Effect of Die Material

Hue and Value on

Polymerization of
Indirect Resin Inlays
K. Hinoura. DDS, DDSc'
Y. Aoshiuin. DDS, ODSc'
K. Innno. DDS. DDSc*
H. Onose. DDS, DDSc
Nihon University
B.K, Moore, PhD""
Indiana University
This Study invesfigated fhe effects of hue and value of mold
materials on fhe polymerization of resin composite inlays
fabricated by an indirect process. Three colors of molds were
used, and 10 specimens each of three resin composite
materials u-ere light polymerized on each of the die materials
for each fest. The specimens were postirradiation heat
polymerized. Compressive strength, flexural strength, Knoop
hardness, and bond strength to enamel and denfin were
measured. Although differences in properties between
specimens polymerized on different die materials were not
always significant, the values obtained from the white mold
were highest in all tests followed by those obtained on the
gray and then the black molds. Correlations In between
lightness or value and compressive and flexural strength,
hardness, and bond to enamel and dentin values were greater
than 0,90, Die color and value appear to be important factors
influencing the properties of indirect resin composite inlays
even though they are heat polymerized after light activation.
Ititj Prostbodont 1993:6:255-258.
I
t has been reported that light-polymerized resin
composite materials have volumetric shrinkages
during polymerization of between 1% and 4% after
2 minutes,'- This amounf of shrinkage of a direct
resin restoration may result in gap formation be-
tween the resin and the dentin if the shrinkage
induces tensile or shear stresses in excess of the
dentin-resin bond strength. tJse of indirect resin
composite inlay systems results in the poiymeriza-
tion shrinkage occurring prior to cementation in
the tooth and may reduce gap formation. However,
itisstill important to optimize the mechanical prop-
'Instructor, Department of Operative Dentistry.
"Researcher, Department of Operative Dentistry.
"Professor and Chairman, Department of Operative Dentistry
""Professor and Acting Chairman, Department of Dental
Materials.
Reprint Requests: Dr Ko Hinoura, Department of Operative Den-
tistry, Schooi of Dentistry, Nihon University, 1-8 Kanda-
Siirugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Toiiyo 707, lapan.
ertiesof the restorative resin to reduce fracture and
abrasion. The properties of a light-polymerized
resin are known to depend upon the light expo-
sure,' The purpose of this study was to investigate
the influence of the optical properties of three
different values of molds on fhree brands of indi-
rect inlay resin composite materials light polymer-
ized on different dies.
Materials and Methods
Three light-polymerized resin composite inlay
systems were used as described in Table 1. The tests
conducted were compressive strength, flexural
strength, Knoop hardness, and bond strength lo
enamel and dentin. These were measured on resin
specimens polymerized on each of the three col-
ored Teflon mold materials (Flon Kogyo, Tokyo,
Japan), The molds used for compressive strength
were 4 x 6 mm, those used for flexural strength
were 2 x 2 x 25 mm, and fhe molds used for Knoop
6. Number 3,1993
255
The International lournal o( Proilhodomics
Eecl of Die Material Hue and Value
Table 1 Materials Tested
Resin paste Luting cerrent Light unit Polymerizing oven
Code (batcbno.j Sbade batch no.] Mixing ratio (irradiation time) (treatment time) Manufacturer
CL
LF
BR
Clearfil CR Inlay
(1008A]
Lite-fil CR Inlay
(069005)
Brjlliant DI
(060290-22)
US
U
D3-U
CR Inlay Cement
(P:1072
(L: 007]
CR Inlay Cement
(P' 029003)
(L: 029001]
Duo Cement
(B: 11089-34]
(C: 11089-34)
3.2 g / 1. 0 g
3.2 g,' 1.0 g
1 0 g / 1. 0 g
Quick Ligbt
(40 s)
Day Light Lamp II
(30 s)
Optilux
(30 s]
KL-100
(100C, 15 mm)
Twin cure
(120C. 10 min)
D.I.-500
( 110X, 7mi n)
Kuraray
Shofu
Coltne
hardness were 4 x 2 mm. For bond strength test-
ing, the4 X 2-mm moldwas mounted on enamel or
dentin and filled with cement. Ten specimens of
each resin were light activated on each die material
for each test. All specimens were posfirradiation
heat polymerized following manufacturers' direc-
tions.
Compressive strength, flexural strength, and
bond strength to enamel and dentin were mea-
sured using an Instron Testing Machine (Type 1121,
Instron Corp, Canton, MA) at a crosshead speed of
1.0 mm/min. Knoop hardness was measured with a
MicroHardness Tester (MHT-1, Matsuzawa, Tokyo,
lapan) on the resin surface polymerized in contact
with the gypsum die under a 25-g load and a 30-
second dwell time.
Results
The results of the compressive strength tests are
presented in Tahle 2. These results were analyzed
by one-way analysis of variance followed by multi-
ple comparisons. Linear correlations between
lightness or value (L*) for the die materials and
mechanical properties o ihe resin were also calcu-
lated.
The highest compressive strengths were ob-
tained from specimens made on the white mold,
followed by those made on the gray and then the
black molds. However, there was no significant
difference between white and gray mold speci-
mens in any of the materials. Table 3 shows the
flexural strength of three resin materials. For Clear-
fil and Lite-fil, the strength of materials fabricated
in white and gray molds were not significantly dif-
ferent. Table 4 shows the Knoop hardness of three
materials. The values obtained from specimens
from the black mold were the lowest. Tables 5 and 6
show the bond strength to enamel and dentin of
these materials. The strengths from specimens cre-
ated on the white mold were ihe highest in all
materials.
Table 2 Compressive Strength of Resin Composite
Inlays in MPa (SD)
yold color
White
3 ray
3 lack
Clearfil
299.3
(35.2]
265,5
(15.6)
234.3
(11.0)
Material
Lite-fil Brilliant
315.4
(20.4)
294.6
(26.2)
196,2
(28.5]
242.5
(26.3)
177.0
(26.2]
151.0
(12.6]
N = 10.
Values connected by vertical liries are not significantly differenf
(P > .05).
Table 3 Flexural Strength of Resin Composite Inlays
in MPa (SD)
yold color
Wbite
3ray
Slack
Material
Clearfil Lite-fil
169.8
(15,2)
139.8
(14,4)
158.3
(15.4]
121.0
(14.1)
131.2
(12.9]
100.1
(16.1]
Brilliant
99.3
(17.2)
56.4
(6.4]
32.6
(6.6]
N = 10.
Values cornecled Cy vertical lines are not significantly dilfarenl
(P>.05).
Table 4 Knoop Hardness Number of Resin Composite
Inlays in MPa (SD)
'AoM color
Wbite
Gray
ilack
Cleartil
105 3
(10.4]
96.1
(9.2]
62.9
(5.8)
Life-fil
87.8
(8.1]
80.8
(9.7)
57.6
(6.3)
Brilliant
54.6
(3.0)
48.7
(4.5)
28.6
(1-6)
N = 10.
Values corrected by vertical lines are no! significanfly different
(P < 05).
The Inlernational Journal o Prosthodonlii
2 5 6 Volume 6, Number .
Effect of D I G Maleri.il H U G and Value
Although differences in properties between
specimens polymerized on different die materials
were not always significant, as shown in Tables 2 to
6, the properties of resins fabricated on the white
moid were the highest in all tests, followed by
those of resins fabricated on the gray and then the
black molds. Correlations (r-) between L* and com-
pressive and flexural strength, hardness, bond to
enamel, and bond to dentin values are shown in
Table 7, These indicate that at least 90% ot the
variation in physical properties can be related to
the L* of the mold.
Discussion
The problem of fracture and wear in posterior
resin composite restorations has been considerably
reduced by improvement in resin formulations.
When comparing resin restorations with amalgam
or cast metal inlays however, difficulties still exist in
high-stress situations related to inherent problems
with mechanical and chemical degradation of resin
composites. The introduction of indirect resin
composite inlay systems permits complete poly-
merization outside the oral environment and
should result in better conversion of monomer and
a reduction in the dentin-resin interfacial stresses
when these inlays are luted into the tooth using a
compatible resin cement.
It is interesting to note that mold color and value
of the mold materials used in fabricating indirect
composite inlays influence the properties of resin.
It has previously been determined that increased
irradiation time and heat polymerization enhance
the physical properties of the resin.'^Optical prop-
erties of the die material used appear to be an
additional factor. Fan et ah and Ono' have reported
that the reflectance of the backing material influ-
enced the properties of light-polymerized resin
composite test specimens. This research shows
that the die materials used in fabricating indirect
composite restorations show the same tendency.
Usually, gypsum die materials are selected on the
basis of surface smoothness, strength, setting ex-
pansion, and optical properties to provide good
visual contrast against the inlay pattern material.
The potential for degradation in resin physical
properties if a die material other than white is used
for indirect resin inlay fabrication should also be
considered when selecting a die material.
Conclusion
Three brands of indirect resin inlays were fabri-
cated on three Tefion molds of different lightness
Table 5 Shear Bond Strength to Enamel of Resin
Composite I nlays in MPa SD ]
yol d color
White
G ray
Black
Maten a 1
Ciearfii Lite-til Briiiiant
19,2
(2.9)
17,4
(2.4)
18,1
(4.8)
11,8
14,9
(3.4)
12-3
(3.9)
9.7
(2,5) (2,0)
e.o
(1,3)
6,1
(2,2)
connected by vertcal lines are not signticanlly different
5)
Table 6 Shear Bond Strength to D entin of Resin
Composite I nlays in MPa (SD )
Wold color
White
3ray
3lack
Mater i ai
Ciearfii Lite-fil Briiiiant
5,7
(1,4)
3,8
(1,3]
2.9
(1,4]
2,2
(0,4]
2,0
(1,4]
1.2
(0,5)
0,9
(0,3]
0,8
(0,2)
0,2
(0.1)
N = 10.
\felues connected by verticaf lines are nol significantly different
(P < ,05),
Table 7 R' Correlation Between L' and Physical
Property Values
Value
Compressive strength
Flexurai strength
Knoop iiardness
Enamel bond strength
D entin bond strength
Cleartil
.98
.94
,95
.96
.97
ti/aterial
Lite-til
.98
.99
.96
,99
,99
Brilliant
1,00
,93
,95
,90
1,00
values. Although differences in properties between
specimens polymerized on different dies were not
always significant, the properties of resins fabri-
cated on the white mold were the highest in all
tests, followed by those of resins fabricated on the
gray and then the black molds.
D ie color and value appear to be important fac-
tors influencing the properties of indirect compos-
ite resin inlays even though they are heat polymer-
ized after light activation.
qe 6, Numbers,1993
The I nlernationai louinal of Proithodontii
Eflect ot Oie Material Hue and Value
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Literature Abstract _
Mathemdtic Definition of the Curve of Spee in Subjects
With Healthy Dentition
From a profiie view of the dentai arches, the occiusai surfaces of the teeth describe the weii-known
curve of Spee. The mandibuiar curve bas been described as part of a sphere, but its morphology in
normai subjects has never been studied rnathematically and statistically. The present investigation
attempted to deveiop a clinically useful morphometric method to describe the curve of Spee
independentiy of reference planes. Aiginate impressions and dental stone casts were made for 50 male
and 45 female subjects with sound dentitions. Standardized photographs of the left and right sides of
each cast were taken using a special box that ensured orthogonality between the camera and dental
buccal surfaces. In the photographs, buccal cusp tips of teeth from canine to second molar were
traced. Coordinates of the cusp tips were obtained using an image analyzer. A computerized piot of
the buccai cusp tips resulted in the reconstruction of the ieft and right curves by second-order
quadratic interpolation. Both the shape and size of the curves of Spee were analyzed and statisticaily
compared. Size estimates revealed that curves were larger in men than women, and that the
ieft-handed side was significantly larger than the right regardless of gender. The intrinsic shape of the
curves was relatively homogenous with respect to se!< and side in the present sample. These
mathematically reconstructed curves of Spee using second-order quadratic interpolation will better
reproduce (he anatomic characteristics and the functional arrangement of dental surfaces and could be used
as references for prosthetic and orlhodontic reconslructions.
Feirario VF, Sforza C, Miani |r A, Colombo A, Tartaglia C. Aich Oi j i SioM992;r:li91 -l)'!4 Heferencei: 14. Reprints: V.F.
Ferrario. Laboratorio di Aratoniia Funiionale dellAppatato Slomalognatico, Istituto di Anatumia Umana Normale,
Pacolla di Medicina eChirurgia, Univecsili degli Studi, Milano, llaly, David K. Cagna, DMD. Department of
Proslhodoniics, The LJniveiSity of Texas Health Science Center st 5an Antonio. 5an Antonio, Texas
The International loumal of Prosthodontic
258
Volume 6, Number T993