Giáo trình vẽ kĩ thuật PDF

Gio trnh v k thut
Bin tp bi:
i hc s phm H Ni
Gio trnh v k thut

Bin tp bi:
i hc s phm H Ni
Cc tc gi:
i hc s phm H Ni
Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/e76d51a8
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1. Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut
2. Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong bn v k thut
3. Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut
4. Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k thut
5. Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k thut
6. Cc khi nim v ghi kch thc
7. Dng ng thng song song
8. Dng ng thng vung gc
9. Chia u mt ng thng v mt ng trn
10. V dc v cn
11. V ni tip
12. V cc ng cong hnh hc
13. Hnh chiu thng gc
14. Hnh chiu trc o
15. Hnh chiu phi cnh
16. S hnh thnh ren
17. Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp bng ren
18. Cc yu t ca ren
19. Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren
20. Biu din quy c ren
21. Mt s loi ren thng gp
22. Mt s vn trong ch to v kim tra ren
23. Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren
24. Biu din n gin v v qui c cc chi tit trong mi ghp bng ren
25. Ghp bng cht
26. Ghp bng inh tn
27. Ghp bng hn
28. Ghp bng then
29. Ghp bng then hoa
30. Ti liu tham kho v k thut
Tham gia ng gp
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Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut

Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut
- Theo TCVN 2.74, cc kh giy chnh c s dng gm c:
K hiu kh giy
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
K hiu kh bn v 44
24
22
12
11
Kch thc (mm)
1189 x 841 594 x 841 594 x 420 297x 420 297 x 210
- C s phn chia cc kh giy l kh A0 (c din tch 1m2 , kch thc 1189 x

841mm).
Cch phn chia th hin trn hinh v.
- Ngoi nhng kh giy chnh, trong trng c bit cho php dng giy ph l nhng
kh giy c chia t kh giy chnh.
- Kch thc cnh ca kh ph l bi s ca kch thc cnh ca kh A4.
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Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong

bn v k thut
Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong bn v k thut
- Ni dung v kch thc ca khung bn v v khung tn c quy nh trong TCVN
3821- 83. C 2 loi khung bn v v khung tn: loi dng trong nh my, x nghip v
loi dng trong nh trng. Di y trnh by loi dng trong nh trng.
Khung bn v
- Khung bn v c v bng nt lin m, k cch cc mp kh giy 5mm (Hnh 1.2).
Khi cn ng thnh tp, cnh tri ca khung bn v c k cch mp tri ca kh giy
mt khong bng 25mm (Hnh1.3).
Khung tn
- Khung tn c t gc pha di, bn phi c th theo cnh di hay cnh ngn ca
bn v. (Hnh 1.2, 1.3). Kch thc c th ca khung tn nh sau: (Hnh 1.4)
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1: u bi tp hoc tn chi tit 2: Vt liu ca chi tit

3: T l
4: K hiu bn v
5: H v tn ngi v
6: Ngy v
7: Ch k ca ngi kim tra
8: Ngy kim tra
9: Tn trng, khoa, lp
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Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut

Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut
Ty theo kch thc v phc tp ca vt th m ta chn t l cho bn v. T l bn v
l t s gia kch thc o c trn hnh v vi kch thc tht tng ng o c trn
vt th.Theo TCVN 3-74 c cc loi t l sau:
T l thu nh
1: 2 ; 1: 2,5 ; 1: 4 ; 1: 5 ; 1:10 ; 1:15 ; 1: 20 ....
T l nguyn hnh 1:1

T l phng to
2: 1 ; 2,5: 1 ; 4: 1 ; 5: 1 ; 10:1 ; 15:1 ; 20: 1 ....
- K hiu t l trong bn v: 1:1 ; 2:1 ....
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Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k

thut
Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k thut
TIU CHUN VIT NAM 8 - 1993

- Cc loi nt v thng c dng trn bn v c kh v ng dng ca chng (Bng
1.1) c quy nh theo TCVN 8 -1993 Chiu rng nt v c k hiu l b (mm) v
c chn theo dy quy nh sau: 0,18; 0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,4 ....
- Trn cc bn v kh A4 hoc A3 nn chn b = 0,5mm
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- Cc nt trn cng mt bn v sau khi t m phi t c s ng u v chiu rng,

en v v cch v (chiu di nt gch, khong cch gia cc gch ..)
- Khi hai hay nhiu nt v trng nhau th v theo th t u tin sau:
Nt lin m (ng bao thy, cnh thy)

Nt t (ng bao khut, cnh khut)
Nt chm gch mnh (Gii hn mt phng ct c hai nt m hai u)
Nt chm gch mnh (ng tm, trc i xng)
Nt lin mnh (ng kch thc)
- Trong mi trng hp, tm ng trn phi c xc nh bng giao im ca hai

on gch ca nt chm gch; cc nt t, nt chm gch phi giao nhau bng cc gch.
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Di y l v d minh ha v ng dng ca cc nt v.
K hiu vt liu
Mt s k hiu vt liu trn mt ct thng dng bn v c kh nh sau:
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Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k

thut
Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k thut
TIU CHUN VIT NAM 6 - 85

- Kh ch l gi tr c xc nh bng chiu cao ch in hoa tnh theo mm. Thng s
dng cc loi kh ch sau: 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20....
- Cc ch, ch s c vit theo TCVN 6- 85 vi hai kiu ch: Kiu ch B ng v
kiu ch B nghing. Di y xin gii thiu kiu ch B nghing
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- Cc thng s ca ch vit kiu B nghing nh sau:
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1.27: Ghi cn
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Cc khi nim v ghi kch thc

CC KHI NIM V GHI KCH THC
Quy tc v ghi kch thc v cc sai lch gii hn c quy nh trong TCVN 5705
1993. Quy tc ghi kch thc ny ph hp vi Tiu chun quc t ISO 129 - 1985.
Quy nh chung
- n v ghi kch thc di l mm. Khng ghi th nguyn ny sau ch s kch thc.
- S lng cc kch thc c ghi va xc nh hnh dng v ln ca vt th.
Mi kch thc ch ghi mt ln v tr d c nht.
- Kch thc c ghi l s o thc ca vt th, n khng ph thuc vo t l ca bn
v.
- Dng , pht, giy lm n v o gc v sai lch gii hn ca n.
- Kch thc khng trc tip dng trong qu trnh ch to m ch tr gip cho vic c
bn v c gi l kch thc tham kho. Kch thc tham kho c ghi trong ngoc
n.
Cc yu t ca kch thc
Mi kch thc thng bao gm cc yu t sau:
Hnh 1.9
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ng ging
- ng ging c v bng nt lin mnh hai u mt v vung gc vi on cn ghi
kch thc. ng ging c v ko di vt qu ng kch thc mt on bng 2
n 3 ln chiu rng ca nt c bn.
- Trng hp c bit cho php v xin.
Hnh 1.10
ng kch thc
- ng kch thc c v bng nt lin mnh, bn trong hai ng ging v song
song vi on cn ghi kch thc. Hai u mt ca ng kch thc c gii hn bi
2 mi tn.Trng hp khng ch c th v ng kch thc v mi tn ra ngoi
ng ging (Hnh 1.11).
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Mi tn
- Mi tn c v hai u mt ca ng kch thc vi hnh dng v kch thc
nh trn (hnh 1.12). Trng hp c bit cho php thay hai mi tn i nhau bng mt
chm m (Hnh 1.13).
Hnh 1.12 v hnh 1.13
Ch s kch thc
- Dng kh ch 2,5 hoc 3,5 tu theo kh giy ghi ch s kch thc. Ch s kch
thc c t nh sau:
+ gia v trn ng kch thc sao cho chng khng b ct hoc b ngn cch bi bt
k mt ng no.
+ trnh cc ch s sp xp theo hng dc, nn t cc ch s so le nhau v hai pha
ca ng kch thc, khi ng kch thc c v rt ngn.
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+ Hng ch s kch thc di theo hng nghing ca ng kch thc theo quy nh
xem hnh 1.14.
+ Hng ch s kch thc gc c ghi nh trn hnh 2.15.
+ Khi ghi kch thc cung trn (180 ) phi thm k hiu R trc ch s kch thc.
+ Khi ghi kch thc ng trn phi ghi k hiu (trc ch s kch thc).
Hnh 1.14 v hinh 1.15

Mt s cch ghi kch thc thng gp trn bn v c kh
Ghi kch thc thng
Hnh 1.16
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Ghi kch thc ng trn
Hnh 1.17
Ghi kch thc bn knh cung trn v kch thc cu
Hinh 1.18 v hinh 1.19

Ghi kch thc hnh vung v mp vt
Hinh 1.20 v 1.21
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Nhiu phn t ging nhau v phn b u c php ghi ngn gn nh trn
Hnh 1.22
Ghi kch thc dy cung v cung
Hnh 1.23 v hnh 1.24

Ghi kch thc gc , dc v cn
Hnh 1.25: Ghi kch thc gc v 1.26: Ghi gc
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Hnh
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Dng ng thng song song

Dng ng thng song song
Cho mt ng thng a v mt im C ngoi ng thng a. Hy vch qua C mt ng
thng b song song vi ng thng a
Dng bng com pa
Trn ng t hng a ly mt im B bt k lm tm, v cung trn bn knh BC,
cung trn ny ct ng thng a ti im A.
V cung trn tm C, bn knh CB v cung trn tm B bn knh CA. Hai cung
trn ny ct nhau ti D.
Ni C vi D, ta c ng thng b vung gc vi ng thng a.
Hy quan st on video clip v cch v bng compa
Dng bng thc v ke
t mt cnh ca ke trng vi ng thng cho v p st mt cnh ca
thc vo cnh khc ca ke.
Trt ke dc theo mp thc ti im C, k ng thng theo cnh ca ke
i qua C ta c ng thng b cn dng.
Quan st cch dng qua on video clip sau
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Dng ng thng vung gc

Dng ng thng vung gc
Cho ng thng a v mt im C ngoi a. Hy v qua C mt ng thng vung gc
vi ng thng a.
Dng bng com pa
Ly im C lm tm, v cung trn c bn knh ln hn khong cch t im C
ti ng thng a, cung trn ny ct a ti A v B.
Ln lt ly A v B lm tm, v cung trn c bn knh ln hn AB/2. Hai cung
ny ct nhau ti D.
Ni C vi D ta c ng thng vung gc vi ng thng b
Quan st on video:
Dng bng thc v ke
t mt cnh gc vung ca ke trng vi ng thng a cho v p st mp
thc vi cnh huyn ca ke.
Trt ke n v tr sao cho cnh gc vung kia ca ke i qua im C.
V qua C ng thng vung gc vi ng thng a
hiu r thm v cch dng bng thc v ke hy quan st on video clip sau
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Chia u mt ng thng v mt ng
trn
Chia u mt ng thng v mt ng trn
Chia u mt on thng
Hy c l thuyt v theo di on video hc cch chia u mt on thng: Gi s
ta phi chia on thng AB ra lm 5 phn bng nhau, ta lm nh sau
Qua im A (Hoc B) k ng Ax bt k (gc BAx l gc nhn).
K t A t ln Ax nm on thng bng nhau bi cc im chia 1, 2, 3, 4,5.
Dng thc v ke ni 5 vi B, sau trt ke trn thc k cc ng 44',3
3', 2 2', 1 1'.
Cc im 1', 2', 3',4',5' l cc im chia cn tm
Chia u mt ng trn
Sau y l mt s cch chia vng trn ra lm nhiu phn hy quan st on video v c
cc cch cn nh sau:
A. Chia mt vng trn ra lm 4 phn, 3 phn, 6 phn, 12 phn bng nhau
Hy quan st on video sau bit vi cc chia ng trn lm 4 phn bng nhau v
cc hnh v v cc chia ng trn lm 3, 6, 12 phn bng nhau sau:
chia ng trn thnh 4 phn
Quan st hnh v di y v t rt ra cch chia vng trn ra lm 3 phn, 6 phn v 12

phn.
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B. Chia vng trn ra lm 5 phn bng nhau
Qua O v AB v CD vung gc vi nhau.

Tm trung im M ca OA.
Tm M, bn knh MC, v cung trn ct OB ti K.
Tm C, bn knh CK quay cung trn ct vng trn ti 1 v 2.
Hai im 3,4 tm c bng cch gi nguyn bn knh CK v ly tm l cc
im 1 v2
Hy quan st on video sau bit thm v cch chia

Chia ng trn thnh 5 phn
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C. Chia vng trn ra lm 7, 9, 11, 13 phn bng nhau

Gi s phi chia vng trn ra lm 7 phn bng nhau ta lm nh sau:(quan st on video
sau)
V AB vung gc vi CD
Chia ng knh CD ra lm 7 phn bng nhau bng cc im 1', 2', 3', 4' ...
Tm D, bn knh DC v cung trn ct AB ko di ti E v F.
T E v F k cc tia ti cc im 2', 4', 6'(Hoc cc im l 1', 3', 5' ta s nhn
c cc im chia).
Chia ng trn thnh 7 phn
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V dc v cn
V dc v cn
dc
dc ca ng thng AB i vi ng bng AC l tang ca gc BAC.
i = BC/AC = tg
dc c k hiu bng ch "i" hoc du " (". Khi v du ( mt cnh song song vi
phng nm ngang mt cnh song song vi cnh dc, nh hng theo chiu dc (Hnh
3.9). Cch v dc nh hnh 3.10.C th ghi dc di dng phn trm, v d: ( 5%
hoc 12%...
Hnh 2-9 v 2-10

cn
cn l t s gia hiu s ng knh hai mt ct vung gc vi trc ca mt hnh
nn ct trn xoay vi khong cch gia hai mt ct .
cn k hiu bng ch k hoc du ( (tam gic cn), khi v nh ca tam gic cn
hng v nh ca mt cn. Hnh 2.11 gii thiu cch v v ghi cn.Ta c th rt ra
mi lin h gia k v i nh sau:
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V vy mun v cn k, ngi ta v 2 ng nghing i xng nhau qua trc tm, mi

ng nghing c dc i = k/2.
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V ni tip
V ni tip
Trn bn v k thut thng phi ni tip ng thng vi ng cong hoc ng
cong vi ng cong, yu cu cc ng ni tip phi trn (khng c im gy).
t c yu cu khi v ni tip phi tun theo nhng qui tc hnh hc nht nh.
Hai ng trn, hoc ng trn v ng thng ni tip nhau ti mt im khi ti im
chng tip xc nhau (Hnh 3.12). Di y trnh by cch v mt s trng hp
ni tip thng gp.
Ni tip hai ng trn bng on thng

Thc cht ca bi ton ni tip hai ng trn bng on thng l dng ng tip
tuyn chung ca hai ng trn. Trnh by bi ton t im C cho dng cc tip
tuyn CT1, CT2 vi ng trn tm O cho. Gii thiu cch dng tip tuyn ngoi
ca ng trn tm O, bn knh R1 v ng trn tm O1 bn knh R2 cho trc:
+ V ng trn tm O, bn knh R1 R2+ V ng trn ng knh OO1 ct ng
trn tm O bn knh R1 - R2 ti A .+ V tip tuyn O2A+ Ni O1A c T1 , v v O2T2
// O1A. T1T2 l ng tip tuyn chung cn dng.
Hng dn cch v tip tuyn trong ca hai ng trn tm O1 v O2 cho.
Hy quan st cch v qua on video sau
Ni tip hai on thng ct nhau bng cung trn
Bi ton: Cho hai ng thng a v b. Hy ni tip hai ng thng cho bng cung
trn bn knh R cho trc.Cch dng nh sau: quan st on video
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+ K a' //a cch a mt khong bng R; b'//b v cch b mt khong bng R.+ giao ca a'
v b' l tm O ca cung ni tip.+ K OT1 vung gc vi a v OT2 vung gc vi b; T1
v T2 l cc tip im.+ V cung T1T2 tm O, bn knh R.
Ni tip on thng vi cung trn bng mt cung trn khc
Bi ton: Cho ng trn tm O1 bn knh R1 v ng thng a. Hy ni tip ng
thng a vi cung trn tm O1 bng cung trn c bn knh R cho trc.A. Cung ni tip
tip xc ngoi vi cung cho (Quan st video sau).
+ V ng thng d//a v cch a mt on R ct ng trn tm O1 bn knh R + R1 ti
O. O l tm ca cung ni tip.+ V on thng OO1 ct ng trn tm O1 ti M v ON
(a ; M v N l cc tip im. + V cung MN tm O, bn knh R.
B. Cung ni tip tip xc trong vi cung cho
+ V ng thng d1 //d v cch d mt on bng R ct ng trn tm O1 bn knh R
R1 ti O. O l tm ca cung ni tip.+ V OO1 ct ng trn bn knh R1 ti T1, OT2
( d), T1 v T2 l hai tip im cn tm.+ V cung T1T2 tm O, bn knh R.
Ni tip hai cung trn bng mt cung trn khc
Bi ton: Cho cung trn tm O1, bn knh R1 v cung trn tm O2 bn knh R2. Hy
ni tip hai cung cho bng cung trn c bn knh R.A. Cung ni tip tip xc ngoi
vi hai cung cho (Quan st on video sau).
+ V cung trn tm O1 bn knh R + R1 ct cung trn tm O2 bn knh R + R 2 ti O. O
l tm ca cung ni tip.+ Ni OO1 c T1, OO2 c T2, T1 v T2 l cc tip im.+
V cung trn tm O, bn knh R.
B. Cung ni tip tip xc trong vi cc cung cho
+ V cung trn tm O1 bn knh R R1 ct cung trn tm O2 bn knh R R2 tiO. O
l tm cung ni tip.+ Ni OO1 c T1, OO2 c T2. T1 v T2 l cc tip im cn
tm.+ V cung trn bn knh R, tm O.
C. Cung ni tip tip xc trong vi mt ng trn v tip xc ngoi vi mt ng trn
cho
+ V cung trn tm O1 bn knh R+ R1 ct cung trn tm O2 bn knh R + R2 ti O.O
l tm cung ni tip.+ Ni OO1 c T1, OO2 c T2; T1 v T2 l cc tip im.+ V
cung T1T2 tm O bn knh R.
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V cc ng cong hnh hc
V cc ng cong hnh hc
Trong k thut thng gp cc ng cong khc nhau. Sau y l cch v mt s ng
cong phng.
Cc ng cong v bng compa
A. V van
van l ng cong khp kn c to bi bn cung trn tng i mt i xng.
van c hai trc i xng vung gc vi nhau gi l trc di v trc ngn ca van. Khi
v ngi ta cho bit di ca hai trc .(Quan st on video hnh 2.22)V d: V
van bit trc di AB v trc ngn CD.Cch v nh sau:
V cung trn tm O, bn knh OA ct OC ko di ti E; cung trn tm C, bn knh CE
ct AC ti F. V trung trc ca AF ct OA ti O1, ct OD ti O3. Ly O4 i xng
vi O3, O2 i xng vi O1 qua O. Ni O3 vi O1 v O2 , ni O4 vi O1 v O2. Bn
tia ny s l gii hn cc cung trn tm O1, O2, O3, O4; to thnh van. V cc cung
trn tm O1, bn knh O1A; tm O2, bn knh O2B; tm O3 bn knh O3C; tm O4 bn
knh O4D ta c hnh van cn dng
a1_13Med_Prog
B. ng xoy c nhiu tm
ng xoy c nhiu tm l ng cong phng to bi cc cung trn c bn knh
khc nhau ni tip nhau.Khi v ngi ta cho bit khong cch gia cc tm.+ V ng
xoy c 2 tm: (Quan st on video sau)
Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh O1 O2 v cung O2 1 Ly O2 lm tm, bn knh O2 1
v cung 12 Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh O1 2 v cung 23...
+ V ng xoy c 3 tm: (Quan st on video sau)
Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh O1 O3 v cung O3. 1 Ly O2 lm tm, bn knh O2 1
v cung 12 Ly O3 lm tm, bn knh O3.2 v cung 23 Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh
O1 3 v cung 3 4
+ V ng xoy c 4 tm: (Quan st on video sau).
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Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh O1 O2 v cung O21 Ly O4 lm tm, bn knh O4

1 v cung 12 Ly O3 lm tm bn knh O3.2 v cung 23 Ly O2 lm tm bn knh
O2 3 v cung 3 4...
xoaioc2tamMed_Prog
V cc ng cong bng thc cong
A. Elip
Elip l qu tch ca im c tng s khong cch n hai im c nh F1 v F2 l mt
hng s.
MF 1 + MF 2 = 2a
F1 v F2 gi l tiu im ca elip (khong cch F1F2 < 2a), AB l trc di ca elip,
CD l trc ngn ca elip (hnh 2.26).Cch v elip* V elip bit hai trc AB v CD (hnh
2.27).
V hai ng trn tm O, ng knh l AB v CD.
Chia 2 ng trn ra lm 12 phn u nhau
T cc im chia 1, 2, 3...v 1', 2', 3'... k cc ng thng song song vi trc
AB v CD.
Giao im ca cc ng 1 1', 2 2' l cc im ni thnh Elip.
* V Elip khi bit 2 ng knh lin hp EF v GH* Phng php hai chm tia: (hnh
2.28).
Qua E v F k MP v NQ // GH
Qua G v H k PQ v MN // EF
Chia cc on OH, PH, QH ra lm 3 phn bng nhau bi cc im 1, 2, 3 v
1',2', 3' (H l im chung 3 v 3' ca c 3 on ny)
Ni E vi cc im 1', 2' thuc PH v vi 1, 2 thuc OH ; ni F vi cc im 1',
2' thuc HQ v 1, 2 thuc OH.
Giao im ca 2 tia tng ng thuc 2 chm tia E v F xc nh cc im thuc
Elip.
* Phng php tm im (hnh 2. 29).
Qua A v B k ng thng song song vi CD, qua C v D k hai ng thng
song song vi AB ta c hnh bnh hnh EFGH.
Dng tam gic vung cn EIC (vung ti I).
V cung trn tm C, bn knh CI ct ng thng EF ti K v L.
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Qua K v L v cc ng thng song song vi CD, cc ng thng ny ct

cc ng cho EG v HF ti 4 im 1,2, 3, 4 l nhng im thuc elip cn xc
nh.
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B. Parabn
Parabn l qu tch nhng im cch u mt im c nh v mt ng thng c nh
(hnh 2.30).V d: im M thuc parabn ta c
MF = MH
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im c nh F gi l tiu im ca parabn, ng thng d c nh gi l ng chun

ca parabn, ng thng Ox k qua F vung gc vi trc d l trc ca parabn.Cch
v parabn+ V parabn khi bit tiu im F v ng chun.Cch v hnh 2.31
Trn trc i xng Ox ly mt im bt k, v d im 1.Quay cung trn tm F, bn knh
r2 (bng khong cch t im O n im1)ct ng thng song song vi d v i qua
1 ti hai im. Hai im chnh l hai im thuc parabn. Cc im khc cng xc
nh tng t.
+ V parabn ni tip trong mt gc cho trc (hnh 2.32).
Cho gc. V parabn cha hai im A v B ng thi ni tip trong gc
AOB.
Chia u cnh BO v OA thnh mt s phn nh nhau bng cc im 1, 2, 3,
4,5 v 1' , 2' ,3', 4' , 5' ...
Ni cc im chia tng ng 11', 22', 3 3', 44', 55'
T cc im 2', 4 v k cc ng thng song song vi trung tuyn OI ti ct
cc on thng 44' v 22' ta c hai im C v D l nhng im thuc Prabn.
Cc im E, F xc nh tng t. Xem hnh 3.32
Phng php v parabn ny gi l phng php hai hng im.
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C. Hypcbn
Hypcbn l qu tch cc im c hiu khong cch ti hai im c nh F1 v F2 bng
mt hng s.
MF1 MF2 = A1A2 = 2a
F1 v F2 gi l tiu im ca Hypcbn, ng thng ni hai tiu im F1 v F2 l trc
hypcbn, hai im A1v A2 l hai nh ca hypcbn (hnh 3.33).Cch v hypcbn
Khi bit hai tiu im F1, F2 v hai nh ca n nh sau:
Trn trc Ox, ly mt im tu ngoi hai tiu im (im 2 chng hn).
Quay cung tm F1, bn knh r2 = A1 2, quay cung trn tm F2, bn knh R2 =
A2 2 v nhn c giao im S l mt im thuc hypcbn. Cc im khc
cng thc hin tng t (hnh 2.34).
Trn hnh 2.34 ta v ng trn tm O c ng knh F1 F2 v hnh ch nht c 2 cnh
qua A1, A2 xc nh hai ng tim cn ca hypcbn.
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D. ng sin
ng sin l ng cong c phng trnh y = sinx.Cch v ng sin c m t trong
hnh 2.35.
V ng trn c s tm O, bn knh R.
Trn O'x ly on O'A = 2( R; Chia u ng trn c s v on thng O'A
thnh mt s phn nh nhau (12 phn chng hn) bng cc im 1, 2, 3, 4 ...v
1' , 2', 3', 4'...
Qua cc im 1, 2, 3, ...trn ng trn c s k cc ng thng song song
vi trc O'x v qua cc im 1', 2', 3'...trn trc O'x k cc ng thng song
song vi trc y. Giao im ca 11'; 22' ... l nhng im thuc ng sin cn
xc nh.
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E. ng xoy c Acsimt
ng xoy c Acsimt l qu o ca mt im chuyn ng u trn mt bn knh
khi bn knh ny quay u quanh tm O.Khong dch chuyn ca im trn bn knh
khi bn knh ny quay c 3600 gi l bc xoy c a.Khi v ng xoy c acsimt
ngi ta cho bit bc xon a. Cch v c trnh by trong on video hnh 2.36.
V ng trn tm O, bn knh a.
Chia u bn knh a v ng trn thnh 1 s phn nh nhau bng cc im 1,
2 3...v 1', 2', 3' ...
V cc cung trn tm O, bn knh O 1, O 2, O 3... ct cc bn knh O1', O2',
O3' ti M1, M2, M3 ... l cc im cn xc nh.
G. ng thn khai ca ng trn

ng thn khai ca ng trn l qu o ca mt im thuc ng thng khi ng
thng ny ln khng trt trn mt ng trn c nh.ng trn c nh gi l ng
trn c s. Khi v ng thn khai ngi ta cho bit bn knh ng trn c s.Cch v
ng thn khai (hnh 2.37).
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Chia ng trn c s ra mt s phn bng nhau (12 phn chng hn) bng cc
im 1, 2, 3, ...12.
Ti cc im 1, 2, 3, v cc ng tip tuyn vi ng trn. Trn ng tip
tuyn qua im 12 ly mt on bng chu vi ng trn c s bng 2(R.
Chia on 2(R thnh 12 phn bng nhau bng im 1', 2', 3', ...,12'.
Ln lt t trn cc tip tuyn ti 1, 2, 3, ... cc on: 12 M12 = 12 12'; 1 M11
= 12 11'; 2 M10 = 12 10' .....
ta c cc im M12 , M11 , M10 ...l cc im thuc ng thn khai ca ng trn
tm O bn knh R cn xc nh.
H. ng Xiclit
ng xiclit l qu o ca mt im thuc mt ng trn, khi ng trn ln
khng trt trn mt ng thng c nh.ng trn ln gi l ng trn c s,
ng thng c nh gi l ng thng nh hng. Khi v ngi ta cho bit ng
knh ca ng trn c s v ng thng nh hng.Cch v nh sau (hnh 2.38)
V ng trn tm O, bn knh R tip xc vi ng thng nh hng ti M.
Trn ng thng nh hng ly on OA bng chu vi ng trn c s v
bng 2pR.
Chia u ng trn c s v OA thnh mt s phn nh nhau (12 phn chng
hn) bng cc im 1, 2, 3, ..., 12 v 1', 2', 3', ...,12'.
+ T cc im 1', 2', 3' ... k cc ng thng vung gc vi ng thng nh hng
xc nh cc im O1, O2, O3...+ Ly O1, O2, O3... lm tm v cc ng trn c
bn knh bng bn knh ng trn c s. Cc ng trn ny ct cc ng thng song
song vi ng thng nh hng k t cc im chia 1, 2, 3, ... ti cc im M1, M2,
M3... Cc im ny chnh l cc im thuc Xiclit.
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K. ng pixiclit v ng Hypxidit
ng pixiclit v ng hypxidit l qu o ca mt im thuc mt ng trn
khi ng trn ln khng trt trn mt ng trn c nh khc.ng trn ln
gi l ng trn c s, ng trn c nh gi l ng trn nh hng.Nu hai
ng trn (c s v nh hng) tip xc ngoi khi ln ta c ng pixiclit nh hnh
2.39.Khi v ng pixiclit ngi ta cho bn knh r ca ng trn c s, bn knh R
v tm ca ng trn nh hng. Gc c tnh theo cng thc:
* Nu ng trn c s v ng trn nh hng tip xc trong vi nhau ta c ng
hypxiclit (hnh 2.40).
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Hnh chiu thng gc

Hnh chiu thng gc
Cc phng php biu din hnh chiu thng gc

A. Phng php chiu gc t th nht
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Hy quan st on Video clip sau bit c phng php chiu gc t th nht

CHN VIDEO goc1
B. Phng php chiu gc t th ba
Hy quan st video clip sau bit v cch biu din hnh chiu thng gc trong gc t
th ba. V click vo Thng tin b xung hiu thm v phng php ny
CHN VIDEO goc3
Dng php chiu thng gc biu din vt th. Phng php ny c u im l hnh
dng v kch thc ca vt cn biu din c bo ton nhng nhc im l phi s
dng nhiu hnh biu din, nht l vi nhng vt th c hnh dng phc tp.Phng php
ny c s dng rng ri trong cc bn v c kh v xy dng. Di y l v d v
mt bn v hnh chiu thng gc:
Khi nim v hnh ct, mt ct

Hy quan st on video clip v hnh ct, mt ct
CHN VIDEO hinhcat
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Khi nim v phng php hnh ct v mt ct

biu din cu trc bn trong ca vt th trn cc hnh chiu thng dng nt t.
Cch biu din ny lm cho bn v khng c r rng sng sa.Giao trinh dien tu/
VeKyThuat/Chuong3/hinh3.101.jpg
khc phc iu ta dng phng php hnh ct mt ct. Ni dung ca phng
php nh sau:
Gi s ta dng mt mt phng tng tng ct vt th thnh hai phn, b i phn gia
mt ngi quan st v mt phng ct, chiu phn vt th cn li ln mt phng song song
vi mt phng ct tng tng c mt hnh biu din gi l hnh ct (Hnh 4.10a).
Nu ch v phn vt th giao vi mt phng ct tng tng m khng v nhng phn
pha sau mt phng ct s c mt hnh biu din gi l mt ct (Hnh 4.10b)
Hnh ct
nh ngha:
Hnh ct l hnh chiu phn cn li ca vt th ln mt phng hnh chiu song song vi

mt phng ct sau khi tng tng ct b phn vt th gia mt phng ct v ngi
quan st (Hnh 4.11)
Ch : Vic ct vt th ch l ct tng tng. Vic ct ch c tc dng i vi

mt hnh ct, cc hnh biu din khc khng b nh hng g ngha l trong thc t vt
th vn nguyn vn.
Phn loi hnh ct
* Phn loi theo v tr mt phng ct.

Theo v tr tng i gia mt phng ct v mt phng hnh chiu, hnh ct c chia
thnh bn loi sau:
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+ Hnh ct ng:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu ng
(Hnh 4.12). Hnh ct ng thng c biu din ngay trn hnh chiu ng.
+ Hnh ct bng:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu bng
(Hnh 4.13). Hnh ct bng thng c biu din ngay trn hnh chiu bng.
+ Hnh ct cnh:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct song song vi mt phng hnh chiu cnh
(Hnh 4.14). Hnh ct cnh thng c biu din ngay trn hnh chiu cnh.
+ Hnh ct nghing:
L hnh ct nhn c khi mt phng ct khng song song vi cc mt phng hnh chiu
c bn (Hnh 4.15)
* Phn loi hnh ct theo s lng mt phng ct.

Theo s lng mt phng ct, hnh ct c chia lm hai loi.
+ Hnh ct n gin:
L hnh ct nhn c khi ch dng mt mt phng ct. Hnh ct n gin c chia ra:
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Hnh ct dc: Nu mt phng ct dc trc hoc ct dc theo chiu di hoc chiu

cao ca vt th (Hnh 4.12).
Hnh ct ngang: Nu mt phng ct vung gc vi chiu di hoc chiu cao ca vt
th (Hnh 4.11).
+ Hnh ct phc tp:
L hnh ct nhn c khi c hai hay nhiu mt phng ct. Hnh ct phc tp c chia
ra:
Hnh ct bc: Khi cc mt phng ct song song vi nhau (Hnh 4 .16)
Hnh ct xoay: Khi cc mt phng ct ct nhau (Hnh 4.17)
c hnh ct xoay trn hnh 4.17, ta lm nh sau:

Sau khi tng tng ct vt th, ta xoay mt ct khng song song vi mt phng hnh
chiu c bn quanh trc l giao ca hai mt phng ct ti v tr mi sao cho hai mt
phng ct trng nhau sau chiu hai mt ct ln mt phng hnh chiu tng ng, cn
cc phn t khc pha sau mt phng ct vn chiu bnh thng nh trc khi ct.
Chiu xoay khng nht thit phi trng vi hng chiu sau khi ct.
Ngoi ra, khi ch mun th hin mt phn nh bn trong ca vt th, ta c php ch
ct ring mt phn gi l hnh ct ring phn. Lc ny hnh ct c t ngay trn
hnh chiu c bn. Gii hn gia hnh chiu v hnh ct ring phn c v bng nt
ln sng (Hnh 4.18).
th hin cng trn mt hnh chiu c hnh dng bn ngoi v bn trong ca vt th,
c th dng hnh ct kt hp bng cch ghp na hnh chiu vi na hnh ct. Gii hn
gia hnh chiu v hnh ct v bng nt chm gch (Hnh 4.19).
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Ghi ch v k hiu trn hnh ct:
+ Mt phng ct c biu din bng nt ct ti cc v tr u, cui v ch chuyn tip.

+ Nt ct khng c chm vo ng bao ca vt th hay ct vo ng kch thc.
+ V mi tn chm vo nt ct ch hng chiu sau khi ct, bn cnh mi tn c ch
hoa t tn cho hnh ct, trong mi trng hp cc ch hoa ny u phi vit theo hng
nm ngang.
+ Cp ch hoa tn hnh ct (AA, BB,...) c t trn gi nm ngang, gi ny c
v bng nt lin m v t pha trn hnh ct. (Hnh 4.16, Hnh 4.17).
Cc qui c
+ Nu mt phng ct trng vi mt phng i xng ca vt th v cc hnh ct t ng

v tr hnh chiu tng ng, khng c cc hnh biu din khc xen k th khng cn th
hin v tr mt phng ct trn hnh chiu v trn hnh ct, khng cn ghi ch v k hiu
(Hnh 4.12, hnh 4.13, hnh 4.14).
+ phn bit phn vt th nm trn mt phng ct v phn vt th nm pha sau mt
phng ct, quy c v phn vt th nm trn mt phng ct bng nt lin mnh theo k
hiu vt liu nh TCVN 7 93 quy nh (Mc 4.3.4).
+ ng ranh gii gia na hnh chiu v na hnh ct ca hnh ct kt hp l trc i
xng, na hnh chiu t bn tri trc i xng, na hnh ct t bn phi trc i xng
nu trc i xng vung gc vi ng bng bn v (Hnh 4.19).
+ Nu c nt lin m trng vi trc i xng th dng nt ln sng lm ng phn
cch. Nt ny c v lch sang phn hnh chiu hay hnh ct tu theo nt lin m
thuc hnh biu din no (Hnh 4.20a).
+ Nu nt lin m va thuc hnh chiu va thuc hnh ct th nt ln sng c v
nh hnh 4.20b
+ Trong trng hp hnh chiu v hnh ct khng c chung trc i xng th c th dng
ng phn cch l nt ln sng (Hnh 4.21).
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+ Trong trng hp ghp hnh chiu vi hnh ct, khng v cc nt khut trn phn hnh
chiu, nu cc nt th hin trn phn hnh ct.
+ Nu mt b phn ca vt th l mt khi trn xoay v c ng ranh gii r rt, c
th lp hnh ct ghp ring cho b phn , ng phn cch gia na hnh chiu v na
hnh ct l trc i xng ca b phn (Hnh 4.22).
+ Khi ct dc trc cc chi tit nh trc c, trc chnh, cc cnh mng nh gn chu
lc (Hnh 4.23) bu lng,inh tn, nan hoa... (Hnh 4.24) th coi nh chng khng b ct
(khng gch mt ct); vin bi khng bao gi b ct.
Mt s lu khi v hnh ct:
* Khi no v hnh ct?
Khi nhng vt th c cu to rng bn trong, trn cc hnh chiu ca chng c
nhiu nt t th phi dng hnh ct din t nhng phn khut . Khi chn
mt phng ct trng vi mt phng i xng ca phn rng lm r c b
dyca vt th cng nh hnh dng ca phn rng bn trong.
* V hnh ct ch no?
Quan st trn cc hnh chiu, nu thy trn hnh chiu no c nhiu nt t din t
cu to bn trong ca vt th th chn hnh chiu v hnh ct. Khng nn lm
dng th hin nhiu hnh ct trn mt bn v nu chng khng a thm nhng
thng tin g mi so vi hnh ct u tin.
* Dng hnh ct loi no?
Tu theo cu to ca vt th m chn loi hnh ct thch hp. Xin gi mt s cch
chn:
Nu vt th c cu to bn trong n gin nn ct ton phn bng mt mt phng ct.
Nu vt th c nhiu phn rng cc v tr khc nhau, dng hnh ct bc.
Nu mun th hin c phn rng bn trong v hnh dng bn ngoi ca vt th, chn
hnh ct kt hp.
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Khi ch mun th hin ring mt phn khut no , chn hnh ct ring phn.
* Khi no dng nt chm gch m?
Theo TCVN 8 85, nt chm gch m dng biu din phn b mt c
gia cng nhit hoc biu din phn vt th nm trc mt phng ct m theo quy
nh chng khng c th hin trn hnh ct. Nu phn vt th rt quan trng
v khng th khng th hin, dng nt chm gch m v.
* Nhng sai st thng gp khi v hnh ct:
V k hiu vt ct v ghi ch lc tha, lc thiu.Cn nh rng khng v vt ct v ghi
ch bng cp ch ci khi mt phng ct trng vi mt phng i xng ca vt th
v hnh ct c t ngay trn mt trong nhng hnh chiu c bn.
V thiu cc nt sau mt phng ct.
Mt ct
nh ngha
Mt ct l hnh phng nhn c trn mt phng ct khi tng tng dng mt phng
ny ct vt th (Hnh 4.25).
Mt phng ct c chn sao cho vung gc vi chiu di ca vt th. Mt ct dng
th hin hnh dng v cu to ca phn t b ct m trn hnh chiu cha th hin.
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Phn loi mt ct
Mt ct c chia lm hai loi: Mt ct ri v mt ct chp.

Mt ct ri
L mt ct t ngoi hnh chiu biu din tng ng (Hnh 4.25).

+ ng bao mt ct ri v bng nt lin m. Mt ct ri dng th hin phn t c
ng bao tng i phc tp.
+ Mt ct ri i xng thng t theo ng ko di ca nt ct, lc ny trc i xng
ca mt ct trng vi nt ct (Hnh 4.26) hoc gia phn ct la ca hnh biu din
tng ng (Hnh 4.27).
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Lc ny trn mt ct v hnh biu din tng ng khng cn ghi ch v k hiu.

+ Cho php t mt ct ri v tr tu nhng lc trn hnh biu din tng ng v
mt ct phi c ghi ch v k hiu.
Mt ct chp.
Mt ct chp l mt ct t ngay trn hnh biu din tng ng ti v tr ct (Hnh 4.28).

ng bao mt phng ct chp v bng nt lin mnh. Mt ct chp dng hin cc
phn t c ng bao n gin.
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Cc qui nh v mt ct
+ Cch ghi ch v k hiu trn mt ct ni chung ging nh cch ghi ch ch v k hiu
trn hnh ct.
+ i vi mt ct chp v mt ct ri khng c trc i xng trng vi vt mt phng
ct th ch cn v nt ct, mi tn ch hng nhn m khng cn cp ch ci t tn cho
mt ct (Hnh 4.29).
+ Mt ct c t ng hng ca mi tn ch hng chiu v cho php t v tr

bt k trn bn v. Nu mt ct c xoay th trn cp ch ci v mt mi tn cong
(Hnh 4.30).
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+ Nu mt phng ct i qua trc cc l trn xoay, phn lm trn xoay th trn mt cc

ng bao ca mt trn xoay c v y nh trong hnh ct (Hnh 4.31).
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+ i vi mt s mt ct ca cng mt vt th c hnh dng ging nhau nhng khc

nhau v v tr v gc ct th cc mt ct c k hiu ging nhau v ch cn v mt
mt ct i din (Hnh 4.32)
+ Trong trng hp c bit cho php dng mt cong ct, khi mt ct c v

theo dng tri v ghi ch " tri" di gi ngang ca cp ch ci. (Hnh 4.33).
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K hiu vt liu trn mt ct
+ TCV0007 93 qui nh k hiu vt liu trn mt ct nh mc 2.5 trnh by.

+ Cch v k hiu vt liu trn mt ct:
Cc ng gch trn mt ct phi k song song vi nhau v nghing 450 so vi ng
trc chnh ca hnh ct, ng bao ca hnh ct hoc ng bng ca bn v. (Hnh
4.34) Nu ng gch gch hoc song song vi ng bao ca hnh ct hoc ng
trc chnh ca hnh ct th c php k ng gch gch nghing 300 hoc 600 (Hnh
4.35).
Trn mi hnh ct, mt ct ca mt vt th cng thuc mt bn v th ng gch k

ging nhau (cng hng v cng khong cch). Khong cch gia cc ng gch gch
ln hn hoc bng 2 ln nt c bn v khng nh hn 0,7mm.
Cc hnh ct, mt ct ca cc chi tit khc nhau t cnh nhau th ng gch mt ct
ca mi chi tit c gch c hng khc nhau hoc khong cch gia cc ng gch
khc nhau (Hnh 4.36).
Cho php t en cc mt ct hp c b rng nh hn 2 mm, nu cc mt ct hp st
nhau th gia cc mt ct phi mt vch t trng nh lm ranh gii. (Hnh 4.37)
Nu b mt phi gch ln qu cho php ch gch phn st bin (Hnh 4.38).
Khng gch qua ch s kch thc (Hnh 4.39).
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V mt ct nghing.
V mt ct nghing ca vt th l v hnh tht ca giao gia mt phng ct vi cc mt

bn ca vt th.
V d: V mt ct nghing AA ca vt th cho nh hnh 4.40.
Cch lm gm cc bc sau:
+ Phn tch vt th:
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Vt th gm hai khi: l khi hp ch nht.

Thn l khi tr trn xoay.
+ Dng giao tuyn:
Mt AA ct tr theo mt hnh elp khng y c:
Hnh chiu ng gm cc im: 31, 21, 11
Hnh chiu bng gm cc im: 3'2 ,, 22 , 12 , 2'2, 3''2
Mt ct A A ct theo hnh ch nht c:
Hnh chiu ng 31, 41
Hnh chiu bng 32, 3'2, 42, 4'2.
+V hnh tht ca mt ct:
Thc cht l dng phng php thay mt phng hnh chiu xc nh ln ca mt
hnh phng trnh by trong chng trnh hnh hc ho hnh. Th t thc hin nh sau:
K ng thng h song song vi AA
Trn h ly cc im 10, 20, 30, 40 c:
10 20 = 11 21; 20 30 =21 31; 30 40 = 31 41
+ Qua 20, 30, 40 k cc ng thng vung gc vi h v t:
+ Ni cc im: 4, 3, 3*, 2,10 , 2', 3'', 3', 4', 40 , 4 ta c c ng bao hnh tht ca
mt ct AA phi xc nh.
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Hnh trch
nh nghi
Hnh trch l hnh biu din b sung cho mt b phn no ca vt th khi cn lm r
hnh dng v kch thc ca b phn .Hnh trch c v theo t l ln hn t l hnh
biu din tng ng trn cng mt bn v.
K hiu hnh trch
Trn hnh biu din tng ng, ti phn t cn trch v ng trn bng nt lin mnh
km theo ch s La m t tn cho hnh trch. S La m c vit trn on nm ngang
ca ng dn v t vng trn gii hn phn t cn trch ca vt th (Hnh 3. 41 a).+
Pha trn hnh trch: S la m vit trn gi nm ngang. T l ca hnh trch vit di
gi nm ngang (Hnh 4.41b).+ Hnh trch c th l hnh ct hay hnh chiu m khng
ph thuc vo cch biu hin ca hnh biu din tng ng.
Hnh 3.42 l hnh trch rnh ca hai u trc trong , hnh trch l hnh ct, hnh biu
din tng ng l hnh chiu.
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V hnh chiu v ghi kch thc ca vt th

V hnh biu din
Mi vt th d n gin hay phc tp u do mt hay nhiu khi hnh hc c bn to
thnh. Khi v hnh chiu ca vt th ta phi chn hng chiu chnh sao cho hnh biu
din chnh phi th hin c nhiu nht, r nht hnh dng v kch thc ca vt th.
S lng hnh biu din ph thuc vo mc phc tp ca vt th v lun phi theo
nguyn tc: s lng hnh biu din t nht nhng phi th hin c y hnh dng
v kch thc ca vt th.Thng thng vt th c biu din bng ba hnh chiu, c
khi ngi ta ch v hai hnh chiu, thm ch 1 hnh chiu. Hnh chiu ph v hnh chiu
ring phn c v khi cu to ca vt th phc tp. C th phn qu trnh xy dng
hnh biu din ca vt th thnh cc bc sau:* Bc 1 Phn tch vt th thnh cc
khi hnh hc n gin.V d: Hnh 3.43 l vt th cn biu din. Ta c th phn tch
thnh ba khi hnh hc n gin nh trn hnh 3.44.
1 c dng hnh lng tr, y trn v y di hnh thang cn, hai gc sau v trn
1/4 trn mt tr c hai l tr xuyn sut.2 Gi l khi lng tr c mt trc v mt
sau l hnh thang cn, mt di phng tip xc vi , mt trn khot rnh hnh tr.3
l mt khi hnh tr nm ngang c l xuyn sut, mt di t vo rnh hnh tr ca gi
.
* Bc 2: Chn hng chiu chnhQua phn tch vt th c th nhn thy chn hng
chiu A trn hnh 3.43 lm hng chiu chnh l hp l.* Bc 3 V cc hnh chiuTu
theo cu to ca vt th ta c th v cc hnh chiu theo trnh t sau:
1 Hnh chiu ng hnh chiu bng hnh chiu cnh.2 Hnh chiu ng hnh
chiu cnh hnh chiu bng.
* Th t cc bc thc hin sau khi chn mt trong 2 trnh t trn:+ V cc ng
trc i xng ca vt th trn ba hnh chiu.+ Ln lt v hnh chiu ca , gi v
theo th t: V ng trn nh trc ng trn ln sau, tip n v cc ng bng,
ng ng v ng xin, tip theo l xc nh giao gia cc mt v cui cng l v
cc ng bao khut. Cn ch rng trong v k thut khng biu din cc trc hnh
chiu (oxyz) nh trong hnh hc ho hnh do khi v cn phi c nhng ng chun
t xc nh v tr tng i ca cc phn t cu to nn vt th. Thng thng
ngi ta dng cc trc i xng ca cc hnh chiu hoc cc mt bn ca vt th
lm chun o kch thc trn cc hnh chiu. Khi v hnh chiu th 3 ta dng ng
nghing 45o lm ng ph tr v. Hnh 3.45 l ba hnh chiu ca vt th cho hnh
3.43.
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Ghi kch thc

Trong ch 1 trnh by nhng kin thc chung v ghi kch thc. Nhng trong
thc t cc vt th c cu trc phc tp v khng ging nhau, do tu thuc vo mi
vt th c biu din, ta c cch ghi kch thc cho ph hp phn nh y , chnh
xc ln ca vt th. Cc kch thc phi c ghi r rng, d hiu trnh nhm ln
trong khi c bn v hoc phi tnh ton li trong gia cng.
a) Phn loi kch thc Ngi ta chia kch thc thnh ba loi. Kch thc nh
hnh l kch thc xc nh ln ca tng khi hnh hc cu to nn vt th. V d:
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Hnh 3.45: cc kch thc (22, (38 v 44 xc nh ln ca trc, kch thc 110, 55,
16 xc nh ln ca . Kch thc nh v: L kch thc xc nh v tr tng i
gia cc phn t cu to nn vt th. V d: Kch thc 82 v (16 xc nh v tr tng
i gia 2 l tr v mt di 1; kch thc 58 xc nh tng i gia 3 v gi
2. Kch thc nh v ly theo ba chiu khng gian, mi chiu khng gian phi chn
mt mt no lm chun kch thc.V d (Hnh 3.46): xc nh chiu rng
ca vt th c th chn mt phng i xng ca vt th lm mt chun (chun I). xc
nh chiu dy ca vt th chn mt sau ca v gi lm mt chun (chun II).
xc nh chiu cao chn mt di ca lm mt chun (chun III). Kch thc nh
khi: L kch thc ln nht theo ba chiu khng gian ca vt th. Kch thc nh khi
cn gi l kch thc chon ch.V d: Cc kch thc 110, 58 v (38, 55 v 10 kch
thc nh khi ca vt th c biu din trn hnh 3.45.b) Phn b kch thc
kch thc ghi trn bn v c r rng, d c, trnh nhm ln cn ch mt s vn
sau: Mi kch thc ch ghi mt ln, khng ghi lp, ghi tha. Cc kch thc nh
hnh ca phn t no ghi hnh chiu th hin r nht c trng hnh dng ca phn t
. Nhng kch thc c lin quan n vic biu din mt b phn ca vt th nn
gn nhau. Mi kch thc c ghi mt v tr r rng ca bn v, nn ghi ngoi
hnh biu din v ghi tp trung mt s hnh biu din, nht l hnh biu din chnh.
c bn v v v hnh chiu th 3 t 2 hnh chiu cho
c bn v
c bn v l nghin cu cc hnh biu din cho hiu c hnh dng, kt cu
ca vt th. Trnh t c bn v c th thc hin nh sau: Phi xc nh hng chiu
cho tng hnh chiu, theo cc hng t trc, t trn (hoc t tri) hnh dung ra mt
trc, mt trn (hoc mt tri) ca vt th. Phn tch ngha cc ng nt trn tng
hnh chiu, mi quan h gia cc ng nt trn cc hnh chiu hnh dung c tng
b phn cu thnh vt th. Cui cng l tng hp nhng iu phn tch trn, hnh
dung ra hnh dng ca vt th c biu din.
Mi quan h gia cc hnh chiu
Trn hnh 3.47 biu din ba hnh chiu ca im A. Ta nhn thy: Hnh chiu ng
A1 c xc nh bi OAx v OAz - Hnh chiu bng A2 c xc nh bi OAx v
OAy Hnh chiu cnh A3 c xc nh bi OAy v OAzNh vy:
+ Hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu bng c chung kch thc song song vi trc Oz
xa cnh ca im.+ Hnh chiu bng v hnh chiu cnh c chung kch thc song song
vi trc Oy xa ca m.+ Hnh chiu ng v hnh chiu cnh c chung kch thc
song song vi trc Ox cao ca im.
T , khi bit hai hnh chiu ca vt th ta c th v c hnh chiu th ba ca n.
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Cn ch trong bn v k thut khng v cc trc chiu cng nh cc ng dng

hnh chiu cho nn khi v hnh chiu thc ba ta thng v theo chun kch thc.
Hnh 3.47
V d
V hnh chiu cnh ca vt th cho nh hnh 3.48. Trnh t thc hin nh sau:a)
c bn v Qua phn tch ng nt ca hai hnh chiu ta thy vt th c th chia
thnh ba phn: (Hnh 3.49)+ Thn (1) c dng hp ch nht.Kch thc ca thn l 38 x
26 x 15, pha di thn x rnh 28 x 26 x 4; mt trn hai pha trc v sau c khot hai
rnh na tr R7, rng 5 l (10 c khoan sut t trn xung di + Hai quai (2) l
hai na mt tr bn knh ngoi R10, bn knh trong R7 rng 5.+ Hai tai (3): u ca hai
tai l cc na mt tr R8, l xuyn sut (6 b) V hnh chiu cnh. Nguyn tc chung l
v cc phn thy trc, phn khut sau, b phn ch yu trc, th yu sau. Th t thc
hin nh sau (Hnh 3.50)
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V vt th c l xuyn
Vt th xuyn l cc vt th c dng hnh hc c bn v c cc l xuyn qua. V

vt th xuyn l v giao gia cc mt hnh hc hc trong chng trnh hnh hc ha
hnh. V d: Cho hnh chiu ng ca mt vt th xuyn v hnh chiu bng cha y
ca n (Hnh 3.52). Hy v y hnh chiu bng, hnh chiu cnh v p dng hnh
ct hp l trn cc hnh chiu. Gii: Bc 1: V y hnh chiu bng ca l lng tr
chiu ng y tam gic cn xuyn qua tr trn xoay.Bc 2: V hnh chiu cnh:Thc
cht l v giao gia mt tr trn xoay v lng tr chiu bng y hnh vung vi lng
tr chiu ng tam gic cn.+ Lng tr chiu ng y tam gic nn hnh chiu ng
ca giao trng vi hnh chiu ng ca lng tr.+ Tr trn xoay v lng tr c y hnh
vung u l cc mt chiu bng do hnh chiu bng ca giao trng vi hnh chiu
bng ca tr v lng tr y hnh vung.+ Tm hnh chiu cnh ca giao:
V mt trn ca lng tr l mt phng bng do trn hnh chiu cnh s suy bin
thnh on thng nm ngang. Hai mt bn ca lng tr l cc mt phng chiu ng
ct tr theo cc cung elp nn trn hnh chiu cnh cc cung A3 B3 C3 D3 cng l cc
cung e lp. Lng tr chiu ng y tam gic ct lng tr chiu bng y hnh vung
ti cc im E v K.Hnh 3.53 gii thiu cch tm mt na giao ca lng tr y tam
gic vi tr trn xoay, giao ca lng tr y tam gic vi tr c y l hnh vung.Na
i xng cn li cch v cng tng t.Hnh 3.54 l 3 hnh chiu vung gc sau khi
v hon chnh v hnh chiu trc o c ct b mt phn t nhn r cu trc bn
trong ca vt th.
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Hnh chiu trc o

Hnh chiu trc o
Phng php biu din hnh chiu trc o

A. Khi nim
Hnh chiu thng gc l loi hnh biu din n gin, cho php th hin chnh xc
hnh dng v kch thc ca vt th. Do trong k thut dng phng php hnh chiu
thng gc lm phng php biu din chnh. Song mi hnh chiu thng gc ch th hin
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kch thc hai chiu nn ngi c kh hnh dung ra hnh dng ca vt th. khc
phc nhc im ngi ta dng phng php hnh chiu trc o b sung. Hnh
chiu trc o l hnh biu din ni ca vt th trn mt mt phng hnh chiu bng php
chiu song song. Hnh chiu trc o th hin ng thi c ba chiu ca vt th trn mt
hnh biu din nn d thy c hnh dng ca n. Chnh v vy, bn cnh cc hnh
chiu thng gc ngi ta thng v thm hnh chiu trc o ca vt th (Hnh 5.1)
B. Phng php xy dng hnh chiu trc o

xy dng hnh chiu trc o ngi ta lm nh sau: Gn h trc to cc ba
chiu Oxyz vo vt th. Chn mt phng P' lm mt phng hnh chiu v hng chiu
L Chiu h trc to oxyz v vt th theo hng chiu L ln mt phng P' ta c hnh
chiu ca cc trc l O'X'Y'Z' (c gi l cc trc o) v hnh chiu ca vt th gi
l hnh chiu trc o (Hnh 5.2)
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C. H s bin dng
T s gia kch thc trn trc o vi kch thc tng ng o c trn vt th c
gi l h s bin dng.T s O'A' / OA =p l h s bin dng theo phng Ox.T s O'B'
/ 0B = q l h s bin dng theo phng Oy.T s O'C' / OC = r l h s bin dng theo
phng Oz.Nh cc h s bin dng ta c th chuyn t h to vung gc sang h
to trc o v ngc li.
D. Phn loi hnh chiu trc o
+ Cn c vo phng chiu L vung gc hoc xin gc vi mt phng hnh chiu P m
ngi ta phn thnh: Hnh chiu trc o vung gc Hnh chiu trc xin gc.+ Cn c
theo h s bin dng m phn thnh: Hnh chiu trc o u: ba h s bin dng theo
ba trc bng nhau. Hnh chiu trc o cn: hai trong ba h s bin dng bng nhautng
i mt. Hnh chiu trc o lch: ba h s bin dng theo ba trc khng bng nhau.Rt
nhiu loi hnh chiu trc o c xy dng trn c s . Song k thut thng dng
mt s loi hnh chiu trc o nh: Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u. Hnh chiu
trc o vung gc cn Hnh chiu trc o ng u(xin gc u). Hnh chiu trc
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o ng cn (xin gc cn).Di y gii thiu cc qui nh v cch v bn loi hnh

chiu trc o trn.
Cc loi hnh chiu trc o
Tiu chun Vit Nam, TCVN 11 78, quy nh v v tr cc trc o v h s bin dng
theo cc trc v hnh chiu trc o.
Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u

A, V tr cc trc o
Cc gc X'O'Y' = Y'O'Z' = Z'O'X' =120o. C th xc nh gc 30o gia trc x hoc y

vi phng nm ngang bng ke.
B. H s bin dng theo cc trc
p = q = r = 0,82.
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cho tin v c th v hnh chiu trc o vung gc u gn ng bng cch ly h

s bin dng theo cc trc x, y, z bng p = q = r = 1, ngha l phng to hnh chiu trc
o ln 1/0,82 = 1,22 ln so vi thc t.
C. V hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn
Trong hnh chiu trc o vung gc u, ng trn thuc cc mt phng song song
vi mt phng to c hnh chiu trc o l elp. Trc ln ca elp vung gc vi
trc o th ba khng cha elp. Nu ly h bin dng dng qui c p = q = r = 1 th trc
ln ca elp bng 1,22 ng knh vng trn v trc nh bng 0,7 ng knh . C th
v gn ng hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn bng van (thay th cho ng elip).
Cch v ng van nh hnh 5.5: Ly trc ln AB bng 1,22d, trc nh CD bng 0,7d
(d l ng knh ng trn cn v), quay cung trn tm O' bn knh O'C = O'D ct trc
ln AB ti O3, O4 . Quay cung trn tm O' bn knh O'A = O'B ct trc nh CD ti O1,
O2. Bn cung trn c tm Ot, O2, O3, O4 to thnh ng van. V tr cc tip im
thuc cc ng cong c xc nh nh hnh v.
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Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn

A. V tr cc trc o
Cc gc X'O'Z'= 97o10' ; Y'O'Z' = Y'O'Z' =131o 25'. C th v trc O'X' theo tg7o =
1:8 v trc O'Y' theo tg 410 7:8.
B. H s bin dng theo cc trc o
p = r = 0,94, q = 0,47. tin v, ngi ta s dng h s bin dng qui c p = r = 1, q

= 0,5. Nh vy hnh chiu trc o c phng to 1,06 ln so vi thc t.
C. V hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn
+ ng trn thuc mt phng song song vi mt phng O'X'Z' c hnh chiu trc o
l elp. di ca trc ln bng 1,06d. di trc nh bng 0,94d. (d l ng knh
ca ng trn) (Hnh 5.7). + ng trn thuc mt phng song song vi mt phng
X'O'Y' v Y'O'Z' c hnh chiu l elip. di trc ln bng 1,06d, di trc nh bng
0,35d.Hng trc ln ca elp hp vi O'X' hay O'Z' mt gc 70 tu theo elp thuc mt
phng song song vi X'O'Y' hay Y'O'Z'. Hay ni cch khc, trc ln ca elp ny vung
gc vi O'Z' hay O'X'.+ Cch v gn ng elp bng ng van:
i vi elp nm trong mt phng X'O'Z' c trc ln AB = 1,06d trc nh CD = 94d ta
ni AC. Ly O lm tm quay cung trn bn knh OA ct CD ti E. Ly O lm tm quay
cung trn bn knh OA ct CD ti E. Quay cung trn tm C, bn knh CE ct AC ti F.
Dng trung trc AF ct AB, CD ti O4,O1 ly O3, O2 i xng O4, O1 qua O. Bn tm
O1, O2, O3, O4 l bn tm cung trn ni tip to thnh ng van.Hnh 5.8- i vi
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elp c trc ln AB = 1,06d; trc nh CD = 0,35d. Ta ly:O2A = O4B = CD/4 O1C =

O2D = R = AB + (CD/2) (Hnh 5.9)
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Hnh chiu trc xin gc u

A. V tr cc trc o
Cc gc X 'O' Z' = 90o, Y' O' X' = Y' O' Z' = 135o. (hnh 5.12)
B. H s bin dng quy c
p=q=r=1
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C. Hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn
+ ng trn thuc mt phng song song vi mt XOY hay YOZ c hnh chiu trc
o l elp . di trc ln ca elp bng 1,3d, di trc nh bng 0,54d (d l ng
knh ca ng trn). Hng trc ln ca elp hp vi trc O'X' hay O'Z' mt gc 22o
30'.(Hnh 5.13) + Cch v gn ng elp bng ng van nh hnh 5.14.
Trc ln AB =1,3d, Trc nh CD = 0,54dR = O1C = O3D = 1,42dr = O2A = O4B = 0,18
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Hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn

A. V tr cc trc o
Ging nh hnh chiu trc o ng u.

B. H s bin dng quy c
p = r = 1; q = 0,5
C. Hnh chiu trc o ca ng trn
+ ng trn thuc mt phng song song vi mt phng X'O'Z' c hnh chiu trc o l
ng trn.+ ng trn thuc mt phng song song vi mt phng Y'O'Z' hay Z'O'Y'
c hnh chiu trc o l elp. di trc elp bng 1,06 d, nghing 7o vi trc X' nu
nm trong, hoc song song vi mt phng X'O'Y'; nghing 7o vi trc Z' nu nm trong
hoc song song vi mt phng Y'O'Z'. di trc nh bng 0,35 d (d l ng knh
ng trn) (Hnh 5.16)+ Cho php v gn ng elp bng van nh hnh 5.17.
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Cc v d v cc loi hnh chiu trc o
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Cc quy c v hnh chiu trc o
1. Trn hnh chiu trc o cc thnh mng, cc nan hoa v.v.... vn v k hiu trn mt
ct khi ct qua chng (Hnh 5.20).2. Cho php ct ring phn trn hnh chiu trc o.
Phn vt liu ca vt th b mt phng trung gian ct, quy c v bng cc chm nh
(Hnh 5.21).3. Ghi kch thc trn hnh chiu trc o. Cc ng dng c k song
song vi cc trc o O'X', O'Y', O'Z' v cc ng kch thc k song song vi on
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c ghi kch thc. Cc ch s kch thc cng ghi theo chiu ca ng dng (Hnh
5.22).4. ng gch k hiu vt liu ca mt ct trn hnh chiu trc ong gch
gch c k song song vi hnh chiu trc o ca ng cho hnh vung nm trn cc
mt phng to tng ng v c cc cnh song song vi cc trc x, y, z. Hnh vung
c hai ng cho nn tng ng ta c 2 kiu gch mt ct cho mi loi hnh chiu trc
o. (Hnh 5.23a; Hnh 5.23b). 5. Cho php v ren v rng ca bnh rng theo nh quy
c trong hnh chiu vung gc (Hnh 5.24 , Hnh 5.25).6. Khi cn thit cho php dng
cc loi hnh chiu trc o khc da trn c s l thuyt v hnh chiu trc o Ngoi ra
cho php dng h trc o tri nh hnh 5.26.
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Cch v hnh chiu trc o
Chn loi hnh chiu trc o
Khi biu din hnh chiu trc o ca vt th ta chn mt trong cc loi hnh chiu trc
o trn. Vic chn phi tu thuc vo hnh dng cu to ca vt th v tu theo yu cu
th hin m chn loi hnh chiu trc o cho thch hp. Hnh chiu trc o vung gc
u th hin cu to ca vt th theo ba mt u r rng, cn i, hnh biu din p, d
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dng. V vy hnh chiu trc o vung gc u c s dng nhiu, nht l i vi cc

vt th c cu to phc tp theo c ba chiu (Hnh 5.27). i vi nhng vt th c cu
to l nhng khi hnh hp, c dng nh hnh 5.28 th loi hnh chiu trc o vung gc
u s khng th hin r cu to v mt s ng nt s b trng nhau. Khi ta nn
dng loi hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn s khc phc c nhc im trn (Hnh 5.
29). Hnh chiu trc o xin gc u, xin gc cn thng dng i vi nhng vt th
c nhiu vng trn, cung trn nm trong cc mt phng song song nhau. Nu chn mt
phng to xoz song song vi cc mt phng cha vng trn th hnh chiu trc o ca
vng trn l vng trn. V vy vic dng hnh n gin hn rt nhiu so vi dng elp.
Nu chiu di ca vt th theo phng y ln, th nn chn loi hnh chiu trc o xin
gc cn, kch thc theo phng Oy rt ngn i mt na, hnh biu din s cn i hn
(Hnh 5.30b).
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Gn h to vung gc vo vt th
Vic chn v tr v chiu ca cc trc to hp l s lm cho vic biu din trn

hnh chiu trc o d hn, p hn v th hin r nt cc cu to ca vt th. V vy, tu
theo cu to vt th tu theo yu cu th hin m gn h to sao cho hp l. Thng
thng, vi nhng vt th c dng khi hp ta nn chn gc h to trng vi gc ca
khi, cc cnh ca h to trng vi cc cnh ca khi. Cn vi nhng khi dng tr
trn ta nn chn gc to trng vi tm ca khi tr, cc cnh ca h to trng vi
trc i xng ca vt th (hnh 5.31).
Cch dng hnh chiu trc o

Ta bit, mt on thng (hay mt cnh) c xc nh bi hai im, mi hnh phng
(mi mt) li c xc nh bng cc cnh ca n, v vy vic dng hnh chiu trc o
cng quy v dng cc im, cc cnh v cc mt trong khng gian.
A. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca im A
T h to vung gc ca im A (XA,YA,ZA) nh trn hnh 5.32 ta dng li v tr

ca im A trong khng gian theo cc bc sau: Chn loi hnh chiu trc o, v cc
trc o. Xc nh to trc o ca im A bng cch nhn to vung gc vi h
s bin dng ca h trc o .
x'A = xA.p; y'A = yA.q; z'A = ZA.r
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t cc to trc o ln cc trc o v xc nh A' l hnh chiu trc o ca A (hnh

5.33).
B. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca 1 on thng
Nu on thng c v tr bt k so vi trc to ta xc nh hnh chiu trc o 2 im

u mt ca on thng ri ni hnh chiu trc o 2 im ta c hnh chiu trc o ca
on thng. V d on A'B'trn hnh 5.34.Ta xc nh hnh chiu trc o ca im A'
v B'sau ni A' vi B' ta c on thng A'B' Nu on thng song song vi mt
trc o no th ch cn xc nh mt im thuc on thng, qua hnh chiu trc o
ca im va xc nh k song song vi trc o. im cn li phi thuc ng thng
va k v c khong cch bng khong cch tht gia hai im nhn vi h s bin dng
ca trc o. V d: Trn hnh 5.35, xc nh A''D' ta ch cn xc nh to im
A' sau k qua A' ng thng song song O' X' . V tr iim D' c tnh bng
A'D' = AD x p.
C. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt hnh phng
Dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt lc gic ABCDEG thuc mt phng song song vi
mt phng ZOX , ta gn mt phng ABCDEG trng vi mt phng XOZ. Tm O trng
vi im A ca hnh phng, cnh AG trng vi trc OX, cnh AB trng vi trc OZ
(Hnh 5.36a). Theo cch dng im v on thng ta c th dng d dng hnh phng
ABCDEG Trnh t dng nh sau:
+ V im A'(0, 0). + V im B'(0, a).+ V im C'(h, b).+ Qua C' k ng thng
song song vi O'X'. t C'D' = k.+ Xc nh G' trn O'X' tho mn O'G' = m+ V im
E (m, a)+ Ni E' vi D' ta c hnh phng cn dng (Hnh 5.36b).
D. Dng hnh chiu trc o vt th c dng hnh hp
Chn gc to trng vi gc ca khi hp ln, cc mt ca khi hp ln nm trong

cc mt phng to . Dng hnh chiu trc o ca khi hp ln trc, sau dng n
cc khi nh, phn vt, l rng (nu c)v.v... Trn hnh chiu trc o khng th hin
phn khut ca vt th. Ty b cc nt tha, t li phn thy. Hnh 5.38 trnh by cc
bc dng hnh chiu trc o ca mt khi hp.
E. Dng hnh chiu trc o ca vt th c cc mt phng i xng
i vi cc vt th c cc mt phng i xng th nn chn mt phng i xng lm

mt phng to . Hnh 5.39 trnh by cch v hnh chiu trc o ca vt th c mt
phng i xng. Ta chn mt phng i xng lm mt phng to YOX, mt phng
vung gc vi trc mt tr lm mt phng XOZ. Chn hnh chiu trc o ng u
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v hnh chiu trc o ca cc ng trn n gin hn so vi cc loi trc o khc.

Cch dng nh sau: V mt ngoi cng ca vt th (trng vi mt phng to X'O'Z')
(Hnh 5.39b); V cc ng song song vi trc O' Y' (hnh 5.39c) Xc nh b dy
vt th (kch thc theo phng O'Y') (hnh 5.39d). T m cc ng thy v ty cc
nt tha ta c hnh chiu trc ca vt th cn dng (Hnh 5.38e).
G. Dng hnh chiu trc o c giao tuyn gia hai mt cong
Hnh 5.39 trnh by cch tm cc im thuc giao tuyn hai mt tr bng cch giii
bi ton im thuc ng sinh.
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V hnh ct trn hnh chiu trc o
th hin hnh dng bn trong ca vt th, trn hnh chiu trc o cng thng v
hnh ct. Chn cc mt phng ct sao cho hnh chiu trc o va th hin cu to bn
trong, va gi c hnh dng bn ngoi ca vt th. Thng thng vt th c coi
nh ct i mt phn t hay mt phn tm, cc mt phng ct l mt phng i xng,
hoc cc mt phng song song vi mt phng to . C hai cch v hnh ct trn hnh
chiu trc o: V ton b hnh chiu trc o ri mi v mt ct (Hnh 5.41): Cch v
ny d xc nh mt ct hn, nhng c nhiu nt ph sau khi v phi ty xo. V mt
ct trc ri mi v cc phn cn li sau mt ct (Hnh 5.42)Cc ng gch gch trong
hnh chiu trc o c k tu theo loi hnh chiu trc o c s dng.
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T bng trn hnh chiu trc o
hnh chiu trc o c ni v p, cho php t bng trn hnh chiu trc o.
Hng tia sng c quy c l hng song song vi ng cho hnh lp phng c
cc mt song song vi mt phng to . Tu theo vt th c chiu sng nhiu hay
t m k cc ng m, mnh, tha, dy khc nhau. Cc ng t bng c k song
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song vi cnh hoc ng sinh ca cc khi hnh hc c bn Hnh 5.43 gii thiu cch
t bng hnh chiu trc o.
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Hnh chiu phi cnh

Hnh chiu phi cnh
Hy quan st on Video clip sau bit thm mt s nh ngha v hnh chiu phi
cnh
CHN VIDEO phoicanh
nh ngha cc thnh phn phi cnh
Khi chng ta nhn mt vt, t mt chng ta ta ra nhng tia gi l tia nhn trong phi
cnh, chng ta chp nhn ch dng mt mt tng trng k hiu l OE.
Nhng mt phng chnh
Bc tranh T: Bc tranh l mt mt phng gia mt nhn OE v vt phi v.Mt phng
ngang chnh H: L mt phng ngang tm mt, ta gi l mt phng H.Mt phng G: L
mt t, trn cc bnh ca mu vt hay cng trnh kin trc v phi cnh s c
t lnMt phng ng chnh V: Mt phng ny thng gc vi bc tranh T, thng gc
vi mt phng G (mt t) v ngang qua mt nhn OE.Mt phng tin u:L mt phng
song song vi bc tranh T. T l mt phng tin u gn nht.Mt phng trung trc N:
L mt phng song song vi bc tranh T (thng gc vi G),v i qua mt nhn OE
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Nhng ng chnh
- ng t:
XY l ng giao ca 2 mt phng N v G.xy l ng giao ca 2 mt phng T v G.
- ng chn tri H'H:
l ng giao ca 2 mt phng H v T.
- ng thng ng chnh VV':
l ng giao ca 2 mt phng T v mt phng ng chnh V.
- Tia nhn chnh oep:
l tia nhn t mt OE thng gc vi bc tranh T.
- Khong cch chnh d:
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l khong cch t mt nhn OE n bc tranh T: oep = d

Nhng im chnh
- im bin chnh P:
l giao im ca tia nhn chnh oep vi bc tranh T. P nm trn ng chn tri HH
- im p: im chiu ca P trn xy.- im khong cch D:
D+ nm trn H'H pha bn phi vi PD+ = d (khong cch chnh)D- nm trn H'H pha
bn tri vi PD- = d Tm li, tt c nhng thnh phn trn gm nhng im, ng
thng, mt phng ch yu nm trong mt h thng ca 4 mt phng T, H, N v G. .
.Nhng yu t ny l cn bn trong php v phi cnh. T h thng 4 mt phng T, H,
N v G chiu ht vo mt phng T ta thu c hnh chiu (hnh 5.45)Chiu ht xung
mt phng G chng ta c hnh chiu (hnh 5.46)Hai hnh chiu trn y c lin h vi
nhau, nn khi dng phi cnh, chng ta phi hp 2 hnh chiu trn nh hnh 5.46.Trong
trng hp cn thit xy v XY c th trng li nhau rt gn bn v.
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Hnh chiu phi cnh ca 1 im

hiu cch v phi cnh ca 1 im, chng ta quan st hnh khng gian sau:
- Mt phng ng A-OE-oe ct bc tranh T theo ng aa'- Mt phng P-OE-A ct

bc tranh T theo ng P-a-a1Vy suy ra cch v trn thc nh sau:
1- V tia OE-A trn mt chiu G2- OEA ct XY ti a' (thuc bc tranh T)3- Chiu vung
gc A ln xy ta c a14- Ni P vi a15- T a' k vung gc vi xy ln ct Pa1 thu c
a; a l phi cnh ca A
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Phi cnh 1 ng thng

Nguyn tc chung:
Mt ng thng c xc nh bng 2 im th phi cnh ca chng cng c xc
nh bng 2 im. Vy mun v phi cnh ca mt ng thng, ta cn tm phi cnh
ca 2 im thuc ng thng . Hai im ny phi c bit v d tm, l im gc
(gn nht) v im v cc (xa nht)
Phi cnh ca ng thng trong khng gian:
- Trong h thng 4 mt phng H, T, N, G ta v 1 ng thng D bt k - Trn mt phng
G: D gp XY dg - im ny nm trn G v T, cng l phicnh ca chnh n.Gi n
l phi cnh im gc ca D- Mt im bt k d1 thuc D c phi cnh ca n l im
d1 trn T.- dg v d1 l phi cnh ca 2 im trn ng thng D. Khi d bin trn D
cho n v cc th tia nhn OE- s song song vi D v nm trn mt phng H.Tia v
cc ny gp H'H ti f. Gi f l im bin (hay im t)
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T lp lun trn suy ra cch v phi cnh ca ng thng D trn T nh sau:+ V D ti

ct mt phng G (tc l ct XY trn thc) im gc dg. + Tm d1+ V OE -F song
song vi D gp XY F;+ Chiu F ln HH ta c f .+ Ni d1 vi f ta c d1 - f l
phi cnh ca D.Nu ta c nhiu ng thng song song vi D th phi cnh ca nhng
ng scng bin v quy t v f.
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110/188
S hnh thnh ren

S hnh thnh ren
Mt hnh phng chuyn ng trn ng xon c sao cho mt phng cha hnh phng
lun lun cha trc quay s to nn mt xon gi l ren (Hnh 4.4).
Ren hnh thnh trn mt tr gi l ren tr, hnh thnh trn mt cn gi l ren
cn.
Ren hnh thnh trn mt ngoi ca hnh tr gi l ren ngoi (Hnh 4.5a).
Ren hnh thnh trn mt trong ca hnh tr gi l ren l (Hay cn gi l ren
trong (Hnh 4.5b).
Hnh phng chuyn ng c th l hnh tam gic, hnh vung, hnh thang...
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Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp bng ren

Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp bng ren
ng xon c
ng xon c l qu o ca mt im (A)chuyn ng trn mt ng thng khi
ng thng quay u quanh mt trc c nh.
ng sinh
ng thng quay quanh trc gi l ng sinh. Trc c nh gi l trc quay.
Nu ng sinh song song vi trc quay ta c ng xon c tr (Hnh 4.1a).
Nu ng sinh ct trc quay ta c ng xon c cn (Hnh 4.1b).
Mt s nh ngha ca ng xon c
a. Vng xon l mt phn ca ng xon c im u v im cui l hai im k
nhau cng thuc mt ng sinh.b. Bc xon l khong cch di chuyn c ca mt
im trn mt ng sinh khi ng sinh quay c mt vng trc quay. chnh
l khong cch theo chiu trc ca im u v im cui vng xon. Bc xon k hiu
l Ph (Hnh 4.2).c. Gc xon : Gc xon c tnh theo cng thc: tg=Ph/dHng
xonTrn hnh chiu vung gc ca ng xon ln mt phng hnh chiu song song
vi trc quay, nu:
Phn thy ca ng xon theo hng i ln t tri sang phi ta c hng xon phi
(Hnh 4.3a) Phn thy ca ng xon theo hng i t phi sang tri ta c hng
xon tri (Hnh 4.3b).
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e. S u mi Nu trn mt mt tr (hoc mt cn) c nhiu ng xon c cng bc

xon c gi l s u mi. S u mi k hiu l n. T s gia bc xon v s u
mi gi l bc ren, k hiu l P.
P=Ph/n
Hnh 42
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Cc yu t ca ren
Cc yu t ca ren
Prfin ca ren
Prfin ca ren l ng bao mt ct ren khi mt phng ct cha trc ren (chnh l ng
bao ca hnh phng chuyn ng). Prfin ca ren c th l tam gic u, tam gic cn,
vung, hnh thang hay cung trn (Hnh 4.6)
S u mi ca ren
S u mi ca ren l s ng xon c to thnh ren. S u mi ca ren k hiu l n.
(Hnh 4.7).
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Bc ren
Bc ren l khong cch cng pha ca hai prfin k nhau theo chiu trc. Bc ren k
hiu l P. Nh vy ta c P=Ph/n
Cc kch thc ca ren
+ ng knh ngoi ca ren l ng knh ca mt tr bao nh ren ngoi hoc y ren
trong. ng knh ngoi ca ren cn gi l ng knh danh ngha ca ren. ng knh
ngoi ca ren k hiu l d cho ren ngoi (hoc D cho ren l).+ ng knh trong ca ren
l ng knh mt tr bao y ren ngoi hoc nh ren trong. ng knh trong ca ren
k hiu l d1 (hoc D1).+ ng knh trung bnh ca ren l ng knh mt tr tng
tng ng trc vi ren v c ng knh ct prfin ca ren ti im c b rng rnh
bng na bc ren.ng knh trung bnh ca ren k hiu l d2 (hoc D2).Hnh 4.8 biu
din cc kch thc ca trc v l ren tam gic n khp
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Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren

Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren
Mi ghp bu lng
n gin, mi ghp bu lng c v theo qui c, cc cung hypebn ca u bu lng
v ai c c thay th bng cung trn nh hnh 4.22 hng dn. Cc kch thc ca
mi ghp cn c vo ng knh ngoi ca ren tra trong bng 4.43. di ca bu
lng tnh theo cng thc.
L = b 1 + b 2 + H d +s + a + c
Sau khi tnh c L cn i chiu vi TCVN 1892 76 xc nh chnh thc L ng
vi tiu chun qui nh (bng 4.43):Cng c th tnh cc kch thc ca mi ghp theo
cc cng thc sau:d1 = 0,85 d,
R = 1,5d; r xc nh khi vd2 = 1,1d,
R1 = d,D = 2d,
C = 0,15d,Dv = 2,2d,
Sv = 0,15d,H =
0,8d,
L = (1,5 ( 2)d.Hb = 0,7d,
a = (0,15 0,25)d,
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Ghi ch: Du x l loi bulng c ren trn sut chiu di thn
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Mi ghp vt cy
Cc kch thc ca mi ghp vt cy cng c tnh theo ng kinh ngoi ca vt
cy theo TCVN 3068 81. ai c v vng m tra trong bng 4.44 v bng 4.45 tng
t trong mi ghp bu lng. Chiu di on ren cy vo chi tit ph thuc vo vt liu
ch to chi tit b ghp chn cho thch hp. Chiu di vt cy tnh theo cng thc:
L=b+s+Hd+a+c
Sau khi tnh song phi i chiu vi bng tiu chun xc nh chnh thc L ng
tiu chun quy nh.
Ghi ch: Khng nn dng nhng ai c c kch thc trong ngoc n.
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Mi ghp bng vt
Dng cho cc mi ghp chu ti trng nh. inh vt c vn trc tip vo l c renca
chi tit b ghp khng cn ai c. di ca vt c tnh theo cng thc:
L>b+l1H
Trong :
b: Chiu dy ca chi tit ghp c l trn;l1: Chiu di ca ren;H: Chiu cao ca rnh
chm trn chi tit ghp c l trn (Nu u vt c vn chm vo chi tit ghp).
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Ghp bng ng ni
ni cc ng ng (dn hi, dn kh hoc cht lng...) vi nhau, ngi ta dng
phn ni (Hoc gi l u ni) tiu chun c ch to bng gang rn theo quy nh
trong TCVN 1286 85. c trng ca ng ng l "ng thng quy c": Kch
thc thc t ca ng thng qui c l ng knh lng ng o bng milimt. K
hiu ca ng ng gm c ng knh ng thng quy c: Dq v s hiu tiu chun
qui nh ng ng.V d: ng 20 TCVN 1286 - 85 Hnh 4.38: Cc loi u ni bng
gang rn
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Biu din quy c ren

Biu din quy c ren
Hnh dng ca ren phc tp nn ren c biu din theo quy c quy nh trong TCVN
12 85.
Biu din ren thy
ng nh ren v ng gii hn gia phn c ren v phn khng c ren v bng
nt lin m. ng y ren v bng nt lin mnh v cch ng nh ren mt on
xp x bng bc ren. Trn mt phng hnh chiu vung gc vi trc ren ng trn y
ren v bng nt lin mnh v h mt on bng khong 1/4 ng trn sao cho cung
khng bt u v kt thc ng trc tm ca ng trn (Hnh 4.12).
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Biu din ren khut

ng nh ren, ng y ren ng gii hn ren u v bng nt t (Hnh 4. 13).
Mt s im cn ch :
1 K hiu ren lun phi ghi tng ng vi ng knh ngoi ca ren.2 Trng hp
ren khng tiu chun th biu din thm profin ren bng hnh ct ring phn hay hnh
trch ghi r kch thc (Hnh 4.15)3 K hiu vt liu trn mt ct ren phi gch n
ng nh ren.4 Khi cn biu din on ren cn (on ren c Prfin khng ) th
on ren cn c v bng nt lin mnh (Hnh 4.16).5 Ren hnh cn c v v k
hiu nh trn hnh 4.17
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Ghi k hiu ren

1. K hiu ren c ghi trn ng kch thc ca ng knh ngoi ren.2. K hiu ren
gm c:
+ K hiu c trng Prfin ca ren: V d: M; R; Tr...+ ng knh danh ngha ca
ren (ng knh vng nh ca ren ngoi hay ng knh vng chn ca ren l), n v
o l mm. Ring ren ng ly ng knh lng ng lm kch thc danh ngha v n
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v o l inch.+ Bc ren (i vi ren mt u mi) bc xon (i vi ren nhiu u

mi),khng phi ghi kch thc bc ren ln; kch thc bc ren nh c ghi sau
kch thc danh ngha ca ren v phn cch bi du x.Kch thc ca bc ren nhiu
u mi c ghi trong ngoc n, sau bc xon km theo k hiu P. V d: Tr 20 x 4
(P2).+ Hng xon: Ch rng ren c hng xon phi th trn k hiu ren khng cn
ghi hng xon. Nu hng xon tri th ghi k hiu LH.+ Cp chnh xc: K hiu cp
chnh xc ca ren c ghi sau hng xon ca ren v phn cch bng mt gch ni. K
hiu cc min dung sai ca mi ghp ren c ghi bng mt phn s, trong t s l
min dung sai ca ren trong, mu s l min dung sai ca ren ngoi.
Ghi chiu di ren v chiu su ca l khoan

Thng ch cn ghi kch thc chiu di ren m khng cn ghi kch thc chiu su l
khoan. Nu khng ghi tc l chiu su l khoan bng 1,25 chiu di ren. Hnh 4.18 l v
d v ghi kch thc ren
Mt s v d v ghi k hiu ren

M12: Ren h Met, bc ln, ng knh danh ngha 12 mm;hng xon phi.
M14 x 1,5 Ren h Mt, bc nh, ng knh danh ngha 14 mm, bc ren 1,5
mm
M 24 x 4 (P2) LH: l ren h mt, hai u mi, ng knh danh ngha 24 mm
bc xon 4 mm (bc ren 2 mm) hng xon tri.
Tr 30 x 4 5H: Ren thang, ng knh danh ngha 30mm, bc ren 4mm, cp
chnh xc 5H.
Sq 30 x 2 LH: Ren vung mt u mi, ng knh danh ngha 30 mm, bc
xon bng bc ren bng 2 mm, hng xon tri.
G1 3/4 x 1/11": Ren ng mt u mi, ng knh ngoi 1" 3/4", bc ren 1/11" v ren
c hng xon phi.
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Mt s loi ren thng gp

Mt s loi ren thng gp
Trong k thut ren c s dng rng ri v c nhiu cng dng khc nhau nh ren
lp ni, iu chnh, truyn lc hay truyn chuyn ng. Phn ln cc loi ren c
tiu chun ho. Sau y l mt s loi ren thng dng.
Ren h mt
Ren h mt c dng rng ri trong cc mi ghp, prfin ca ren h mt l tam gic
u, gc nh ren bng 60 . Ren h mt k hiu l M. Kch thc ca ren h mt
c o bng milimt, v c quy nh trong TCVN 224777 i vi ren bc ln v
TCVN 2248 77 i vi ren bc nh.(Hnh 4.8). Xc nh ng knh, bc ren v
cc kch thc c bn ca ren h mt TCVN 2248_78 xem bng 4.42.
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(*) Ren bc nh c cc kch thc d1, D1, d2, D2, d3 khc vi kch thc cho trong
bng ny
Ren ng
Ren ng dng trong mi ghp ng ng, prfin ca ren ng c hnh tam gic cn, gc
nh bng 550. Kch thc ren ng dng inch lm n v, k hiu bng '' (1 inch = 25,4
mm)Ren ng tr k hiu l G c quy nh trong TCVN 4681 89. Ren ng cn ngoi
c k hiu l R c qui nh trong TCVN 468189.Ren ng cn trong c k hiu l Rc.
Hnh 4.9
Ren hnh thang

Prfin l mt hnh thang cn gc nh bng 30o. Ren hnh thang k hiu l Tr v c
qui nh trong TCVN 4673 89 xem bng 4.48. Kch thc ren hnh thang ly milimt
lm n v o (hnh 4.10).
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Ren ta (ren rng ca)

Prfin ren c dng hnh thang k hiu l S, gc nh ren bng 30o. Kch thc c bn
ca ren c quy nh theo TCVN 3777 83.(Hnh 4.11)Ngoi ra ta cn gp mt vi
loi ren khng tiu chun nh ren vung, k hiu l Sq....
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Mt s vn trong ch to v kim tra ren

Mt s vn trong ch to v kim tra ren
Ch to ren
- Ren ngoi: Khi sn xut n chic hoc lot nh, ngi ta gia cng ren hon chnh
trn my tin hoc gia cng th trn my tin sau gia cng tinh bng bn ren. (Hnh
4.19a)Khi sn xut lot ln dng phng php ln hoc cn ren.(Hnh 4.19b)- Ren l:
Dng dao tin hoc ta r ch to ren l sau khi khoan l.- Khi gia cng ren, lun
c mt on ngn cui chiu di ren m trn chiu su ren gim dn do qu trnh
rt dao ra khi phi hoc do phn cn trn ta r, bn ren li. on ren gi l on
ren cn. khc phc nhc im ngi ta to mt rnh cui chiu di ren gi l
rnh thot dao.- gip cho cc dng c ct ren khi bt u ct ren d dng n su vo
phi cng nh khi lp ghp cc chi tit ren vi nhau d hn, ti mt u mt ca ren
ngi ta thng vt cn 45o. Mt cn gi l mp vt ren. (Hnh 4.19a).
Kim tra ren

- kim tra bc ren, ngi ta dng c o ren.- kim tra ng knh nh ren ngi
ta dng thc cp.- Kim tra tng hp tt c cc yu t ca ren (bc ren, chiu su ren,
ng knh nh ren) ngi ta dng Ca lip ren.
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Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren

Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren
Ghp bng ren l phng php ghp c dng rng ri trong cng nghip, trong xy
dng cng nh trong i sng. Cc chi tit trong mi ghp bng ren gm c bu lng, vt
cy, inh vt, ai c, vng m v cc chi tit phng lng khc. Cc chi tit ghp u
c tiu chun ho (Hnh 4.20).
Bu lng
+ Bu lng gm c hai phn:
u bu lng v thn bu lng. Tu thuc vo mc ch v iu kin lm vic m u bu
lng c th c dng chm cu, nn, tr, lng tr 6 mt hay lng tr 4 mt.(hnh 4.21)
Thn bu lng c dng hnh tr to ren. Chiu di thn cng nh chiu di ren ph
thuc vo mi ghp.Cn c vo cht lng b mt ren ngi ta chia ra: bu lng tinh, bu
lng na tinh v bu lng th.
+ K hiu ca bu lng gm c: k hiu Prfin ren, ng knh ngoi d, bc ren, chiu
di ca bu lng v s hiu tiu chun ca bu lng.
V d: Bu lng M10 x 80 TCVN 1892 76.
Cn c vo ng knh ngoi ca ren, tra bng 4.43 s c cc thng s cn thit ca
bu lng, t ta c th v bu lng mt cch d dng. (Hnh 4.22). - Ch i vi bu
lng u 6 cnh v 4 cnh cc ng cong u bu lng l ng hypecbn, nhng
n gin khi v cho php thay th cc cung hypecbn bng cc cung trn.Ngoi bu lng
thng cn c bu lng c l khoan u c ren ( lp vi ai c x rnh v cht ch
(Hnh 4. 23 a), bu lng c l khoan u lng tr su cnh ( ct dy thp hnh 4. 23b)
nhm chng hin tng t lng khi bu lng lm vic trong iu kin rung ng mnh.
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Ghi ch: Du x l loi bulng c ren trn sut chiu di thn
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ai c
L chi tit vn vo bu lng hay vt cy. Theo hnh dng ai c c chia thnh ai
c 4 cnh, ai c 6 cnh, ai c c x rnh hay ai c trn. Theo cht lng b mt,
ai c c chia thnh ai c tinh, ai c na tinh v ai c th (Hnh 4. 25) K hiu
ai c gm c k hiu ren v s hiu tiu chun ca ai c.V d:ai c M12TCVN
1905 76.Cc thng s ca ai c: tra bng 4.44.Cch v ai c u 6 cnh ging cch
v u bu lng hnh 4.22.
Ghi ch: Khng nn dng nhng ai c c kch thc trong ngoc n.
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Vng m
L chi tit lt gia ai c v chi tit b ghp trong mi ghp bu lng hoc vt cy khi
vn cht ai c khng lm hng b mt chi tit b ghp. Ngoi ra vng m cn c tc
dng lm cho lc p ca ai c phn b u hn.C cc loi vng m: vng m phng
(Hnh 4. 26a) vng m l xo (Hnh 4. 26b), v vng m gp (Hnh 4.26c). Vi vng
m phng ngi ta cn chia ra vng m th v vng m tinh.K hiu ca vng m
gm c ng knh ngoi ca bu lng km theo s hiu tiu chun ca vng m.V d:
Vng m 22 TCVN 2061 77Cc thng s ca vng m cn c vo ng knh
ngoi ca bu lng tra trong bng 4.45.
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Cht ch
Cht ch l chi tit my tiu chun c quy nh trong TCVN 2043 77. Cht ch dng
lp vi bu lng (Hoc vt cy) c l v ai c c x rnh.K hiu ca cht ch gm
c ng knh, chiu di cht ch v s hiu tiu chun ca cht ch. Xem bng 6.46V
d: Cht ch 3 x 15 TCVN 2043 77Hnh 4.27 cho thy hnh dng v cc thng s ca
cht ch, hnh 4.28 biu din mi ghp bu lng c y cc chi tit va gii thiu
trn.
Ch : Kch thc chiu di cht ch c chn theo dy sau:
4;5;6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;22;25;28;32;36;40;45;50;56;63;71;80;90;100;125;140;160...
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Vt cy
L chi tit hnh tr, hai u u c ren, mt u dng vn vo chi tit b ghp, mt
u c vn vi ai c. Mi ghp vt cy c biu din nh trn hnh 4.30. Vt cy
c dng khi chi tit b ghp qu dy hay v mt l do no khng dng bu lng
c.C hai loi vt cy: Hnh 4.31* Kiu A: u vn vo chi tit khng c rnh thot
dao.* Kiu B: u vn vo chi tit c rnh thot dao.Chiu di l1 ca u vn vo chi
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tit b ghp ph thuc vo vt liu ch to chi tit .C th:Loi I: Lp vo chi tit bng
thp, bng ng: l1 = dLoi II: Lp vo chi tit bng gang: l1 = 1,25dLoi III: Lp vo
chi tit bng nhm: l1 = 2 d K hiu ca vt cy gm c:Kiu vt cy k hiu ren
chiu di l ca vt cy v s hiu tiu chun ca vt cy.V d: Vt cy A1 M20 x 120
TCVN 3608 81, c ngha l:Vt cy kiu A, loi I c l = 120mm, l1 = d, ren h Mt, d
= 20mm.Cn c vo ng knh d, tra bng 4.67 ta c cc thng s cn thit ca vt
cy.
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Biu din n gin v v qui c cc chi tit

trong mi ghp bng ren
Biu din n gin v v qui c cc chi tit trong mi ghp bng ren
Trong cc bn v lp, bn v lp t hay bn v tng qut, cc chi tit nh bu lng, vt
cy... thng c v n gin hoc v theo qui c.A Biu din n gin v quy c
cc chi tit ghp (Bng 4.40)B Biu din n gin v qui c mi ghp ren (Bng 4.
41).
153/188
154/188
155/188
Ghp bng cht

Ghp bng cht
Cht l chi tit tiu chun dng lp ghp hay nh v cc chi tit b ghp vi nhau.
(Hnh 4.63).C hai loi cht: cht hnh tr v cht hnh cn. Cht hnh cn c cn
bng 1:50 v ly ng knh u b lm ng knh danh ngha (Hnh 4.64 a, b).Kch
thc ca cht tr v cht cn c qui nh trong TCVN 2042 86 v TCVN 2041
86.K hiu ca cht gm c ng knh danh ngha, chiu di l ca cht, kiu lp (i
vi cht tr) v s hiu tiu chun.V d: Cht tr 10 x 50 TCVN 2042 86Cht cn 10
x 50 TCVN 2041 86Hnh 4.65 biu din mi ghp bng cht cho hai chi tit, trong
ngi ta phi chn 2 kiu lp khc nhau cho 2 l d tho cht.
156/188
157/188
Ghp bng inh tn

Ghp bng inh tn
Mi ghp inh tn l mi ghp khng tho c.C ba loi mi ghp inh tn. Mi
ghp kn dng cho cc thng cha, ni hi c p sut thp. Mi ghp chc: dng
ghp cc thanh kim loi vi nhau nh cc dn cu, dn my. Mi ghp chc kn, dng
trong cc kt cu i hi va chc li va kn nh ni hi c p sut cao.
Cc loi inh tn
inh tn l chi tit hnh tr, c m mt u. inh tn c phn loi theo hnh dng
ca m inh. C 3 loi chnh nh sau: (Hnh 4.67).* inh tn m chm cu (Hnh
4.67a)* inh tn m na chm (Hnh 4.67b)* inh tn m chm (Hnh 4.67c)K hiu
quy c ca inh tn gm: Tn gi loi inh tn, ng knh d, chiu di l, v s hiu
chun.V d:+ inh tn m chm 6 x 20 TCVN 290 86+ inh tn m chm cu ghp
chc 10 x 50 TCVN 4220 86+ inh tn m na chm ghp chc 10 x 50 TCVN 4220
86V mi ghp inh tn cho cc loi inh tn nh trn hnh 4.68 a, b, c, d Hnh 4.68
a: inh tn m chm cu, mi tn chm cu.Hnh 4.68 b: inh tn m chm, mi tn
chm cu.Hnh 4.68 c: inh tn m chm, mi tn chm.Hnh 4.63 d: inh tn m na
chm, mi tn chm
158/188
159/188
V quy c mi ghp inh tn

TCVN 4179 85 quy nh cch v inh tn theo quy c nh trong bng 4.69+ Nu
mi ghp c nhiu chi tit cng loi th cho php biu din n gin mt vi chi tit,
cc chi tit khc cn li ch cn ghi v tr bng cc ng trc, ng tm (Hnh 4.70).+
Nu mi ghp c nhiu nhm chi tit khc nhau (v chng loi, kch thc) th cho php
dng k hiu quy c phn bit cc nhm hoc ch cn ghi s v tr cho mt inh tn
ca mi nhm (Hnh 4.71)Di y l mt vi v d v biu din mi ghp inh tn
160/188
161/188
Ghp bng hn
Ghp bng hn
Khi nim chung

Hn l qu trnh ghp cc chi tit bng phng php lm nng chy cc b dnh kt
cc chi tit li vi nhau. Mi ghp hn l mi ghp khng tho c.Trong sn xut
cng nghip thng dng phng php hn h quang (hn in), hn hi v hn tip
xc. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng phng php hn thic, hn bng mt s cht kt
dnh c bit vv...Cn c vo cch ghp cc chi tit ngi ta phn loi cc loi mi hn
sau:
Mi hn ghp i nh: K hiu l
Trong :
162/188
2: Khng vt mp c hai pha ca hai chi tit ghp6: Vt mp mt pha ca mt chi

tit ghp11: Vt mp c hai mt ca mt chi tit ghp13: Vt mp mt mt cho c
hai chi tit ghp
Mi hn ghp ch T: K hiu l T
Trong :
T1: Hn mt pha, khng vt mpT3: Hn hai pha, khng vt mp.T6: Hn mt pha,
vt mp mt mt cho mt chi tit ghpT9: Hn hai pha, vt mp c hai mt cho mt chi
tit ghp
Mi hn ghp gc: K hiu G

Trong :
G2: Hn mt pha, khng vt mp.G6: Hn mt pha, vt mp mt mt cho mt chi tit
ghp.G7: Hn hai pha, vt mp mt mt cho mt chi tit ghp.G8: Hn hai pha, vt
mp c hai mt cho mt chi tit ghp.
163/188
Mi hn ghp chp
Trong :
C1: Hn mt pha, khng vt mp.C2: Hn hai pha, khng vt mp.
Biu din quy c mi hn

Khng phn bit phng php hn, cc mi hn c biu din trn hnh v nh sau:+
Mi hn thy: v bng nt lin m (Hnh 4.78a).+ Mi hn khut: v bng nt t (Hnh
4.78a).+ im hn ring bit thy: v du "+" (Hnh 4.78b); im hn khut: khng v.+
Trn hnh biu din mt ct mi hn nhiu lp, cho php v ng bao ca tng lp
bng nt lin m v dng ch hoa k hiu cho tng lp . Cc ng bao thuc chi
tit hn nm trong ng bao ca lp hn c v bng nt lin mnh (Hnh 4.79).
164/188
K hiu mi hn
A. Cc k hiu quy c ca mi hn
Cc k hiu quy c ca mi hn c ghi trn gi nm ngang nu l mi hn thy, ghi
di gi nm ngang nu l mi hn khut. Gi nm ngang ny c ni vi ng dn
c mi tn mt pha ch vo v tr mi hn (Hnh 4.80).
B. V tr cc k hiu c ghi theo th t nh sau

Tiu chun mi hn (V d; TCVN 1091 75)K hiu kiu mi hn (V d: G6; C2...)K
hiu v chiu cao tit din mi hn(V d: 5)Kch thc chiu di on hn, du / (Hoc
ch Z) cho mi hn dt qung.Kch thc ng knh i vi mi hn im.Kch thc
chiu rng mi hn i vi mi hn ng.V d: 50/100; 100 Z 200; ( 4. ..* 5 : Du
hiu ph (V d: l hn theo ng bao h)* 6 : Du hiu ph ca mi hn theo ng
bao kn hay ca mi hn khi lp.
165/188
C. Du hiu ph
Cc du hiu ph c v bng nt lin mnh v c chiu cao bng chiu cao ch s
ca k hiu mi hn.Cc du hiu ph c trnh by trong bng 4.81
Mt s v d v c k hiu mi hn
* c k hiu:
166/188
Mi hn ghp chp, khng vt mp, hn mt pha, hn t qung theo ng bao h.

Cnh mi hn 5 mm, chiu di on hn bng 100mm, bc hn bng 200mm, hn h
quang in bng tay.* c k hiu:
Mi hn ghp ch T, khng vt mp, hn hai pha, hn t qung so le theo ng
bao kn, cnh mi hn bng 6mm, chiu di on hn 50mm, bc hn 100mm, hn h
quang in bng tay
167/188
Ghp bng then

Ghp bng then
Ghp bng then l mi ghp tho c truyn chuyn ng t trc qua bnh rng,
bnh ai... v ngc li. Then l chi tit tiu chun c chn theo ng knh trc
hoc ng knh l ca chi tit b ghp.K hiu ca then gm c b rng b, chiu cao h,
chiu di l ca then v s hiu tiu chun qui nh then (b h l). Thng dng ba
loi then: Then bng, then vt v then bn nguyt (Hnh 4.48)
Then bng
Then bng c dng khi c cu chu ti trng nh. C hai loi then bng l then bng
u trn A v then bng u vung B. Khi lp then bng hai mt bn ca then tip xc
vi rnh then l cc mt lm vic ca then. Cc kch thc ca then bng c qui nh
trong TCVN 4216.66 (Xem bng 4.53). V d v cch ghi k hiu then:+ Kiu A u
trn Then bng 20 x 12 x110 TCVN 2261 77V quy c mi ghp then bng nh trn
hnh 4.49b.
Ghi ch: Chiu di then phi c chn theo dy sau: 6; 8; 10; 12; 14; 16; 18; 20; 25;
28; 32; 36; 40; 45; 56; 63; 70; 80; 100; 110; 125; 140; 160; 180; 200; 220; 250; 280;
320
168/188
169/188
170/188
Then vt
Theo vt c dng kh c cu chu ti trng ln. Khi lp, then vt c ng cht
vo rnh ca trc v l nh mt ci nm. Mt lm vic l mt trn v mt di ca
then. C ba kiu then vt: then vt u trn (kiu A)
then vt u
vung (kiu B)
then vt c mu. Then vt c dc bng 1: 100.
Kch thc mt ct then vt v qui nh trong TCVN 4214 86 (Bng 4.54). V d k
hiu quy c ca then vt kiu B vung: Then vt B 18 x 11 x 100 TCVN 4214 86
V quy c mi ghp then vt nh trn hnh 4.51.
Ghi
ch:
Chiu
di
phi
c
chn
theo
dy
s
6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;25;28;32;36;40;45;56;63;70;80;100;110;125;140;160;180;200;220;250;280;32
171/188
172/188
173/188
Then bn nguyt
Then bn nguyt dng khi c cu chu ti trong tng i nh.Then bn nguyt c u
im l t ng iu chnh v tr. Cng nh then bng mt lm vic ca then bn nguyt
l hai mt bn.Kch thc mt ct v rnh ca then bn nguyt c qui nh trong
TCVN 4217 86.(Bng 4.55). V quy c mi ghp then vt nh trn hnh 4.52b. V
d v cch ghi k hiu quy c then bn nguyt c chiu rng b = 6mm, chiu cao h =
10mm nh sau: Then bn nguyt 6 x 10 TCVN 4217 86
174/188
175/188
176/188
Ghp bng then hoa

Ghp bng then hoa
Phn loi then hoa
Then hoa chia lm ba loi:
Then hoa thng: Prfin ca rng hnh ch nht (Hnh 4. 56 a) Then hoa thn khai:
Prfin ca rng c dng thn khai (Hnh 4. 56 b). Then hoa tam gic: Prfin ca rng
hnh tam gic (Hnh 4. 56c).
K hiu ca ca mi ghp then hoa thng gm c
+ K hiu b mt nh tm+ S rng Z+ ng knh trong d x ng knh ngoi D
chiu rng rng b+ Dung sai ca mi ghp (nu cn).
nh tm then hoa
C ba cch nh tm nh sau:a. nh tm theo ng knh ngoi D: Mi ghp c h
ng knh trong (Hnh 4.57a).b. nh tm theo ng knh trong d: Mi ghp c
h ng knh ngoi (Hnh 4.57b).c. nh tm theo mt bn b: Mi ghp c h c
ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong (Hnh 4.57c).Mt s v d ghi k hiu mi ghp
then hoa (Khng c dung sai):D6 x 23 x 26 : Trong D: nh tm theo ng knh
ngoi; Z = 6, d = 23 v D = 26.B 20 x 92 x 102:Trong b: nh tm theo mt bn; Z =
20; d = 92 v D = 102
177/188
V quy c then hoa

Then hoa c kt cu phc tp nn c v quy c theo TCVN 19 85. ng trn v
ng sinh ca mt tr bao nh rng (ca trc v l thy) v bng nt lin m (Hnh
4. 58). Trn hnh chiu vung gc vi trc rng, ng trn v ng sinh ca mt tr
bao y rng v bng nt lin mnh (ng sinh phi v n u mp vt).ng sinh
mt tr bao y rng trn hnh ct dc trc ca trc v l v bng nt lin m (Hnh 4.
59) Trn hnh ct ng trn ca mt tr bao y rng ca trc v l then hoa u v
bng nt lin mnh (Hnh 4.60). ng trn v ng sinh mt tr chia then hoa c
prfin dng thn khai v tam gic v bng nt chm gch mnh (Hnh 4.61b). ng
gii hn gia phn rng then hoa c prfin y v phn rng then hoa c prfin cn
dn v bng nt linmnh. Trn hnh chiu vung gc vi trc then thng v vi rng
biu din prfin ca rng.Khng v mp vt ca trc v l trn hnh chiu ny (Hnh
4.61 a)
178/188
179/188
Ti liu tham kho v k thut

Ti liu tham kho
1. Gio trnh V k thut - Tc gi Chu Vn Vng - NXB i hc S phm - Nm

2004 2. Gio trnh V K thut - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn Kim Thnh - NXB
i hc S phm - Nm 3. Gio trnh V K thut tp 1 v 2 - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu NXB Gio dc - Nm 2002
180/188

2004 2. Gio trnh V K thut - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn Kim Thnh - NXB i
hc S phm - Nm 3. Gio trnh V K thut tp 1 v 2 - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu - NXB
Gio dc - Nm 2002
181/188

2004 2. Gio trnh V K thut - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn Kim Thnh - NXB i
hc S phm - Nm 3. Gio trnh V K thut tp 1 v 2 - Tc gi Trn Hu Qu - NXB
Gio dc - Nm 2002
182/188
Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Gio trnh v k thut
Bin tp bi: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/e76d51a8
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut
Cc tc gi: i hc s phm H Ni
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b835fa75
Module: Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong bn v k thut
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a40fded6
Module: Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/64dbfb9a
Module: Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k thut
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/fbfa6451
Module: Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k thut
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5ccc1b1f
Module: Cc khi nim v ghi kch thc
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/7da8d520
183/188

Module: Dng ng thng song song
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3d526ba5
Module: Dng ng thng vung gc
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/dd6af344
Module: Chia u mt ng thng v mt ng trn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/da3b838e
Module: V dc v cn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/7750889a
Module: V ni tip
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ce1e8a95
Module: V cc ng cong hnh hc
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/01039eba
Module: Hnh chiu thng gc
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/4e6d81f6
184/188
Module: Hnh chiu trc o

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/43dca702
Module: Hnh chiu phi cnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/592f5d43
Module: S hnh thnh ren
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8621ff45
Module: Cc khi nim chung v mi ghp bng ren
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/5cf7acd6
Module: Cc yu t ca ren
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e8f83ec5
Module: Biu din cc mi ghp bng ren
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c76ef537
Module: Biu din quy c ren
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/73d233e5
Module: Mt s loi ren thng gp
185/188
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/da26c47f
Module: Mt s vn trong ch to v kim tra ren
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/1126f68d
Module: Cc chi tit ghp trong mi ghp ren
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/88bc214a
Module: Biu din n gin v v qui c cc chi tit trong mi ghp bng ren
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/d139adb2
Module: Ghp bng cht
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3455a083
Module: Ghp bng inh tn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/9251bb46
Module: Ghp bng hn
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/924478bd
Module: Ghp bng then
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URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b9cc50df
Module: Ghp bng then hoa
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/8e414c27
Module: Ti liu tham kho v k thut
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0ea9396a
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Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.
Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh
mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.
Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc
tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.
Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.
188/188

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Gio trnh v k thut

Gio trnh v k thut

Phin bn trc tuyn:

Tiu chun kh giy trong bn v k thut

Kch thc (mm)

- C s phn chia cc kh giy l kh A0 (c din tch 1m2 , kch thc 1189 x

Tiu chun khung bn v, khung tn trong

1: u bi tp hoc tn chi tit 2: Vt liu ca chi tit

7: Ch k ca ngi kim tra

8: Ngy kim tra

Tiu chun v t l trong bn v k thut

1: 2 ; 1: 2,5 ; 1: 4 ; 1: 5 ; 1:10 ; 1:15 ; 1: 20 ....

T l nguyn hnh 1:1

2: 1 ; 2,5: 1 ; 4: 1 ; 5: 1 ; 10:1 ; 15:1 ; 20: 1 ....

- K hiu t l trong bn v: 1:1 ; 2:1 ....

Tiu chun v ng nt trong bn v k

TIU CHUN VIT NAM 8 - 1993

- Cc nt trn cng mt bn v sau khi t m phi t c s ng u v chiu rng,

Nt lin m (ng bao thy, cnh thy)

- Trong mi trng hp, tm ng trn phi c xc nh bng giao im ca hai

Tiu chun ch vit v s trong bn v k

TIU CHUN VIT NAM 6 - 85

- Cc thng s ca ch vit kiu B nghing nh sau:

Cc khi nim v ghi kch thc

Hnh 1.12 v hnh 1.13

Hnh 1.14 v hinh 1.15

Ghi kch thc ng trn

Hinh 1.18 v hinh 1.19

Hinh 1.20 v 1.21

Nhiu phn t ging nhau v phn b u c php ghi ngn gn nh trn

Hnh 1.23 v hnh 1.24

Hnh 1.25: Ghi kch thc gc v 1.26: Ghi gc

Dng ng thng song song

Dng ng thng vung gc

Quan st hnh v di y v t rt ra cch chia vng trn ra lm 3 phn, 6 phn v 12

B. Chia vng trn ra lm 5 phn bng nhau

Qua O v AB v CD vung gc vi nhau.

Hy quan st on video sau bit thm v cch chia

C. Chia vng trn ra lm 7, 9, 11, 13 phn bng nhau

Hnh 2-9 v 2-10

V vy mun v cn k, ngi ta v 2 ng nghing i xng nhau qua trc tm, mi

Ni tip hai ng trn bng on thng

Ly O1 lm tm, bn knh O1 O2 v cung O21 Ly O4 lm tm, bn knh O4

Qua K v L v cc ng thng song song vi CD, cc ng thng ny ct

im c nh F gi l tiu im ca parabn, ng thng d c nh gi l ng chun

G. ng thn khai ca ng trn

Hnh chiu thng gc

Cc phng php biu din hnh chiu thng gc

Hy quan st on Video clip sau bit c phng php chiu gc t th nht

Khi nim v hnh ct, mt ct

Khi nim v phng php hnh ct v mt ct

Hnh ct l hnh chiu phn cn li ca vt th ln mt phng hnh chiu song song vi

Ch : Vic ct vt th ch l ct tng tng. Vic ct ch c tc dng i vi

* Phn loi theo v tr mt phng ct.

* Phn loi hnh ct theo s lng mt phng ct.

Hnh ct dc: Nu mt phng ct dc trc hoc ct dc theo chiu di hoc chiu

Hnh ct xoay: Khi cc mt phng ct ct nhau (Hnh 4.17)

c hnh ct xoay trn hnh 4.17, ta lm nh sau:

Ghi ch v k hiu trn hnh ct:

+ Mt phng ct c biu din bng nt ct ti cc v tr u, cui v ch chuyn tip.

+ Nu mt phng ct trng vi mt phng i xng ca vt th v cc hnh ct t ng

Mt ct c chia lm hai loi: Mt ct ri v mt ct chp.

L mt ct t ngoi hnh chiu biu din tng ng (Hnh 4.25).