8/8/2014 Mrunal [Aptitude] Permutation Combination made easy without Formulas Mrunal

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[Aptitude] Permutation Combination made easy without Formulas
Ifthefollowingquestionsmakeyouuncomfortable,thenreadthisarticle.
Inhowmanywayscan5membercommitteebeformedoutof20students?
Or
HowmanywayscanthewordUPSCbearrangedsothatUisalways
secondfromleft.
Inapartyof20guest,ifeverymembershakeshandswithother,howmany
totalhandshakesaredone?
1. Fundamentalcountingprinciple
2. Permutation(Place,arrangement)
Case1:Sixmenand6chairs
Case2:Sixmenand3chairs?
Case3:Onechairalwaysoccupied
3. Combination(choice)
Case1:Committeeformation
Case2:Handshakes
4. TheFormulas
PS.Articlecontainslotofimages,ifyouvetroubleviewing,Clickmeto
downloadthePDFversion.
Firstthebasics
FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE
Thereare3trainsfromMumbaitoAhmedabadand7trainsfrom
AhmedabadtoKutch.InhowmanywayscanJethalalreachKutch?
FromMumbaitoAbad,Jethalalcangoin3ways.(Becausetherearethree
train,hecanpickanyone)
SimilarlyFromAbadtoKutch,hecangoin7ways.
Totalways:simplemultiplication=3waysx7ways=21waysJethalalcan
reachKutch.
Thisisfundamentalcountingprinciple.
Letsextendthisfurthertosittingarrangementproblems:
PERMUTATION (PLACE, ARRANGEMENT)
6MenofGokuldhamsocietygotoAbdulssodashop.Andthereare6chairs.
YesImtalkingaboutourbelovedJethalal,BhideMaster,Sodhi,Dr.Haathi,
MehtasaabandAiyyar.
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Inhowmanywayscantheybeseated?OrHowmanywaycanyouarrangethese
6gentlemeninto6chairs?
CASE 1: SIX MEN AND 6 CHAIRS
Letsdoonechairatatime.
Forthefirstchair,youve6candidates:
Justpickonemanandmakehimsit.
Howmanywayscanyoudoit?Ans.6ways,bcozyouve6menandpickone.
(Justlikethetrain)
Nowsecondchair:youvetopickoneguyfromtheremaining5members.So5
ways.
Thirdchair:4menremainingandyouvetopickone:again4ways..

Forthe6thchaironlyonemanremains.Soyoucanpickin1wayonly.
NowJustextendingthefundamentalcountingprinciple
SototalnumberofwaysinwhichmenofGokuldhamsocietycansitinchairs
=6x5x4x3x2x1
=6!(sixfactorialways)
CASE 2: SIX MEN AND 3 CHAIRS?
Howmanyarrangementspossible?
=6x5x4x..OKSTOP!Becausethereareonly3chairs.
Why?
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Firstchair=6menpickone=6ways.
Secondchair=5menpickone=5ways
Thirdchair=4menpickone=4ways
Thatsall.
Sonumberofways
=6x5x4
=120ways.
CASE 3: ONE CHAIR ALWAYS OCCUPIED
Inthe6men6chairsproblem,Dr.Haathiinsiststhathellsitinthenumber#1
chaironly.ThenHowmanyarrangementsarepossible?
Firstchair=1man(Haathi)andyouvetopickone=1wayonly!
Secondchair=5menremain,pickone=5ways
thirdchair=4menremain,pickone=4waysandsoon

Sohereweve
=1x5x4x3x2x1
=5!Ways.
=120ways.
Thisispermutation.Hereorder/rankingmatters.i.e.whositsinthefirstchair,
whositsinthesecondchairetc.
Thesamequestioncanappearunderdifferentwordingsexample
1.Howmany4letteredwordscanbeformedoutofUPSC,without
repetition?
Answer:Samelogic.ConsiderU,P,S,Carefourgentlemenandtheyvetobe
arrangedin4seats.
2.Howmany4letterwordscanbeformedoutofUPSCsothatUalways
occupiesthesecondpositionfromleft?
Answer:SameDr.Haathilogic.
SecondTopicis
COMBINATION (CHOICE)
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CASE 1: COMMITTEE FORMATION
TheoneandonlySecretaryofGokuldhamsociety,MasterBhidedecidestoform
a3memberCommitteeforarrangementofHolifestival.Outofthe5members
(Jetha,Sodhi,Mehta,PopatandAiyyar)howmanywayscanhedothis?
Ans.
Hereorderorrankingdoesntmatter.
Becauseincaseofchairsitting:wecansayyesMr.Sodhiisinfirstchair,Mehta
saabinSecondchairandsoon
ButincaseofCommittee:itisonlyINorOUTi.e.YesSodhiisinthe
Committee,NoMehtasaabisnotintheCommittee.
Soorderdoesntmatter.Onlyselectionmatters.
Letsproceed
Howmanywayscanyoupickupthefirstmember?=5ways.
Secondmember?=4menremain,4ways
Thirdmember?=3ways.
Sototalways=5x4x3=60.
Butwait,thereisovercounting.
AcommitteemadeupofMehta,SodhiandAiyyar(MSA)issameasa
CommitteemadeupofAiyyer,MehtaandSodhi.(AMS)(becauseorderdoesnt
matter,onlyselectionmatters:areyouInorOut?).
Butinthisanswer60,weveovercountedsuchorders.
Thatswhyweneedtodividetheanswer
SupposeMehta,SodhiandAiyyarareinthecommittee.
Supposetheyvetositinthreechairs.Howmanywayscanyoudoit?
Justlikepermutationinfirstexample
3x2x1=6.
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Thatstheovercounting:6.
Ouransweris
=(5*4*3)/(3*2*1)=10ways.
CASE 2: HANDSHAKES
Handshakesisanothertypeofcombinationproblembecause
AiyyarshakeshandwithSodhiorSodhishakeshandwithAiyyer=both
incidentsareoneandsame.orderdoesntmatter!
SoHowmanywayscan6menofGokuldhamsocietyshakehandswitheach
other?
Toshakehands,youneedtwomen.
Howmanywayscanyoupickupfirstman?=6ways.
Howmanywayscanyoupicksecondman?=5menremainingso5ways.
Henceansweris6x5=30
Butwait,overcounting!!
SupposeSodhiandAiyyer(SA)areselectedforhandshaking:=twomen.
Howmanywayscanyoumaketwomensitintwochairs?
=2x1=2ways.(SAandAS)
Thatstheovercounting.
Sowevetodividethisovercounting:togetthecorrectanswer.
TotalHandshakes=(6*5)/(2*1)=15
The Formulas
Thebooksgivereadymadeformulas:
8/8/2014 Mrunal [Aptitude] Permutation Combination made easy without Formulas Mrunal
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Butessentiallytheyrederivedfromaboveconceptsoffundamentalcounting
principle.
Permutation=placethem=ordermattersinplacement
Combination=choice=onlyYesorNoorInorOut
What now?
Openyourbooksrightnow,solvethesumsusingboththemethodshown
aboveaswellasthereadymadeformulas,thenyoullgetagoodcommand
overthesetopics.
Remember,Youcanneverlearntheaptitudebyreadingthesums.
Youmusttogetyourhandsdirty,andlearnfromthemistakesin
calculation,sostartsolvingthesumsonpaperbyyourself.
Tobecontinued
Whatnow?
WellIhopeIwasabletoexplainthetopicconcepttoyou.
Butitisnotsufficienttocracktheexam!StillYoumightendupmakingsilly
mistakesincalculationorgetstuckinsomequestionduringtheactualexam.So
Youmustpracticeasmanysumsasyoucanathome,togetafirmcommandover
thetopic.ThatswhyGetthebooks,andstartsolvingsums!
URLtoarticle:http://mrunal.org/2012/03/aptitudepermutationcombination
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PostedByOn06/03/2012@09:34InthecategoryAptitude