :2.*1*K1*
@4
-G>
< *.3$(" -Bs
Re< A.v.d B E
< L:1*** 62B-C>.:*.3$(" -Bs>.:1$-->M B :(.'4K1*
@4
F.sB-G>
< 6$$.0&
Reading %
v< I BA
< :$.1'2K1*
@"
-CBs> B :2.*1*K1*
@4
-G>
< *.3*(1 -Bs
Re< A.v.d B E
< L:1*** 62B-C>.:*.3*(1 -Bs>.:1$-->M B :(.'4K1*
@4
F.sB-G>
< $$1!.0
$
DISCUSSION
Ne ,ave observed t,ree distinct t0es o) )lo+ in t,is e!eri-ent na-el0 la-inar/
transitional and turbulent. Eac, t0es o) )lo+ also ,ave dissi-ilar c,aracteristics and
roerties. Re0nolds nu-ber acts as a 6e0 ara-eter to di))erentiate +,et,er a )lo+ is
one o) t,e t,ree )lo+s -entioned earlier. Ne anal04e t,e )lo+ b0 ta6in2 t,e ti-e ta6en to
)ill t,e 1.2 3 o) +ater )ro- t,e )lo+. 1ro- t,e ti-e readin2s/ +e can calculate t,e
volu-etric )lo+ rate b0 dividin2 t,e constant volu-e/ +,ic, is 1.2 3 +it, t,e ti-e
readin2s. T,e volu-etric )lo+ t,en divided b0 t,e area o) inner tube 2ives t,e velocit0.
T,e variables obtained are ver0 use)ul to )ind t,e Re0nolds nu-ber. T,e )or-ula is
inertial )orce/ +,ic, consists o) densit0 o) +ater -ultil0 +it, t,e velocit0 and dia-eter
o) inner tube divided b0 t,e viscosit0 o) t,e )luid t,at is +ater in t,is e!eri-ent.
1or la-inar )lo+ art/ +e observed t,at t,e )lo+ obtained in lo+ velocit0. T,e
)lo+ also s,o+ed continuousl0 and strai2,t line o) in6. 1or e!tra in)or-ation/ t,e in6
used to ,i2,li2,t t,e -otion o) t,e )lo+. 1urt,er-ore/ t,e )lo+ is not +av0 and ,i2,l0
ordered +,ic, c,aracteri4ed b0 s-oot, la0ers o) )luid. 1ro- t,e readin2s/ +e 2ot t,e
value o) $$3 )or Re0nolds nu-ber t,at is in t,e validit0 ran2e.
Oesides/ +e sa+ t,at t,e )lo+ o) turbulent ac,ieved +,en t,e velocit0 is ,i2,. In
addition/ t,e )lo+ is not continuous as +e can see )ro- la-inar )lo+. Moreover/ t,e )lo+
is -i!ed. Ne can sa0 t,at t,e turbulent )lo+ is t,e oosite o) la-inar )lo+. T,e ,i2,l0
disordered )luid c,aracteri4ed b0 velocit0 )luctuations. 1ran6l0 sea6in2/ it is easier to
di))erentiate bet+een la-inar )lo+ and turbulent )or its contradictor0 roerties and loo6
durin2 t,e e!eri-ent. Anot,er t0e o) )lo+ t,at is ver0 tou2, to obtain is transitional
)lo+. T,e )lo+ is a bit +av0 and in -oderate order co-ared to t,e )lo+ be)ore. A)ter
-ade calculations/ t,e avera2e Re0nolds nu-ber )or turbulent is (((3/ +,ic, is lar2er
t,an 4***. Mean+,ile/ t,e avera2e Re0nolds nu-ber )or transitional is 2('(/ +,ic, is in
bet+een 23** and 4***.



&
Fig. 1- *aminar .*)/.
Fig. "- (ran'i(i)na* .*)/.
Fig. %- (+r,+*en( .*)/.
(
CONCLUSION
To su- u/ +e ,ave ac,ieved t,e e!eri-entPs objective success)ull0 t,at is to
de-onstrate la-inar/ transition and turbulent )lo+ as +ell as to introduce Re0nolds
nu-ber to classi)0 la-inar/ transition and turbulent )lo+. Accordin2 to t,is e!eri-ent/
+e 2ot t,e Re0nolds nu-ber in t,e ran2e o) its validit0.
0UESTIONS
1. E!lain brie)l0 t,e )ollo+in2 ter-s.
i. 3a-inar re2i-e. re2i-e +,ere t,e )lo+ is s-oot, and ,i2,l0 ordered -otion
c,aracteri4ed b0 s-oot, la0er o) )luid.
ii. Tran'i(i)na* regime. re2i-e +,ere t,e )lo+ alternates bet+een la-inar and
turbulent.
iii. T+r,+*en( regime. re2i-e +,ere t,e )lo+ is c,aotic and ,i2,l0 disordered
-otion t,at t0icall0 occurs at ,i2, velocities and is c,aracteri4ed b0 velocit0
)luctuations.
iv. Re1n)*d' N+m,er. a 6e0 ara-eter )or t,e deter-ination o) t,e )lo+ re2i-e
in ies.
v. S(ream*ine. a curve t,at is tan2ent ever0+,ere to t,e instantaneous local
velocit0 vector.

vi. S(rea2*ine. a locus o) )luid articles t,at ,ave assed se9uentiall0 t,rou2, a
rescribed oint in t,e )lo+.
vii. Pa(3*ine. t,e actual at, travelled b0 an individual )luid article over so-e
ti-e eriod.
viii. Time*ine. a set o) adjacent )luid articles t,at +ere -ar6ed at t,e sa-e
:earlier> instant in ti-e.

2. %ra+ velocit0 ro)iles )or
i. 1ull0 develoed la-inar )lo+
'
ii. 1ull0 develoed turbulent )lo+
3. E!lain +,at t,e -eanin2 i) one sa0s/ 7T,e )lo+ ,as lo+ Re0nolds nu-ber8/ or 7T,e
)lo+ ,as ,i2, Re0nolds nu-ber8.
T,e )lo+ ,as lo+ Re0nolds nu-ber i) t,e viscosit0 o) t,e )luid is lar2er t,an t,e
inertial )orces o) t,e )luid. On t,e ot,er ,and/ t,e )lo+ ,as ,i2, Re0nolds nu-ber i) t,e
inertial )orces o) t,e )luid are lar2er t,an t,e viscosit0 o) t,e )luid. It is because Re0nolds
nu-ber is calculated as t,e ratio o) inertial )orces o) a )luid over t,e viscosit0 o) t,e )luid.
I) t,e Re0nolds nu-ber is less t,an 23**/ t,en it is la-inar )lo+. N,ile/ i) t,e Re0nolds
nu-ber is bi22er t,an 4***/ it is a turbulent )lo+ t,en. I) t,e value o) Re0nolds nu-ber is
in bet+een t,at ran2e/ it is absolutel0 a transitional )lo+.
REFERENCES
1. S0ed Fo,/ 1luid Mec,anics 3ab Manual/ .1*@11/ IIQM Press 2**$
2. Runus A. #en2el/ So,n M. #,i-bala/ 1luid Mec,anics 1unda-ental and
Alications/ McGra+ 5ill/ Sin2aore 2**$
3. ,tt.BBen.+i6iedia.or2B+i6iB

1*