THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENT DYNAMIC ON

Cohlodhinium polykrikoides
ABUNDANCES IN SEPANGAR, LIKAS AND
GAYA BAYS, SABAH

ENCIK WELIYADI ANWAR
BORNEO MARINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
2010
THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL CHANGES
ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF SEAWATER IN SEPANGAR
AND GAYA BAYS, SABAH

TAMRIN TOHA
THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
BORNEO MARINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
2008
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the materials in this thesis are my own except for
quotations, excerpts, equations, summaries and references, which have
been duly acknowledged.
18
th
March !!8 """"""""""""""""""""""""
#$M%I& #'($
)*!+,!!-,!!8 .$/
ii
CERTIFICATION
#I#01 2 THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL CHANGES ON
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
SEAWATER IN SEPANGAR AND GAYA BAYS,
SABAH
314%11 2 MASTER OF SCIENCE
5I5$ 3$#1 2 18
th
M!"h 2008
DECLARED BY
SUPERVISOR
#D!$ Shh%&'() S'*
*ignature
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
)raises and gratefulness to $llah *6#, the $lmighty, for giving me the
opportunity and strength to complete this study.
I would like to express my sincere grateful acknowledgement to my
supervisor, 3r. *hahbudin *aad for his invaluable suggestions, guidance
and encouragements throughout my study period.
My thank to 3r. (. $bdul 7abarsyah Ibrahim .%ector of 8orneo 9niversity/
for the assistantship and 3r. (. 7usuf *.:. .Ma;or of #arakan <ity, 1ast
:alimantan, Indonesia/ for giving me the scholarship to support my study. I
would like to express my gratitude to )rof. 3r. *aleem Mustafa, 3r. *itti
%aehanah Muhamad *haleh, as 3irector and 3eputy of 8orneo Marine
%esearch Institute respectively, )rof. 3r. %id=wan $bdul %ahman, 3irector
of <entre for %esearch Management and <onference .>ormer 3irector of
8orneo Marine %esearch Institute/, )rof. 3atin 3r. Maryati Mohamed, 3ean
of <entre for )ostgraduate *tudies and )rof. 3atuk 3r. Mohd. &oh 3alimin,
5ice,<hancellor, 9niversiti Malaysia *abah, for their encouragement and
assistance.
My sincere appreciation is also extended to 8orneo Marine %esearch
Institute for allowing me to use the equipment during my experiment in
the institute. I extend heartfelt thanks to 3r. 1;ria *aleh, 3r. *u;;at $l $=ad,
3r. Md. $=harul (oque and 3r. *aifullah $. 7aaman, Mr. $bentin 1stim, Mr.
7ulian, Mrs. %ossita *hapawi, Mr. Motinius 4untalib, Ismail #a;ul, Ms. *iti
8adriah, Mrs. %osliah, Mr. *uhaimi, Mr. Mukti, Mohd $sri, $sraf, $mi=am,
3r. &ora=ma, Mrs. $smi=ah, Ms. *o?a, Ms. 8obita, Ms. Madiha, Ms. 7oana,
Ms $imi, Ms. >arah, Ms. Marlena and all sta@ of 8orneo Marine %esearch
Institute for their co,operation.
$ppreciation is also extended to all 8M%I,9M* 8oat (ouse sta@, 9M*
(atchery sta@ and 9M* $quarium for their cooperation, &a= and 5ellon for
their help during collection of samples in *epangar and 4aya bays.
#hanks so much to my colleagues, Mr. 3arwis, Mr. 8acho 8ossa and Mr.
6elliyadi for all support and motivation to me till study completely. I also
gratitude to 3r. (am=ah Md. 'mar for correction of grammar for my draft
and 3r. %ashed and 3r. IA for assistance statistical analysis.
I wish to heartily express my gratitude to Ms. $udrey 3aning #u=an, Ms.
<hing >ui >ui and all the sta@s of >ish (atchery, 8orneo Marine %esearch
Institute for their assistance, to my friends, colleagues and well,wishers for
their valuable inputs directly or indirectly for the successful completion of
the thesis.
0ast but not the least, special note of thanks to my wife Murniyati &urdin,
my son Muhammad $rif and my daughter %e=kiyah &ura=mi for their love
and patience. My mother :alla bin 3abbi, my brothers Bahya, C. $bidin and
(aryanto. My )arents in law &urdin Mustafa and (;. %ukiah, my brothers
iv
and sisters in law #au?q, 3ayat, 3iana, 0aila, %ahmat, $li, :haidir and
%idwan for pray, encouragement, support and understanding.
ABSTRACT
THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL CHANGES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEAWATER IN SEPANGAR AND GAYA BAYS,
SABAH
A +t&', !-.!'(). the inDuence of seasonal changes on physico,
chemical characteristics of seawater /+ "0)'&"t-' () coastal area of
*epangar and 4aya 8ays, :ota :inabalu, *abah. Th- 0%1-"t(2-+ 03
+t&', /-!- t0 '-t-!4()- the physico,chemical characteristics of
seawater .temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, p(, total suspended
solid and nutrients/ )' the e@ect of seasonal changes and current 0)
the distribution of those parameters. S456(). /-!- "0)'&"t-' t eight
stations '&!(). inter monsoon .March , May/, *outhwest monsoon .7uly ,
*eptember/ and &ortheast monsoon .3ecember , >ebruary/ from !!E to
!!F. #emperature, 3', salinity and p( /-!- 4-+&!-' in,situ using
multiprobe sensor .(ydrolab surveyor -a/. <urrent 4-+&!-4-)t+ /-!-
!-"0!'-' &+(). current meter .$quadop &ortex/. #otal suspended solids
and nutrients .ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate/ /-!- 5-!30!4-'
&+(). *tandard method + +&..-+t-' %, $)($ and )arsons respectively.
Th- !-+&6t+ 03 +t&', +h0/-' tht salinity /-!- !).-' %-t/--)
G.-F H I-.F+ ppt /h("h "h(-2- (t+ 5-7 26&- '&!(). IM season due
to low precipitation, )(t!t- "0)"-)t!t(0)+ !).-' %-t/--) !.1+ H
!.-1 JgKl and achieve its peak value during *6 monsoon due to high
precipitation. 6hile, 3', p(, #**, &'

and )'
-
were found relative higher
during &1 monsoon compared to other season which in range from .!I H
1E.18 mgKl, E.+ H 8.F-, !.! H G8.! mgKl, !.!F H -E.-I JgKl and !.!- H
1+E.+ JgKl respectively. <urrent circulation at the study area was
inDuenced by local wind and tidal current. #otal suspended solid, seawater
temperature, ammonia and nitrite were higher during ebb current. #he p(,
nitrate,nitrogen and phosphate,phosphorus were higher during Dood
current. 6hereas, dissolved oxygen and salinity did not show signi?cant
di@erence during ebb current and Dood current.
:eywords 2 )hysico,chemical, seasonal, current, *epangar and 4aya 8ays.
v
ABSTRAK
Kajian mengenai pengaruh perubahan monson terhadap ciri-ciri fziko-
kimia air laut telah dijalankan di teluk Sepangar dan teluk Gaya, Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan ciri-ciri fziko-
kimia air laut seperti suhu, saliniti, oksigen terlarut, pH, jumlah sedimen
terampai dan nutrien dan kesan perubahan monson dan pengaruh arus
terhadap taburan parameter tersebut. Penyampelan telah dijalankan di
lapan stesen kajian pada monson peralihan !ac-!ei", !onson #arat $aya
%ulai-September" dan !onson &imur 'aut $isember-(ebruari". #acaan
suhu, saliniti, kepekatan oksigen terlarut dan pH telah diukur dengan
menggunakan hydrolab model Sur)eyor *a. Pengukuran arus telah
dilakukan dengan menggunakan +,uadopp model -orte.. !anakala
pepejal terampai dan nutrien dalam sampel air laut telah dianalisis
berpandukan masing-masing kaedah standad oleh +PH+ dan Parsons.
Hasil kajian menunjukkan baha/a saliniti berada dikisaran 01.*2 3 4*.25
ppt yang mana mencapai puncaknya semasa peralihan monson
disebabkan rendahnya air hujan, kadar nitrit berada antara 6.75 3 060.*7
8g9l dan mencapai puncak semasa !onson #arat $aya karena tingginya
air hujan. !anakala, $:, pH, sediment terampai, nitrit dan ;os;orus
ditemukan lebih tinggi semasa !onson &imur 'aut berbanding musim lain
yang mana masing-masing berada antara 0.64 3 7<.7= mg9l, <.5 3 =.2*,
6.06 3 01=.6 mg9l, 6.62 3 *<.*4 8g9l and 6.6* 3 75<.05 8g9l. +rus di
ka/asan kajian lebih dipengaruhi oleh ;aktor pasang surut. berbanding
perbezaan monson. %umlah sedimen terampai, suhu air laut, ammonia-
nitrogen dan nitrit-nitrogen menunjukkan lebih tinggi semasa arus surut.
pH, nitrate-nitrogen dan ;os;at-;os;orus lebih tinggi ketika arus pasang.
!anakala oksigen terlarut dan saliniti tidak menunjukkan adanya
pengaruh arus yang signifkan ketika arus pasang dan surut.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
)$41
TITTLE
i
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xv
LIST OF APPENDICES xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1. 'b;ectives -
1.I *igni?cance of the *tudy -
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW +
.1 <limate 5ariability and theirs 1@ect in <oastal
6ater
+
. )hysico,<hemical <haracteristics of *eawater F
.I &utrients in <oastal 1cosystem 1
.- 6ater Luality in <oastal 6ater 1F
.+ <urrent <irculation !
CHAPTER 8 STUDY AREA F
I.1 )hysical *etting F
I. 8athymetry G
I.I <limate I1
I.- 6ind *peed and 3irection I1
I.+ #emperature I-
I.E 1vaporation I-
CHAPTER 9 MATERIAL AND METHOD I+
-.1 *ampling *tations I+
-. *tudy )eriod IF
-.I >ield Measurement I8
-.I.1 3eployment of <urrent I8
-.I. Measurement of )hysico,<hemical
<haracteristics of *eawater
-!
vii
-.I.I *ampling and *torage -!
-.- 0aboratory )rocedures -
-.-.1 #otal *uspended *olid .#**/ -I
-.-. 3etermination of &utrients --
-.+ $nalysis and *tatistical $nalysis -E
CHAPTER : RESULT -8
+.1 )hysico,<hemical <haracteristics of *eawater -8
+.1.1 #emporal 5ariation of )hysico,<hemical
<haracteristics
-8
+.1. *patial 5ariation of )hysico,<hemical
<haracteristics
+-
+. &utrient F+
+..1 #emporal 5ariation of &utrients F+
+.. *patial 5ariation of &utrients FG
+..I %elationship between )hysico,<hemical
and
&utrients )arameters
81
+.I <urrent <irculation GF
+.I.1 *easonal 5ariation of <oastal <urrent in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
GF
+.I. <urrent )attern and 3istribution 1!!
CHAPTER ; DISCUSSION 1!E
E.1 )hysico,<hemical <haracteristics of *eawater
in *epangar and 4aya 8ays
1!E
E.1.1 *eawater #emperature 1!E
E.1. 3issolved 'xygen .3'/ 1!F
E.1.I *alinity 1!8
E.1.- p( 1!8
E.1.+ #otal *uspended *olid .#**/ 1!G
E. &utrients in *epangar and 4aya 8ays 111
E..1 $mmonia,&itrogen 111
E.. &itrite,&itrogen 11
E..I &itrate,&itrogen 11I
E..- )hosphate,)hosphorous 11-
E.I 1@ect of *easonal <hanges on )hysico,
<hemical in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
11+
E.- *urface <urrent and 3istribution of )hysico,
<hemical
in *epangar and 4aya 8ays
118
E.+ 0imitation of )resent *tudy 11G
CHAPTER < CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 11
F.1 <onclusion 11
F. %ecommendation for >uture *tudy 11
P REFERENCES 1I
APPENDICES 1IE
LIST OF TABLES
viii
)$4
1
#able .1 6ater quality data of the 4aya 8ay from 1G8G survey 11
#able . $pproximate concentration of the ma;or forms of
nitrogen in di@erent marine waters
1F
#able .I *eawater properties important in aquaculture water
quality management
!
#able -.1 4)* coordinate of sample stations in the study area I+
#able -. *ampling *chedule throughout the study period in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays, *abah
I8
#able -.I *ample preservation for nutrient analysis -1
#able -.- $nalytical methods used for measuring #** and
nutrients parameters in this study
-
#able +.1 *easonal variation of physico,chemical parameters of
seawater in *epangar and 4aya bays .Mean, M*3,
minimum and maximum/
-8
#able +. *patial variation of physico,chemical at di@erent layer
in *epangar and 4aya bays .Mean, M*3, minimum
and maximum/
+G
#able +.I *easonal variation of nutrients during IM season, *6
monsoon and &1 monsoon in *epangar and 4aya
bays .Mean, M*3, minimum and maximum/
F+
#able +.- *patial variation of nutrients in di@erent layer of
*epangar and 4aya bays .Mean, M*3, minimum and
maximum/
8I
#able +.+ )earson correlation for the average of monthly
physico,chemical parameters
GE
#able +.E *easonal variation of surface current velocity and
direction .Mean, M*3, minimum and maximum/ at
each sampling station in *epangar and 4aya bays

GG
#able E.1 <omparison of selected parameters from di@erent
water quality standards
11!
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
)$41
>igure .1 4eographical extent of the global surface monsoon in
the world
E
>igure . *chematic showing general sources of nutrients and
main routes of transport to coastal waters

1-
>igure .I %elationship of along,shore winds and coastal
upwelling and wind stress curl and
divergenceKconvergence of surface 1kman transport
o@shore of the primary upwelling =one
I
>igure .- #otal sea surface current circulation pattern on .a/ IM
season of $pril !!-, .b/ IM season of $pril !!+, .c/
IM season of 'ctober !!-, .d/ IM season of 'ctober
!!+, .e/ *6 monsoon !!-, .f/ *6 monsoon !!+,
.g/ &1 monsoon !!- and .h/ &1 monsoon !!+
E
>igure I.1 0ocation of the study area 8
>igure I. #ype of tidal indicating a pure semi,diurnal in
*epangar and 4aya bays
G
>igure I.I 8athymetry map of the study area I!
>igure I.- $verage monthly rainfall during 1GGF H !!E in :ota
:inabalu, *abah
I1
>igure I.+ 3irectional distribution of hourly averaged wind
during 1GG!,!!-
I
>igure I.E 6ind class frequency II
>igure I.F Monthly average of evaporation in :ota :inabalu
during 1GGF,!!E
I-
>igure -.1 *ampling station in the study area of *epangar and
4aya bays
IE
>igure -. Monthly average of rainfall during sampling period in
:ota :inabalu, *abah .!!E , !!F/
IF
>igure -.I #idal condition during sampling time IG
>igure -.- $quadopp and hydrolab used to measure current and
physico,chemical of seawater in the study area
-!
>igure -.+ <ollection sample using 5an 3orn &iskin bottle in -
x
study site
>igure +.1 *easonal variation of temperature from di@erent
station during IM season, *6 and &1 monsoons in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
+1
>igure +.2 *easonal variation of 3' from di@erent station during
IM season, *6 and &1 monsoons in *epangar and
4aya 8ays
+1
>igure +.I *easonal variation of salinity from di@erent station
during IM season, *6 and &1 monsoons in *epangar
and 4aya 8ays
+
>igure +.-2 %elationship between monthly rainfall, temperature
and salinity in the study area
+
>igure +.+ *easonal variation of p( from di@erent station during
IM season, *6 and &1 monsoons in *epangar and
4aya 8ays
+I
>igure +.E *easonal variation of #** from di@erent station
during IM season, *6 and &1 monsoons in *epangar
and 4aya 8ays
+I
>igure +.F *patial distribution of temperature during IM season
in *epangar and 4aya 8ays
E!
>igure +.82 *patial distribution of temperature during *6
monsoon in *epangar and 4aya 8ays
E1
>igure +.G *patial distribution of temperature during &1
monsoon in *epangar and 4aya 8ays
E
>igure +.1! *patial distribution of 3' during IM season in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
EI
>igure +.11 *patial distribution of 3' during *6 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
E-
>igure +.1 *patial distribution of 3' during &1 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
E+
>igure +.1I *patial distribution of salinity during IM season in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
EE
>igure +.1- *patial distribution of salinity during *6 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
EF
>igure +.1+ *patial distribution of salinity during &1 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
E8
xi
>igure +.1E *patial distribution of p( during IM *eason in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
EG
>igure +.1F *patial distribution of p( during *6 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
F!
>igure +.18 *patial distribution of p( during &1 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
F1
>igure +.1G *patial distribution of #** during IM *eason in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
F
>igure +.! *patial distribution of #** during *6 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
FI
>igure +.1 *patial distribution of #** during &1 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
F-
>igure +. *easonal variation of ammonia from di@erent station
during IM season, *6 and &1 monsoons in *epangar
and 4aya 8ays
FF
>igure +.I *easonal variation of nitrite from di@erent station
during IM season, *6 and &1 monsoons in *epangar
and 4aya 8ays
FF
>igure +.- *easonal variation of nitrate from di@erent station
during IM season, *6 and &1 monsoons in *epangar
and 4aya 8ays
F8
>igure +.+ *easonal variation of phosphate from di@erent station
during IM season, *6 and &1 monsoons in *epangar
and 4aya 8ays
F8
>igure +.E *patial distribution of ammonia during IM season in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
8-
>igure +.F *patial distribution of ammonia during *6 monsoon
in *epangar and 4aya 8ays
8+
>igure +.8 *patial distribution of ammonia during &1 monsoon
in *epangar and 4aya 8ays
8E
>igure +.G *patial distribution of nitrite during IM season in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays 8F
>igure +.I! *patial distribution of nitrite during *6 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
88
>igure +.I1 *patial distribution of nitrite during &1 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
8G
xii
>igure +.I *patial distribution of nitrate during IM season in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
G!
>igure +.II *patial distribution of nitrate during *6 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
G1
>igure +.I- *patial distribution of nitrate during &1 monsoon in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
G
>igure +.I+ *patial distribution of phosphate during IM season in
*epangar and 4aya 8ays
GI
>igure +.IE *patial distribution of phosphate during *6 monsoon
in *epangar and 4aya 8ays
G-
>igure +.IF *patial distribution of phosphate during &1 monsoon
in *epangar and 4aya 8ays
G+
>igure +.I8 <omparison of current velocity at each sampling
station during di@erent of monsoon.
G8
>igure +.IG *easonal 5ariation of surface current and direction
each station during study period in the study site
1!!
>igure +.-! %esidual current and plot of surface current on G
March and + May !!E during IM season in
*epangar and 4aya bays
1!
>igure +.-1 %esidual current and plot of surface current on F 7uly
and F *eptember !!E/ in *epangar and 4aya bays
1!I
>igure +.- %esidual current and plot of surface current on F
3ecember !!E .a/, 1E 7anuary !!F .b/ in *epangar
and 4aya bays
1!-
>igure +.-I %esidual current and plot of surface current on F
>ebruary !!F in *epangar and 4aya bays.
1!+
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
$&'5$ $nalysis of 5ariance
$)($ $merican )ublic (ealth $ssociation
$66$ $merican 6ater 6orks $ssociation
830 8elow detectable limit
8M%I 8orneo Marine %esearch Institute
<'

<arbon dioxide
3' 3issolved 'xygen
<41% <ommission on 4eosciences, 1nvironmental and
%esources
1)3 1nvironmental )rotection 3epartment
>$' >ood $ssociation 'rgani=ation
4)* 4lobal )osition *ystem
($8 (armful $lgal 8loom
IM Inter,monsoon
I#<C Inter,#ropical <onvergence Cone
&1 &ortheast
&(
I
,& $mmonia,&itrogen
&'

,& &itrite,&itrogen
&'
I
,& &itrate,&itrogen
p( hydrogen ion concentration
)'
-
,) )hosphate,)hosphorus
ppm )art per million
ppt )art per thousand
*3 *tandard 3eviation
*)** *tatistical )acket *ocial *cience
*6 *outhwest
#$& #otal $mmonia &itrogen
#3* #otal 3issolved *olid
#** #otal *uspended *olid
9M* 9niversiti Malaysia *abah
6)<> 6ashington )ress <lub >oundation
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF APPENDICES
N )ercent
O < 3egree <elsius
Jg &Kl Microgram &itrogen per liter
JgKl microgram per liter
JM micro molar
cm <entimeter
g 4ram
h (our
0 0iter
m Meter
M Molar
mKs meter per second
mg Milligram
mg )Kl milligram phosphate per liter
mgKl milligram per liter
ml Milliliter
& &ormality
& &itrogen
nm &anometer
) )hosphorus
5 5olume
xv
)$4
1
$ppendix $ )reparation of %eagent and *tandard *olution 1IE
$ppendix 8 <alibration %egression for 3etermination of &utrients 1IG
$ppendix < 'neway $&'5$ of )hysico,<hemical in 3i@erent
*eason
1-1
$ppendix 3 'neway $&'5$ of )hysico,<hemical in 3i@erent
*tation
1-I
$ppendix 1 &on )arametric #est for &utrients in 3i@erent *eason 1-E
$ppendix > &on )arametric #est for &utrients in 3i@erent *tation 1-F
xvi