Switching System

Engr. Zain Ul Abiden Akhtar

Assistant Professor - UCET
Telecommunication Systems
&
Applications
CONNECTIONS AND SWITCHING
NETWORKING MODES
SWITCHING MODES
Networking Modes
There are two networking modes:
Connection oriented
Connectionless
Switching Modes
There are two switching modes:
circuit switching
packet switching.
CPE Switches
The most prevalent form of switch in the
customer premises equipment (CPE) environment
is the private branch exchange (PBX), which is
called a private automatic branch exchange
(PABX) in some parts of the world.
A PBX is used to establish a connection between
two points within the organization and it
establishes connections between internal
extensions and the outside world (i.e., the PSTN).
NETWORKING MODES
Connection-Oriented Networking
Connectionless Networking
Connection-Oriented Networking
The connection setup is performed before
information transfer occurs.
There can be some delay up front while the
connection is being set up; but once the path
is established (and the same path is always
followed), the delay is fixed and predictable
at intermediate nodes.
Connection-Oriented Networking
Connection-oriented networks can actually
operate in either switching mode: They can be
either circuit switched or packet switched.
Connection-oriented circuit-switched networks
include the PSTN, SDH/SONETand DWDM
networks.
Connection-oriented packet-switched networks
include X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM
networks.
Connection-Oriented Networking
Connection-Oriented Networking
Connection-oriented packet-switched networks
can be operated in two modes:
Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs)
Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs)
The vast majority of implementations today
involve PVCs.
Virtual Circuits
Today, because of the great interest in and
increased use of packet switching, most
networks use virtual circuits.
Unlike a physical circuit, which terminates
on specific physical ports, a virtual circuit is
a series of logical connections between
sending and receiving devices.
Virtual Circuits
A virtual circuit is a connection between two
devices that acts as though it's a direct
connection, but it may, in fact, be composed
of a variety of different routes.
The routes might change at any time, and the
incoming return route doesn't have to mirror
the outgoing route.
These connections are defined by table entries
inside the packet-switching device.
A VIRTUAL CURCUIT
PVCs
The connections can be set up ahead of time
based on expected traffic. A PVC is a virtual
circuit that is permanently available.
A PVC is manually configured by a network
management system, and it remains in place
until the user reconfigures the network.
Its use is analogous to the use of a dedicated
private line because it provides an always-on
condition between two locations or two devices.
SVCs
The connections are set up on demand and
released after the data exchange is
complete. In contrast to PVCs, SVCs are set
up on demand.
They are provisioned dynamically by using
signaling techniques.
An SVC must be re-established each time
data is to be sent; after the data has been
sent, the SVC disappears.
Connectionless Networking
No explicit connection setup is performed
before data is transmitted.
Each data packet is routed to its destination
based on information contained in the header.
Each packet of the overall traffic stream is
individually addressed and individually
routed.
The delay may change from packet to packet.
Connectionless Networking
Connectionless Networking
Connectionless networks imply the use of
packet switches, so only packet-switched
networks are connectionless.
An example of a connectionless packet-
switched network is the public Internet
Switching Modes
There are two switching modes:
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Switching
Switching is the process of physically moving
bits through a network node, from an input
port to an output port.
Switching elements are specialized computers
used to connect two or more transmission
lines.
Network Evolution
Switching System
A switching system is a device that
connects two transmission lines.
There are two major categories of switching
systems:
CPE switches
Network switches
Circuit-switching
Circuit switching was invented to facilitate
voice telephony.
One of the key attributes of a circuit-
switched connection is that it is a reserved
network resource that is yours and only
yours for the full duration of a conversation.
When that conversation is over, the
connection is released.
Circuit-switching
A circuit-switched environment requires
that an end-to-end circuit be set up before a
call can begin.
A fixed share of network resources is
reserved for the call, and no other call can
use those resources until the original
connection is closed.
A call request signal must travel to the
destination and be acknowledged before any
transmission can actually begin.
Circuit-switching
Circuit-switching
Digital Cross-connect Systems (DCSs) have
greatly eased the process of reconfiguring
circuit-switched networks
First Generation Circuit Switches
The first generation of circuit switches was
introduced in 1888.
It was referred to as the step relay switch,
the step-by-step switch, or the Strowger
switch, in honor of the man who invented it
First Generation Circuit Switches
Second Generation
In 1935 the second generation of circuit
switches was introduced: crossbar switches
Crossbar switches were electromechanical,
but each one could service a larger number
of subscribers than could a step relay
switch.
Crossbar Switches
Third Generation
The third generation of circuit switches
stored program control (also referred to as
electronic common control)was introduced
in 1968.
A STORED PROGRAM CONTROL
Packet Switching
Packet switching has its origin in data
communications.
In fact, packet switching was developed
specifically as a solution for the
communications implications of a form of
data processing called interactive
processing.
Packet Switching
Packet switching was developed to increase
the efficiencies associated with bursty
transmission.
Packet switching involves the multiplexing
of multiple packets over one virtual circuit.
A packet is, in essence, a store-and-forward
mechanism for transmitting information.
Packets are forwarded through a series of
packet switches, also known as routers.
Packet Switching
Packet Switching
There are two forms of packet-switched
networks: connectionless and connection
oriented.
TYPES OF NETWORK CONNECTIONS
Switched network connections
Leased-line network connections
Dedicated network connections
Switched network connections
A switched connection is referred to as a
dialup connection.
This implies that it uses a series of network
switches to establish the connection
between the parties.
Leased-line network connections
A leased line is also referred to as a private
line.
With a leased line, the same locations or the
same devices are always connected, and
transmission between those locations or
devices always occurs on the same path.
Dedicated network connections
In essence, a dedicated line works exactly
like a leased line.
It is always connected, and it always uses
the same path for transmission.
However, the end user may own the
transmission facility (rather than lease it)
such that it is exclusive to that user.
TRANSMISSION NODES
Transmission nodes, which are part of the
transport infrastructure, provide
communications paths that carry user traffic
and network control information between the
nodes in a network.
The transmission nodes include the
transmission media as well as transport
equipment, including amplifiers and/or
repeaters, multiplexers, digital cross-connect
systems, and digital loop carriers.
SERVICE NODES
Service nodes handle signaling, which is the
transmission of information to control the
setup, holding, charging, and releasing of
connections, as well as the transmission of
information to control network operations
and billing.
A very important area related to service
nodes is the ITU standard specification
Signaling System 7 (SS7)
Switching