INT

RODUCTION TO MOBILE COMMUNICATION

AND
OVERVIEW OF GSM ARCHITECTURE

S. Krishnan
General Manager BSNL
Assa! Tele"#! Cir"le
Di!a$%r




This $a$er $r#&i'es a %se(%l in)r#'%")i#n )# )he Ar"hi)e")%re #(
GSM !#*ile s+s)e!




,. In)r#'%")i#n

One #( )he (ines) )hings )ha) ha$$ene' in -.
)h
"en)%r+ is )he %se #(
ra'i# "hannels (#r $ers#nal !#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n s+s)e!s.
C#nsi'ere' )# *e a re&#l%)i#n #( s#r)s in )ele"#!!%ni"a)i#ns.
C#nsi'ere' )# *e a re&#l%)i#n #( s#r)s in )ele"#!!%ni"a)i#ns !#*ile
"#!!%ni"a)i#n is )he (as)es) gr#/ing !ar0e) seg!en) an' )he (iel' #(
in)ense resear"h. M#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n )#'a+ is $erha$s )he !#s)
$#/er(%l "a)al+s) (#r "hange in li(es)+le #( )he $e#$le all #&er )he
/#rl'. M#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n sl#/l+ *%) s%rel+ is e&#l&ing as )he
*a"0*#ne (#r *%siness )ransa")i#ns e((i"ien"+ an' s%""ess silen)l+
)a0ing #&er )he r#le #( )he el'er "#%sin 1STN.

The (irs) !#*ile )ele$h#ne ser&i"e s)ar)e' in ,234 in S). L#%is
Miss#%ri USA as a !an%all+ #$era)e' s+s)e!. Be)/een ,25. an' ,24.
i) e&#l&e' as an a%)#!a)i" s+s)e! /i)h re'%"e' "#s) an' in"rease' *%)
s!all s%*s"ri*er *ase. M#*ile )ele$h#n+ ser&i"e in i)s %se(%l (#r!
a$$eare' in ,24.s.

The (irs) genera)i#n !#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n s+s)e!s a$$eare' in ,26.s
an' re!aine' )ill ,27.s. The+ %se' anal#g )rans!issi#n )e"hni8%es (#r
)he ra'i# lin0 an' "#n(ine' i)s %sers )# )heir res$e")i&e s+s)e! areas
(#r /hi"h )he !#*ile $h#ne /as 'esigne'. Ca$a"i)+ #( )he s+s)e! /as
&er+ li!i)e' an' r#a!ing *e)/een )he "#&erage areas #( )he 'i((eren)
s+s)e!s /as i!$#ssi*le. A$ar) (r#! *eing &er+ e9$ensi&e )hese
s+s)e!s $r#&i'e' $##r :#S an' s%$$#r)e' #nl+ &#i"e "#!!%ni"a)i#n.

The se"#n' genera)i#n !#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n s+s)e!s gre/ #%) #( )he
li!i)a)i#ns #( )he ,
s)
genera)i#n s+s)e!s. The+ s%$$#r)e' large
s%*s"ri*er *ase "arrie' *#)h &#i"e an' 'a)a an' ha&e "a$a*ili)+ )#
'esign an' 'eli&er ne/ &al%e a''e' ser&i"es. The ra'i# lin0 *e"a!e
'igi)al ena*ling %se #( &ersa)ile signaling "a$a*ili)ies an' "r#ss;
ne)/#r0 r#a!ing. H#/e&er !%l)i$le s)an'ar's !a'e sea!less r#a!ing
a"r#ss all )he ne)/#r0s i!$#ssi*le. GSM an' CDMA e!erge' as )he
)ren' se))ing )e"hn#l#gies. The '#!ina)i#n #( )he -G s+s)e!s in )he
!#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n !ar0e) *e"a!e a$$aren) in se"#n' hal( #(
,22.s.

The 'esign #*<e")i&es #( )he )hir' genera)i#n !#*ile s+s)e!s are )#
$r#&i'e high (%n")i#nali)+ /i)h sea!less gl#*al r#a!ing. A$ar) (r#!
$r#&i'ing &er+ high 'a)a ra)es =G s+s)e!s see0 )# in)egra)e )he /ire
lines s+s)e!s /i)h !#*ile s+s)e!s. =G /#%l' $r#&i'e %sers "#nsis)en)
&#i"e 'a)a gra$hi"al !%l)i;!e'ia an' &i'e#;*ase' in(#r!a)i#n ser&i"e
regar'less #( )heir l#"a)i#n in )he ne)/#r0 >C#r'less Cell%lar Sa)elli)e
Fi9e'?Wire line an' s# #n@.A. =G s+s)e!s /#%l' als# in)egra)e )he
In)elligen) Ne)/#r0 >INA "a$a*ili)ies in)# !#*ile s+s)e!s.

Basi" )# )he 'esign #( a !#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n s+s)e! is )he a*ili)+ #(
)he %ser )# li*era)e hi!sel( (r#! )he "#n(ines #( a /ire' line an'
)here(#re his (ree'#! )# !#&e an+/here he /an)s. M#*ile
"#!!%ni"a)i#n s+s)e!s )here(#re are re8%ire' )# $r#&i'e sea!less
ser&i"e /hile )he "%s)#!ers are #n !#&e )rans"en'ing ge#gra$hi"al
an' ne)/#r0 *#r'ers. 1r#&isi#n #( ser&i"e %n'er s%"h en&ir#n!en)
)hr#/s a n%!*er #( "hallenging iss%es an' )he /a+ )hese iss%es are
a''resse' an' res#l&e' !a0es ea"h s+s)e! 'i((eren) (r#! all #)hers.

-. M#*ili)+ Iss%es

A "#!$aris#n #( a )+$i"al 1STN an' !#*ile "all s"enari#s is sh#/n in
(ig%re ,>aA an' ,>*A.


The /ire' -W s%*s"ri*er line is re$la"e' /i)h a /ireless !#*ile lin0.
On"e )he "%s)#!er is li*era)e' (r#! )he "#n(ines #( )he /ire an' !a'e
(ree )# !#&e )he (#ll#/ing iss%es ariseB

De!an' #n )he s"ar"e ra'i# res#%r"es
A%)hen)i"a)i#n #( )he "%s)#!er
Se"%ri)+ an' 1ri&a"+ #n )he ra'i#
1r#&i'e %ni8%e ser&i"e $r#(ile
Kee$ )ra"0 #( )he %ser as )he+ !#&e
1r#&i'ing ser&i"e a"r#ss ne)/#r0s
Billing )he "%s)#!er /hene&er an' /here&er he !a0es an'
re"ei&es "alls (r#!

The *an'/i')h #( )he RF s$e")r%! a&aila*le (#r )he !#*ile
"#!!%ni"a)i#n is li!i)e'. H#/e&er ser&i"e has )# *e $r#&i'e' (#r
large n%!*er #( s%*s"ri*ers n#)/i)hs)an'ing )he li!i)a)i#ns in )he
a&aila*ili)+ #( )he (re8%en"+ s$e")r%!. This iss%e is res#l&e' )hr#%gh a
)/#;$r#nge' a))a"0. In )he (irs) $la"e n# $er!anen) RF "hannel is
assigne' (#r an+ "%s)#!er an' se"#n' )he sa!e RF "hannels are
re%se' a) ge#gra$hi"al l#"a)i#ns )ha) are "#nsi'era*l+ se$ara)e' s# as
n#) )# in)er(ere /i)h ea"h #)herCs "#!!%ni"a)i#n. These )e"hni8%es #(
'e!an' assign!en) an' (re8%en"+ re;%se #*&ia)e )he li!i)a)i#ns $#se'
*+ )he li!i)e' RF s$e")r%! in $r#&i'ing ser&i"e )# large n%!*er #(
"%s)#!ers.

An#)her i!$#r)an) iss%e in !#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n is )he nee' )#
a%)hen)i"a)e )he gen%ineness #( )he "%s)#!er /hene&er he re"ei&es #r
a))e!$)s )# !a0e "#!!%ni"a)i#n. Sin"e )he !e'ia *eing #$en s$a"e i)
is ne"essar+ )# &eri(+ /he)her )he "%s)#!er is )he #ne /h#! he "lai!s
)# *e *e(#re res#%r"e all#"a)i#n. Se"%ri)+ #( )he !#*ile a""#%n) is )#
*e ens%re' )# $re&en) %na%)h#riDe' %se an' als# !is%se #( #neCs
s%*s"ri$)i#n. 1ri&a"+ #( )he "#!!%ni"a)i#n #&er ra'i# is )# *e ens%re'
)h#%gh )he ra'i# signals are a&aila*le e&er+/here (#r in)er"e$)i#n.

One #( )he i!$#r)an) iss%es (#r )he "%s)#!er is )he a&aila*ili)+ #(
sea!less ser&i"e $r#(ile irres$e")i&e #( his l#"a)i#n. This is an
essen)ial (ea)%re #( )he !#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n $ar)i"%larl+ /hen )he
"%s)#!er &isi)s a ser&i"e area ser&e' *+ an #$era)#r 'i((eren) (r#! his
#/n. Di((eren) 'ialing "#'es (#r a""essing )he sa!e ser&i"e in
'i((eren) ne)/#r0s "an $la+ ha&#" in realiDing )he ser&i"e *+ )he
"%s)#!er.

Ee) an#)her "hallenging iss%e in !#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n is )he nee' )#
0ee$ )ra"0 #( )he "%s)#!erCs l#"a)i#n s# )ha) an in"#!ing "all "an *e
"#nne")e' )# hi!. E8%all+ i!$#r)an) is )he nee' )# !ain es)a*lishe'
"alls as )he "%s)#!er !#&es a"r#ss areas "#&ere' *+ 'i((eren) ra'i#
)rans!i))er ? re"ei&er.

Sin"e n# ser&i"e $r#&i'erCs ne)/#r0 "an $r#&i'e "#&erage )hr#%gh#%)
)he /#rl' )here is a nee' )# #((er ser&i"e )# #neCs "%s)#!ers )hr#%gh
'i((eren) #)her ne)/#r0s a"r#ss )he /#rl' )# ena*le hi! )# !#&e (reel+.
This ne"essi)a)es in)er ne)/#r0 "#!$a)i*ili)+ an' "#nne")i&i)+ /i)h
s)ri") a""ess sa(eg%ar's.

Finall+ sin"e )he "%s)#!er is #n )he !#&e an' "an a&ail ser&i"e (r#!
an+ $er!issi*le ne)/#r0 a"r#ss )he gl#*e )here sh#%l' *e a (##l$r##(
*illing an' a""#%n)ing !e"hanis! )ha) n#) #nl+ re"#r's )he "%s)#!erCs
lia*ili)+ (#r his "#ns%!$)i#n *%) als# )ha) *e)/een )he ser&i"e
$r#&i'ers.

=. MOBILE COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGEB

Li0e an+ #)her )e"hn#l#g+ !#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n )## has a se) #(
%ni8%e )er!in#l#g+. A (e/ #()en s%e' #nes are gi&en *el#/B

1LMN ; 1%*li" Lan' M#*ile Ne)/#r0. A 1LMN is )he ne)/#r0 se) %$ *+ a
"ell%lar li"ensee in his li"ense' area. Ea"h ne)/#r0 #( ea"h #( )he
li"ensees in a lin"ense' area is "#nsi'ere' )# *e a se$ara)e 1LMN.
Th%s as $er )he ne/ li"ensing $#li"+ #( G#&ern!en) #( In'ia )here /ill
a !a9i!%! #( 3 1LMNs in ea"h #( )he li"ense' area. A li"ense' area
)+$i"all+ is "#)er!in%s /i)h a )ele"#! "ir"le. In In'ia )here are 57
$ri&a)e 1LMNs /#r0ing an' an#)her -- 1LMNs are la%n"he' *+ BSNL
an' )/# *+ MTNL.

HOME 1LMN ; E&er+ !#*ile "%s)#!er has )# regis)er hi!sel( /i)h a
ser&i"e $r#&i'er in a li"ense' area. The 1LMN /i)h /hi"h he regis)ers
is 0n#/n as his H#!e 1LMN >H1LMNA. All )he a'!inis)ra)i&e 'a)a #( his
s%*s"ri$)i#n /ill *e a&aila*le in )he H#!e 1LMN.

VISITED 1LMN ; When a !#*ile s%*s"ri*er en)ers a 1LMN area #)her
)han his H#!e 1LMN )hen he is sai' )# *e in )he area #( a Visi)e' 1LMN
>V1LMNA.

ROAMING ; Whene&er a "%s)#!er /i)h an in)en)i#n #( a&ailing ser&i"e
en)ers a Visi)e' 1LMN area )hen he is sai' )# R#a!ing.

HANDOVER #r HANDOFF ; This is )he $r#"ess #( !ain)aining an
es)a*lishe' "all /hen )he "%s)#!er !#&es (r#! #ne ra'i# )rans!i))er ?
re"ei&er area )# an#)her. This $r#"ess in&#l&es re;r#%)ing )he
"%s)#!erCs "#!!%ni"a)i#n $a)h )hr#%gh a 'i((eren) area )# a&#i'
'r#$$ing #( "all an' ? #r 'e)eri#ra)i#n #( 8%ali)+.

CELL ; The area ser&e' *+ a ra'i# )rans!i))er?re"ei&er s)a)i#n. The
ra'i# signal e!ana)e' *+ )he )rans!i))er is e9$e")e' )# *e "#n(ine'
/i)hin )he *#%n'aries #( )he "ell.

LOCATION AREA ; An area "#&ere' *+ #ne #r !#re ra'i#
)rans!i))er?re"ei&er s)a)i#ns %se' *+ )he s+s)e! )# 0ee$ )ra"0 #( )he
%ser l#"a)i#n (#r $aging hi! #n an in"#!ing "all.

3. CELLULAR 1RINCI1LEB

The "en)ral "#n"e$) )ha) !a'e !#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n as a %sa*le
"#!!er"ial $r#$#si)i#n is )he "ell%lar $rin"i$le. BELL La*#ra)#ries US
in ,26. (irs) in)r#'%"e' "ell%lar $rin"i$leUn'er "ell%lar "#n"e$) )he
ser&i"e area is 'i&i'e' in)# a n%!*er #( CLUSTERS ea"h "l%s)er
"#nsis)ing #( a n%!*er #( CELLS an' ea"h "ell is assigne' as !an+
CARRIERS as re8%ire' *+ )he )ra((i" in )ha) "ell. There is a #ne;)#;#ne
"#rres$#n'en"e *e)/een )he "ells in ea"h #( )he "l%s)ers )ha) )hese
"ells %se )he sa!e "arrier (re8%en"ies.

Sin"e )he (re8%en"+ %se' *eing )he sa!e )he $rin"i$le #( (re8%en"+
re%se 'e!an's )ha) )he in)er(eren"e *e)/een )he! /hen ser&ing
'i((eren) "ells an' )here(#re 'i((eren) "%s)#!ers sh#%l' *e 0e$) /i)hin
$er!issi*le li!i)s. Fig%re;- *el#/ sh#/s )he "l%s)er an' (re8%en"+ re;
%se.

Fig%re;- sh#/s a 6;CELL re%se $a))ern. The 6 "ells sh#/n as se&en
'i((eren) he9ag#ns )ha) are )agge' in "#n)ig%i)+ are "alle' a "l%s)er.
The "l%s)er "an *e re$ea)e' an+ n%!*er #( )i!es )# $r#&i'e "#&erage
(#r )he ser&i"e area %sing )he &er+ sa!e (re8%en"ies F,;F6. This is
"alle' a 6;CELL "l%s)er. There are 'i((eren) )+$es #( re%se $a))ern ea"h
g#&erne' *+ in)er(eren"e an' "a$a"i)+ re8%ire!en)s #( in'i&i'%al
s+s)e!s.



The "l%s)er is re$ea)e' in s%"h a !anner )ha) )he 'is)an"e *e)/een )he
"ells %sing )he sa!e (re8%en"+ is 0e$) as (ar as $#ssi*le. I!$li"i) in
)his arrange!en) is )ha) )he signal s)reng)h e!ana)ing (r#! a "ell is s#
engineere' )ha) i) /ill *e "#n(ine' /i)hin )he 'esigna)e' area #( )ha)
"ell an' )ha) i)s in)er(eren"e /i)h )he "ells %sing )he sa!e (re8%en"+ in
)he #)her "l%s)ers /ill *e /i)hin $res"ri*e' li!i)s s# as n#) )# in)er(ere
/i)h )he "#!!%ni"a)i#n #( )h#se "ells. This re%se #( (re8%en"+ /ill
re!#&e )he res)ri")i#ns i!$#se' *+ )he li!i)e' *an'/i')h #n )he
"a$a"i)+ #( )he s+s)e!. There are se&eral in)er(eren"e re'%")i#n
)e"hni8%es )ha) hel$ i!$r#&e )he s+s)e! "a$a"i)+ an' $er(#r!an"e.

The n%!*er #( RF Channels in ea"h "ell is 'e"i'e' #n )he *asis #( )he
)ra((i" l#a' )ha) is e9$e")e' )# *e han'le' in )he area ser&e' *+ )he
"ell. BSNL has *een all#))e' =, (re8%en"ies ea"h 'esigne' )# han'le 7
si!%l)ane#%s "all )#)aling )# <%s) -37 &#i"e?'a)a "hannels. I) is )he
"ell%lar "#n"e$) )ha) ena*les %s )# *%il' a ne)/#r0 #( !illi#ns #(
s%*s"ri*ers /i)h )hese !eager -37 "hannels.

5. OBFECTIVES OF GSM SESTEMB

Oe #( )he i!$#r)an) #*<e")i&es #( GSM gr#%$ is )# e&#l&e a %ni(ie'
s)an'ar' )# $r#&i'e sea!less r#a!ing a"r#ss E%r#$e. An#)her
lan'!ar0 'e"isi#n )a0en *+ )he gr#%$ is )# s)an'ar'iDe a 'igi)al ra'i#
in)er(a"e (#r )he "#!!%ni"a)i#n *e)/een )he !#*ile han'se) an' )he
ra'i# )rans!i))er ? re"ei&er. The 'esign #*<e")i&es #( )he GSM s+s)e!
"an *e *rie(l+ s)a)es as *el#/B

E9"ellen) s$ee"h 8%ali)+
High se"%ri)+ an' $ri&a"+
L#/ !#'%le )er!inal "#s)
L#/ ser&i"e an' (a"ili)ies "#s)
Design #( slee0 an' han'le' !#*ile )er!inals
In)erna)i#nal r#a!ing
Wi'e range #( ser&i"es an' (a"ili)ies
A*ili)+ )# a'#$) )# ne/ an' inn#&a)i&e (ea)%res
Narr#/*an' ISDN "#!$a)i*ili)+
Digi)al Ra'i#
High S$e")ral e((i"ien"+

The 'igi)al ra'i# %ses )he 2..?,7.. MHD *an'. The !#*ile )er!inal
&ar+ in $#/er "lass -. /a))s )# as l#/ as ..7 /a))s. A GSM "ell "an
"#&er a !a9i!%! 'is)an"e #( %$ )# =. K!s. The s+s)e! "an $r#&i'e
ser&i"e )# !#*ile "%s)#!ers )ra&eling %$ )# a !a9i!%! s$ee' #( -5.
K!?hr.

4. GSM NETWORK ELEMENTS AND ARCHITECTUREB

M#*ile S)a)i#n >MSA
Base S)a)i#n S%*s+s)e! >BSSA
Ne)/#r0 S/i)"hing S%*s+s)e! >NSSA
O$era)i#n an' Main)enan"e S%*s+s)e! >OMSA
Enhan"e' Ser&i"es S%*s+s)e! >ESSA
Billing an' C%s)#!er Care S+s)e! >BGCCSA

MOBILE STATION >MSA B

M#*ile S)a)i#n in (a") "#nsis)s #( )/# 'is)in") en)i)ies. The+ areB

M#*ile Ter!inal #r E8%i$!en) >MTA
S%*s"ri*er I'en)i)+ M#'%le >SIMA Car'





The !#*ile )er!inal is )he a")%al har'/are an' is al!#s) an#n+!#%s.
M#i*ile e8%i$!en) is *eing !an%(a")%re' *+ a n%!*er #( &en'#rs an' a
n%!*er #( !a0e an' !#'els are a&aila*le in )he !ar0e). Ea"h MT is
i'en)i(ie' *+ a n%!*er e!*e''e' in i) *+ )he !an%(a")%rer "alle'
In)erna)i#nal M#*ile E8%i$!en) I'en)i)+ >IMEIA. IMEI is %se(%l )# l#"a)e
)h#se !#*ile $h#nes)ha) are re$#r)e' s)#len an' als# )h#se
!an%(a")%re' /i)h#%) $r#$er a$$r#&al. IMEI is als# %se(%l )# r#%)e
"alls (r#! MTs /i)h#%) SIM )# e!ergen"+ ser&i"es. M#*ile )er!inals
are 'is)ing%ishe' !ainl+ *+ )heir $#/er "lass an' a$$li"a)i#n.

The SIM "ar' is gi&en *+ )he ser&i"e $r#&i'er >1LMN O$era)#rA /hen a
"%s)#!er enr#lls hi!sel( as a s%*s"ri*er #( )ha) 1LMN. SIM !a0es )he
MT #$era)i#nal an' $r#&i'es )he s%*s"ri*er a""ess )# all his s%*s"ri*e'
ser&i"es. The s%*s"ri*er in(#r!a)i#n an' $r#&i'es $ers#nal !#*ili)+.
Ea"h SIM is i'en)i(ie' *+ a %ni8%e i'en)i(ier "alle' In)erna)i#nal M#*ile
S%*s"ri*er I'en)i)+ >IMSIA. The SIM h#l's s%"h &i)al in(#r!a)i#n s%"h
as A%)hen)i"a)i#n Ke+ &ari#%s alg#ri)h!s Ci$her Ke+ e)" )# ens%re
se"%ri)+ #( )he s%*s"ri$)i#n an' $ri&a"+ #( )he "#n&ersa)i#n.

Si"ne sIM is s%"h an i!$#r)an) ele!en) #( )he $ers#nal s%*s"ri$)i#n
an' "an *e %se' in "#n<%n")i#n /i)h an+ MT i) "an *e $r#)e")e' /i)h a
$ass/#r' #( 3 )# 7 'igi)s l#ng )# $re&en) !is%ase. Wr#ng en)r+ #( )he
$ass/#r' "#nse"%)i&el+ (#r = )i!es /#%l' *l#"0 )he SIM "ar's are
"lassi(ie' #n )he *asis #( )heir #$era)ing &#l)age an' )he "a$a"i)+ #(
)he Ran'#! A""ess Me!#r+ >RAMA.

BASE STATION SEBSESTEM >BSSAB

Base S)a)i#n s%*s+s)e! "#nne")s )he MS )# )he res) #( )he ne)/#r0
ele!en)s in )he 1LMN. I) $r#&i'es all )he 'igi)al ra'i# in)er(a"e
(%n")i#ns. BSS "#!$rises #( )hree $ar)sB

Base )rans"ei&er S)a)i#n >BTSA
Base S)a)i#n C#n)r#ller >BSCA
Trans"#'ing an' Ra)e A'#$)i#n Uni) >HCDR?TRAUA

Base )rans"ei&er S)a)i#n >BTSA B BTS h#%ses )he ra'i# )ransei&ers )ha)
'e(ine a "ell. I) )rans!i)s )# an' re"ei&es signals (r#! )he MS. I)
han'les )he ra'i#;lin0 $r#)#"#ls /i)h )he M#*ile S)a)i#n (#r "all an'
!#*ili)+ rela)e' a")i&i)ies #n #ne si'e an' /i)h )he BSC #n )he #)her
si'e. Ea"h BTS "an s%$$#r) a n%!*er #( )rans"ei&ers 'e$en'ing #n )he
"a$a"i)+ #( s%*s"ri*ers in )he "ell. The BTS nee's )# *e r%gge'
relia*le an' $#r)a*le )# ens%re relia*le ser&i"e an' "#&erage.

The Base S)a)i#n C#n)r#ller >BSCA !anages )he ra'i# res#%r"es #( #ne
#r a gr#%$ #( BTSs. BSC han'les ra'i# "hannel se)%$ $er(#r!an"e
i!$r#&e!en) )e"hni8%es s%"h as "#n)r#l #( )he RF $#/er le&els e)" an'
han'#&ers. I) es)a*lishes "#nne")i#n *e)/een )he !#*ile s)a)i#n an'
)he MSC.

Trans"#'ing an' Ra)e a'#$)i#n Uni) >DCDR?TRAUA "#n&er)s )he
)rans!issi#n ra)e #n )he lan' line )# )ha) "#!$a)i*le (#r )rans!issi#n
#&er )he 'igi)al ra'i# )# an' (r#! )he MS.

NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSESTEM >NSSAB

NSS !anages )he "#!!%ni"a)i#n a!#ng )he !#*ile %sers #( )he sa!e
1LMN an' als# /i)h #)her 1LMN?1STN %sers. I) $r#&i'es all )he
(%n")i#nali)+ nee'e' )# han'le a !#*ile s%*s"ri*er s%"h asB

Regis)ra)i#n
A%)hen)i"a)i#n an' se"%ri)+
L#"a)i#n %$'a)ing
Han'#&ers an'
R#%)ing )# r#a!ing s%*s"ri*ers

The "en)ral "#!$#nen) in )he NSS is )he M#*ile S/i)"hing Cen)re >MSCA
)ha) $er(#r!s all )he s/i)"hing (%n")i#ns #( )he ne)/#r0. Th#se MSCs
)ha) in)er(a"e /i)h #)her ne)/#r0s are "alle' Ga)e/a+ MSC >GMSCA.
MSC realiDes )he a*#&e (%n")i#ns in "#n<%n")i#n /i)h (#%r in)elligen)
'a)a*ases "alle'B

H#!e L#"a)i#n Regis)er >HLRA
Visi)#r L#"a)i#n Regis)er >VLRA
A%)hen)i"a)i#n Cen)re >A%CA an'
E8%i$!en) I'en)i)+ Regis)er >EIRA

HLR "#n)ains )he a'!inis)ra)i&e in(#r!a)i#n #( ea"h #( )he s%*s"ri*er
regis)ere' in )he ne)/#r0 an' is )he $er!anen) "#$+ #( )he s%*s"ri*er
'a)a. L#gi"all+ )here /ill *e #ne HLR $er 1LMN i!$le!en)e' as a
"en)raliDe' #r 'is)ri*%)e' 'a)a*ase. HLR !a$s ea"h IMSI /i)h a %ni8%e
!#*ile $h#ne n%!*er "alle' M#*ile S%*s"ri*er ISDN >MSISDNA. This is
)he n%!*er 'iale' *+ #)hers )# a""ess )he !#*ile "%s)#!er. HLR als#
h#l's !#s) #( )he in(#r!a)i#n hel' *+ )he SIM an' als# !#re
i!$#r)an)l+ "#n)ains )he $#in)er )# )he "%rren) l#"a)i#n #( )he !#*ile
"%s)#!er in #r'er )# gain a""ess )# hi! #n an in"#!ing "all.

Ea"h MSC has a VLR )# h#l's )he 'a)a rele&an) (#r han'ling "alls (r#!
an' )# )he MSs )ha) are "%rren)l+ l#"a)e' in i)s area.. The rele&an) 'a)a
is '#/nl#a'e' (r#! )he h#!e HLR /hen )he !#*ile s%*s"ri*er s/i)"hes
#n )he !#*ile han'se) in )he area #( )he &isi)e' MSC )here*+ ini)ia)ing
)he $r#"ess #( regis)ra)i#n. VLR h#l's )he e9a") l#"a)i#n #( )he MS an'
0ee$s #n %$'a)ing )he l#"a)i#n as )he !#*ile !#&e a"r#ss i)s
<%ris'i")i#n.

A%)hen)i"a)i#n Cen)re is a $r#)e")e' 'a)a*ase %se' (#r se"%ri)+
$%r$#ses. I) is "#nsi'ere' as $ar) #( HLR an' $r#&i'es all )he
$ara!e)ers nee'e' (#r a%)hen)i"a)i#n #( )he s%*s"ri*er an' en"r+$)i#n
#( &#i"e?'a)a #&er ra'i# "hannel.

E8%i$!en) I'en)i)+ Regis)er is a 'a)a*ase )ha) "#n)ains a lis) #( all
&ali' !#*ile e8%i$!en) in )he ne)/#r0. I) genera)es Vali' S%s$e") G
Fra%'%len) lis)s >als# "alle' /hi)e lis) gre+ lis) an' *la"0 lis)A #( M#*ile
Hn'se)s )hr#%gh )he %se #( In)erna)i#nal M#*ile E8%i$!en) I'en)i)+
>IMEIA. I) (#r*i' "alls (r#! %na%)h#riDe' !#*ile )er!inals >n#n;s)an'ar'
an' s)#len )er!inalsA.

O1ERATION AND MAINTENANCE SUBSESTEM >OMSAB

OMS is %se' )# "#n(ig%re "#n)r#l an' !#ni)#r )he GSM ne)/#r0. I)
"#!$rises #( )/# $ar)sB

O$era)i#n an' Main)enan"e Cen)re ; S/i)"h
O$era)i#n an' Main)enan"e Cen)re ; Ra'i#

While OMC;S is %se' in "#n<%n")i#n /i)h )he NSS OMCs;R is %se' in
"#n%n")i#n /i)h )he BSS. The OMC;R "#n)r#ls )he )ra((i" l#a' #n )he
&ari#%s "ells an' $er(#r!s a%)#!a)i" re"#n(ig%ra)i#n #( )he
)rans"ei&ers )# "#$e /i)h )he (l%")%a)i#n #( )ra((i" l#a' "a%se' '%e )#
)he !#*ili)+ #( )he "%s)#!ers.

The OMCs als# $r#&i'e )ra((i" 'a)a !eas%re!en)s re$#r)ing an'
anal+sis. OMCs als# s)#re all )he 'a)a an' s#()/are (#r )he ne)/#r0
ele!en)s an' $er(#r! as )he "en)ral !ain)enan"e "#n)r#l $#in) (#r all
)he ne)/#r0 ele!en)s.

ENHANCED SERVICES SUBSESTEM >ESSAB

The ESS in"l%'es s%"h ele!en)s as Uni(ie' Messaging S+s)e! >UMSA
Wireless A$$li"a)i#n 1r#)#"#l >WA1A S+s)e! In)erlligen) Ne)/#r0 >INA
s+s)e! C#n)en) an' L#"a)i#n Base' Ser&i"es >CGLBSA s+s)e! e)".

The Uni(ie' Messaging S+s)e! $r#&i'es a &arie)+ #( &#i"e an' 'a)a
ser&i"es s%"h asB

V#i"e Mail
Fa9 Mail
E;Mail
Vis%al Mail
Sh#r) Message Ser&i"e >SMSA

All )he a*#&e ser&i"es "an *e s%*s"ri*e' *+ )he "%s)#!er an' "an *e
$r#&i'e' (r#! a single $la)(#r!.

The WA1 s+s)e! all#/s /ireless a""ess )# In)erne) si)es )ha) are
ena*le' (#r "%s)#!iDe' a""ess (r#! !#*ile han'se)s. Th%s a "%s)#!er
#n !#&e "an s%r( )he /e* (r#! his WA1 ena*le' han'se) )hr#%gh )he
WA1 ga)e/a+. The WA1 s+s)e! als# !anages )ele$h#n+ e&en)s s%"h as
in"#!ing "all e)" /hen a s%*s"ri*er "#nne")e' )# )he In)erne).

In)elligen) Ne)/#r0 s+s)e! $r#&i'es a h#s) #( &al%e a''e' (ea)%res an'
ser&i"es s%"h asB

1re;$ai' ser&i"e >11SA
Free 1h#ne Ser&i"e >F1HA
1re!i%! Ra)e Ser&i"es >1RMA
M#*ile Vir)%al 1ri&a)e Ne)/#r0 >MV1NA
Uni&ersal A""ess N%!*er >UANA e)"

The $re;$ai' ser&i"e $r#&i'e' )hr#%gh IN s+s)e! in "#n<%n")i#n /i)h
V#%"her Manage!en) S+s)e! >VMSA an' O&er;)he;Air Charging >OTACA
s+s)e! "an $r#&i'e na)i#nal an' in)erna)i#nal r#a!ing an' re"harging
)hr#%gh a &arie)+ #( $a+!en) ins)r%!en)s s%"h as Cre'i)?De*i) "ar'
ECS e)". I) "an als# s%$$#r) a n%!*er #( )ari(( an' $r#!#)i#nal $lans
)ha) "an *e "h#sen *+ )he "%s)#!er hi!sel(?hersel(.

C#n)en) an' L#"a)i#n Base' Ser&i"es "an #((er a &arie)+ #( 1USH an'
1ULL ser&i"es ranging (r#! a'&ising )he "%s)#!er #( )he 'is"#%n)s
*eing #((ere' in )he sh#$s near his "%rren) Il#"a)i#nC )# &eri(i"a)i#n #(
(ligh) 'e)ails e)".

BILLING AND CUSTOMER CARE SESTEM >BGCCSAB

Billing an' C%s)#!er Care S+s)e! is res$#nsi*le (#r #*)aining )he "all
'e)ails #( ea"h #( )he "%s)#!ers (r#! )he H1LMN as /ell as (r#! all )he
V1LMNs (#r raising )he in&#i"e. BGCCS in"#r$#ra)es a $#/er(%l an'
(le9i*le ra)ing engine )ha) /#%l' ena*le )he ser&i"e $r#&i'er )# #((er
inn#&a)i&e an' "#!$e)i)i&e )ari(( $a"0ages.

The C%s)#!er Care !#'%le in"l%'es an a%)#!a)i" Ser&i"e 1r#&isi#ning
M#'%le )ha) /ill a")i&a)e ? 'ea")i&a)e a "%s)#!er a""#%n) (r#! a
C%s)#!er Care )er!inal /i)h#%) )he nee' (#r an+ !an%al in)er&en)i#n.
The CC !#'%le als# /#%l' han'le )he Tr#%*le Ti"0e)s genera)e' #n
(a%l)s re$#r)e' *+ )he "%s)#!er an' r#%)es s%"h )i"0e)s a%)#!a)i"all+
)# a$$r#$ria)e )er!inal (#r a")i#n.

The BGCCS als# in"#r$#ra)es a s#$his)i"a)e' 1rin)ing S%*s+s)e! (#r
'is)ri*%)e' $rin)ing #( )he "%s)#!er in&#i"es.

6. 1ERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT TECHNI:UESB
GSM S+s)e! in"#r$#ra)es a n%!*er #( $er(#r!an"e enhan"e!en)
)e"hni8%es )# ens%re e9"ellen) 8%ali)+ #( ser&i"e %n'er 'i((eren) l#a'
an' )rans!issi#n en&ir#n!en). S#!e #( )he i!$#r)an) )e"hni8%es as
gi&en *el#/B

Dis"#n)in%#%s Trans!issi#n >DTHA
Dis"#n)in%#%s Re"e$)i#n >RTHA
Fre8%en"+ H#$$ing >FHA
1#/er C#n)r#l >1CA

Dis"#n)in%#%s Trans!issi#n >DTHA is a )e"hni8%e )ha) i!$r#&es )he
$er(#r!an"e #( )he s+s)e! (r#! )he $#in) #( &ie/ #( 8%ali)+ as /ell as
"a$a"i)+. The "#n"e$) #( DTH is *ase' #n )he (a") )ha) s$ee"h a")i&i)+
in an+ &#i"e "#nne")i#n e9is)s #nl+ (r# 3.J #( )i!e. Res) #( )he 4.J
)i!e )he "hannel "arries Ksilen"eL. DTH a))e!$)s )# 'e;assign )he
"hannels (r#! an a")i&e "#nne")i#n '%ring s%"h Ksilen"eL $eri#' an'
assigns )he! )# nee'+ s%*s"ri*ers. S$ee"h "hannels are reassigne' )#
)he s%*s"ri*ers )he !#!en) )he+ res%!e )he s$ee"h a")i&i)+. Th%s a
gi&en n%!*er #( &#i"e "hannels "an *e %se' )# "a)er )# !#re n%!*er #(
si!%l)ane#%s "#n&ersa)i#ns res%l)ing in in"rease' "a$a"i)+ #( )he
s+s)e!. DTH h#/e&er /#%l' nee' a !e"hanis! )# 'e)e") V#i"e
a")i&i)+ /i)h $re"isi#n. Fail%re )# 'is"ri!ina)e *e)/een &#i"e a")i&i)+
an' *a"0gr#%n' n#ise /#%l' res%l) in ann#+ing "li"0s an' /#%l' ren'er
)he DTH ine((i"ien). I) is als# re8%ire' )# genera)e C#!(#r) N#ise a)
re"ei&er )# a&#i' )he (eeling #( )he #rigina)ing se) *eing 'ea'.

DTH "an als# *e %se' a !e"hanis! )# i!$r#&e )he 8%ali)+ #( )he
"#nne")i#n *+ "#n)r#lling )he K"r#/'L in )he air. The in)er(eren"e in RF
"hannels in"rease /i)h )he )ra((i" l#a' an' DTH %n'er s%"h si)%a)i#n
*rings '#/n )he l#a' #n )he RF )here*+ i!$r#&ing )he 8%ali)+ #( )he
"#nne")i#n. Sin"e signal )rans!issi#n is a&#i'e' '%ring ina")i&e
$eri#' DTH als# sa&es )he *a))er+ $#/er in )he !#*ile han'se).

Li0e DTH Dis"#n)in%#%s Re"e$)i#n >RTHA is an#)her )e"hni8%e %se' )#
"#nser&e !#*ile s)a)i#nCs *a))er+ $#/er. This is a"hie&e' *+ assigning
s$e"i(i" )i!e sl#) )# ea"h !#*ile s)a)i#n )# /a)"h (#r $aging #n
in"#!ing "all. The MS lis)en )# )he $aging "hannel '%ring )he s$e"i(ie'
)i!e sl#) #nl+ an' g# )# slee$ %n)il )he #""%rren"e #( ne9) )i!e sl#).
Th%s *e)/een )/# )i!e sl#)s )he MS "#ns%!es &er+ li))le $#/er as i)
re!ains in slee$ !#'e '%ring )he in)er&ening $eri#'.

Fre8%en"+ H#$$ing >FHA is a )e"hni8%e )# ran'#!iDe )he in)er(eren"e
a"r#ss )he a")i&e !#*iles *+ "#ns)an)l+ "hanging RF "hannel (#r ea"h
#( )he "#nne")i#n '%ring )he "#n&ersa)i#n. This /ill $re&en) a
in)er(eren"e $r#ne RF "hannel *eing assigne' )# a "%s)#!er (#r )he
/h#le $eri#' #( his "#nne")i#n )here*+ in"reasing )he 8%ali)+ #( )he
s$ee"h.

1#/er C#n)r#l >1CA is an#)her $er(#r!an"e enhan"e )e"hni8%es ai!e'
a) *#)h sa&ing )he $#/er #( )he *a))er+ in )he MS as /ell as )# reg%la)e
)he $#/er )rans!i))e' in )he air )# le&els <%s) s%((i"ien) )# ens%re
a$$r#$ria)e s$ee"h 8%ali)+. The BTS $er(#r!s )he !eas%re!en) #( )he
$#/er le&el #( ea"h MS an' sen's 1#/er "#n)r#l "#!!an's )# a'<%s)
)he )rans!i) $#/er le&el #( ea"h !#*ile s)a)i#n s# as )# ens%re )ha)
BTS re"ei&es signals #( <%s) )he righ) $#/er.

There are a n%!*er #( #)her $er(#r!an"e an' "a$a"i)+ i!$r#&e!en)
)e"hni#8%es )ha) are 8%i)e "#!$li"a)e' an' are *e+#n' )he s"#$e #(
)his ar)i"le.

MOBILE CALL SETU1B
The se))ing %$ #( a !#*ile "all in&#l&es e9"hange #( a n%!*er #(
!essages *e)/een )he &ari#%s ne)/#r0 ele!en)s in )he s+s)e!. A
highl+ si!$li(ie' se8%en"e is gi&en *el#/ <%s) )# a$$re"ia)e )he $r#"ess
in&#l&e' in se))ing %$ a !#*ile "all. The e9a!$le 'eals /i)h )/#
si)%a)i#nsB
Ter!ina)ing "all /hen )he MS is in )he H1LMN
Ter!ina)ing "all /hen )he MS is r#a!ing

Fig%re;3 'e$i")s )he 'i((eren) ne)/#r0 ele!en)s in&#l&e' in )he "all se)
%$. The "all se) %$ *r#a'l+ in&#l&es )he (#ll#/ing s)e$sB

The 1STN s%*s"ri*er 'ials )he MSISDN >M#*ile )ele$h#ne n%!*erA
The "all is r#%)e' *+ )he 1STN ne)/#r0 )# )he GMSC #( )he H1LMN
#( )he 'iale' !#*ile s%*s"ri*er.

The GMSC in)err#ga)es )he HLR (#r &eri(i"a)i#n #( )he a""ess
$ri&ileges?ser&i"e $r#(ile an' (#r #*)aining )he l#"a)i#n 'e)ails i(
)he "all is $er!i))e'.
HLR 'ire")s )he "all )# )he VLR #( )he MSC area in /hi"h )he
!#*ile "%s)#!er is "%rren)l+ l#"a)e'.
MSC in)err#ga)es )he VLR )# #*)ain )he e9a") l#"a)i#n #( )he MS.
VLR $r#&i'es )he LAC >L#"a)i#n Area C#'eA )# )he MSC.
MSC )ransla)es )he LAC "#'e in)# BTS i'en)i)ies.
BSS $ages all )he BTSs i'en)i(ie' *+ )he MSC /i)hin /hi"h )he MS
is l#"a)e' %sing IMSI.
MS res$#n's )# )he $aging.
Call is "#nne")e'.
In "ase #( a r#a!ing "all )he MS /ill *e l#"a)e' in a V1LMN. In
s%"h "ase )he (#ll#/ing a''i)i#nal s)e$s /#%l' *e in&#l&e'.
On regis)ra)i#n /i)h )he V1LMN )he HLR /ill $la"e a $#in)er in
)he 'a)a*ase (#r )he MS in'i"a)ing )he "%rren) VLR a''ress.
On in)err#ga)i#n *+ )he GMSC #( )he H1LMN )he HLR /ill in )%rn
in)err#ga)e )he VLR #( )he V1LMN %sing )he alrea'+ s)#re'
$#in)er.
The VLR in )he V1LMN /ill assign a R#a!ing N%!*er "alle' MSRN
)# ena*le )he H1LMN )# r#%)e )he "all )# )he V1LMN.
Using )he MSRN "all is r#%)e' *a"0 (r#! )he H1LMN )# )he V1LMN
an' )he VMSC in)err#ga)es )he VLR.
N#/ )he VLR $r#&i'es )he LAC an' "all $r#"ee's e9a")l+ in )he
sa!e !anner as (#r )he "all in H1LMN.

2. CONCLUSIONB
GSM is a -
n'
genera)i#n !#*ile "#!!%ni"a)i#n s+s)e!s. The 'a)a
)rans!issi#n s$ee' #( GSM /as #nl+ 2.4 K*$s an' )his s$ee' is
"#nsi'ere' )# *e )## ina'e8%a)e (#r !an+ a$$li"a)i#ns. The 'a)a s$ee'
#( GSM "an *e in"rease' )# ,6,.- K*$s %sing G1RS an' )# =73 K*$s
%sing EDGE. =G s+s)e! /hi"h is alrea'+ #$era)i#nal in Fa$an is
"a$a*le #( 'eli&ering *an'/i')h #( %$ )# - M*$s )# !#*ile )er!inal.
C#n&ergen"e #( M#*ile an' In)erne) is #$ening %$ ne/ &is)as an'
!#*ili)+ /#%l' *e )he ne/es) ingre'ien) in )he "#n&erge' IT era.