Vaults

Forms of vaults
There are a great many forms of vault. The simplest are barrel vaults which in fact consist of a succession of identical
arches. Barrel vaults can have steeper or nether profiles: semicircular, segmental, ogival. etc. The catenary vault is
very common as its form gives maximum stability for a minimum use of material.
Combining two barrel vaults with the same profile allows two other types to be defined: the "groined vault" and the
"Dominica! vault". By prolonging one of the two barrel vaults, the "Dominica! vault" becomes a "trough vault".
Combining barrel vaults with different profiles forms a "lunette vault".
A "Dominica! vault", the ribs of which are rounded in the form of cones starting from the corners, becomes a "squinch
vault". Similarly the "trough vault" can evolve into a "boat vault".






3-7. Trusses. A truss is a framed or jointed structure composed of straight
members connected only at their intersections in such a way that if loads are
applied at these intersections, the stress in each member is in the direction of
it length.
(The
Howe and Fink trusses are most commonly used.) Trusses are used for large spans
to give wide,
unobstructed floor space for such large buildings as shops and
hangars. Sometimes small buildings are
trussed to save material. These small trusses act as rafters and give the roof
rigidity

b. Web Members. The web members of
a truss divide it into triangles. The members indicated
by heavy lines normally carry tensile stresses for vertical
loads. Sometimes the top chords of these
trusses slope slightly in one
or two directions for roof drainage, but this does not change the type of
truss. The necessary number of subdivisions,
or panels, depends on the length of the span and the type
of construction.

(1) Bottom chord. A member that forms the lower boundary of the truss




(2) Top chord. A member which forms the upper boundary of the truss
(3) Chord member. A member that forms part of either the top or the bottom chord.
(4) Member. The component that lies between any adjacent joints of a truss. It can be of
one or more pieces of structural material.
(5) Web member. A member that lies between the top and bottom chords.
(6) Joint. Any point in a truss where two or more members meet; sometimes called a panel
point
(7) Panel length. The distance between any two consecutive joint centers in either the top or
bottom chords.
(8) Pitch. The ratio of the height of the truss to the span's length.
(9) Height of Truss. The vertical distance at midspan from the joint center at the ridge of a
pitched truss or from the centerline of the top chord of a flat truss to the centerline of the bottom
chord.
(10) Span length. The horizontal distance between the centers of the two joints located at the
extreme ends of the truss.
d. Uses. Trusses are used for large spans to give wide, unobstructed floor space for such large
building as shops and hangers. The Howe and Fink trusses are most commonly used (see Figure 3-20

howe and fink trusses



Corbels/Cantilevers Using Headed Bars

Advantage of headed reinforcement
The concentrated anchorage makes the full capacity of the reinforcement available just near
the edge of the cantilever.