CHAPTER FIVE

ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS
Bit Nozzle Selection--Optimized Hydraulics
These series of f or mul as will det er mi ne t he cor r ect j et sizes when opt i mi zi ng
for j et i mpact or hydraul i c hor sepower and opt i mum flow rat e for t wo or
t hree nozzles.
1. Nozzl e area, sqi n. :
Nozzl e area, sq in. =
+ +
1303.8
2. Bit nozzl e pressure loss, psi (Pb):
P b =
gpm 2 x MW, ppg
10,858 x nozzl e area, sq in. 2
3. Tot al pressure losses except bit nozzl e pr essur e loss, psi (Pc):
p c 1 & pc 2 = ci r cul at i ng _ bit nozzl e
pressure, psi pr essur e Loss, psi
4. Det er mi ne slope of line M:
M = l~ + Pc2)
l ~ + 02)
5. Opt i mum pr essur e losses (Popt )
a) For i mpact force:
2
Popt = x Pma x
M+ 2
b) For hydraul i c hor sepower :
1
Popt = x Pma x
M+ I
1 6 5
166 Formulas and Calculations
6. For opt i mum flow rat e (Qopt)"
a) For i mpact force:
(
Qopt , gpm = Pma x x Q1
b) For hydraul i c hor sepower :
( Popt ) I+M
Qopt , gpm = P ma x x Q1
7. To det er mi ne pr essur e at t he bit (Pb)"
Pb = Pmax - Popt
8. To det er mi ne nozzl e area, sq in."
= . / Qo p t 2 Mw, ppg
Nozzl e area, sq in. ~/ iO,,85w x Pma x
9. To det er mi ne nozzles, 32nd in. for t hree nozzles:
Nozzl es = _/nozzle area, sq in. x 32
3 x 0. 7854
10. To det er mi ne nozzles, 32nd in. for t wo nozzles:
Nozzl es = _]nozzle ar ea, sq in. x 32
2 x 0. 7854
Example." Opt i mi ze bi t hydraul i cs on a well wi t h t he following:
Select t he pr oper j et sizes for i mpact force and hydr aul i c
hor s epower for t wo j et s and t hree jets:
DATA: Mu d wei ght = 13.0 ppg
Jet sizes = 17-17-17
Ma x i mu m sur f ace pressure = 3000psi
Pump pr essur e 1 - 3000psi
Pu mp rat e 1 = 420 gpm
Pu mp pr essur e 2 = 1300 psi
Pump rat e 2 = 275 gpm
1. Nozzl e area, sqin."
Nozzl e ar ea, sq in. =
17 2 + 17 2 + 17 2
1303.8
Engineering Calculations 167
Nozzl e ar ea, sq in. = 0.664979
2. Bit nozzl e pr essur e loss, psi (Pb):
4202 13.0
Pb I =
10,858 0.6649792
Pb~ = 478psi
2752 13.0
Pb2 = 10,858 x 0.6649792
Pb2 = 205 psi
3. Tot al pr essur e losses except bi t nozzl e pr essur e loss (Pc), psi:
Pc, = 3000 psi - 478 psi
Pcl = 2522psi
Pc2 = 1300 psi - 205 psi
Pc2 = 1095 psi
4. De t e r mi ne sl ope of line (M):
M = l og(2522 - 1095)
1og(420 + 275)
0.3623309
M=
0. 1839166
M = 1.97
5. De t e r mi ne opt i mum pressure losses, psi (Popt ):
a) For i mpact force:
2
Popt = 3000
1.97 + 2
Popt = 1511 psi
b) For hydraul i c hor sepower :
1
Popt = 3000
1.97 + 1
Popt = 1010psi
168 Formulas and Calculations
6. Det er mi ne opt i mum flow rat e (Qopt ):
a) For i mpact force:
= (.!511/1+1"97
Qopt , gpm \ 3000 x 420
Qopt = 297 gpm
b) For hydr aul i c hor sepower :
( 1 0 1 0 ) 1+1"97
x 420
Qopt , gpm - 3000
Qopt - 242 gpm
7. Det er mi ne pr essur e losses at t he bi t (Pb):
a) For i mpact force:
Pb - 3000 psi - 1511 psi
Pb = 1489 psi
b) For hydraul i c hor sepower :
Pb = 3000 psi - 1010 psi
Pb - 1990 psi
8. Det er mi ne nozzl e ar ea, sq in."
a) For i mpact force:
~ 2 9 7
2 x 1310
Nozzl e ar ea, sq in. = 10,858 x 1489
Nozzl e ar ea, sq in. = ~/0~070927
Nozzl e ar ea = 0.26632 sq in.
b) For hydraul i c hor sepower :
~ 2 4 2
2 x 13.0
Nozzl e ar ea, sq in. = 10,858 x 1990
Nozzl e ar ea, sq in. = ~
Nozzl e ar ea = 0.1877 sq in.
9. Det er mi ne nozzl e size, 32ndi n. :
a) For i mpact force:
Engineering Calculations 1 6 9
0.26632
- x 32
Nozzl es 3 x 0.7854
Nozzl es = 10.76
b) For hydr aul i c hor sepower :
~ 0.1877
Nozzl es - 3 x 0.7854 x 32
Nozzl es = 9.03
NOTE: Usual l y t he nozzl e size will have a deci mal fract i on. The f r act i on
t i mes 3 will det er mi ne how ma ny nozzl es shoul d be l ar ger t han
t hat cal cul at ed.
a) For i mpact force:
0.76 x 3 = 2.28 r ounded t o 2
so: 1 j et = 10/32nds
2 j et s = 11/32nds
b) For hydraul i c hor sepower :
0.03 x 3 = 0.09 r ounded to 0
so: 3 j et s = 9/ 32nd in.
10. Det er mi ne nozzles, 32ndi n. for t wo nozzles:
a) For i mpact force:
J 0.26632
Nozzl es - 2 x 0.7854 x 32
Nozzl es = 13.18 sq in.
b) For hydr aul i c hor sepower :
ozzles - x 32
x 0.7854
Nozzl es - 11.06 sq in.
Hy d r a u l i c s A n a l y s i s
Thi s sequence of cal cul at i ons is desi gned t o qui ckl y and accur at el y anal yze
var i ous par amet er s of existing bit hydraul i cs.
1 7 0 Formulas and Calculations
1. Annul a r velocity, ft / mi n (AV):
AV=
24.5 x Q
Dh 2 _ Dp 2
2. Jet nozzle pr essur e loss, psi (Pb):
P b =
156.5 x Q2 X MW
[ (N1) 2 + ( N2) 2 + ( N3) 2] 2
3. Syst em hydraul i c hor s epower available (Sys HHP) :
Sys HHP =
surface, psi x Q
1714
4. Hydr aul i c hor s epower at bit ( HHPb) :
HHP b = Q x Pb
1714
5. Hydr aul i c hor sepower per squar e i nch of bit di amet er :
HHP b / s q in. =
HHP b x 1.27
bit size 2
6. Percent pr essur e loss at bi t (% psib):
Pb
% psi b = x 100
surface, psi
7. Jet velocity, ft/sec (Vn):
g n =
417.2 x Q
(N1) 2 + ( N2) 2 + ( N3) 2
8. I mpact force, lb, at bit (IF):
I F = ( MW) ( Vn) ( Q)
1930
9. I mpact force per squar e i nch of bit ar ea ( I F/ sq in.):
I F/ s q in. =
I F x 1.27
bit size 2
Engineering Calculations 171
Nomencl ature:
AV = a nnul a r velocity, f t / mi n
Q = ci r cul at i on rate, gpm
Dh = hol e di amet er , in.
Dp = pi pe or col l ar O. D. , in.
MW = mu d wei ght , ppg
NI; N2, N3 = j et nozzl e sizes, 32nd in.
Pb = bi t nozzl e pr essur e loss, psi
HHP = hydr aul i c hor s e powe r at bi t
Vn = j et velocity, ft/sec
I F = i mpa c t force, lb
I F/ s q in. = i mpa c t force l b/ sq in. of bi t di a me t e r
Example." Mu b wei ght = 12. 0ppg
Ci r cul at i on r at e = 520 g p m
Nozzl e size 1 = 12- 32nd/ i n.
Nozzl e size 2 = 12- 32nd/ i n.
Nozzl e size 3 = 12- 32nd/ i n.
Hol e size = 12- 1/ 4i n.
Dr i l l pi pe OD = 5. 0i n.
Sur f ace pr essur e = 3000 psi
1. An n u l a r velocity, ft / mi n:
AV=
24. 5 x 520
12.252 - 5 . 0 2
12,740
AV =
125.0625
AV = 102 f t / mi n
2. Jet nozzl e pr essur e loss:
P b =
156.5 x 5202 12.0
(122 + 122 + 122) 2
Pb = 2721 psi
3. Sys t em hydr aul i c hor s e powe r available:
Sys HHP =
3000 x 520
1714
Sys HHP - 910
172 Formulas and Calculations
4. Hydr a ul i c hor s e powe r at bit:
HHP b =
2721 x 520
1714
HHP b = 826
5. Hydr a ul i c hor s e powe r per s quar e i nch of bi t area:
HHp / s q in. =
826 x 1.27
12.252
HHP / s q in. - 6.99
6. Per cent pr es s ur e loss at bit:
2721
% psi b = x 100
3000
% psi b = 90. 7
7. Jet vel oci t y, ft/sec:
Vn - -
417. 2 520
122 + 122 + 122
Vn =
216, 944
432
Vn = 502 f t / sec
8. I mpa c t force, lb:
I F =
12.0 502 520
1930
I F = 1623 lb
9. I mpa c t force per s quar e i nch of bi t area:
I F/ s q in. =
1623 1.27
12.252
I F/ s q in. - 13.7
Engineering Calculations 17 3
Cri ti cal Annular Vel oci ty and Cri ti cal Fl ow Rat e
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1. De t e r mi n e n:
n = 3. 32 l og
0600
0300
2. De t e r mi n e K:
0600
K=
1022 n
3. De t e r mi n e x:
81, 600( Kp) ( n) ~
X=
( Dh - Dp ) n MW
4. De t e r mi n e cr i t i cal a n n u l a r vel oci t y:
AVc = (X) l
5. De t e r mi n e cr i t i cal fl ow rat e:
GP Mc = AVc ( Dh2 - Dp2 )
24. 5
Nomenclature:
n
K
X
0600
0300
Dh
Dp
MW
AVc
= di me ns i onl e s s
= di me ns i onl e s s
= di me ns i onl e s s
= 600 vi s c ome t e r di al r e a di ng
= 300 vi s c ome t e r di al r e a di ng
= hol e di amet er , in.
= pi pe or col l ar OD, in.
= mu d wei ght , p p g
= cr i t i cal a n n u l a r vel oci t y, f t / mi n
GP Mc = cr i t i cal fl ow rat e, g p m
Example." Mu d wei ght = 14. 0ppg
0600 = 64
0300 = 37
Ho l e d i a me t e r = 8.5 in.
Pi pe OD = 7. 0 in.
17 4 Formulas and Calculations
1. De t e r mi n e n:
64
n = 3.32 l og- ~-
n = 0. 79
2. De t e r mi n e K:
64
K=
10220.79
K = 0. 2684
3. De t e r mi n e x:
81, 600(0. 2684)(0. 79) 0.387
X =
8 . 5 - - 7 0. 79 X 1 4 . 0
19,967.413
X =
19.2859
x = 1035
J,. De t e r mi ne cri t i cal a nnul a r vel oci t y:
AVc = (1035) 1+(2-0"79)
AVc = (1035) ~
AVc = 310 f t / mi n
5. De t e r mi n e cri t i cal flow rate:
310(8.52 - 7.02)
GP Mc =
24.5
GP Mc = 294 gpm
"d" Exponent
Fhe " d " e xpone nt is der i ved f r om t he gener al dr i l l i ng equat i on:
R - N= a ( W d + D)
where R = pe ne t r a t i on r at e
N = r ot a r y speed, r p m
a = a c ons t a nt , di mens i onl es s
W = wei ght on bit, lb
d = e xpone nt in gener al dr i l l i ng e qua t i on, di mens i onl es s
Engineering Calculations 17 5
"d" e x p o n e n t e qua t i on:
" d " - l o g ( R + 60N) + l og( 12W + 1000D)
wher e d - d e xpone nt , di me ns i onl e s s
R = p e n e t r a t i o n rat e, f t / hr
N - r o t a r y speed, r p m
W - wei ght on bi t , 1,000 l b
D -- bi t size, in.
Example: R = 30 f t / hr
N = 1 2 0 r p m
W = 35, 0001b
D = 8. 5i n.
Sol ut i on: d = l og[ 30 + (60 x 120)] + l og[ (12 x 35) + (1000 x 8.5)]
d = l og( 30 - 7200) - l og( 420 - 8500)
d = l og0. 0042 + l og0. 0494
d = - 2 . 3 7 7 + - 1 . 3 0 6
d = 1.82
Co r r e c t e d " d " e xpone nt :
The " d " e x p o n e n t is i nf l uenced by mu d wei ght var i at i ons , so modi f i c a t i ons
have t o be ma d e t o c or r e c t f or c ha nge s i n mu d wei ght :
d c = d ( MW 1 + MW2)
wher e de = c or r e c t e d " d " e x p o n e n t
MWl = n o r ma l mu d we i g h t - - 9 . 0 p p g
MW2 = a c t ua l mu d wei ght , p p g
Example: d = 1.64
MW1 - 9 . 0 p p g
MW2 = 12. Tppg
Sol ut i on: dc = 1.64 (9. 0 + 12.7)
dc - 1.64 x 0.71
de = 1.16
Cuttings Slip Velocity
The s e c a l c ul a t i ons pr ovi de t he slip vel oci t y o f a c ut t i ng o f a speci fi c size a n d
wei ght i n a gi ven fluid. Th e a n n u l a r vel oci t y a n d t he c ut t i ng ne t ri se vel oc-
i t y ar e al so cal cul at ed.
176 Formulas and Calculations
Method 1
An n u l a r vel oci t y, f t / mi n:
AV =
24. 5 x Q
Dh 2 _ Dp 2
Cut t i ngs slip vel oci t y, ft / mi n:
us 04 5 P v IJ i 368 00
( MW) ( Dp ) PV 2
( MW) ( Dp )
De n P 1) + 1-1
x ( Dp ) MW
wher e Vs = slip vel oci t y, f t / mi n
PV = pl ast i c vi scosi t y, cps
MW - mu d wei ght , ppg
Dp = di a me t e r of part i cl e, in.
De n P - dens i t y of part i cl e, ppg
Example." Us i ng t he f ol l owi ng dat a, de t e r mi ne t he a n n u l a r vel oci t y,
f t / mi n; t he cut t i ngs slip vel oci t y, f t / mi n, a nd t he cut t i ng net rise
vel oci t y, fl / mi n:
DATA: Mu d wei ght - 11.0 ppg
Pl ast i c vi scosi t y = 13 cps
Di a me t e r of par t i cl e - 0. 25i n.
De ns i t y of par t i cl e = 22 ppg
Fl ow r at e = 520 g p m
Di a me t e r of hol e - 12- 1/ 4i n.
Dr i l l pi pe OD - 5.0 in.
Annul a r vel oci t y, ft/min"
AV=
24. 5 520
12.252 - 5.02
AV = 102 f t / mi n
Cut t i ngs slip vel oci t y, f t / mi n:
Vs = 0. 45 / 11
13 / IJ 368 00
x 0. 25 13 2
11 0. 25
x 0. 2 5 ( 2 ~ 1) +1,
Engineering Calculations 177
727.[ - / 36, 800 1
Vs = 0. 45[ 4. ] [ ~ ] [ ~ 2 _ ~ x 0. 25 x 1 + 1 - 1
Vs - 2. 12715( 4412. 68639 - 1)
Vs - 2. 12715 x 19. 3146
Vs - 41. 085 f t / mi n
Cu t t i n g s net ri se vel oci t y:
An n u l a r ve l oc i t y = 102 f t / mi n
Cu t t i n g s sl i p ve l oc i t y - - 41 f t / mi n
Cu t t i n g s ne t ri se vel oci t y - 61 f t / mi n
Method 2
1. De t e r mi n e n:
n = 3. 32 l o g ~
0600
0300
2. De t e r mi n e K:
0300
K=
511 n
3. De t e r mi n e a n n u l a r vel oci t y, f t / mi n:
24. 5 x Q
V=
Dh 2 _ Dp 2
4. De t e r mi n e vi s cos i t y (kt):
2. 4v 2n + 1 -
=
/1 Dh - Dp 3n v
5. Sl i p vel oci t y (Vs), f t / mi n:
Vs = ( De n s P - MW) 0"667 x 175 x Di a P
MW 0.333 ,1/0.333
Nomenclature:
n
K
0600
- d i me n s i o n l e s s
- d i me n s i o n l e s s
- 600 v i s c o me t e r di al r e a d i n g
178 Formulas and Calculations
0300
Q
Dh
Dp
V
= 300 vi s c ome t e r di al r e a di ng
= ci r cul at i on rat e, g p m
= hol e di amet er , in.
= pi pe or col l ar OD, in.
= a n n u l a r vel oci t y, f t / mi n
= mu d vi scosi t y, cps
De n s P = c ut t i ng densi t y, ppg
Di a P = c ut t i ng di amet er , in.
Example." Us i ng t he da t a l i st ed bel ow, d e t e r mi n e t he a n n u l a r vel oci t y,
cut t i ngs slip vel oci t y, a nd t he c ut t i ng net ri se vel oci t y:
DATA: Mu d wei ght = 11. 0ppg
Pl ast i c vi scosi t y = 13 cps
Yi el d poi nt = 10 l b/ 100 sq ft
Di a me t e r o f par t i cl e = 0. 25 in.
De ns i t y o f par t i cl e = 2 2 . 0 p p g
Ho l e d i a me t e r = 12.25 in.
Dr i l l pi pe OD = 5.0 in
Ci r c ul a t i on r at e = 520 g p m
1. De t e r mi n e n"
36
n = 3.32 l o g ~
2 3
n = 0. 64599
2. De t e r mi n e K:
K ._.
23
5110.64599
K = 0. 4094
3. De t e r mi n e a n n u l a r vel oci t y, f t / mi n:
V =
24. 5 520
12.252 - 5.02
12, 740
V=
125. 06
v = 102 f t / mi n
Engineering Calculations 17 9
4. De t e r mi ne mu d viscosity, cps:
( 2.4 x 102 2 ( 0 . 6 4 5 9 9 ) +1 ) 0.64599 ( 200 x 0. 4094 x (12.25 - 5) )
= X X
/1 12.25 - 5.0 3 x 0.64599 102
( 2 4 4 . 8 2 . 9 2 ] 0 6 4 5 9 9 5 9 3 . 6 3
= X
bt 7.25 1.938 102
/~ = (33.76 x 1.1827) 0.64599 x 5.82
/~ = 10.82 x 5.82
/~ = 63 cps
5. De t e r mi ne cut t i ngs slip velocity, ft / mi n:
(22 - 11)~ 175 X 0.25
VS
110. 333 6 3 0.333
4.95 x 175 x 0. 25
Vs =
2. 222 x 3.97
216. 56
Vs =
8.82
Vs = 24. 55 f t / mi n
6. Det er mi ne cut t i ngs net rise velocity, ft / mi n:
Annul a r vel oci t y = 102 f t / mi n
Cut t i ngs slip vel oci t y = - 24. 55 f t / mi n
Cut t i ngs net rise vel oci t y = 77.45 f t / mi n
Surge and Swab P ressures
Method 1
1. De t e r mi ne n:
n = 3.32 l og
0600
0300
2. Det er mi ne K:
0300
K=
511 n
180 Formulas and Calculations
3. Det er mi ne velocity, fl/min:
For pl ugged flow:
I ] up
v = 0 . 4 5 + Dh 2 _ Dp 2
For open pipe:
I Dp 2 - Di 2 ] Vp
v = 0 . 4 5 + Dh 2 _ Dp 2 + Di E
r Ma xi mum pi pe velocity:
Vm= 1 . 5 x v
5. Det er mi ne pressure losses:
Ps ( 2 . 4 Vm 2 n + l ] n
= X
Dh - Dp 3n
KL
3 0 0 ( Dh - Dp)
Nomenclature:
n = di mensi onl ess
K = di mensi onl ess
0600 = 600 vi scomet er dial readi ng
0300 = 300 vi scomet er dial readi ng
v = fluid velocity, ft / mi n
Vp = pi pe velocity, ft / mi n
Vm = ma xi mum pi pe velocity, ft / mi n
Ps = pressure loss, psi
L = pi pe length, ft
Dh = hol e di amet er, in.
Dp = drill pi pe or drill col l ar OD, in.
Di = drill pi pe or drill col l ar ID, in.
Example 1: Det er mi ne surge pressure for pl ugged pipe:
Dat e: Well dept h - 15,000 ft
Hol e size = 7-7/8 in.
Dri l l pi pe OD = 4-1/ 2i n.
Dri l l pi pe I D = 3.82 in.
Drill col l ar = 6-1/4" O.D. x 2-3/4" I D
Dri l l col l ar l engt h = 700f t
Mud wei ght = 15.0 ppg
Engineering Calculations 181
Vi s c ome t e r readi ngs"
0600 - 140
0300 - 80
Aver age pi pe r u n n i n g s peed - 270 f t / mi n
1. De t e r mi n e n:
n = 3. 32 l o g ~0 0
n = 0. 8069
2. De t e r mi n e K:
K __
80
5110.8069
K = 0. 522
3. De t e r mi n e vel oci t y, f t / mi n:
V = 0. 45 + 7.8752 _ 4.52
V - (0.45 + 0. 484) 270
V = 252 f t / mi n
270
4. De t e r mi n e ma x i mu m pi pe vel oci t y, f t / mi n:
Vm- 2 5 2 x 1.5
Vm - 378 f t / mi n
5. De t e r mi n e pr es s ur e loss, psi:
Ps = [ 2. 4 x 378 x 2(0. 8069) + 110"8069 X (0. 522)(14, 300)
7. 875 - 4. 5 3(0. 8069) 300(7. 875 - 4. 5)
Ps = (268. 8 x 1.1798) 0.8069
7464. 6

1012.5
Ps = 97. 098 x 7. 37
Ps - 716 psi sur ge pr es s ur e
Ther ef or e, t hi s pr es s ur e is a d d e d t o t he hydr os t a t i c pr e s s ur e of t he mu d i n
t he wel l bor e.
1 8 2 Formulas and Calculations
If, however, t he swab pr essur e is desired, this pr essur e woul d be s ubt r act ed
f r om the hydr ost at i c pressure.
Example 2: Det er mi ne surge pressure for open pipe:
1. Det er mi ne velocity, fl / mi n:
I 4 " 5 2 - 3 " 8 2 2 ]
v = 0.45 + 270
7.8752 - 4.52 + 3.822
( 5. 66)
v = 0.45 + 270
56.4
v = (0.45 + 0. 100)270
v = 149 f t / mi n
2. Ma xi mum pi pe velocity, ft / mi n:
Vm= 1 4 9 x 1.5
Vm = 224 f t / mi n
3. Pressure loss, psi:
2.4 x 224

Ps = 7.875 - 4.5
Ps = (159.29 x 1.0798) o.8o69 x
2(0.8069) + l l 0"8069

J
3(0.8069)
7464.6
1012.5
(0.522)(14,300)
300(7.875 - 4.5)
Ps = 63.66 7.37
Ps = 469 psi surge pr essur e
Therefore, this pr essur e woul d be added t o t he hydr ost at i c pr essur e of t he
mud in the wellbore.
If, however, t he swab pressure is desired, this pr essur e woul d be s ubt r act ed
f r om t he hydr ost at i c pressure of t he mud in t he wellbore.
Me t hod 2
Surge and swab pressures
Assume: 1) Pl ugged pi pe
2) La mi na r flow ar ound drill pi pe
3) Tur bul ent flow ar ound drill col l ars
Engineering Calculations 183
These calculations outline the procedure and calculations necessary to
det ermi ne the increase or decrease in equi val ent mud weight ( bot t omhol e
pressure) due to pressure surges caused by pulling or r unni ng pipe. These
calculations assume t hat the end of the pipe is pl ugged (as in r unni ng casing
with a float shoe or drill pipe with bit and j et nozzles in place), not
open-ended.
A. Surge pressure ar ound drill pipe:
1. Est i mat ed annul ar fluid velocity (v) ar ound drill pipe:
E I
v - 0 . 4 5 + Dh 2 _ Dp 2
2. Maxi mum pipe velocity (Vm):
Vm - v x 1.5
3. Calculate n:
0600
n = 3.32 log
0300
4. Calculate K:
0300
K=
511 n
5. Calculate the shear rate (Ym) of the mud movi ng ar ound the pipe:
2.4 x Vm
Ym =
Dh - Dp
6. Calculate the shear stress (T) of the mud movi ng ar ound the pipe:
T = K( Ym) n
7. Calculate the pressure (Ps) decrease for the interval:
3.33T L
Ps = x
Dh - Dp 1000
B. Surge pressure ar ound drill collars:
1. Calculate the est i mat ed annul ar fluid velocity (v) ar ound the drill
collars:
E I v p
v = 0.45 + Dh 2 _ Dp 2
184 Formulas and Calculations
2. Cal cul at e ma x i mu m pi pe vel oci t y (Vm):
Vm = v x 1.5
3. Conver t t he equi val ent vel oci t y of t he mu d due t o pi pe mo v e me n t t o
equi val ent fl owrat e (Q):
Q
Vm[ ( Dh) 2 - ( Dp ) 2]
24.5
4. Cal cul at e t he pr essur e loss for each i nt er val (Ps):
0. 000077 x MW ~ x Q1.8 x PV 0"2 L
Ps =
( Dh - Dp) 3 x ( Dh + Dp) 18
C. Tot al surge pr essur es conver t ed t o mu d wei ght :
Tot al surge ( or swab) pressures:
psi = Ps(dri l l pi pe) + Ps(dri l l col l ars)
D. I f surge pr essur e is desi red:
SP, ppg = Ps + 0. 052 + TVD, ft "+" MW, ppg
E. I f swab pr essur e is desi red:
SP, ppg = Ps + 0. 052 + TVD, ft " - " MW, ppg
Example." De t e r mi ne bot h t he surge and swab pr essur e for t he dat a listed
bel ow:
Dat a: Mu d wei ght - 15.0 ppg
Pl ast i c vi scosi t y = 60 cps
Yi el d poi nt - 20 l b/ 100 sq ft
Hol e di amet er - 7-7/8 in.
Dri l l pi pe OD - 4- 1/ 2i n.
Dri l l pi pe l engt h - 14,300 ft
Dri l l col l ar OD - 6-1/4 in.
Dri l l col l ar l engt h = 700 ft
Pi pe r unni ng speed = 270 f t / mi n
Engineering Calculations 18 5
A. Ar o u n d drill pipe:
1. Cal cul at e annul ar fluid vel oci t y (v) a r o u n d drill pipe:
[ ( 4 " 5 ) 2 ] 270
v = 0.45 + 7.8752 _ 4.52
v = [0.45 + 0. 4848]270
v = 253 f t / mi n
2. Cal cul at e ma x i mu m pi pe vel oci t y (Vm):
Vm= 2 5 3 x 1.5
Vm = 379 f t / mi n
NOTE: De t e r mi ne n and K f r om t he pl ast i c vi scosi t y and yi el d poi nt as
follows:
PV + YP = 0300 r eadi ng
0300 r eadi ng + PV = 0600 r eadi ng
Example." PV = 60
YP = 20
60 + 20 = 80 (0300 r eadi ng)
80 + 60 = 140 (0600 r eadi ng)
3. Cal cul at e n:
n = 3.32 l o g 8 0 ~
140
80
n = 0. 8069
4. Cal cul at e K:
K ._.
80
5110.8069
K = 0. 522
5. Cal cul at e t he shear rat e ( Ym) of t he mu d movi ng a r o u n d t he pi pe:
Ym =
2.4 x 379
(7.875 - 4.5)
Ym = 269. 5
186 Formulas and Calculations
6. Cal cul at e t he shear stress (T) of t he mud movi ng a r ound t he pipe:
T = 0.522(269.5) 0.8069
T = 0.522 x 91.457
T = 47.74
7. Cal cul at e t he pr essur e decrease (Ps) for t he i nt erval :
3.33(47.7) 14,300
Ps = x
( 7. 875- 4. 5) 1000
Ps = 47. 064 x 14.3
Ps = 673psi
B. Ar ound drill collars:
1. Cal cul at e t he est i mat ed annul ar fluid vel oci t y (v) a r ound t he drill
collars:
[ 6"252 1270
v = 0.45 + 7.8752 _ 6"252
v = (0.45 + 1.70)270
v = 581 f t / mi n
2. Cal cul at e ma xi mum pi pe vel oci t y (Vm):
Vm= 5 8 1 x 1.5
Vm = 871.54 ft / mi n
3. Conver t t he equi val ent vel oci t y of t he mud due t o pi pe move me nt t o
equi val ent fl owrat e (Q):
871.54(7.8752 - 6.252)
Q=
24.5
20,004.567
Q=
24.5
Q = 816.5
4. Cal cul at e t he pr essur e loss (Ps) for t he i nt erval :
0.000077 x 15 o.8 x 8161"8 x 600.2 x 700
Ps =
(7.875 - 6.25) 3 x (7.875 + 6.25) 1"8
185,837.9
Ps =
504.126
Ps = 368.6 psi
Engineering Calculations 187
C. Tot al pressures:
psi = 672. 9psi + 368. 6psi
psi = 1041.5 psi
D. Pressure conver t ed to mud wei ght , ppg:
ppg - 1041.5 psi + 0.052 + 15,000 ft
p p g - 1.34
E. I f surge pressure is desired:
Surge pressure, ppg - 15.0 ppg + 1.34 ppg
Surge pressure - 16.34 ppg
E I f swab pressure is desired:
Swab pressure, ppg = 15.0 ppg - 1.34 ppg
Swab pressure = 13.66 ppg
Equiv alent Circulation Density ( ECD)
1. Det er mi ne n:
n = 3.32 l o g ~
0600
0300
2. Det er mi ne K:
0300
K=
511 n
3. Det er mi ne annul ar vel oci t y (v), ft / mi n:
V - -
24.5 x Q
Dh 2 _ Dp 2
4. Det er mi ne cri t i cal vel oci t y (Vc), ft / mi n:
1
Vc = / 3 . 8 7 8 x 104 x Kl2--Yn ( 2.4
X X
MW D h - Dp
5. Pressure loss for l ami nar flow (Ps), psi:
( 2. 4v x 2 n + l ) n x KL
Ps - Dh - Dp 3n 3 0 0 ( Dh - Dp)
n
2n3n + 1)2-n
188 Formulas and Calculations
6. Pr essur e loss for t ur bul ent flow (Ps), psi:
7.7 x 10 -5 x MW ~ x QI.8 x PV ~ x L
Ps =
( Dh - Dp) 3 x ( Dh + Dp) 1"8
7. De t e r mi ne equi val ent ci rcul at i ng densi t y ( ECD) , ppg:
ECD, ppg = Ps + 0. 052 + TVD, ft + OMW, ppg
Example." Equi val ent ci rcul at i ng densi t y ( ECD) , ppg:
Dat e: Mu d wei ght = 12.5 ppg
Pl ast i c vi scosi t y = 24 cps
Yield poi nt = 121b/ 100sqf t
Ci r cul at i on rat e = 400 gpm
Hol e di amet er = 8.5 in.
Dri l l pi pe OD = 5.0 in.
Dri l l pi pe l engt h = 11, 300ft
Dri l l col l ar OD = 6.5 in.
Dri l l col l ar l engt h = 700f t
True vert i cal dept h = 12,000 ft
NOTE: I f 0600 and 0300 vi scomet er di al r eadi ngs are unknown, t hey may
be obt ai ned f r om t he pl ast i c vi scosi t y and yield poi nt as follows"
24 + 12 = 36 Thus, 36 is t he 0300 readi ng.
36 + 24 = 60 Thus, 60 is t he 0600 readi ng.
1. De t e r mi ne n:
60
n = 3.32 l o g ~
3 6
n = 0.7365
2. De t e r mi ne K:
K
36
5110.7365
K - 0. 3644
Engineering Calculations 189
3a. Det er mi ne annul ar velocity (v), ft / mi n, ar ound drill pipe:
24.5 x 400
V =
8.52 _ 5.02
v = 207 f t / mi n
3b. Det er mi ne annul ar velocity (v), ft/min, ar ound drill collars:
24.5 400
V- -
8.52 - 6.52
v - 327 f t / mi n
4a. Det er mi ne critical velocity (Vc), ft / mi n, ar ound drill pipe:
1
Vc = ( 3. 878 x 104 x .3644)2-.7365 ( 2 . 4
x x
12.5 8.5 - 5
Vc = (1130.5) 0"791 X (0.76749) 0.5829
Vc = 260 x 0.857
Vc - 223 f t / mi n
.7365
2(.7365) + 1/2-.7365
3(.7365)
4b. Det er mi ne critical velocity (Vc), ft / mi n, ar ound drill collars:
1
Vc =( 3"878 215
Vc = (1130.5) 0"791 (1.343) 0.5829
Vc = 2 6 0 x 1.18756
.7365
( 2.4 2(. 7365)+1)2-. 7365

8.5 - 6.5 3(.7365)
Vc = 309 ft / mi n
Therefore:
Drill pipe: 207 ft / mi n (v) is less t han 223 ft / mi n (Vc), La mi na r flow, so use
Equat i on 5 for pressure loss.
Drill collars: 327 ft / mi n (v) is great er t han 309 ft / mi n (Vc) t ur bul ent flow, so
use Equat i on 6 for pressure loss.
5. Pressure loss opposi t e drill pipe:
Ps = [ 2. 4 x 207 x 2 ( ' 7 3 6 5 ) +1 ] .7365 x .3644 x 11,300
8.5 - 5.0 3(.7365) 300(8.5 - 5.0)
190 Formulas and Calculations
Ps = (141.9 x 1. 11926) 0.7365 x 3. 9216
Ps = 41. 78 x 3. 9216
Ps = 163.8 psi
Pr es s ur e l oss oppos i t e dri l l col l ars:
7.7 x 10 -5 x 12.50.8 x 4001.8 x 240.2 x 700
Ps =
(8.5 - 6.5) 3 X (8.5 + 6.5) 1"8
37, 056. 7
Ps =
8 x 130. 9
Ps = 35. 4 psi
t o t a l pr es s ur e l osses:
psi = 163.8 psi + 35. 4 psi
psi = 199.2 psi
7. De t e r mi n e equi val ent ci r cul at i ng dens i t y ( ECD) , ppg:
ECD, ppg = 199. 2psi + 0. 052 + 12, 000f t + 12. 5ppg
E CD = 12. 82ppg
Fract ure Gradi ent De t e r mi nat i on- - - Sur f ac e Appl i cat i on
Method 1: Matthews and Kelly Method
F = P / D + Ki c~/D
cohere F = f r a c t ur e gr adi ent , psi / ft
P = f o r ma t i o n por e pr essur e, psi
a = ma t r i x st ress at poi nt o f i nt er est , psi
D = d e p t h at poi nt o f i nt er est , TVD, ft
Ki = ma t r i x st ress coeffi ci ent , di me ns i onl e s s
Pr ocedur e:
1. Ob t a i n f o r ma t i o n por e pr essur e, P, f r om el ect r i c logs, dens i t y me a s ur e -
ment s , or mu d l oggi ng per s onnel .
2. As s u me 1. 0psi / f t as ove r bur de n pr es s ur e (S) a n d cal cul at e cr as fol l ows:
c r = S - P
Engineering Calculations 19 1
3. Determi ne the depth for determining Ki by:
t~
D=
0.535
4 . From Matrix Stress Coefficient chart, determine K:
8
t - -
t t R
w
u _
O
8
9 ": 10
Z
a _
w
Q
12
. 5 . 6 . 7 . 8
k i - M A T R I X S T R E S S C O E F F I C I E H T
Fi g u r e 5 - 1 . Ma t r i x s t r e s s c o e f f i c i e n t c ha r t .
i . 0
192 Formulas and Calculations
5. De t e r mi n e f r act ur e gr adi ent , psi/ft:
F = P rr
m+ Ki x m
D D
6. De t e r mi n e f r act ur e pr essur e, psi:
F, psi = F x D
7. De t e r mi n e ma x i mu m mu d densi t y, ppg:
F
MW, ppg =
0. 052
Example: Ca s i ng set t i ng d e p t h = 12, 000 ft
F o r ma t i o n por e pr es s ur e = 12.0 ppg
( Loui s i a na Gu l f Coa s t )
1. P = 12. 0ppg x 0. 052 x 12, 000f t
P = 7488ps i
2. ry = 12, 000 psi - 7488 psi
ry = 4512ps i
4512 psi
3. D=
0. 535
D = 8434 ft
~,. F r o m c ha r t = Ki = 0. 79 psi / ft
7488 4512
5. F = + 0. 79 x
12, 000 12, 000
F = 0. 624 psi / f t + 0. 297 psi / ft
F = 0. 92 psi / f t
5. Fr a c t ur e pr essur e, psi = 0. 92ps i / f t x 12, 000f t
Fr a c t ur e pr e s s ur e = 11, 040 psi
0. 92 ps i / f t
7. Ma x i mu m mu d densi t y, ppg =
0. 052
Ma x i mu m mu d dens i t y = 17.69 ppg
Engineering Calculations 193
Method 2 : Ben Eaton Method
= C s C y )
D D 1 - y
where S/ D = over bur den gradi ent , psi/ft
Pf / D = f or mat i on pressure gr adi ent at dept h of i nt erest , psi/ft
y = Poi sson' s rat i o
Procedure:
1. Obt ai n over bur den gr adi ent f r om "' Over bur den Stree Gr a di e nt Cha r t . "
2. Obt ai n f or mat i on pressure gr adi ent f r om electric logs, densi t y meas ur e-
ment s, or l oggi ng operat i ons.
3. Obt ai n Poi sson' s rat i o f r om "Poi sson' s Rat i o Cha r t . "
4. Det er mi ne f r act ur e gr adi ent usi ng above equat i on.
5. Det er mi ne f r act ur e pressure, psi:
psi = F x D
6. Det er mi ne ma xi mum mud density, ppg:
F
ppg =
0.052
Example." Casi ng set t i ng dept h = 12,000 ft
For ma t i on pore pressure = 12. 0ppg
1. Det er mi ne S/ D f r om char t = dept h = 12, 000ft
S/ D = 0. 96psi / ft
2. Pf / D = 12. 0ppg 0.052 = 0. 624 psi/ft
3. Poi sson' s Rat i o f r om char t = 0.47 psi/ft
4. Det er mi ne f r act ur e gradi ent :
C 0"47 )
F = ( 0 . 9 6 - 0 . 6 2 4 3 ) 1 - 0 . 4 7 +0 . 6 2 4
F = 0.336 x 0.88679 + 0.624
F = 0.29796 + 0.624
F = 0. 92psi / ft
194 Formulas and Calculations
5. De t e r mi ne f r act ur e pressure:
psi = 0.92 psi / ft x 12,000 ft
psi = 11,040
6. De t e r mi ne ma x i mu m mud deni st y:
0. 92 ps i / f t
p g =
0. 052
ppg = 17.69
Fracture Gradient Determination---Subsea Applications
In of f shor e dri l l i ng oper at i ons, it is necessar y t o cor r ect t he cal cul at ed frac-
ture gr adi ent f or t he effect of wat er dept h and fl owl i ne hei ght (ai r gap) above
mean sea level. The fol l owi ng pr ocedur e can be used:
Example: Ai r gap = 100 ft
Dens i t y of seawat er = 8. 9ppg
Wat er dept h = 2000 ft
Feet of casi ng bel ow mudl i ne = 4000 ft
Procedure:
1. Conver t wat er t o equi val ent l and area, ft:
a) De t e r mi ne t he hydr ost at i c pr essur e of t he seawat er:
HPs w = 8. 9ppg x 0. 052 x 2000f t
HPs w = 926 psi
b) Fr o m Eat on' s Ove r bur de n Stress Char t , det er mi ne t he ove r bur de n
stress gr adi ent f r om me a n sea level t o casi ng set t i ng dept h:
Fr o m char t : Ent e r char t at 6000f t on left; i nt er sect cur ved line a nd
r ead over bur den gr adi ent at b o t t o m of char t :
Ove r bur de n stress gr adi ent = 0. 92 psi/ft
c) De t e r mi ne equi val ent l and area, ft:
926 psi
Equi val ent feet =
0.92 ps i / f t
Equi val ent feet = 1006
2000
4000
i
$000
8000
I 0000
12000
14000
I $000
16000
ZOO(X)
0.70
Engineering Calculations 195
, , ,
i | i
aFTER BEN EATON
, ,
0.75 0.80 0:~.~ 0.90 O J 5 1.00 1.05
OVERBURDEN STRESS GRADIENT ( p S i )
Composite overburden stress gradient for ag
normally compacted conti nuous deposi ti onal basi ns
Figure 5-2 . Eaton' s overburden stress chart.
2. Det er mi ne dept h for fract ure gradi ent det ermi nat i on:
Dept h, ft = 4000 ft + 1006 ft
Dept h = 5006 ft
3. Usi ng Eat on' s Fract ure Gr adi ent Char t , det ermi ne the fract ure gradi ent
at a dept h of 5006 ft:
Fr om chart: Ent er chart at a dept h of 5006 ft; intersect the 9. 0ppg line;
t hen proceed up and read the fract ure gradi ent at the t op of
the chart:
Fract ure gradi ent = 14.7 ppg
196 Formulas and Calculations
4. De t e r mi n e t he f r act ur e pressure:
psi -- 14. 7ppg x 0. 052 x 5006f t
p s i - 3827
5. Conve r t t he f r act ur e gr a di e nt rel at i ve t o t he flowline:
Fc = 3827 psi - 0. 052 + 6100 ft
Fc = 12. 06ppg
where Fc is the fracture gradient, corrected for water depth, and air gap.
0
1, 000
2, 000
3, 000
4,000
5.000
6, 000
7, 000
8, 000
9.000
.c 10.000
15.000
~6,000
17, 000
18.000
19.000
20.000
9
t ) \ ~\ \ ~\ 1; ; : .
I
i
.. I
J
I
10 11
I
. . . . ! ~ IX ///ll I
~ , ~ l
I xl !
[ I i l l
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Fracture gradient (Ib/gal)
Figure 5-3. Eaton's fracture gradient chart.
Engineering Calculations 197
Di r e c t i o na l Dr i l l i ng Ca l c ul a t i o ns
Di rect i onal surv ey cal cul at i ons
The following are the two most commonl y used met hods to calculate direc-
tional surveys:
1. Angle Averaging Met hod
No r t h - MD x sin (I1 + I2)
2
East - MDx s i n ( I I
2
(I1 + I2)
Vert = M D x c o s ~
2
X COS
(A1 + A2)
x sin (A1 + A2)
2
2. Radi us of Curvat ure Met hod
MD( cos I1 - cos I2)(sin A2 - sin A1)
Nor t h =
East =
( I 2 - I 1 ) ( A2 - A1)
MD( cos II - cos I2)(cos A1 - cos A2)
Vert =
( I 2 - I 1 ) ( A2 - A1)
MD( s i n I2 - sin I1)
( I 2 - I1)
where MD = course length between surveys in measur ed dept h, ft
I~, I2 - inclination (angle) at upper and lower surveys, degrees
A1, A2 = direction at upper and lower surveys
Example." Use the Angle Averaging Met hod and the Radi us of Cur vat ur e
Met hod to calculate the following surveys:
Surv ey 1 Surv ey 2
Depth, ft 7482 7782
Inclination, degrees 4 8
Azimuth, degrees 10 35
,
198 Formulas and Calculations
An g l e Av e r a g i n g Me t h o d :
( 4 R~
+
No r t h = 300 x s i n ' - - " X COS
2
(10 + 35)
2
= 300 x s i n ( 6) c o s ( 22. 5)
= 300 x . 1 0 4 5 2 8 x . 9 2 3 8 7 9
No r t h = 2 8 . 9 7 f t
E a s t = 3 0 0 x s i n (41 + 8) x s i n (10 + 35)
2 2
= 300 s i n ( 6) x s i n ( 22. 5)
= 3 0 0 x . 104528 x . 3 8 2 6 8
E a s t = 1 2 . 0 f t
Ve r t = 3 0 0 x c o s ~
( 4 + 8)
= 300 x c o s ( 6)
= 300 x . 9 9 4 5 2
Ve r t = 2 9 8 . 3 5 f t
R a d i u s o f C u r v a t u r e Me t h o d :
No r t h = 3 0 0 ( c o s 4 - c o s 8) ( s i n 35 - s i n 10)
(8 - 4 ) ( 3 5 - 10)
300( . 9 9 7 5 6 - . 9 9 0 2 6 8 )(. 5 7 3 5 7 - . 1 7 3 6 4 8 )
4 x 2 5
. 8 7 4 6 2 9
100
= 0 . 0 0 8 7 4 6 x 57. 32
No r t h = 2 8 . 5 6 f t
E a s t - _ 3 0 0 ( c o s 4 - c o s 8 ) ( c o s 10 - c o s 35)
(8 - 4 ) ( 3 5 - 10)
3 0 0 ( . 9 9 7 5 6 - . 9 9 0 2 6 ) ( . 9 8 4 8 - . 8 1 9 1 5 )
4 x 2 5
East
Vert
Vert
B
300(.0073)(. 16565)
100
0. 36277
100
= 0. 0036277 x 57.32
= 11.91 ft
300(si n 8 - sin 4)
(8 - 4)
300(.13917 x .069756)
4
300 x .069414
4
= 5.20605 x 57.3
= 298.3 ft
Dev i at i on/ depart ure cal cul at i on
Devi at i on is defi ned as depar t ur e of t he wel l bor e f r om t he vert i cal , me a s ur e d
by t he hor i zont al di st ance f r om t he r ot a r y t abl e t o t he t arget . The a mo u n t
of devi at i on is a f unct i on of t he dri ft angl e (i ncl i nat i on) and hol e dept h.
The fol l owi ng di agr am i l l ust rat es how t o det er mi ne t he devi at i on/ depar t ur e:
a DATA:
KOP
D
, /
Engineering Calculations 199
AB = di st ance f r om t he sur f ace l ocat i on
t o t he KOP
BC = di st ance f r om KOP t o t he t r ue
vert i cal dept h ( TVD)
BD = di st ance f r om KOP t o t he b o t t o m
of t he hol e ( MD)
CD = de vi a t i on/ de pa r t ur e - de pa r t ur e of
t he wel l bor e f r om t he vert i cal
AC = t r ue vert i cal de pt h
AD = me a s ur e d dept h
Figure 5-4. Deviation/Departure.
200 Formulas and Calculations
To cal cul at e t he devi at i on/ depar t ur e ( CD) , ft:
CD, f t = s i n l x B D
Example." Ki ck of f poi nt ( KOP) is a di st ance 2000 ft f r om t he surface. MD
is 8000ft . Hol e angl e (i ncl i nat i on) is 20 degrees. Ther ef or e t he
di st ance f r om KOP to MD = 6000f t (BD):
CD, ft = sin 20 x 6000 ft
= 0.342 x 6000 ft
CD = 2052 ft
Fr om this cal cul at i on, t he meas ur ed dept h ( MD) is 2052f t away f r om
vertical.
Dogl eg sev erity cal cul ati on
Method 1
Dogl eg severity ( DLS) is usual l y given in degrees/ 100ft . The fol l owi ng
f or mul a provi des dogl eg severity in degrees/ 100 ft and is based on t he Radi us
of Cur vat ur e Met hod:
DLS = {COS-I[(cos I1 X COS 12) + (sin I1 X sin 12) x cos( A2 - A1)]} x
For met ri c cal cul at i on, subst i t ut e x
30
CL
100
CL
where DLS = dogl eg severity, degr ees/ 100f t
CL = cour se l engt h, di st ance bet ween survey poi nt s, ft
I1, 12 = i ncl i nat i on (angle) at upper and l ower surveys, ft
A1, A2 = di rect i on at upper and l ower surveys, degrees
^Azi mut h = azi mut h change bet ween surveys, degrees
Example."
Surv ey 1 Surv ey 2
Depth, ft
Inclination, degrees
Azimuth, degrees
4231
13.5
N1 0 E
4262
14.7
N1 9 E
Engineering Calculations 2 01
DLS = {cos- l [ ( cosl 3. 5 x cos14. 7) + ( si nl 3. 5 x si nl 4. 7 x cos(19 - 10)]} x
DLS = {cos-~[(.9723699 x .9672677)
+ (.2334453 x .2537579 x .9876883)]} x
100
DLS = {cos-1[(.940542) + (.0585092)]} x - - - -
31
100
DLS = 2. 4960847 x
31
DLS = 8. 051886 degr ees/ 100 ft
100
31
100
31
Met hod 2
Thi s me t h o d o f cal cul at i ng dogl eg sever i t y is ba s e d on t he t a nge nt i a l me t h o d :
DLS = 100
L[ (si n I1 x sin I2)(si n A1 x s i n A2 + cos A1 x c o s A2 ) + cosI 1 x c os I 2]
wher e DLS = dogl eg severi t y, de gr e e s / 100f t
L = c our s e l engt h, ft
I1, 12 = i ncl i nat i on ( angl e) at u p p e r a nd l ower sur veys, degr ees
A1, A2 = di r ect i on at u p p e r a n d l ower sur veys, degr ees
Example."
Surv ey 1 Surv ey 2
Dept h 4231 4262
Inclination, degrees 13.5 14.7
Azimuth, degrees N 10 E N 19 E
Dogl eg severi t y =
100
31[(sin13.5 x s i nl 4. 7) ( s i nl 0 s i nl 9) + ( c os l 0 x c os l 9) + (cos13. 5 x cos14. 7)]
100
DLS =
30. 969
DLS = 3.229 degr ees / 100 ft
202 Formulas and Calculations
Av ailable weight on bit in directional wells
A di r ect i onal l y dri l l ed well requi res t hat a cor r ect i on be ma de in t ot al drill
col l ar wei ght because onl y a por t i on of t he t ot al wei ght will be avai l abl e t o
t he bit:
P = W c os I
where P = par t i al wei ght available for bi t
cos = cosi ne
I = degr ees i ncl i nat i on (angl e)
W = t ot al wei ght of col l ars
Example: W = 45, 000 lb
I = 25 degrees
P = 45, 000 x cos25
P = 45, 000 x 0.9063
P = 40, 7841b
Thus, the available wei ght on bi t is 40, 784 lb.
Determining true v ertical depth
The fol l owi ng is a si mpl e me t h o d of cor r ect i ng for t he TVD on di r ect i onal
wells. Thi s cal cul at i on will pr ovi de t he appr oxi mat e TVD i nt er val cor r e-
spondi ng t o t he meas ur ed i nt er val and is gener al l y accur at e e nough for any
pressure cal cul at i ons. At t he next survey, t he TVD shoul d be cor r ect ed t o
cor r espond t o t he di r ect i onal driller' s cal cul at ed t r ue vert i cal dept h:
TVD2 = cos I CL + TVD~
where TVD2 = new t r ue vert i cal dept h, ft
cos = cosi ne
CL = cour se l e n g t h - - n u mb e r of feet since last sur vey
TVD~ = last t r ue vert i cal dept h, ft
Example: TVD (last survey) = 8500f t
Devi at i on angl e = 40 degrees
Cour s e l engt h = 30 ft
Engineering Calculations 2 03
Sol ut i on: TVDz = c o s 4 0 x 30 ft + 8500 ft
TVD2 = 0. 766 30f t + 8500f t
TVD2 = 22. 98 ft + 8500f t
TVD2 = 8522. 98 ft
Mi s c e l l ane ous Equat i ons and Cal cul at i ons
Surf ace Equipment P ressure Losses
S E p l = C x MWx 1 - ~
wher e SEpl = s ur f ace e q u i p me n t pr e s s ur e loss, psi
C = f r i ct i on f a c t or f or t ype o f s ur f ace e q u i p me n t
W = mu d wei ght , ppg
Q = c i r c ul a t i on rat e, g p m
Type of Surface Equipment C
Example." Sur f ace e q u i p me n t t ype = 3
C = 0. 22
Mu d wei ght = 11.8 ppg
Ci r c ul a t i on r at e = 3 5 0 g p m
"350" 1.86
SEpl = 0. 22 11.8 ( 1 - - ~) "
SEpl = 2. 596 (3.5) TM
SEpl = 2. 596 10. 279372
SEpl = 26. 69 psi
Drill stem bore pressure l osses
0. 000061 MW L QI.86
P =
d4.86
1 1.0
2 0.36
3 0.22
4 0.15
204 Formulas and Calculations
wher e P = dri l l s t em bor e pr essur e losses, psi
MW = mudwei gh, ppg
L = l engt h of pi pe, ft
Q = ci r cul at i on rate, gpm
d = i nsi de di amet er , in.
Example: Mu d wei ght = 10.9 ppg
Le ngt h of pi pe = 6500f t
Ci r cul at i on r at e = 3 5 0 g p m
Dr i l l pi pe I D = 4. 276 in.
0. 000061 x 10.9 x 6500 x (350) TM
P = 4.2764.86
p __
4. 32185 x 53, 946. 909
1166. 3884
P = 199.89 psi
Annular pressure l osses
p
(1.4327 x 10 -7) MW x L x V 2
Dh - Dp
where P = a nnul a r pr essur e losses, psi
MW = mu d wei ght , ppg
L = l engt h, ft
V = a nnul a r velocity, f t / mi n
Dh = hol e or casi ng I D, in.
Dp = dri l l pi pe or drill col l ar OD, in.
Example: Mu d wei ght = 12. 5ppg
Le ngt h = 6500 ft
Ci r cul at i on r at e = 3 5 0 g p m
Hol e size = 8.5 in.
Dr i l l pi pe OD = 5. 0i n.
De t e r mi ne a nnul a r vel oci t y, ft / mi n:
24.5 x 350
V- "
8.52 _ 5.02
Engineering Calculations 2 05
8575
V=
47. 25
v = 1 8 1 f t / mi n
De t e r mi n e a n n u l a r p r e s s u r e l osses, psi :
( 1. 4327 x 10 -7) 12.5 x 6500 x 1812
P
381. 36
P =
3. 5
P = 108. 96 psi
8. 5 - 5. 0
P ressure l oss t hrough c o mmo n pi pe f i t t i ngs
p
K x MW x Q2
12, 031 x A 2
wh e r e P = p r e s s u r e l oss t h r o u g h c o mmo n pi pe f i t t i ngs
K = l oss coef f i ci ent ( See c h a r t be l ow)
MW = we i g h t o f f l ui d, p p g
Q = c i r c u l a t i o n r at e, g p m
A = a r e a o f pi pe, sq i n.
List of Loss Coefficients ( K)
K = 0.42 for 45 degree ELL
K = 0.90 for 90 degree ELL
K = 1.80 for tee
K = 2.20 for r et ur n bend
K = 0.19 for open gate valve
K = 0.85 for open but t erfl y valve
Example." K = 0. 90 f or 90 de gr e e E L L
MW = 8. 33 p p g ( wat er )
Q = 100 g p m
A = 1 2 . 5 6 6 4 s q . i n . ( 4. 0i n. I D pi pe)
0. 90 x 8. 33 x 1002
P =
12, 031 x 12. 56642
2 06 Formulas and Calculations
p =
74, 970
1,899,868.3
P = 0. 03946 psi
Mi ni mum f l owrate for P D C bits
Mi n i mu m fl owrat e, g p m = 12.72 x bi t di amet er , i n. 147
Example." De t e r mi n e t he mi n i mu m f l owr at e for a 12-1/ 4i n. P DC bit:
Mi n i mu m fl owrat e, gpm = 12.72 12.25147
Mi n i mu m fl owrat e, gpm = 12.72 x 39.77
Mi n i mu m f l owr at e = 505.87 gpm
Cri ti cal RP M: R P M to av oid due to excessi v e v i brati on ( accurat e to
approxi mat el y 1 5 %)
Cr i t i cal RP M -
33, 055
L, ft 2
x ~/ OD, in. 2 + I D, in. 2
Example." L = l engt h of one j oi nt of dri l l pi pe = 31 ft
OD = dri l l pi pe out s i de di a me t e r - 5.0 in.
I D = drill pi pe i nsi de di a me t e r --- 4. 276i n.
Cri t i cal RP M 33, 055
- x ~]5.02 + 4.2762
312
Cr i t i cal R P M 33, 055
- x 443. 284
961
Cri t i cal R P M- 34. 3965 x 6.579
Cri t i cal RP M - 226. 296
NOTE: As a r ul e of t humb, for 5.0 in. dri l l pi pe, do not exceed 200 R P M at
any dept h.
Re f e r e nc e s
Ada ms , Ne a l a n d To mmy Char r i er , Drilling Engineering: A Complete Well
Planning Approach, PennWel l Publ i s hi ng Compa ny, Tul sa, 1985.
Chenever t , Ma r t i n E. , a nd Re uve n Hol l o, T1-59 Drilling Engineering
Manual, Pe nn Well Publ i s hi ng Compa ny, Tul sa, 1981.
Engineering Calculations 2 07
Christman, Stan S., "Offshore Fracture Gradients," JPT, August 1973.
Craig, J. T. and B. V. Randall, "Directional Survey Calculations," Petroleum
Engineer, March 1976.
Crammer Jr., John L., Basic Drilling Engineering Manual, PennWell Pub-
lishing Company, Tulsa, 1982.
Eaton, B. A. "Francture Gradient Prediction and Its Application in Oilfield
Operations," JPT, October, 1969.
Jordan, J. R., and O. J. Shirley, "Application of Drilling Performance Dat a
to Overpressure Detection," JPT, Nov. 1966.
Kendal, W. A., and W. C. Goins, "Design and Operations of Jet Bit Pro-
grams for Maximum Hydraulic Horsepower, Impact Force, or Jet Veloc-
ity," Transactions of AIME, 1960.
Matthews, W. R. and J. Kelly, "How to Predict Formation Pressure and
Fracture Gradient," Oil and Gas Journal, February 20, 1967.
Moore, E L., Drilling Practices Manual, PennWell Publishing Company,
Tulsa, 1974.
Mud Facts Engineering Handbook, Milchem Incorporated, Houston, Texas,
1984.
Rehn, B. and R. McClendon, "Measurement of Formation Pressure from
Drilling Data," SPE Paper 3601, AI ME Annual fall Meeting, New
Orleans, La., 1971.
Scott, Kenneth E, "A New Practical Approach to Rotary Drilling
Hydraulics," SPE Paper No. 3530, New Orleans, La., 1971.