CONTENTS

ItONS I
PREfAtE I;

1 AlGORITHMS C«JtI>Jg Op Progm""

2 FINITE AUTOMATA Tbr /J/ad. 8w: ,
3 nSTEMS Of lOGIC &SC!S

•
1k.;t)I""f/

n.. JlO"I~ Ca,/o Jlc'bod "

SlMUUTlO1i
5 ,"OOEl'S THfORlM Lfm,tton L08iC n "
• "
1 THE CHOMSKY IIIlIlARCH' f'mr,QI",PUI"", 42
I lU.NDOM NUMIlRS Thr ella;lIn KoI-.,oroITlJooor)' ..
 , 1'~IIGIlAM COFIRECTHUS I 'II/",,,,~ I)d'''!<}','''1l 56 31 HEAPS AND MERGES Th<' FMI"sl Sorl. ofJnrt.< 2~5

1D SEARCH TREES 'lhJo'rrSA{'w,t lI",,,te"''''cc 62 NP.COMPlETENESS TIN! "'al/of'mmCla!""I) 252

"12 EARllFl·CORAECTIHG COO£$

BOOLEAN lOGIC
I~,,,,rl'$from

t,:<prrJ</o". "',,' C".... /ls

$pita
7'5
70 "
39 NUMBER sYSTEMS fOR COMPIlTlNG
STOIlACl( BY KASHINCl
Cbf"e.e Arllhmetic
Tb<> K~J' "'N "'Id"'.... 264
258

13 REGULlA LANGUAGES I~mlpf"f! 11'0...-1. B4 " CELLULAR AUTOMATA TIHo Game ofUfe 211
14 TIME AND SPACE COMPl.UITY 71J<o 1#80 NollllM' a9 " COOf['S THEOREM a"d IloIIJ 2n

""
,\,,/0

15
16
TilE I\AHDOM ACCESS MACHINE It .. Aosua<t C"mpu,er
SPliNE CURVES ,f"".otblmc'PO/t>I,O'. IOJ
'J6

. SElf.ll(PI.ICATINC COMPIlTERS
STORING IMAGES A Cal '" a Qu"d Tru
Cr><fd 's MaaJl"~

2M
28]

17
18
COMPlJT£A VlSlOk
KARNAUGH MAPS
I'rJJ'lwd...1 ~u"n
C'...... II.lfI..''''i.;:otlon
108
111 ."
TltE SCflAM A
SIWlMOM'S THEORY
\''''P/t/t~d Compul~~

7lw £IIISI'~ Codl'J

29&
3M
19
20
21
MINIMUM SPAHNlNG fREES
GEItERATIVE GRAMfiU,RS
RECURSION
It FIUI AIIt'",,1mI

l/ntW""'..) .... 5),.,.....

Tk S'r'1" ....f run.. 139
126
III ..
"
ontCTlllG PRIMES Au AJROnlbm lbaIAt",""A'_)'" 11'0''''
UNI¥UlSAl TUAIMC MACHINES
TEXT COMPRESSlOM
CO"'PIII~"

Jill!","" C(J</'''R
as 1'rogro"'J
:l2D
3U
".
T"- of'''I....''''/),I,f)· ,~

"23 fAST MUU1P\JCATIOH Dttfd<>,mdCo"qUrT UT

"
",,-COMPlETE I'l1081EMS Trn

51 fTEllATIlIN AND N:CUFlSIOM 11» Toa-.; of 1/">101

li(lNll£T£RMllUl1ON tuto_ra IN. G.. ~,dr tS(
'"
" NEURAl. IfETS IlII.....IN ," .. &0;" lit
\I,,,,,"')'
52 VSU COMI'lITtIlS O~""G ,.. $>/"", W

"Z6 ENCODERS AHO MlJI.TlI'I.D:EIlS lol""'/J<IU>''''8

CAT SCANNING C""'I Snl,. ...,1 X R4l1:f 171
151 53 UNfAll PltOGIlAMMIMG 7lw 51"pW¥ Ifnbod
54 PRtOlCATt tN..CUlUS
3013
7lw Ifl'Jl(J/lI1"'u ,,,..'bod 351

27 l1'lE PARnTMlH PROIlUM II /'k1UI."f;ul Aisnnt'- 111 55 TIt( tw.nNG l"fIOktM n.l"'o""'''li'bl~ Jill

" TURING IIlACHINU 7~ S""pJnt Ci•..."..'.. O'S 1_

" SUllCHING STRIMGS J7:or 1fI» .... 1f"",~AJ8"'"t"' ~

" THE Fo\$T fOUlllER TIlAlISfOllM

3D ANAlOfi COMPUlATJOM Sf>a$boWI Co...pu,~rs
NfillSl'lbu''''B f","!fl'J
m
51
51
I'ARAlUl COMI'\ITIMG
TltE WOAD ",DIIUM
Pmc~ .. II/) C......." " _
IJkllGnanl'J <u pmgn:t_ 3n
311

J1 SATJSflMkJTY A C~UI"'" PmN~",

3Z
ztt
" lOGIC I'ROGFlAMMING l"roIe>gIl. If> a" ~ S)'1l"'" 3112

"
SEOU(Kl1Al SOfITING A l(>IJ.v~ 11...11,,<1 Q/'t SlHN 21&
" CHlIIICH'S THESIS AU(('",pu"......., Crwtlft1 Equal _

"
PfAetmONS Alacll(fl'u<>"
f'U8Ul: KEY CAYI'1D&RAP1I'I' IUmJcli'bI~
221
$rcrtG m " AtLATIOIW. nATA ....US lJv-11)<wrs-tIfQuml'J 391

. 35
36
SlOUEIfTIAl DACUITS
MONCOM""AlllI rUMCTIlINS
A C6"""'I~~,lt~·

n. IIIIJ)
:r.u
Ht".v~ PrubI~,., 2H
INQEX _05
 ICONS
AI Ih~ ht'll,nfltn/C of ... rh ,·h~l'1.. r. all Icon id..."uli,,< 'h" of romp"'''' ,hf'QI')'
Uf p,..c"a f",m ...·hidll~ chap"";~ d",.,.. These ., "-,,h ,I",", 'eon.<. and
tIM.' dul""'" 'ndudo.'d "i'h'" e.ch •...,•. or..

ArdJ)'~b of AlllO""l'hn,~ AppllC:IIllon~

CIupo,,1') l, 9. 19, U. 2~. " •. ~ •• S· Clul'l<-" i. 26. 19. 53

Anlfidalln,,,I1,,,,,ntt Codln(l and Crl pl~OJl}'

C~r\.6,1·.s.l59 Ch;tpon$ 1I.}4, .. 6
PREFACE
Comp"':Ili.,· Tb"'"T
I!!
C_JlUltr GroophJ....
Ch:lpo:rn 8. l~ ..\.8. 'fl, SO. bll Ouple... 16, II ..

~ run", 0... .."'... U a ,\"h,,-k 'h.o' ""'< ~Itclcd bnd:roark.. 0( (l""1'"

~~n n... b"dmarl<J; 'ndudoe In(lfIum.eIUS of 1M...·• "TfIUe'1i ,-.( "1'1'11.......
I" "AI. of \n'..... ~ .~ ... ~ 1M ..... n... «lUI 1) ..... :on ""tuu..."... su,,~· ,f I
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Da... S..•..... un:>
C~p":·,,. 10..\~ • ..o. i9, S6. tol
Au ......... ''" ...... LanIlWlS'D
CIupl,"" 2. -. L\. 20... 1
"""""hor
I1Ic ..
"I ~ /OIl""'.>mtli~ ~ ,u~al during: a ""1>t..I1<:"' .....
,n [nllltnd LM~. r~_ doMlbl.. U«.... r .""mbusC'< n:aml from Slop 10 SlOp
'Ilt 'trhan Od,>n,\ I.-.d",~pe and. funlw:" ........1'>. ,I' ... >AoJ,.... [ngl<>Ad,~,Ilt· b
If 'lan n,,·ng .."',.., "PC'. =,lw:'nul1<JJ I=,marlon ..~ fuC'1ed b.-f.:lnu.,~
b.:a,,~ Inl.. l~('t TUl1nll' 'llJ"':iI''''''..
ngl<' k'P~ ml-lSl be' lhC' roncqM 011
T, II m.o.b...... ao,elf 1·.......11'" "'I''''
,.., ..1\0 IIC'>., ,he "TonIng 1Il.:l,·bIQ
L<>&k I~.n Tbrory of Compu.adon b!;rn". ,nlllbnn In 1'''''' m'lth ·.. I1I""'ll'..... a bill red """ 8 ..... ,be.. dl
Chaplrn J, \1, Ill, 25..n, ..5. 52 Ch:r.pl".~5, I;, H.18.31.36.iS, 5558 ~ ... " .' ' be' .:l ..·,>ndt",f~lh· >lmpl.. (t"'cqMull dC'v1 ,I>;at an be' .. ><pia",
~'rhe m.on or .. """n ,n.1>C' ""...1 h1.1>C' Tunng m.a,-I'>" "-'f'<~",~tb,

• C~t'U
n
~l":dlany
on., m"W "''f'C' ,,, ...p ...... "'ben i. a>mC" h' de$<rib1OIl"-h.:a' is lUmpuubl<' ..
........... II I~. ,n a ,-..,.,. p.<"<be ........... """"ff'!;;J1
"Thoe r"n"R o..r",I>u~ .....1101" dUfl"8 mr o.r",01 ",hha"c.1 In 19tIO til '"
..... I>t,m,n" ..... I.!l or \1,'", ... c"IIt'S<", ~ .....11 k"""'n coml'>,...,>r,~J ..... I!It.."
l.cu.... "h .:l .cf<lfIg ''''.. re.. In """fIUung. 0 .... <by on ...,Ilk ~ tbe CI>C'l"''Of
2.. , jO, .n. 39.•3. $I
 so 'h" In p'fllcul,1r, 'he Ie n~,h 01 ,n: ,hd"lh"ll~,n,)I II". I, I.·.~, h~n o,equ,1 '0
" I I",., xr ,'Utl'«IS of n(llhl"~ hUI " ',amI I """"15 uf .i1 1",-.. """" l{ " " "
folio... ,. I" 'll<" p"mp'''1l kmm. Iha"h,· "urd

'5.1", m I -.;"" ,," "'/1<"" ,he bet ,,,,- SOIIl<' '10"""'" llOfllll<] uf "",1.1 ,he
S'T'1lJl ,," tu; !'ot-.,,, roumr<-"<l. ' 0 ,lui. '" "8,,, In ,h,\ C:'M' ..-n." '-''''lOl
l'C'&ot>h he ,n I ,,~ " ~ ,,<it "- ,,"-lIndlom<" lb,.. onl, ,h,n/l ,lui c.n ho'e ilIOn<:
"'OIllI m,1I ,h,. 1C-xl'IlJl" the In:ti3l ~p1ion,~ f .'-"-' "'/lU:., Fnd"",I,.
"" IlOl
l""......... l"'ml"n/l k-m~ (ll(lI<'un], hk,' '1><- ' .... f,., .... /(Ut;or 'anlllUR""'
...., "mol., '" lopl.1l1 lor othrr sons of ab>Irx. lan~,l/O"''''; ...,,11. "'.... "<1"'8
< .......n·I"'" L;",~

Pf"Oblt"m«

I 'II hml.· ....,,'..... 1:.1 U"''lOf ......OSn'" Jl3hndrom... "cr>m<" "'" no ltJeal
TIME AND SPACE
,he, "he.
c:>nl'lOf n:"<'Ogn"<' pnmt' ""mtx-......

COMPLEXITY
'ill'J....... ,,, k'''1 'hoI If ...· ......e
.....",. f'I""'" n ,.......... p..... • ""nit of pr;Kw..... • "e mJRh'.osk'" hcthc' ." ,...,.,ld bOO
• I",,, ....L" ..... ,~'n "h"h xn.......1all such ""n~ bod. """ur.II,·_ 0<11r ""'h
""nit" It", lho.· F'!JmplflJ{ lemm. 10 .00.. llut no ~<h finn" .",()rtl:JIton ";H]
<D"
2. Pro\ ,- ,Ik' l'uml''''lt k'm"', b) formJl","lt arkl .mphf, ,n/l ,he 'Il.... p"'.:,,<1 Tbe Big-O Notation
lUg II< "'.",·n"·'" h' l'.n;'ul:1I .'SUm,·. 6,,,,,· .u'om.llon "Ilh "",."•• :mll
J1ri'IJbel:l: !" hi
I",,, J pro~r.•m i, run on .J !.vmpu'e,. ,,,.(> 0f ,I><: moS' imporum

Ref"r"nc"",

) t: H"",<"uf'."dJ l'llnun. f"'md,u!lo" ,,,A,,,,m,,,/(, 1!t<-o", f""S''''ll'-'S

I)
"lUI (.(JI~f"'l(l/fO" Add,..,,, We,I"" R., Jd",~ ~l",,' 19~9
W c"""de'JI'(lnS a,,' ho" Im,g i, ""II, .• k" ,,,,,1 h"" much m~m"'1 "" ,II
It,,' Th"", OIC <JIher issw.', ,,,<h ", "h",II<;' 'he Proll"'" "'ill Cit'"
...wk (""~ C]up,er 9), hUI ,I.' '''U (. on",,",. of ron,pu'."Of1 I,nl<'
n",mon' "I'"'" <Iomi""'.. o<>, 'h"'klllil "'" numh," "f CO"'pU';"); "n",ronme",.
.".1
I Of ,· . . mpl,·. un l.'g,.' ",;",ff;.me oompu"'I1. ,,,",. I IU1lI"s ~", ... lrul;I..d on ,h,·
1>,)"$ al,h<' lIm"~ , 1..-QJl:,..1ll h"s run J,~l how ",uch metll<ll)· " u",--.I F"'~I on
Ihn'el ( II C.'t.... n 'm""l"rf/(m '" CO"'P"'''' 1lr<",,· J"h" \1;,1,·, " .... h>rk. .n,~·1 ,·oml"'''·''. "e .....m • p'og.. m 'n IWI ,,"irkl)' J,"l 001 10 "xe<...-d ,Ik'

"" 'l"'OlHM ,,( ~,",I""k- 1Ik'~

1 ho.'''' ". '-nt. ""'pi<' prot>k:m ,hat <;>" I", ulo<:d to,II""..,,, 'hese ,wu'""'J'N1'
"f .]JlO<"hm,r dlicH:''IC"'- SUl'flO""''' l......lIM· hM"l!r'" ...... st01<--.I in afT7j' A Mt"
an.'.'
,he' ,n,,,!t"1'S .11 <fj ... inct. Of 1<.... ,..Ve{ ,hem I~ ..Ilk" I". nllt .I,,--a<.",~,",'
I" 'I"" ''''phClll~ ,ot..!!"", b' ,."..
.~ ... t-\ .'I9,'IIl'Hi, 'Ill Nl I<>l _~,.Il~. 1~, H,lW_6t>.Il9.9'6.q~
 11 ... r~i~h'f"ru~rd :dll<"U hm f(" d~,ect r,,~ durll~~t~< n",.\rd~"one jnh'Il~'" ""11 """",d 'he "u, pUI ."d r"U ,l;",·m~n". 'hc :I11':"'i'hm w( >uld h~,... d,sc
a lune ~t1d "... m :"f~l A. 1(I(lk",~ fo, ~ "'~I<.h .,rr·d ""'" Out "r ,ndk". and qu,' :In,,,,,,,
l·h,. '·.... mpk fa,,'" _"tTl<' 'e')' Ill'~' e.,1nll '1U~,'I"", r " gh~" "i"WI!<
"h.' " ,h,· !l'eat"" numl,,·, "f Urne unl" ,h~1 SG\ "Ii ",II '1""... 1(\ tl~'~'m
$C\N "I,...'h", ,I,., "''1",,"«' ,"Iltaln_ "uptlca'", inl"'Il"r<' Moth'" qUt"'io" of 'Ol
,rnl'0!Un"" I"~ 11, '" l(lllll, .,,, ~,er.Il", '" .11 ~CA' ,cqu,,~ 10 mak... 'hi' J ... '~n
f"r i' I 1o ,,- I (1o
forJ-' Ito"d" n:ltio,,? \1; ... , ... klr .,nl, Ih.. fi,s< '1''''''';0'' hr'"
if A(I) - A(/I
1',"1,.,,, I, SCAN .1"';0'., t.l,·, ,h., lo"Il"" 11m... "n ..... 'l"•. I\,,,
of ",mel:
tbco 0.......1 I.ndj, ,"'hen Ih,· I." '"'' """'11""5 (a"d .",1\,h,,,,,,· '''''I Of" dupliC<l'c> ~'l"" '"
.,,,It l'w<.'ulk,n vfrh,· ,nn.., "K'I' "h~n , .... Ir ",,,, f.. l~ "''1m,<:' ,\ .. cps \I; hen ,C
rl... <"ODlln""
S"Ub" i'h I I.Jntn. (,,'m ! 10 ,,;ond ,"" in"",. loop" ...' ....'Uled JI 1lltTl<"
• """, "r }( .. - II .. trf15 Th" ",<"Itl.. 1 + j(" - l) Sleps for all iMlruClK
,,"nuI..'d,,·h,lri I \l;h..n, ! ulsn",hanloo ....'t.",h.1tSCA-'",lI",...,
Th~ .ljlOn,hm '>CA'" ,,,.,,, ...·n hili.. "(><:Ill'", 1I1-",he ".,1"1\ lOUlI<>rls:>nd 'h" 1 + .\(" - l) ""'p!i l'hc .. 'I".'.. . ""n r". ,h.. wu.1 """" tak"" !Jo!.' SeA.... "
'''~, Ilklr" '''nab!" 'and J enn""'l""n,I), ........, ... Id sa, Iha' SU:- 'rqurr".
.. -f l ... (If't!.> ,>I ",o,,,Il". assumlnillhal ~ach""rd I~ la'l!" "'OOUllh 10 <'UDl::un .nl 1 ... .\( .. -lJ+I r.\, .. -ll~ ...1".IIl)+I" I
irIt~1l"'f 'Ill e " "h
T,' tklcrm'M 00.' mu.. h Un><' )C... o,: '''"'Iu""". "'" u..., a "mpl", chm'ng
lerllnf<l~" "h" h :o>sUm" Ih:ll each hM..,f ,I\., I'f'JRram e<..'" 1 un .. "f lin><' 10 ,,+1 .. •
",.,,",..."e'
1
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unU'''' To d",rct a 001'1..,..<: am"ng f( 'Uf .......""... In'elt"Q SCA." ,"'''.....· 'uion
p,Kf<."m ""'l b<: dun,-d :0. ("11.,,,,
T1>c ........... <Ok tl1..~ <IJ"'~I/I'ufan al"""hm ~,nll:on ~n 'npu' 'tl I
A" "mrll Ihe ",,,,,,mum It"'" lhao ,he alll"",hm ",II >f"""d on MI' 'n
I ......; "... nt ...... " Thr",.... ''''''' ..' 'mpl ....",,''' SCh..' tn ,he '><1 " .. h
for,~IIOA-ldo
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forr,+l'''Ado
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lin."n ,~... all Ino.lru.~ .. ,,~ in • l'f''gDm a1>oolb ,"'" ..."'" .""",m of '"
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.!>to .......... undJ. "'''''rul''''' Ilof" .. f""l~.."'h I'" ,hlo' "':o."I(llXl\UI ",,,,,,i.,,,
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hi«: I..... il""" aho."e In ..... to ,,,~, ""'" lItl!t"","'a", ~fonnul.l "\Ih tll'-'~
r:~"'Ik..",",', g, C l~,,' 1 I ....... ! IU) ! Am <,<,pc.." wit' ",m/:>od,,,,,,n
'>C" \ """ltI "",Id • ", c-~ runnlnll ."..., Io .. mub duI u quadnot:l<.
E:o.l'I .l.lI nn 1M <.. ~ .t'f"~ on 'l."GJIOO" <.>f ,''''' '''''''''''1001'1 'I«\lp"nll f" h~ "'.'IOn, "... IIn alr<..-d.n an ,"rkr-<Jf ""'gn'r...... 1lOI:II"'"
,,<
ltI<' ........ Inc! ... tM d"l 1J~ n""' ,1>< In. ""l' ", h""...m. Irit w np.. ..>.pr..""'ll ........ nd P""" ..'''''pi ", fc." "'ilhr' .lgur;lh_ or JIrOP"'a...
OfrJrr '" • ,.."...".".wk.n (>1''',... ,t.., algnmhm ' .....'1110. f'" a 'ip«~' insun..-., f"", 'K"'/I Al IS Q,tI ",b.·lhe bill Oo{aI"'" It· .. gt" 1,1,"e,," "':Illlm'1t'"' ,\
of •..., pn"'lf,m rn ,he' M:llmp~ abo>.... Ih.. I"", , nol """,,,,,nc... of doc> ,.".....' ~ .........anr ( ....... h 'M
.... n~lh""","'" ....... , .'andJ I In Ih .. ''2<0,' llw,..... irAt}) __i(~)
plISI><'<l. and 'ho: aJAl,nohm b.oh..... J,n ",Hpuu,ng j ""tl , bcftAe hal1O"1t- r,xall If"'-."
)",,:<:.1Ko <iIMt ........'" M !2 .."" "'" "uk! "" 'fur )(;A 'll'C<julfn U u,,,,,,,,f
.i..... 10 pm.:..... he ~~nct' ~ .",~, -1 lfthe S<'qucncr had """'n - .8.~,~ 'hrrI .he ... """t'
1::1>1 ,enl<;;ol '''''' ,tf dot, ","'Itl 11:1\... loo,j(cd Irk.. Ihr "'h..... At ,..._ " ..... hall
•- :od<'I" 'hIS ..-nn'''''''K'''. II.f, Ing "".... hrd ,h.. conlin .... sut"'n><:1Il aft'" ,DMf",•
 Ami 'J " ,h<>uld ""ppe" ,h'lll( III (),j( "j) ..' ,n-II, ,hen 'h,' ""0 tunclIons "e The lime '"'''l''''''''' of STOll on Ihi, ""'1"en,·" " 1.\ "he....." .c \" ,
....IJ '" h~,,, ,h" "'m.· 0""" of mJJ;:""u,'" 22 ,'rp> "h,~ turf"'"'" '" 1-0.' 'he "'Or>' , ...'" 10< ,roll. .. h"" " - ,. ~n.! III
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;n ... to"ko 10 IIlJICOl" ,"" or.!<'. -or .....!l1'JUJ.l,· ""'" .-oml'l"·"I\ « ::;c.\:-" Bl' coml"'''''Il,I,,: .. "'" ,-~,.." me C\)mpol.. ~,,, <Jl '>C. \" an.! "011 'I
11"~r1, "lA." .................. 1' (11 .. 1 ~ 'f1,I<e _'"'''' II + 1 GIll/I mmed....." oml<Mo'" h..-h ,lgomhnt " <up,:no,,.- .. boon ,Ite ""0 ,.....
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"wId Ite ""',,'1\ no flU" .., '" lui lrll"... ".mpl.., ,"~ ,he "''D.lgotllhm, h.
long .... 'l(.A," "'''-' qrl.,lr~u(' ~nd .1'011. ....' lIn .. ~,Sou"", 0' la'.. , ~I' a'
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