PES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BANGALORE
Project Report
On
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM
THICKNESS OF ABLATIVE COATING ON
C-D NOLE !ALL FOR SUPERSONIC
E"IT CONDITIONS
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree
of
B#c$e%or En&'neer'n&
In
Mec$#n'c#% En&'neer'n&
BY
Kr(p#)#r#n R A*$'%#+$ S
,PI,-ME-.- ,PI,-ME--/
Under the guidance of
Pro01 T S Pr#$%#2 (Chair Professor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
PES Institute Of Technology
1
PES In+t't(te o0 Tec$no%o&3
B#n&#%ore
Declaration
We hereby declare that the proect !or" entitled 4Deter5'n#t'on o0 Opt'5(5
T$'c)ne++ o0 A*%#t'6e Co#t'n& on # C-D No77%e !#%% For S(per+on'c E8't
Con2't'on+ 9 submitted to PES In+t't(te o0 Tec$no%o&3# is a record of an
original !or" done by us under the guidance of Pro01 T S Pr#$%#2$# Chair
Professor: PES In+t't(te o0 Tec$no%o&3# %angalore# and this proect !or" has
not performed the basis# for a!ard of any Degree or Diploma& 'ssociate ship&
(ello!ship and similar proect if any$

KRUPAKARAN R ABHILASH S
()PI)*ME*+*) (IPI)*ME**,)
2
PES I-STIT.TE O( TE/0-O1O23
BANGALORE
CERTIFICATE
/ertified that the proect !or" entitled 4Deter5'n#t'on o0 Opt'5(5 T$'c)ne++
o0 A*%#t'6e Co#t'n& on # C-D No77%e !#%% For S(per+on'c E8't Con2't'on+ 9
is a bona fide !or" carried out by Kr(p#)#r#n R and A*$'%#+$ S bearing USN
,PI,OME-.- and ,PI,-ME--/ respecti4ely# in a partial fulfilment of a!ard
degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
during the academic year 5*)565*)7$ It is certified that all
corrections&suggestions indicated for internal assessment ha4e been
incorporated in the report $The proect report has been appro4ed as it satisfies
the academic re8uirements !ith respect to proect !or" prescribed for abo4e
mentioned degree

Pro01 T S PRAHLAD Pro01 K S SHRIDHAR
/0'I9 P9O(ESSO9 0OD
DEPT$ O( ME/0'-I/'1 DEPT$ O( ME/0'-I/'1
E-2I-EE9I-2 E-2I-EE9I-2
KRUPAKARAN R ABHILASH S
)PI)*ME*+* )PI)*ME**,
N#5e o0 e8#5'ner+ D#te ;'t$
+'&n#t(re
)$::::::::::::::::: 5$ :::::::::::::::::
)$::::::::::::::::: 5$ :::::::::::::::::
3
'c"no!ledgements
We !ould li"e to e;press our sincere than"s to Pro01 T S Pr#$%#21: Chair
Professor (Former Director of NAL): ME Dept$ PESIT# %angalore# for his "ind and
constant support and guidance throughout the course of this proect$
We !ould li"e to than" and e;tend our heartfelt gratitude to Pro01 K N
Seet$#r#5( Chair Professor., and Pro01 T R Seet$#r#5 Chair Professor., for
their 4aluable suggestions and directions$
We !ould also# li"e to than" A++t1 Pro01 S#r#6#n#n V for his constant support
and technical guidance$
We are at most indebted to our parents for their endless support and
encouragement$
4
'bstract
The present study deals !ith (a) determination of the interfacial
temperature bet!een the ablati4e material and the steel structure (b)
Determination of optimum thic"ness of the ablati4e coating# to restrict the
temperature of the steel structure to its allo!able range$
The protection of solid propellant no<<le is done by pro4iding ablati4e
material coating inside no<<le !hich degrades itself by absorbing the heat from
the fluid and hence limiting the temperature of the no<<le to safe 4alues$ /arbon
phenolic is used as the protecti4e layer for this study$ The analysis is done in
ansys fluent for the con4ergent6di4ergent no<<le considering 4iscous effects and
supersonic 4elocities at e;it$ The corresponding thermal analysis of the ablation
is carried out$ Due to 4arying heat flu;# the temperature is high at the throat of the
no<<le and the 4arying ablati4e thic"ness is thus determined$
5
Table of contents
'c"no!ledgements $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*=
'bstract$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*,
1ist of tables$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*>
1ist of figures$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*?
/0'PTE9
) Introduction
)$) %ac"ground$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)*
)$5 Obecti4e and scope$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$))
5 Design of no<<le
5$) Design consideration (Methodology)$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)5
7 Simulation
7$) Meshing$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)7
7$5 2o4erning e8uations$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)7
7$7 %oundary conditions$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)=
7$7 (lo! Modelling$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$),
7$= 9esults and 4erification$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)+
= /onugate 0eat Transfer
=$) 'blati4e material$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)@
=$)$) Modelling and Meshing$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)>
=$)$5 %oundary conditions$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)>
=$5 9esults and Discussions$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)?
6
, Optimi<ation of 'blati4e thic"ness profileAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA$5*
+ /onclusion and (uture !or"
+$) /onclusionAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$57
+$5 (uture !or"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA$$57
@ 9eferencesAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA$$$$5=
1ist of Tables
Table Page
7
7$) Meshing details of the no<<le profile$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)5
7$5 %oundary conditions for the no<<le$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)7
7$7 /omparison of theoretical !ith simulated results$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$),
=$) Properties of no<<le !all$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)@
=$5 Bariation of ma;imum temperature of steel !all and heat flu; !ith
4arying# constant ablati4e thic"nesses$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)@
,$) 9elationship for 4arying ablati4e thic"ness against no<<le lengthAAA$$)?
,$5 /omparison of ablati4e thic"ness and steel !all temperature along
the no<<le lengthAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA5)
8
1ist of (igures
(igure Page
5$) Profile of designed no<<leAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA$)5
7$) (igure of meshed no<<leAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA$$$)7
7$5 /ontour plot of mach numberAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA$$$),
7$7 C3 plot of mach numberAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA),
=$) -o<<le profile incorporated !ith constant thic"ness solid !allAAAAA$$$)+
=$5 9esidual plot of iteration process !ith conugate !all conditionAAAAA$$)@
=$7 /ontour plot of static temperature !ith conugate !all conditionAAAAA)>
=$= C3 plot of static temperature along the steel !all of no<<leAAAAAAA)>
,$) 2raph of relationship for optimum !all thic"ness at different sections ofA$)?
,$5 /omparison of temperature along steel !all for different conditionsAAA5*
,$7 /omparison of temperature along steel !all for different conditionsAAA5*
9
/hapter )
Introduction
)$) %ac"ground
'n essential consideration in the design of roc"et propulsion system is the
thermo6chemical analysis of the no<<le components$ During the operation# the
temperature of the no<<le !all increases 8uic"ly due to high heat transfer rate
from combustion gases to no<<le !all$ 'blati4e coating is a simple# cost effecti4e
and reliable method for no<<le cooling among 4arious methods$ The ablating
performance in4ol4e comple; processes D
)) The rate of boundary layer heat transfer# the species transport bet!een
the ablati4e material and the en4ironment$
5) The mechanism and rate of pyrolysis of the surface and the effect of gases
released due to this$
7) The fragmentation and remo4al of the charred layer and melting of the
ablati4e coating$
=) Mechanical erosion of the surface due to high pressure and the chemical
reactions$
The material has to ha4e high temperature stabilities# mechanical strength
and lo! densities$ 's the no<<le !all recession increases# the throat area
decreases# hence the area ratio of the no<<le decreases E)F$ This has to be ta"en
into account in design consideration of the no<<le$ Se4eral materials ha4e been
researched for roc"et no<<le ablati4e coating$ The most !idely applied materials
include silica phenolic# carbon phenolic and graphite$ The high pressure
accompanied by recession may lead to structural failure$ 'lso if the temperature
of the structure goes beyond a certain 4alue# then undesirable /reep (thermal
stresses) are induced$ In roc"et no<<le# reactions and processes depend not only
on the properties of ablati4e material but also on the e;haust gas temperature#
composition and flo! properties E5F$
)$5 Obecti4es and Scope
10
Some of the comple;ities in4ol4ed are not yet sol4ed$ The present
dissertation deals !ith the temperature distribution in the ablating material
!ithout ta"ing into account of the pyrolysis# chemical reactions and erosion$ The
melting could not as !ell be considered due to the limitation of (1.E-T !here
melting cannot be considered in compressible flo!$ The temperature distribution
of ablation# assuming it as a 4irgin material is numerically determined$ The
principal aim of the study is to sol4e a conugate heat transfer# such that the flo!
parameters are directly ta"en into account$ 0ence# to suggest a thic"ness profile
throughout the no<<le# so that the temperature at the structure is nearly a
constant$
11
/hapter 5
Design of no<<le
5$) Design consideration (Methodology)
The nozzle design was conducted for a virtual rocket
aro!i"ated #$ ractical rockets launched% The ai" was to get a
suersonic &et at the e!it%
'esign altitude ( 25 k"%
)ozzle inlet radius ( 0%85 "%
)ozzle outlet radius ( 1%50 "%
*o"#ustion cha"#er ressure +nozzle inlet, ( 10 -.a%
*o"#ustion cha"#er te"erature ( 3000 /
'esign altitude ressure +nozzle outlet, ( 40 /.a
.ressure ratio +outlet to inlet, ( 250
*alculated 0rea ratio +outlet to throat, ( 16%98 +standard
ta#les132,
*onsidering the oti"u" angles of the convergent3divergent
nozzle 142%The convergent half angle was taken as 60
0
and the
divergent half angle as 23
0
% 4ence the length of the nozzle was
deter"ined to #e 3%149"%
12
5igure 2%1 .ro6le
of 'esigned
nozzle%
+'i"ension in
/hapter 7
Modelling of flo!
7$) Meshing
GAMBIT 2.2.30 soft!are !as used for meshing the geometry of no<<le$
%O.-D'93 E1EME-TS S./ESSIBE 9'TIO
I-1ET G O.T1ET 5* )$)
W'11 G /E-TE91I-E +* )$*
+Ta#le 3%1 ( -eshing details of the nozzle ro6le,
/ell type H Iuadratic
-o of cells H +* J 5* K )5** ((igure 7$))
Successi4e ratio is to capture the boundary layer at the !all# as the
4iscous effects and turbulence are considered$
7$5 2o4erning E8uations
13
5igure 3%1(
-eshed nozzle
*ontinuit$ e7 for
2'3a!is$""etric
co"ressi#le
8ow162
7$7 %oundary /onditions
The fluid considered is air and for this 5D a;is6symmetric compressible
flo! the follo!ing boundary conditions are specified
Inlet Pressure inlet )* MPaL 7*** M
E;it Pressure outlet =* MpaL 7** M
Wall Wall
';is Symmetry
+Ta#le 3%2 ( 9oundar$ *onditions,
7$7 (lo! Modelling
FLUENT !as utili<ed for modelling of compressible flo! of air# through the
no<<le$ The flo! !as modelled considering the 4iscous and turbulence effects
into account$ The 4iscous model used !as Spalart 'llmaras model$ The turbulent
4iscosity ratio of )* !as ta"en in the inlet and ),* at the e;it$
7$= 9esults and Berification
14
-o"entu" e7
for 2'3
a!is$""etric
co"ressi#le
8ow162
:alart
0ll"aras e7 for
2'3
a!is$""etric
tur#ulence
The flo! is subsonic in the con4ergent portion of the no<<le# becomes
sonic ust at the do!nstream of the throat and turns supersonic at the di4ergent
portion of the no<<le as theoretically predicted ((igure 7$7)$
Parameter Theoretical Simulation (a4erage)
Mach number =$= =$7
Temperature ++,$* +7=$,
+Ta#le 3%4 ; 5ield varia#les co"arison at the e!it of the nozzle,
(rom table (7$=)# it is seen that# the /(D results agreed !ell !ith the
theoretical predictions$ This no<<le profile is henceforth# used for conugate heat
transfer analysis$
/hapter =
15
(igure 7$5H
/ontour plot of Mach number$
(igure 7$7H
Mach -umber plot along the
a;is and !all$
<all
o *enter3line
/onugate heat transfer
=$) 'blati4e Material
/arbon phenolic is the ablati4e material used as inner coating for steel
!all$ ' constant thic"ness of the ablati4e material is used in bet!een the steel
!all and the flo! en4ironment$ The properties of the carbon phenolic !hich !ere
a4ailable from pre4ious literature !ere adopted by ta"ing the a4erage of the
properties o4er the temperature range of their operation E,F$
=$)$) 2eometry Modelling
The model !as created in GAMBIT 2.2.30 !herein# the solid !all !as
added to the pre4ious model ((igure 7$)) and meshed$
Solid Mesh Properties C6a;is 36a;is
-umber of Elements H +* =
-umber of cells H +* J = K 5=*
=$)$5 %oundary /onditions
16
5igure 4%1 ( )ozzle
ro6le incororated with
constant thickness solid
wall
Inlet and e;it conditions are same as in sec 5$)
Wall -ame Material Thermal conducti4ity
"(W&m&M)
Specific 0eat
/(N&"g&")
Density
O ("g&m
7
)
'blati4e
material
/arbon Phenolic
(Birgin)
*$@) )7** )7@>
Structure steel )+$5@ ,*5$=> >*7*
(Ta#le 4%1( .roerties of nozzle wall "aterials)
(or /arbon phenolic !all# coupled boundary condition E+F is used$
(or steel !all# mi;ed boundary condition (con4ection P radiation) is used# since it
transfers heat# both by con4ection and radiation to the ambient$ Emissi4ity of *$>,
and ambient temperature of 7** M !as considered$
=$7 9esults and Discussions
The solution to e8uations (/ontinuity# C64elocity# 364elocity# Energy
e8uation) con4erged after ),>
th
iteration$
The ma;imum heat flu; and the ma;imum temperature of the steel !all# as
e;pected pea"s ust near the throat from the inlet# for 4arious !all thic"nesses
considered for /arbon phenolic$ The ma;imum temperature and magnitude of
heat flu;es for different thic"ness of carbon phenolic is tabulated$
'blati4e thic"ness (m) Ma;$ Temperature (M) Ma;$ 0eat (lu; (W&m
5
)
*$)@, +5*$7+, )=@))$7
*$5** ,+,$++= )5+++$?
*$55* ,==$,,, ))=55$=
(Ta#le 4%2)
17
5igure 4%2 ( =esiduals lot
(rom this plot# it is obser4ed that the ma;imum temperature of ,7* M is
obser4ed near the throat# and near =7* M at all other positions of steel !all# !hen
a constant thic"ness of *$5 m is considered for steel !all$ Steel enters plastic
deformation region and creep initiation occurs after *$=JT
m# steel
(@,* M)$ Since
ma;imum temperature obser4ed in our analysis is ,7* M !hich is lesser than @,*
M# the carbon phenolic thic"ness considered is safe for no<<le operation$ The
follo!ing chapter deals !ith optimi<ation of carbon6phenolic thic"ness# !ith the
*$5 m !all and ma;imum temperature of ,7* M as initial 4alues$
18
4%2 The contour lot of
static te"erature with
car#on henolic thickness
of 0%075 "%
5igure 4%3 ( The contour lot
of static te"erature with
car#on henolic thickness
of 0%1 "%
5igure 4%4 ( The !$3lot of
static te"erature along
the steel wall+0%2", of the
nozzle
/hapter ,
Optimi<ation of 'blati4e thic"ness
The thic"ness profile !as predicted to be proportional to the temperature
of the steel !all from the constant thic"ness analysis$ i$e$#
Steel temperature !as fi;ed as uniform and constant# !ith a 4alue of 7** M$
(rom ;y static temperature plot along steel !all# !ith constant thic"ness carbon6
phenolic !all of $5 m# optimum thic"ness for carbon phenolic at different sections
!ere determined by the proportionality relation bet!een temperature along steel
!all and thic"ness of carbon phenolic !all and !ith a reference thic"ness at
ma;imum temperature of steel !all$
The obtained !all thic"ness relation is di4ided into t!o sections6 '% and
%/$
Point C co6ordinate (m) 3 co6ordinate (m)
' 6*$77 *$>,
% *$5)= *$7+7
/ 5$>5 )$,
(Ta#le 5%1 ( =elationshi for a#lative thickness against nozzle length)
19
5igure 5%1 ( *ar#on
henol thickness
relationshi for wall
09 fro" te"erature
roortionalit$
(5igure 5%1 ( =elationshi for oti"u" wall thickness at !3ositions of nozzle ; 1
st
iteration,
20
5igure 5%2 ( *ar#on
henol thickness
relationshi for wall
9*> fro"
te"erature
roortionalit$
o Te"erature lot along steel wall for 1
st
iteration of var$ing
thickness> car#on3henolic wall
Te"erature lot along steel wall for 2
nd
iteration of var$ing
thickness> car#on3henolic wall
Te"erature lot along steel wall for constant thickness > car#on3
henolic wall
5igure 5%3 (
*o"arison of
te"erature
along steel wall
for di?erent
conditions
(Ta#le 5%2 ( *o"arison of a#lative thickness and steel wall te"erature along
the nozzle length)

/0'PTE9 +
21
ITE9'TIO- ) ITE9'TIO- 5
C6position
(m)
/arbonphenolic
thic"ness (m)
Steel
temperature
(M)
C6position
(m)
/arbonphenolic
thic"ness (m)
Steel
temperature
(M)
6*$75=>?
6*$7*)7=
6*$5++@?
6*$5*@)=
6*$)+>*7
6*$)7+=,
6*$*7)*@
6*$)*==*
6*$),?7@
*$55,??
*$@@>?@
)$*+==+
)$=77?*
5$**@7,
5$>5=5@
*$),)>@
*$),)>@
*$)+57?
*$)+@+?
*$)+>@7
*$)@+5,
*$)?>>+
*$5****
*$55***
*$*>)+=,
*$*@?,)7
*$*@@@7
*$*@+?>
*$*@,?*
*$*@=**
@**
,+*
,=,
,5>
,)>
,),
,*=
=?@
=??
,)*
,),
,5*
,5,
,5*
=?>
6*$75=>?
6*$7*)7=
6*$5++@?
6*$5*@)=
6*$)+>*7
6*$)7+=,
6*$*7)*@
6*$)*==*
6*$),?7@
*$55,??
*$*@@>?
)$*+==+
)$=77?*
5$**@7,
5$>5=5@
*$),)>@
*$),)>@
*$)+57?
*$)+@+?
*$)+>@7
*$)@+5,
*$)?>>+
*$5****
*$55***
*$*>)+=,
*$*@?,)7
*$*@@@7
*$*@+?>
*$*@,?*
*$*@=**
,>*
7>?
,**
,*>
=?>
=?,
,)=
=??
=?+
,)=
,57
,5?
,5,
,)@
=?5
/O-/1.SIO- '-D (.T.9E WO9M
+$) /onclusion
This report is the study of 4iscid flo! through the con4ergent6di4ergent
no<<le of a high speed roc"et and the thermal interaction of the fluid !ith the
ablati4e material and steel structure$ The temperature and heat flu; to the
ablati4e material !ere determined$ The optimum thic"ness of the ablati4e
material !as estimated by not ta"ing into account the degradation of the ablati4e
material$
The 4arying thic"ness for ablati4e (carbon6phenolic) coating determined
for )
st
iteration pro4ided a steel !all temperature in the range of =7* M to ,+* M$
Ma;imum temperature !as again obser4ed near the throat !ith large
fluctuations$ 0ence in the 5
nd
iteration# thic"ness of ablati4e near the throat
region# !as increased further to minimi<e this fluctuation in temperature and
achie4e a constant temperature all along steel !all !hich is lesser than creep
initiation temperature$ The temperature range of steel !all !as minimi<ed from
=?+ M to ,+* M in )
st
iteration to =?> M to ,5, M in the 5
nd
iteration$ Thus#
thic"ness corresponding to 5
nd
iteration !as accepted to be the optimum
thic"ness for ablati4e coating$
+$5 (uture !or"
The future !or" !ill aim to model the ablation mechanism more practically$
The model should incorporate at least some of the parameters of degradation of
the ablati4e material$ The degradation includes pyrolysis# melting and the surface
recession$ The mass transport# changes in the material properties to be included$
The simulation re8uires the programming of the comple; processes in4ol4ed in
ablation$
22
/0'PTE9 @
9E(E9E-/ES
E)F -umerical 'nalysis of 0eating and 'blating -onD Pyrolitic
Materials# Da4idy 'lon)# /omsol /onference# 5*))
E5F 'd4anced /ombustion /hambers# Os"ar N$ 0aidn# Institute of Space
Propulsion# 2erman 'erospace /enter (D19)# 1ampoldshausen
E7F (undamentals of compressible flo! !ith 'ircraft and 9oc"et Propulsion#
=
th
edition# by S$M$3ahya# -e! age International Publishers$
E=F Modern engineering for design of li8uid6propellant roc"et engines# 4olume
)=@ by 0arry 'rbit# Dieter M$ 0u<el# Da4id 0$ 0uang$
E,F Thermal and mechanical properties of a non6degraded and
thermally degraded Phenolic6/arbon composite# by W$ T$ Engel"eL /$ M$
Pyron# Nr$# and /$ D$ Pears$ Southern research institute# %irmingham# 'la$#
for 1angley 9esearch /enter# -'S'$
E+F (luent +$5$)+ # content manual$
23
24