CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

1
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
It gives me immense pleasure to write for the Institutional training and provide
me a feel of responsibility of being a part of the movement which is going to change the
face of the chemical industry in Asia and the world and helping all Asian countries to
reap the benefits of working together.
Interacting more with each other will help all of us in understanding each other
better and the way our markets are growing & the way we are developing new skills can
be anyones dream.
Opportunities are getting generated every day and time is running faster than ever
to react. One has to be more proactive to tap these opportunities.
Lets start doing our home work and get ready for any business challenges we
come across before our rivals catch us.
Let me take this opportunity to give you some simple basic facts about Indian
chemical industry and I am sure this will help you as a guideline to start working with
India.
FACTS OF INDIAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:
1! of the total e"port
1! of the total industrial output & #! of the $%&
1' ! ( 1) ! growth per annum
)! of global chemical industry
Indian pharmaceutical industry ranks *th in volume & 1th in term of value in the
world.
India + a strong player in the generic pharmaceutical market
India + )nd largest producer of agrochemicals in Asia
)
CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRY
CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRY

,A$-O .//%01 plays a vital and ma2or role in the todays chemical market. As
the company is been situated at the rural area it covers the whole market. 3heir products
are sulfuric acid4 sulfuric fertili5ers are been produced by them.
A$-O .//%0 is evaluated at 166' and from the date of evaluation their products
are prestigious and demanded product in the market. 3he company was started at
kalipettai at dharmapuri district. 3heir main motive is to help the farmers around the rural
area and also to raise the production of output from the agriculture lands. It is been
started by 7r.8.7uthuswamy at 1
st
may 166'4 with the labor of 9' people to produce
the sulfuric acid in both the solid and li:uid manner4 they mainly concentrates on the
right :uality of products and it leads them to become as prestigious company in the
chemical market. .ow on the present 1* peoples are working in the company.
;rom the year of )''' their products are been sold at the different places over the
north side of India. 3he :uantity and the :uality of the product play a vital and important
role in the present life of the chemical market. 3heir price and the :uality of the product
play an main gadget to become popular in the market within the short period of time.
VISION:
A$-O .//%0 aims to become one of the top five chemical coatings
companies world(wide by leveraging its e"pertise in the higher growth emerging markets.
0imultaneously4 the company intends to build long term value in the Industrial coatings
business through alliances with established global partners.
*
CHAPTER-3
AGRO NEEDS COMPANY PROFILE
9
CHAPTER-3
AGRO NEEDS COMPANY PROFILE
NAME OF THE COMPANY: A$-O .//%0
ESTABLISHED AT: 1
st
7ay 166'
MANAGING DIRECTOR: 7r.8.7uthuswamy
LOCATION: kalipettai <p.o=4
&appireddipatti <3.k=4
%harmapuri <%.3=(>>6'9
TRADE INDEX NUMBER: ))1*'?9
CENTERAL SALES TAX: >*1'*1
CONTACT NUMBER: '**>()*?'4)*?9'
WEBSITE ADDRESS: www.agroneeds.com
PRODUCTS PRODUCED: 0ulfur4 0ulfuric acid4 0ulfur fertili5er.
>
CHAPTER-4
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
#
CHAPTER-4
ORGANIZATION CHART
Maa!"! D"#$%&'#

G$$#a( Maa!$#

&roduction @- and ;inance and 0ales and 0ecretarial and
%ept. &ersonnel %ept. Accounts %ept. 7arketing %ept. Legal dept .
7anager 7anager 7anager 7anager 7anager
Aorkers 0taff Accountant 0taff 0taff
?
CHAPTER-)
INTRODUCTION TO SULFURIC ACID
6
CHAPTER-)
INTRODUCTION TO SULFURIC ACID
P*+,"%a( -#'-$#&"$,:
0ulfuric acid was called Boil of vitriolB by medieval /uropean chemists. 3here
are mentions to it in the works of Cincent of Deauvais and in the Eompositum de
Eompositis ascribed to Albertus 7agnus. A passage from &seudo($eberFs 0umma
&erfectionis was long considered to be the first recipe for sulphuric acid4 but this was a
misinterpretation.
In the 1#th century4 the9 $erman(%utch chemist Gohann $lauber prepared sulfuric
acid by burning sulfur together with saltpeter <potassium nitrate4 8.O=4 in the presence
of steam. As saltpeter decomposes4 it o"idi5es the sulfur to 0O4 which combines with
water to produce sulfuric acid. In 1#>4 Goshua Aard4 a London pharmacist4 used this
method to begin the first large(scale production of sulfuric acid.
In 1#*> in Dirmingham4 Gohn -oebuck adapted this method to produce sulfuric
acid in lead(lined chambers4 which were stronger4 less e"pensive4 and could be made
larger than the previously used glass containers. 3his lead chamber process allowed the
effective industriali5ation of sulfuric acid production. After several refinements4 this
method remained the standard for sulfuric acid production for almost two centuries.
0ulfuric acid created by Gohn -oebuckHs process only approached a 9+*'!
concentration. Later refinements to the lead(chamber process by ;rench chemist Goseph(
Louis $ay(Lussac and Dritish chemist Gohn $lover improved the yield to #?!.@owever4
the manufacture of some dyes and other chemical processes re:uire a more concentrated
product. 3hroughout the 1?th century4 this could only be made by dry distilling minerals
in a techni:ue similar to the original alchemical processes. &yrite <iron disulfide4 ;e0)=
was heated in air to yield iron <II= sulfate4 ;e0O*4 which was o"idi5ed by further heating
in air to form iron<III= sulfate4 ;e)<0O*=4 which4 when heated to *?' IE4 decomposed to
iron<III= o"ide and sulfur trio"ide4 which could be passed through water to yield sulfuric
1'
acid in any concentration. @owever4 the e"pense of this process prevented the large(scale
use of concentrated sulfuric acid.
BEhamber acidB and Btower acidB were the two concentrations of sulfuric acid
produced by the lead chamber process4 chamber acid being the acid produced in lead
chamber itself <J#'! to avoid contamination with nitrosylsulfuric acid= and tower acid
being the acid recovered from the bottom of the $lover tower.3hey are now obsolete as
commercial concentrations of sulfuric acid4 although they may be prepared in the
laboratory from concentrated sulfuric acid if needed.
In particular4 B1'7B sulfuric acid <the modern e:uivalent of chamber acid4 used in
many titrations= is prepared by slowly adding 6?! sulfuric acid to an e:ual volume of
water4 with good stirringK the temperature of the mi"ture can rise to ?' IE <1#> I;= or
higher.

Ahen high concentrations of 0O gas are added to sulfuric acid4 @)0)O#4 called
pyrosulfuric acid4 fuming sulfuric acid or oleum or4 less commonly4 .ordhausen acid4 is
formed. Eoncentrations of oleum are either e"pressed in terms of ! 0O <called !
oleum= or as ! @)0O* <the amount made if @)O were added=L common concentrations are
*'! oleum <1'6! @)0O*= and >9! oleum <11*.>! @)0O*=. &ure @)0)O# is a solid with
melting point >IE. &ure sulfuric acid is a viscous clear li:uid4 like oil4 and this e"plains
the old name of the acid <Hoil of vitriolH=.
C*$."%a( -#'-$#&"$,:
R$a%&"' /"&* /a&$#
3he hydration reaction of sulfuric acid is highly e"othermic. One should always add
the acid to the water rather than the water to the acid. Decause the reaction is in an
e:uilibrium that favors the rapid protonation of water4 addition of acid to the water
ensures that the acid is the limiting reagent.
11
@0O*
(
is the bisulfate anion and 0O*
)(
is the sulfate anion. 81 and 8) are the
acid dissociation constants. Decause the hydration of sulfuric acid is thermodynamically
favorable4 sulfuric acid is an e"cellent dehydrating agent4 and is used to prepare many
dried fruits.
3he affinity of sulfuric acid for water is sufficiently strong that it will remove
hydrogen and o"ygen atoms from other compoundsL for e"ample4 mi"ing starch
<E>@1)O>=n and concentrated sulfuric acid will give elemental carbon and water which is
absorbed by the sulfuric acid <which becomes slightly diluted=K
<E>@1)O>=n M >n E N >n @)O
3he effect of this can be seen when concentrated sulfuric acid is spilled on paperL the
cellulose reacts to give a burnt appearance4 the carbon appears much as soot would in a
fire. A more dramatic reaction occurs when sulfuric acid is added to a tablespoon of white
sugar in a beakerL a rigid column of black4 porous carbon will :uickly emerge. 3he
carbon will smell strongly of caramel due to the heat generated. Although less dramatic4
the action of the acid on cotton4 even in diluted form4 will destroy the fabric.
1)
CHAPTER-0
DEPARTMENTATION
1
CHAPTER-0
DEPARTMENTATION
A department is the element of the organi5ation process. It is means of dividing
the large and comple" organi5ation into smaller and fle"ible administration units. It
involves hori5ontal differentiation of activities in an enterprise.
%epartmentation may be defined as the process of grouping individual 2obs into
departments it involves grouping of activities and employees in to departments so as to
facilitate the accomplishment of organi5ation ob2ects.
3here are many departments some of them are mentioned belowK
1. &roduction %epartment
). &roduct %evelopment and -esearch %epartment
. 7arketing %epartment
*. Accounts %epartment
9. &ublic -elation %epartment
>. ;inance %epartment
#. @uman -esource and %evelopment %epartment
?. 0ecretarial %epartment
6. &ersonnel %epartment
1'. Legal %epartment

1*
PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
7ain articlesK Eontact process and Aet sulfuric acid process.
0ulfuric acid is produced from sulfur4 o"ygen and water via the
conventional contact process <%E%A= or the wet sulfuric acid process <A0A=. &ure
sulfuric acid is not encountered naturally on /arth4 due to its great affinity for water.
Apart from that4 sulfuric acid is a constituent of acid rain4 which is formed by
atmospheric o"idation of sulfur dio"ide in the presence of water + i.e.4 o"idation of
sulfurous acid. 0ulfur dio"ide is the main byproduct produced when sulfur(containing
fuels such as coal or oil are burned.
0ulfuric acid is formed naturally by the o"idation of sulfide minerals4 such as iron sulfide.
3he resulting water can be highly acidic and is called acid mine drainage <A7%= or acid
rock drainage <A-%=. 3his acidic water is capable of dissolving metals present in sulfide
ores4 which results in brightly colored4 to"ic streams. 3he o"idation of pyrite <iron
sulfide= by molecular o"ygen produces iron.
C'&a%& -#'%$,, 1DCDA2
In the first step4 sulfur is burned to produce sulfur dio"ide.
0 <s= N O) <g= M 0O) <g=
3his is then o"idi5ed to sulfur trio"ide using o"ygen in the presence of a vanadium<C=
o"ide catalyst.
) 0O) <g= N O) <g= M ) 0O <g= <in presence of C)O9=
3he sulfur trio"ide is absorbed into 6#+6?! @)0O* to form oleum <@)0)O#=4 also known
as fuming sulfuric acid. 3he oleum is then diluted with water to form concentrated
sulfuric acid.
@)0O* <l= N 0O M @)0)O# <l=
19
@)0)O# <l= N @)O <l= M ) @)0O* <l=
3hat directly dissolving 0O in water is not practical due to the highly e"othermic nature
of the reaction between sulfur trio"ide and water. 3he reaction forms a corrosive aerosol
that is very difficult to separate4 instead of a li:uid.
0O <g= N @)O <l= M @)0O* <l=
W$& ,3(43#"% a%"5 -#'%$,, 1WSA2
In the first step4 sulfur is burned to produce sulfur dio"ideK
0<s= N O)<g= M 0O)<g=
or4 alternatively4 hydrogen sulfide <@)0= gas is incinerated to 0O) gasK
) @)0 N O) M ) @)O N ) 0O) <O91? kGPmol=
3his is then o"idi5ed to sulfur trio"ide using o"ygen with vanadium<C= o"ide as catalyst.
) 0O) N O) M ) 0O <O66 kGPmol=<this is actually a reversible reaction=
3he sulfur trio"ide is hydrated into sulfuric acid @)0O*K
0O N @)O M @)0O*<g= <O1'1 kGPmol=
3he last step is the condensation of the sulfuric acid to li:uid 6#+6?! @)0O*K
@)0O*<g= M @)0O*<l= <O>6 kGPmol=.
1>
MAR6ETING DEPARTMENT

0ulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical4 and indeed4 a
nationHs sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength. Aorld
production in )''1 was 1>9 million tons4 with an appro"imate value of Q0R? billion. 3he
ma2or use <>'! of total production worldwide= for sulfuric acid is in the Bwet methodB
for the production of phosphoric acid4 used for manufacture of phosphate fertili5ers as
well as trisodium phosphate for detergents.
0ulfuric acid is used in large :uantities by the iron and steelmaking industry to
remove o"idation4 rust and scale from rolled sheet and billets prior to sale to the
automobile and white goods <appliances= industry. Qsed acid is often recycled using a
0pent Acid -egeneration <0A-= plant.
Ammonium sulfate4 an important nitrogen fertili5er4 is most commonly produced
as a byproduct from coking plants supplying the iron and steel making plants. -eacting
the ammonia produced in the thermal decomposition of coal with waste sulfuric acid
allows the ammonia to be crystalli5ed out as a salt <often brown because of iron
contamination= and sold into the agro(chemicals industry.
Another important use for sulfuric acid is for the manufacture of aluminum
sulfate4 also known as paper makerHs alum. 3his can react with small amounts of soap on
paper pulp fibers to give gelatinous aluminum carbo"ylates4 which help to coagulate the
pulp fibers into a hard paper surface. It is also used for making aluminum hydro"ide4
1#
which is used at water treatment plants to filter out impurities4 as well as to improve the
taste of the water. Aluminum sulfate is made by reacting bau"ite with sulfuric acid.
0ulfuric acid is used for a variety of other purposes in the chemical industry.
3heir prestigious marketing contract with the different companies are as
fallowsS
8iscol steel company4
G.k wall putty <unit= company4
0ago factory4
-anindia stell company.
1?
ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT
In todayHs competitive world of business4 finance and accounting has assumed
critical significance. In any business venture4 a correct and complete analysis of financial
statement is crucial to successful decision(making. 3his is possible only if the accounts
are maintained accurately. &roperly and kept up(to(date. 3he department of accounts
basically maintains three types of books of accounts.
3hey areK(
Eash Dook
Dank Dook
$eneral Ledgers4 which consists of subsidiary ledgers.
3he accounting of all the departments at A$-O .//%0 is centrali5ed. Any
transaction in a company consists of cash and bank transactions. Eash and bank
transactions are maintained for the receipts and payments of cash. /ntries are made in
the cash and bankbooks through the payments and receipts vouchers. All receipts and
payments are cross ( checked by the account officer and finally accounted to the
e"ecutive account officer.
A computer facility in provided for updating transactions. A system of
internal check is created to keep track of the receipts and payments of cash. In this
department4 a number of internal audits is made to keep the employees at vigil and also to
maintain a proper and true set of books of accounts. 3his department has to cheek all the
department accounts. 3his accounting department is responsible for the entire accounting
process of the organi5ation regarding the recording of transactions. 3hey have to record
the business transactions. 3he accounts department has to pay the salaries4 wages and
supplies and other creditors.
16
FINANCE DEPARTMENT
;inance is defined as a provision of money at the time when it
is needed. /very enterprise big4 medium and small needs finance to carry out its
operation and to achieve its target. It also implies that is it called as the life blood of an
enterprise. Aithout ade:uate finance no enterprise can possibly accomplish its ob2ectives
3his can be defined as the process of rising4 providing and administrating of
all money to be used in an enterprise. @ence its users to that part of the management
activity which is concerned with the planning and controlling of firms and financial such
funds also forms a part of the financial management.
3his department is the basis for all the other departments. ;or the
production4 marketing or any other department4 the parameters of budget set by the
finance department serves as the guideline. .o department can function on itHs own
without relying on the finance department. Dig organi5ations usually have a centrali5ed
;inance %epartment4 which would take care of all itHs e"penditures and receipts.
3he ;inance %epartment of A$-O .//%0 Limited is a very professionally
managed unit which clearly sketches out the various situations will in advance and make
the necessary arrangement for cash. 0ome of the sources of internal funds are /:uity
0hare Eapital4 -eserve and 0urplus and &rivate placement of debentures. 3he e"ternal
sources of funds are assets securiti5ation4 commercial paper4 cash credit term loans and
fi"ed deposits. 3he sales turnover of company is -0.?*' crores.
)'
HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT
7ost organi5ation have a @uman -esource %evelopment %epartment4
which takes care of the manpower4 their training4 staffing etc.4
A$-O .//%0 has committed to developing technical skills and
supervisory effectiveness of its employers at then on supervisory and the supervisory
levels for achieving high performance.
3he training programmers of the company are planned keeping this ob2ect in
view. @uman -esource %evelopment has always been a matter of prime importance.
/mployee 0trengthK
&ermanent workersK 1)?
&ermanent staff K #)
Easual workers K *'
-ecruitment &olicy K
%irect applications4
Eonsultancy4
-eference4
Gob fair.
)1
SECRETARIAL DEPARTMENT
B0ecretaryB means a company secretary within the meaning of clause <c= of
subsection <1= of the company secretaries Act4 16?' and includes any other individual
possessing the prescribed :ualifications and appointed to perform the duties which may
be performed by a secretary under this Act and any other ministerial or Administrative
duties <sec. )<*9=.
3hey may be of the rank of 0uperintendents4
Assistants(in(Eharge4 @ead Elerks or officials of e:uivalent rank who are in charge
of a 0ectionPOffice.
1. $eneral %uties(
a= %istribution of work among the staff as evenly as possibleL
b= 3raining4 helping and advising the staffL
c= 7anagement and co(ordination of the workL
d= 7aintenance of order discipline in the sectionL
e= 7aintenance of a list of residential addresses of the 0taff.
). -esponsibilities relating to %ark(
a= 3o go through the receiptsL
b= 3o keep a watch on any hold(up in the movement of dakL and
d= 3o scrutini5e the section diary once a week to know that it is being properly
maintained.
))
PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT
A$-O .//%0 has a corporate personnel department at Ehennai4 besides
personnel department at the respective plants. 3hey assess the man power re:uirement in
line with increasing business volume and initiate recruitment action accordingly.
In addition to the above4 they also target to enhance the employee potential by organi5ing
training programs as appropriate to their functions.
3his department has been formed for maintaining good public relations so
that speciali5ation can be achieved in that area also. 3his department deals with
&romotion of new pro2ects because4 when a new pro2ect is going to be started4 a lot of
people have to be effectively dealt with and convinced. 3his is been done by to public
relations department.
7aintenance of proper relationship with outsiders. 3here will be a no of
people who deal with the company4 whose need may arise and therefore maintenance of
proper relationship is a must. 3his is :uite essential for the smooth functioning of the
companyHs lucrative business.
)
LEGAL DEPARTMENT
An important %epartment whose services are essential to the company is
the Legal %epartment.
3he 7ain functions of this department areK
$iving legal advice to all departments.
Instituting and defending cases by P against the company.
%rafting of various documents for entering into agreements4 contracts on behalf of
the company.
;iling of ;orms & -eturns with the -egistrar of Eompanies4 for various purpose
vi5. -egistration of charges4 mortgages etc.4
)*
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
-&% plays a huge role in 0ignet business growth. @owever4 there are a number
of challenges involved in any research and development activity.
Long timescales ( it typically takes 0ignet ten years to bring a new product to
market.
Qncertain outcomes ( there are always uncertainties about whether the product
will meet the original brief and customer re:uirements. ;or e"ample4 pests may
develop resistance to the product over time.
%ifficulties in anticipating how conditions will change in the market and whether
customer needs will change during the long -&% process. Eompetitors may come
up with a rival product that is 2ust as effective.
)9
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
)>
)#
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
3his study helps me to know about the functions of the different departments
and the functions of the different department helps me know about the production process
and the various strategy they are being using in the production department4 and the
marketing department helps me to know4 how we have to face the competitor and the
competitive product and the way how we have to launch the product in the present
market. And as the finance is the lifeblood of the business4 and how they allocating the
cash flow for the different department. And this study helps me a lot to gather the
knowledge and the present e"perience of how we have to move the organi5ation in all the
views and the functions.
)?