Internal Combustion Engines

Reading Problems
12.1, 12.7 12.12 12.67, 12.74, 12.81, 12.82
12.86, 12.89, 12.94
The Gasoline Engine
conversion of chemical energy to mechanical energy
can obtain very high temperatures due to the short duration of the power stroke
Air Standard Cycle
A closed cycle model for the IC engine, such as the gasoline or diesel cycle. Some assumptions
must be made in order to model this complex process.
ASSUMPTIONS:
air is an ideal gas with constant c
p
and c
v
no intake or exhaust processes
the cycle is completed by heat transfer to the surroundings
1
the internal combustion process is replaced by a heat transfer process from a TER
all internal processes are reversible
heat addition occurs instantaneously while the piston is at TDC
Denitions
Mean Effective Pressure (MEP): The theoretical constant pressure that, if it acted on the piston
during the power stroke would produce the same net work as actually developed in one
complete cycle.
MEP =
net work for one cycle
displacement volume
=
W
net
V
BDC
V
TDC
The mean effective pressure is an index that relates the work output of the engine to it size
(displacement volume).
Otto Cycle
the theoretical model for the gasoline engine
consists of four internally reversible processes
heat is transferred to the working uid at constant volume
Otto Cycle Efciency
=
W
net
Q
H
=
Q
H
Q
L
Q
H
= 1
Q
L
Q
H
= 1
Q
41
Q
23
Q
H
= mc
v
(T
3
T
2
) (intake)
Q
L
= mc
v
(T
4
T
1
) (exhaust)
Therefore
= 1
(T
4
T
1
)
(T
3
T
2
)
= 1

T
1
T
2

T
4
T
1
1

T
3
T
2
1

2
Since processes 1 2 and 3 4 are isentropic, we know that
PV
k
= constant
mRT
1
V
1
V
k
1
=
mRT
2
V
2
V
k
2
and
T
2
T
1
=

V
1
V
2

k1
=

V
4
V
3

k1
=
T
3
T
4
We can make this equality since
V
1
V
2
=
V
4
V
3
= compression ratio = r
Therefore
T
3
T
2
=
T
4
T
1
3
Substituting into the equation for gives
= 1
T
1
T
2
= 1

V
2
V
1

k1
= 1

V
1
V
2

1k
If we let
r =
V
1
V
2
=
V
4
V
3
= compression ratio
Then

Otto
= 1 r
1k
Diesel Cycle
an ideal cycle for the compression ignition engine (diesel engine)
4
all steps in the cycle are reversible
heat is transferred to the working uid at constant pressure
heat transfer must be just sufcient to maintain a constant pressure
Diesel Cycle Efciency
= 1
c
v
(T
4
T
1
)
c
p
(T
3
T
2
)
= 1

1
k

T
1
T
2

T
4
T
1
1

T
3
T
2
1

(1)
5
where
k =
c
p
c
v
If we let
r =
V
1
V
2
= compression ratio =
V
4
V
2
r
v
=
V
3
V
2
= cutoff ratio injection period
From the Otto cycle analysis we know
T
2
T
1
=

V
1
V
2

k1
= r
k1
(2)
and for an isentropic process
T
3
T
4
=

V
4
V
3

k1
=

V
4
V
2

V
2
V
3

k1
=

r
r
v

k1
From this, we can write
T
3
T
4
=
r
k1
r
k1
v
=
T
2
/T
1
r
k1
v
6
and
T
2
T
1
=
T
3
T
4
r
k1
v
or
T
4
T
1
=
T
3
T
2
r
k1
v
(3)
From the ideal gas law
P
3
=
RT
3
V
3
=
RT
2
V
2
= P
2

T
3
T
2
=
V
3
V
2
= r
v
(4)
Substituting (2), (3), and (4) into (1)

Diesel
= 1
1
r
k1

1
k

r
k
v
1
r
v
1

Dual Cycle (Limited Pressure Cycle)

better representation of the combustion process in both the gasoline and the diesel engines
7
Dual Cycle Efciency
Given
r =
V
1
V
2
= compression ratio
r
v
=
V
4
V
3
= cutoff ratio
r
p
=
P
3
P
2
= pressure ratio

Dual
= 1
r
p
r
k
v
1
[(r
p
1) + kr
p
(r
v
1)] r
k1
Note: if r
p
= 1 we get the diesel efciency.
Atkinson and Miller Cycles
Similar to the Otto cycle but with constant pressure heat rejection that allows for a higher expan-
sion ratio (more work extraction) compared to the compression ratio and in turn a higher cycle
efciency.
The Atkinson Cycle
8
The Miller Cycle
Atkinson Cycle Efciency
If we let
r =
V
1
V
2
= compression ratio
r

=
V
4
V
3
= expansion ratio (larger than the compression ratio)
= 1 k r
1k

r
1

r
k

r
k
1

= 1 k

r
r
k

r
k

9
Stirling Cycle
reversible regenerator used as an energy storage device
possible to recover all heat given up by the working uid in the constant volume cooling
process
all the heat received by the cycle is at T
H
and all heat rejected at T
L

Stirling
= 1 T
L
/T
H
(Carnot efciency)
10
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 15 and the heat transferred to the working
uid per cycle is 1600 kJ/kg. At the beginning of the compression process, the pressure is
0.1 MPa and the temperature is 17

C. Assuming variable specic heats for air, determine:
a) the pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle
b) the thermal efciency
11