Công Nghệ Ip Wdm

B gio dc v o to
Trng i hc bch khoa h ni

--------------------------------------------

lun vn thc s khoa hc

cng ngh mng truyn dn th h mi
IP/WDM

ngnh: x l thng tin v truyn thng
M s:

tiu xun hng

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS -TS. ng vn chuyt

h ni 2006

Li cam oan

Em xin cam oan lun vn ny l cng trnh nghin cu ca chnh bn
thn. Cc nghin cu trong lun vn ny da trn nhng tng hp l thuyt
v hiu bit thc t ca em, khng sao chp.

Tc gi lun vn

Tiu Xun Hng

- -

I
Mc lc

Mc lc..............................................................................................................................I
Thut ng vit tt....................................................................................................IV
danh mc cc hnh v.......................................................................................... VIII
m u............................................................................................................................... 1
Chng 1: gii thiu v mng truyn dn th h mi hin nay v
xu hng pht trin ................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Gii thiu chung .......................................................................................... 2
1.2 Cu trc mng th th mi hin nay ........................................................... 2
1.3. Lp truyn dn v truy nhp hin nay ....................................................... 3
1.3.1 Phn truyn dn:................................................................................. 3
1.3.2. Phn truy nhp: ................................................................................. 4
1.4 Cc cng ngh s dng cho mng th h mi hin nay. ............................. 5
1.4.1. Cng ngh IP...................................................................................... 5
1.4.2. Cng ngh ATM................................................................................. 7
1.4.3. Cng ngh IP / ATM.......................................................................... 8
1.4.4. MPLS................................................................................................ 10
1.4.5 Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM v DWDM................... 11
1.5 Xu hng tch hp IP/quang trong mng NGN. ........................................ 12
Chng 2: Mng IP/WDM............................................................................................ 14
2.1 Gii thiu mng IP/WDM.......................................................................... 14
2.1.1 Gii thiu mng quang WDM........................................................... 14
2.1.2 Mng IP/WDM.................................................................................. 16
2.2 Cc kin trc mng IP/WDM................................................................... 18
2.2.1 Cc kiu kin trc mng.................................................................... 18
2.2.1.1 Mng IP/ WDM im-im.................................................... 19
2.2.1.2 Mng IP/WDM c kh nng cu hnh li ................................ 19
2.2.1.3 Mng IP/WDM c kh nng chuyn mch ............................... 20

- -

II
2.2.2 Cc m hnh lin kt mng IP/WDM................................................ 24
2.2.2.1 IP/ WDM c th cu hnh. ....................................................... 24
2.2.2.2 IP/WDM c kh nng chuyn mch ......................................... 28
2-3 Kt lun..................................................................................................... 32
Chng 3: iu khin mng trong mng IP /WDM....................................... 34
3.1 a ch mng IP/WDM.............................................................................. 36
3.2 Nhn bit topo mng. ................................................................................ 39
3.3 nh tuyn IP/WDM.................................................................................. 41
3.3.1 Xy dng v duy tr c s thng tin nh tuyn OSPF ...................... 41
3.3.2 Tnh ton ng i v nhng rng buc chuyn mch WDM. ........ 43
3.3.3 Hot ng nh tuyn........................................................................ 46
3.4 Bo hiu trong mng IP/WDM.................................................................. 48
3.4.1 Khi nim RSVP................................................................................ 48
3.4.2 RSVP trong mng quang ................................................................... 51
3.4.3 Kin trc trin khai RSVP................................................................. 52
3.4.4 Bn tin RSVP trong mng quang....................................................... 53
3.4.5 C ch pht nhn lai cho mng quang (Hybrid Label) .................... 57
3.5 GMPLS (Generalized-Multiprotocol Label Switching)........................... 60
3.6 Phc hi IP/WDM..................................................................................... 62
3.6.1 Trng hp c d phng: .................................................................. 67
3.6.2 Trng hp phc hi:........................................................................ 69
3.7 iu khin mng lin min: ...................................................................... 71
3.7.1 kh dng v kh nng n ch ca mng IP/WDM................... 73
3.7.2 Trao i thng tin nh tuyn lin min: .......................................... 76
3.8. Kt lun v iu khin trong mng IP/WDM........................................... 81
Chng 4:K thut iu khin lu lng trong mng IP/WDM......... 82
4.1 Phng php v m hnh........................................................................... 82

- -

III
4-2 iu khin lu lng mng IP/WDM theo m hnh chng ln................. 83
4-3 iu khin lu lng mng IP/WDM tch hp ........................................ 86
4.3.1 K thut iu khin lu lng- nh tuyn tch hp.......................... 87
4.3.2 Khi nim lin kt o ........................................................................ 88
4.3.3 Thut ton nh tuyn tch hp: ........................................................ 89
Chng 5: pht trin mng truyn dn th h mi ti Vit Nam. 92
5.1. Cc cng ngh ang c s dng cho mng truyn dn th h mi ti
Vit Nam.......................................................................................................... 92
5.1.1 Mng IP/ATM/SDH/WDM:............................................................... 92
5.1.2 Mng IP/POS (Packet over Sonet)/WDM :....................................... 93
5.1.3 Mng IP/WDM im-im:............................................................... 94
5.1.4 Trin khai mng NGN ca VNPT..................................................... 94
5.2 Kh nng ng dng l thuyt IP/WDM vo mng vin thng................... 95
5.3 xut ng dng mng IP/WDM cho mng th h mi ca VNPT trong
tng lai........................................................................................................... 99
5.4 Kt lun v trin khai mng truyn dn th h mi ............................... 100
Kt lun........................................................................................................................ 102
ti liu tham kho................................................................................................. 103
Tm tt lun vn .................................................................................................... 104

- -

IV
Thut ng vit tt

ADM
ADSL
API
APS
ARP
AS
ATM
BASE
BE
BER
BGMP
BGP
CDMA
CLI
DCC
DCN
DEMUX
Diffserv
DLC
DLCI
DM
DNS
DSL
DWDM
EBGP
EGP
Add/Drop Multiplexer
Asymmetrical Digital Subcriber Line
Application Programme Interface
Automatic Protection Switching
Address Resolution Protocol
Autonomous System
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Baseband
Best Effort
Bit Error Rate
Border Gateway Multicast Protocol
Border Gateway Protocol
Code Division Multiple Access
Command Line Interface
Data Communication Chanel
Data Communication Network
Demultiplexer
Differentiated Service
Digital Loop Carrier
Datalink Connection Identifier
Domain Manager
Domain Name System
Digital Sucriber Line
Dense Wavelength Divison Mutiplexing
Exterior Border Gateway Protocol
Exterior Gateway Protocol

- -

V
EMS
FDM
FEC
FIFO
FTP
GbE
GMPLS
HDLC
HTML
HTTP
IAB
IBGP
ICMP
ID
IDMR
IDRP
IETF
IGMP
IGP
Intserv
IPng
IpSec
IPv4
ISDN
IS-IS

ISP
LAN
Element Management System
Frequency Divison Multiplexing
Forward Error Correction
Firt In Firt Out
File Tranfer Protocol
Gigabit Ethernet
Generalised Multiprotocol Label Switching
High Level Data Link Control
Hypertext Marup Langugage
Hypertext Tranfer Protocol
Internet Architecture Board
Interior Border Gateway Protocol
Interior Control Message Protocol
Identifier
Interdomain Multicast Routing
Interdomain Routing Protocol
Internet Engineering Management Protocol
Internet Group Management Protocol
Interior Gateway Protocol
Intergrated Service
IP Next Generation
IP Security
Internet Protocol Vesion 4
Intergrated Service Digital Network
Intermediate System to Intermediate System routing
protocol
InternetService Provider
Local Area Network

- -

VI
LBS
LDP
LIB
LMP
LSA
LSP
LSR
LSU
LTE
MAC
MIB
MPS
MPLS
NE
NGN
NMS
NNI
OADM
OAM
OBS
OLS
OLSR
OPR
OSPF
OXC
PON
POS
PPP
Label-Based Switching
Label Distribution Protocol
Label Information Base
Link Management Protocol
Link State Advertisement
Label Switched Path
Label Switched Router
Link State Update
Link Terminating Equipment
Media Access Control
Management Information Base
Multiprotocol Lambda Switching
Multiprotocol Label Switching
Network Element
Next Generation Network
Network Management System
Network to Network Interface
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
Operations and Maintenance
Optical Burst Switching
Optical Label Switching
Optical Label Switching Router
Optical Packet Router
Open Short Path First
Optical Cross Connect
Passive Optical Network
Packet Over Sonet
Point to Point Protocol

- -

VII
QoS
RIP
RSpec
RSVP
RTP
SDH
SMTP
SNMP
SPF
SRLG
SS7
TE
TNM
TTL
UDP
UNI
VPN
WADM
WAMP
WAN
WDM

Quality of Service
Routing Information Protocol
Resource Specification
Resource Revervation Protocol
Real time Transport Protocol
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Simple Mail Tranfer Protocol
Simple Network Management Protocol
Short Path First
Shared Risk Link Group
Signaling System No 7
Traffic Engineering
Telecommunication Management Network
Time to Live
User Datagram Protocol
User Network Interface
Vitural Private Network
Wavelength Add/Drop Multiplexer
Wavelength Amplifier
Wide Area Network
Wavelength Division Multiplexing

- -

VIII
danh mc cc hnh v

Hnh 1-1: Xu hng tch hp cc lp giao thc IP/quang............................... 12
Hnh 2-1: Tin trnh pht trin mng WDM................................................... 16
Hnh 2-2: Truyn dn gi tin trn cc bc sng ........................................... 17
Hnh 2-3: Chuyn mch chm quang.............................................................. 21
Hnh 2-4: Chuyn mch gi quang ................................................................. 22
Hnh 2-5: IP qua mng chuyn mch WDM................................................... 23
Hnh 2-6: M hnh iu khin NMS chng ln............................................... 25
Hnh 2-7: M hnh iu khin gia tng........................................................... 26
Hnh 2-8: M hnh iu khin ngang hng ..................................................... 27
Hnh 2-9: Mng IP over OLSR........................................................................ 29
Hnh 2-10: Mng IP over OPR ....................................................................... 32
Hnh 3-1:iu khin lu lng v in khin mng IP/WDM........................ 34
Hnh 3-2: C ch flooding OSPF.................................................................... 42
Hnh 3-3: Vng lp nh tuyn........................................................................ 46
Hnh 3-4: RSVP cho mng quang WDM......................................................... 51
Hnh 3-5: Kin trc phn mm RSVP ............................................................. 52
Hnh 3-6: nh dng bn tin PATH i tng yu cu nhn ......................... 54
Hnh 3-7: nh dng bn tin PATH i tng yu cu nhn cho thit lp
ng i v cp pht bc sng ni b........................................................... 54
Hnh 3-8: nh dng bn tin RESV i tng nhn........................................ 57
Hnh 3-9: Phc hi mng IP/ WDM............................................................... 63
Hnh 3-10: D phng lightpath v d phng lin kt ..................................... 68
Hnh 3-11: Phc hi mng v phc hi phn on con ................................. 70
Hnh 3-12: iu khin lin min IP/WDM..................................................... 71
Hnh 4-1 M hnh mng chng ln ................................................................. 84

- -

IX
Hnh 4-2: V d v nh tuyn IP khng la chn link cung cp bi mng
WDM............................................................................................................... 85
Hnh 4-3:M hnh ngang hng- iu khin lu lng tch hp...................... 86
Hnh 4-4: Cu trc node nh tuyn tch hp ................................................ 87
Hnh 4-5: V d mng vi cc lin kt o........................................................ 89
Hnh 5-1: Mng IP/POS (Packet over Sonet)/WDM....................................... 93
Hnh 5.2 - M hnh mng NGN ca VNPT .................................................... 95
Hnh 5-3: xut ng dng mng IP/WDM cho mng th h mi ca VNPT
......................................................................................................................... 99
Hnh 5-4: Tin trnh pht trin mng IP/WDM............................................ 101
Hnh 5-5: Tin trnh pht trin mng IP/WDM ca Siemens ....................... 101

- -

1
m u
Hin nay mng vin thng ang tng bc thc hin chuyn dch t
mng vin thng hin c sang mng th h mi. Cc cng ngh truyn dn
th h mi c a vo s dng nh :
Mng SDH th h sau s dng WDM cho php phn pht d liu tc
cao v bng thng rng i vi mng Ethernet, cho php truyn lu lng
IP trc tip trn mng SDH.
Cng ngh IP lm nn cho th h sau trong cng ngh ghp knh
bc sng quang WDM chim lnh lp vt l; IP/MPLS lm nn cho lp 3,
truyn dn trn mng li da vo k thut gi cho tt c cc dch v vi cht
lng dch v QoS ty yu cu cho tng loi dch v. ATM hay IP/MPLS
hin ti c s dng lm nn cho truyn dn trn mng li m bo QoS.
Trong tng lai do s bng n lu lng IP dn n c s h tng mng
nn c ti u cho IP. Bn di lp IP, si quang s dng k thut WDM l
k thut truyn dn hu tuyn c nhiu ha hn nht, cung cp mt dung
lng mng khng l i hi tn ti trong s pht trin lin tc mng vin
thng. Chnh v l do trn hin nay cng ngh IP/WDM l xu hng cho mng
truyn dn th h mi, trong thi gian khng xa s c chun ho v a vo
s dng.
Da trn nhng hiu bit v cng ngh mng IP v cng ngh truyn
dn quang v cc nghin cu v cng ngh mng IP/WDM trong phm vi lun
vn em a ra nhng nghin cu l thuyt, kh nng ng dng ca Cng
ngh mng truyn dn th h mi IP/WDM bao gm: Cu trc mng, m
hnh lin kt, iu khin mng v iu khin lu lng trong mng IP/WDM.
Do hiu bit, thi gian nghin cu hn ch rt mong cc thy, c v
cc ng nghip gip , ng gp kin lun vn ca em c hon thin
hn.

Lun vn cao hc - 2 - Tiu Xun Hng
_______________________________________________________________

Chng 1: gii thiu v mng truyn dn th h mi
hin nay v xu hng pht trin

1.1 Gii thiu chung
Chng ta nhn thy mng vin thng hin ti gm nhiu mng ring l
kt hp li vi nhau thnh mt mng hn tp, ch c xy dng cp quc
gia, nhm p ng c nhiu loi dch v khc nhau. Xt n mng Internet,
l mt mng n ln, c tnh cht ton cu, thng c cp theo mt
lot cc giao thc truyn dn hn l theo mt kin trc c trng. Internet hin
ti khng h tr QoS cng nh cc dch v c tnh thi gian thc (nh thoi
truyn thng). Do , vic xy dng mng th h mi (NGN) cn tun theo
cc ch tiu:
NGN phi c kh nng h tr c cho cc dch v ca mng Internet v
ca mng hin hnh.
Mt kin trc NGN kh thi phi h tr dch v qua nhiu nh cung cp
khc nhau. Mi nh cung cp mng hay dch v l mt thc th ring l vi
mc tiu kinh doanh v cung cp dch v khc nhau, v c th s dng nhng
k thut v giao thc khc nhau. Mt vi dch v c th ch do mt nh cung
cp dch v a ra, nhng tt c cc dch v u phi c truyn qua mng
mt cch thng sut t u cui n u cui.
Mng th h mi phi h tr tt c cc loi kt ni (hay cn gi l cuc
gi), thit lp ng truyn trong sut thi gian chuyn giao, c cho hu tuyn
cng nh v tuyn.
V vy, mng NGN s tin ha ln t mng truyn dn hin ti (pht
trin thm chuyn mch gi) v t mng Internet cng cng (h tr thm cht
lng dch v QoS).
1.2 Cu trc mng th th mi hin nay

_______________________________________________________________

thc hin vic chuyn dch mt cch thun li t mng vin thng
hin c sang mng th h mi, vic chuyn dch phi phn ra lm ba mc
hai lp: kt ni v chuyn mch. Trc ht l chuyn dch lp truy nhp v
truyn dn. Hai lp ny bao gm lp vt l, lp 2 v lp 3, chn cng ngh IP
lm nn cho mng th h mi. Trong :
Cng ngh ghp knh bc sng quang DWDM s chim lnh lp vt
l IP/MPLS lm nn cho lp 3
Cu trc mng NGN bao gm cc lp chc nng sau:
Lp nt ni (Access + Transport/ Core)
Lp trung gian hay lp truyn thng (Media)
Lp iu khin (Control)
Lp qun l (Management)
Trong cc lp trn, lp iu khin hin nay ang rt phc tp vi nhiu
loi giao thc, kh nng tng thch gia cc thit b ca hng l vn ang
c cc nh khai thc quan tm.
Kin trc mng NGN s dng chuyn mch gi cho c thoi v d liu.
N phn chia cc khi vng chc ca tng i hin nay thnh cc lp mng
ring l, cc lp ny lin kt vi nhau qua cc giao din m tiu chun.
Trong phm vi lun vn ny chng ta i su nghin cu lp truyn dn
v truy nhp trong mng th h mi.
1.3. Lp truyn dn v truy nhp hin nay
1.3.1 Phn truyn dn:
Trong lp vt l truyn dn quang vi k thut ghp knh bc sng
quang DWDM c s dng.
Trong lp 2 v lp 3 truyn dn trn mng li (Core Network) da vo
k thut gi cho tt c cc dch v vi cht lng dch v QoS ty yu cu cho
tng loi dch v. ATM hay IP/MPLS hin ti c s dng lm nn cho

_______________________________________________________________

truyn dn trn mng li m bo QoS. Mng li c th thuc mng MAN
hay mng ng trc.
Thnh phn ca mng bao gm cc nt chuyn mch/ Router (IP/ATM
hay IP/MPLS), cc chuyn mch knh ca mng PSTN, cc khi chuyn mch
mng ng trc, k thut truyn ti chnh l IP hay IP/ATM.
Chc nng ca lp truyn ti trong cu trc mng NGN bao gm c
chc nng truyn dn v chc nng chuyn mch.
Lp truyn dn c kh nng h tr cc mc QoS khc nhau cho cng
mt dch v v cho cc dch v khc nhau. N c kh nng lu tr li cc s
kin xy ra trn mng (kch thc gi, tc gi, tr hon, t l mt gi v
Jitter cho php, i vi mng chuyn mch gi; bng thng, tr hon i
vi mng chuyn mch knh TDM). Lp ng dng s a ra cc yu cu v
nng lc truyn ti v n s thc hin cc yu cu .
1.3.2. Phn truy nhp:
Trong lp vt l gm cc loi cp hu tuyn nh cp ng s dng
xDSL hin ang s dng. Tuy nhin trong tng lai truyn dn quang
DWDM, PON (Passive Optical Network) s dn dn chim u th v th
trng xDSL, modem cp dn dn thu hp li. Truy nhp v tuyn bao gm
thng tin di ng - cng ngh GSM hoc CDMA, truy nhp v tuyn c nh,
v tinh.
Trong lp 2 v lp 3: Cng ngh IP s lm nn cho mng truy nhp.
Thnh phn ca mng truy nhp gm cc thit b truy nhp ng vai tr
giao din kt ni cc thit b u cui vo mng qua h thng mng ngoi
vi cp ng, cp quang hoc v tuyn. Cc thit b truy nhp tch hp
IAD.Thu bao c th s dng mi k thut truy nhp (tng t, s, TDM,
ATM, IP,) truy nhp vo mng dch v NGN.
Chc nng lp truy nhp cung cp cc kt ni gia thu bao u cui
v mng ng trc ( thuc lp truyn dn) qua cng giao tip MGW thch

_______________________________________________________________

hp. Mng NGN kt ni vi hu ht cc thit b u cui chun v khng
chun nh cc thit b truy xut a dch v, in thoi IP, my tnh PC, tng
i ni b PBX, in thoi POTS, in thoi s ISDN, di ng v tuyn, di
ng v tinh, v tuyn c nh, VoDSL, VoIP
1.4 Cc cng ngh s dng cho mng th h mi hin nay.
Ngy nay, yu cu ngy cng tng v s lng v cht lng dch v
thc y s pht trin nhanh chng ca th trng cng ngh in t - tin hc -
vin thng. S pht trin cng ngh v ang tip cn nhau, an xen ln
nhau nhm cho php mng li tha mn tt hn cc nhu cu ca khch hng
trong tng lai. Theo ITU, c hai xu hng t chc mng chnh:
- Hot ng kt ni nh hng (CO - Connection Oriented Operation).
- Hot ng khng kt ni (CL - Connectionless Operation).
Trong hot ng kt ni nh hng, cc cuc gi c thc hin vi
trnh t: gi s - xc lp kt ni - gi v nhn thng tin - kt thc. Trong kiu
kt ni ny, cng ngh ATM pht trin cho php y mnh cc dch v bng
rng v nng cao cht lng dch v. Hot ng khng kt ni da trn giao
thc IP nh vic truy cp Internet khng yu cu vic xc lp trc cc kt
ni, v vy cht lng dch v c th khng hon ton m bo nh trng hp
trn. Tuy nhin do tnh n gin, tin li vi chi ph thp, cc dch v thng
tin theo phng thc CL pht trin rt mnh m theo xu hng nng cao cht
lng dch v v tin ti cnh tranh vi cc dch v thng tin theo phng
thc CO. Tuy vy, hai phng thc pht trin ny dn tim cn v hi t dn
n s ra i cng ngh ATM/IP. S pht trin mnh m ca cc dch v v
cc cng ngh mi tc ng trc tip n s pht trin cu trc mng.
1.4.1. Cng ngh IP
S pht trin t bin ca IP, s tng trng theo cp s nhn ca thu
bao Internet l mt thc t khng cn ai c th ph nhn. Hin nay lng
dch v ln nht trn cc mng ng trc trn thc t u l t IP. Trong

_______________________________________________________________

cng tc tiu chun ha cc loi k thut, vic bo m tt hn cho IP tr
thnh trng im ca cng tc nghin cu.
IP l giao thc chuyn tip gi tin. Vic chuyn tip gi tin thc hin
theo c ch phi kt ni. IP nh ngha c cu nh s, c cu chuyn tin, c
cu nh tuyn v cc chc nng iu khin mc thp (ICMP). Gi tin IP
gm a ch ca bn nhn, a ch l s duy nht trong ton mng v mang y
thng tin cn cho vic chuyn gi ti ch.
C cu nh tuyn c nhim v tnh ton ng i ti cc nt trong
mng. Do vy, c cu nh tuyn phi c cp nht cc thng tin v topo
mng, thng tin v nguyn tc chuyn tin (nh trong BGP) v n phi c kh
nng hot ng trong mi trng mng gm nhiu nt. Kt qun tnh ton ca
c cu nh tuyn c lu trong cc bng chuyn tin (forwarding table) cha
thng tin v chng tip theo c th gi gi tin ti hng ch.
Da trn cc bn chuyn tin, c cu chuyn tin chuyn mch cc gi IP
hng ti ch. Phng thc chuyn tin truyn thng l theo tng chng mt.
cch ny, mi nt mng tnh ton mng chuyn tin mt cch c lp.
Phng thc ny, do vy, yu cu kt qu tnh ton ca phn nh tuyn ti tt
c cc nt phi nht qun vi nhau. S khng thng nht ca kt qu s dn
n vic chuyn gi tin sai hng, iu ny ng ngha vi vic mt gi tin.
Kiu chuyn tin theo tng chng hn ch kh nng ca mng. V d,
vi phng thc ny, nu cc gi tin chuyn ti cng mt a ch i qua cng
mt nt th chng s c truyn qua cng mt tuyn ti im ch. iu ny
khin cho mng khng th thc hin mt s chc nng khc nh nh tuyn
theo ch, theo dch v.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh , phng thc nh tuyn v chuyn tin ny
nng cao tin cy cng nh kh nng m rng ca mng. Giao thc nh
tuyn ng cho php mng phn ng li vi s c bng vic thay i tuyn khi
router bit c s thay i v topo mng thng qua vic cp nht thng tin v

_______________________________________________________________

trng thi kt ni. Vi cc phng thc nh CDIR (Classless Inter Domain
Routing), kch thc ca bn tin c duy tr mc chp nhn c, v do
vic tnh ton nh tuyn u do cc nt t thc hin, mng c th m rng
m khng cn bt c thay i no.
Tm li, IP l mt giao thc chuyn mch gi c tin cy v kh nng
m rng cao. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin lu lng rt kh thc hin do
phng thc nh tuyn theo tng chng. Mt khc, IP cng khng h tr cht
lng dch v.
1.4.2. Cng ngh ATM
Cng ngh ATM da trn c s ca phng php chuyn mch gi,
thng tin c nhm vo cc gi tin c chiu di c nh, ngn; trong v tr
ca gi khng ph thuc vo ng h ng b v da trn nhu cu bt k ca
knh cho trc. Cc chuyn mch ATM cho php hot ng vi nhiu tc
v dch v khc nhau. ATM c hai c im quan trng:
Th nht ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l cc
t bo ATM, cc t bo nh vi tc truyn ln s lm cho tr truyn v
bin ng tr gim nh i vi cc dch v thi gian thc, cng s to iu
kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng hn.
Th hai, ATM c kh nng nhm mt vi knh o thnh mt ng o
nhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng.
ATM khc vi nh tuyn IP mt s im. N l cng ngh chuyn
mch hng kt ni. Kt ni t im u n im cui phi c thit lp
trc khi thng tin c gi i. ATM yu cu kt ni phi c thit lp bng
nhn cng hoc thit lp mt cch t ng thng qua bo hiu. Mt khc,
ATM khng thc hin nh tuyn ti cc nt trung gian. Tuyn kt ni xuyn
sut c xc nh trc khi trao i d liu v c gi c nh trong sut
thi gian kt ni. Trong qu trnh thit lp kt ni, cc tng i ATM trung
gian cung cp cho kt ni mt nhn. Vic ny thc hin hai iu: dnh cho kt

_______________________________________________________________

ni mt s ti nguyn v xy dng bng chuyn t bo ti mi tng i. Bng
chuyn t bo ny c tnh cc b v ch cha thng tin v cc kt ni ang
hot ng i qua tng i. iu ny khc vi thng tin v ton mng cha
trong bng chuyn tin ca router dng IP.
Qu trnh chuyn t bo qua tng i ATM cng tng t nh vic
chuyn gi tin qua Router. Tuy nhin, ATM c th chuyn mch nhanh hn v
nhn gn trn cell c kch thc c nh (nh hn ca IP), kch thc bng
chuyn tin nh hn nhiu so vi ca IP router, v vic ny c thc hn trn
cc thit b phn cng chuyn dng. Do vy, thng lng ca tng i ATM
thng ln hn thng lng ca IP Router truyn thng.
1.4.3. Cng ngh IP / ATM
Hin nay, trong xy dng mng IP c cc k thut nh IP / SDH/
SONET, IP/WDM v IP / Fiber. Cn k thut ATM do c cc tnh nng nh
tc cao, cht lng dch v (QoS), iu khin lu lng m cc mng
li dng b nh tuyn truyn thng cha c, nn c s dng rng ri
trn mng ng trc IP. MPLS chnh l s ci tin ca IP / ATM kinh in,
cho nn y chng ta cn nhn li mt cht v hin trng ca k thut IP /
ATM.
IP / ATM truyn thng l mt loi k thut kiu xp chng, n xp IP
(k thut lp 3) ln ATM (k thut lp 2); giao thc ca hai tng hon ton
c lp vi nhau; gia chng phi nh mt lot giao thc (nh NHRP,
ARP,) na mi m bo ni thng. iu hin nay trn thc t c
ng dng rng ri. Nhng trong tnh trng mng li c m rng nhanh
chng, cch xp chng cng gy ra nhiu vn cn xem xt li.
Trc ht, vn ni bt nht l trong phng thc chng xp, phi
thit lp cc lin kt PVC ti N im nt, tc l cn thit lp mng lin kt.
Nh th c th s gy nn vn bnh phng N, rt phin phc, tc l khi
thit lp, bo dng, g b s lin kt gia cc im nt, s vic phi lm

_______________________________________________________________

(nh s VC, lng tin iu khin) u c cp s nhn bnh phng ca N
im nt. Khi m mng li ngy cng rng ln, chi phi kiu s lm cho
mng li qu ti.
Th hai l, phng thc xp chng s phn ct c mng li IP / ATM
ra lm nhiu mng logic nh (LIS), cc LIS trn thc t u l trong mt
mng vt l. Gia cc LIS dng b nh tuyn trung gian lin kt, iu ny
s c nh hng n vic truyn nhm gi tin gia cc LIS khc nhau. Mt
khc, khi lu lng rt ln, nhng b nh tuyn ny s gy hin tng nghn
c chai i vi bng rng.
Hai im nu trn u lm cho IP / ATM ch c th dng thch hp cho
mng tng i nh, nh mng x nghip,, nhng khng th p ng c
nhu cu ca mng ng trc Internet trong tng lai.Trn thc t, hai k
thut ny ang tn ti vn yu km v kh nng m rng thm.
Th ba l, trong phng thc chng xp, IP / ATM vn khng c cch
no m bo QoS thc s.
Th t, vn khi thit k hai loi k thut IP v ATM u lm ring l,
khng xt g n k thut kia, iu ny lm cho s ni thng gia hai bn phi
da vo mt lot giao thc phc tp, cng vi cc b phc v x l cc giao
thc ny. Cch lm nh th c th gy nh hng khng tt i vi tin cy
ca mng ng trc.
Cc k thut MPOA (Multiprotocol over ATM - a giao thc trn
ATM), LANE (LAN Emulation - M phng LAN) cng chnh l kt qu
nghin cu gii quyt cc vn , nhng cc gii thut ny u ch gii
quyt c mt phn cc tn ti, nh vn QoS chng hn. Phng thc m
cc k thut ny dng vn l phng thc chng xp, kh nng m rng vn
khng . Hin nay xut hin mt loi k thut IP / ATM khng dng
phng thc xp chng, m dng phng thc chuyn mch nhn, p dng
phng thc tch hp. K thut ny chnh l c s ca MPLS.

_______________________________________________________________

1.4.4. MPLS
K thut ATM tng c coi l nn tng ca mng s a dch v bng
rng (B-ISDN) hay l IP t thanh cng ln trn th trng hin nay, u tn
ti nhc im kh khc phc c. S xut hin ca MPLS - k thut chuyn
mch nhn a giao thc gip chng ta c c s chn la cho cu trc
mng thng tin. Phng php ny dung hp mt cch hu hiu nng lc
iu khin lu lng ca thit b chuyn mch vi tnh linh hot ca b nh
tuyn. MPLS s l phng n cho mng ng trc trong mng th h mi.
MPLS tch chc nng ca IP Router lm hai phn ring bit: chc
nng chuyn gi tin v chc nng iu khin. Phn chc nng chuyn gi tin,
vi nhim v gi gi tin gia cc Router, s dng c ch hon i nhn tng
t nh ATM. Trong MPLS, nhn l mt s c di c nh v khng ph
thuc vo lp mng. K thut hon i nhn v bn cht l vic tm nhn ca
mt gi tin trong mt bng cc nhn xc nh tuyn ca gi v nhn mi
ca n. Vic ny n gin hn nhiu so vi vic x l gi tin theo kiu thng
thng, v do vy, ci thin c kh nng ca thit b. Cc Router s dng
k thut ny c gi l LSR (Label Switch Router). Phn chc nng iu
khin ca MPLS bao gm cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng vi nhim v
phn phi thng tin gia cc LSR, v th tc gn nhn chuyn thng tin
nh tuyn thnh cc bng nh tuyn cho vic chuyn mch. MPLS c th
hot ng c vi cc giao thc nh tuyn Internet khc nh OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First) v BGP (Border Bateway Protocol). Do MPLS h tr vic
iu khin lu lng v cho php thit lp tuyn c nh, vic m bo cht
lng dch v ca cc tuyn l hon ton kh thi. y l mt im vt tri
ca MPLS so vi cc nh tuyn c in.
Ngoi ra, MPLS cn c c ch chuyn tuyn (Fast Rerouting). Do
MPLS l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni, kh nng b nh hng bi
li ng truyn thng cao hn cc cng ngh khc. Trong khi , cc dch

_______________________________________________________________

v tch hp m MPLS phi h tr li yu cu dung lng cao. Do vy, kh
nng phc hi ca MPLS m bo kh nng cung cp dch v ca mng
khng ph thuc vo c cu khi phc li ca lp vt l bn di.
Bn cnh tin cy, cng ngh MPLS cng khin cho vic qun l
mng c d dng hn. Do MPLS qun l vic chuyn tin theo cc lung
thng tin, cc gi tin thuc mt FEC c th c xc nh bi mt gi tr ca
nhn. Do vy, trong min MPLS, cc thit b o lu lng mng c th da
trn nhn phn loi cc gi tin. Lu lng i qua cc tuyn chuyn mch
nhn (LSP) c gim st mt cch d dng dng RTFM (Real-Time Flow
Measurement). Bng cch gim st lu lng ti cc LSR, nghn lu lng s
c pht hin v v tr xy ra nghn lu lng c th c xc nh nhanh
chng. Tuy nhin, gim st lu lng theo phng php ny khng a ra
c ton b thng tin v cht lng dch v (v d nh tr t im u n
im cui ca min MPLS).
Tm li, MPLS l mt cng ngh chuyn mch IP c kh nng nng
cao cht lng dch v ca mng IP truyn thng. Bn cnh , thng lng
ca mng s c ci thin mt cch r rt. Tuy nhin, tin cy l mt vn
thc tin c th khin vic trin khai MPLS trn mng Internet b chm li.
1.4.5 Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng WDM v DWDM
WDM (Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng )v DWDM (Ghp knh
theo bc sng mt cao): Tng bc sng c a vo si quang v tn
hiu c tch ra u nhn. Dung lng tng l tng ca cc tn hiu u
vo, mi tn hiu u v c lp vi tn hiu khc. Mi knh s c mt di tn
c dnh ring cho knh , tt c cc tn hiu n cng mt thi im. V
c bn DWDM ch khc WDM v mt ghp, DWDM c dung lng ln
hn. DWDM cn c mt s tnh nng ng ch khc, bao gm kh nng
khuych i ng thi tt c cc bc sng m khng cn bin i tn hiu
quang thnh tn hiu in trc khi khuych i v kh nng mang cc loi tn

_______________________________________________________________

hiu khc nhau cc tc khc nhau mt cch ng thi v trong sut trn
si quang. DWDM cung cp bng thng ln, tr thnh nn tng ca mng
ton quang cng vi kh nng cung cp bc sng v bo v da trn s
hnh li. Chuyn mch ti lp vt l s cho php thc hin, cc giao thc
nh tuyn s cho php cc tuyn nh sng i qua mng ging nh hot ng
ca knh o hin nay.
Trong cc cng ngh trn hin nay xu hng tch hp IP v mng quang
ang dn c trin khai.
1.5 Xu hng tch hp IP/quang trong mng NGN.
Giao thc Internet (IP) tr thnh giao thc chun ph bin cho cc
dch v mng mi, do lu lng IP s tng nhanh v thay th cc loi giao
thc khc. Trong khi IP c xem nh cng ngh lp mng ph bin th cng
ngh quang tin tin cho php kh nng dung lng truyn dn ln. Vi dung
lng truyn dn ln nh DWDM v kh nng cu hnh mm do ca chuyn
mch quang OXC (optical crossconect) cho php xy dng mng quang
ng hn, nh cc ni kt bng tn ln (lung quang) c th c thit lp
theo nhu cu. Mt trong nhng thch thc quan trng l vn iu khin
cc lung quang ny - tc l pht trin cc c ch v thut ton cho php thit
lp cc lung quang nhanh v cung cp kh nng khi phc khi c s c,
trong khi vn m bo c tnh tng tc gia cc nh cung cp thit b.

Hnh 1-1: Xu hng tch hp cc lp giao thc IP/quang

_______________________________________________________________

Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn s phc tp trong qun l chnh l s
phn lp theo truyn thng ca cc giao thc mng. Cc mng truyn thng
c rt nhiu lp c lp do c nhiu chc nng chng cho nhau cc lp
v thng xuyn c s mu thun ln nhau cng nh c cc chnh sch khc
nhau. V vy mt trong nhng gii php gim chi ph xy dng v qun l
mng mt cch trit l gim s lp giao thc. Khi dung lng v kh
nng kt ni mng trong c cng ngh IP v quang tng ln, th cng cn thit
ti u mng IP v b qua tt c cc cng ngh lp trung gian to nn mng
Internet quang hiu qu v mm do. Tuy nhin, cc lp trung gian cng cung
cp mt s chc nng c gi tr, nh k thut lu lng (Traffic Enginnering -
TE) v khi phc. Nhng chc nng ny cn phi c gi li trong mng
IP/WDM bng cch a chng ln lp IP hoc xung lp quang hoc tt nht
trn mt lp con ring. Hnh 1-1 minh ho xu hng tch hp cc lp giao
thc IP/quang chnh ang ni ln hin nay.

_______________________________________________________________

Chng 2: Mng IP/WDM

2.1 Gii thiu mng IP/WDM
2.1.1 Gii thiu mng quang WDM
Th h WDM u tin ch cung cp cc lin kt vt l point to point
m ch hn ch trong cc ng trc mng WAN. Cc cu hnh mng WAN
WDM l cu hnh tnh hoc cu hnh nhn cng. Bn thn lin kt WDM ch
cung cp cc kt ni end-to-end tc tng i thp.Nhng vn k thut
ca WDM th h u bao gm thit k v pht trin cc laser v cc b
khuch i WDM, v cc giao thc truy nhp mi trng truyn dn v nh
tuyn bc sng tnh. WADM cng c th c s dng trong cc mng
MAN, v d nh s dng topology ring. lin kt cc ring WADM, b u
cho DXC (Digital Cross Connect) c a ra cung cp cc kt ni bng
hp v bng rng. Thng thng cc h thng ny c dng qun l cc
ng trung k chuyn mch thoi v cc lin kt T1.
WDM th h th 2 c kh nng thit lp lin kt lightpath end-to-end
nh hng trong lp quang nh vic a ra b WSXC. Cc lightpath to nn
mt topology o bn trn topology si vt l. Topo o c th c cu hnh li
mt cch ng p ng li nhng thay i lu lng v/hoc lp k hoch
mng. Cc vn k thut ca WDM th h th 2 bao gm vic a ra cc
thit b tch/ghp v u cho bc sng, kh nng chuyn i bc sng ti
cc b u cho, nh tuyn ng v phn b bc sng. Cng trong th h
th 2 ny, kin trc mng cng nhn c quan tm, c bit l v giao din
lin kt vi cc mng khc. C hai th h u v th h 2 ca mng WDM
c s dng trong cc mng truyn dn ang hot ng. Chi ph hiu qu
ca chng trong cc mng ng di c chp nhn.
Th h th 3 ca mng WDM a ra mt mng chuyn mch gi
quang, trong cc tiu hoc cc nhn quang c gn km vi d liu,

_______________________________________________________________

c truyn i cng vi trng tin, v c x l ti mi chuyn mch quang
WDM. Da trn t l ca thi gian x l tiu gi tin v chi ph truyn dn
gi tin, mng WDM chuyn mch gi c th c thc thi hiu qa s dng
chuyn mch nhn hoc chuyn mch chm quang. Chuyn mch gi quang
thun tu trong cc mng ton quang hin vn ang c nghin cu.
B nh tuyn gi tin ton quang, khng s dng b m mang n mt
lot nhng vn k thut mi cho vic lp k hoch mng: Gii quyt tranh
chp,iu khin lu lng, d phng, tng thch vi cc b nh tuyn IP
truyn thng.
Cc v d ca cc thit b WDM th h th 3 l: Cc b nh tuyn
chuyn mch nhn quang; Cc b nh tuyn quang Gigabit;Cc b chuyn
mch quang tc cao.
Kh nng tng thch gia cc mng WDM v cc mng IP tr thnh
vn chnh cn quan tm trong cc mng WDM th h th 3. nh tuyn
tch hp v phn b bc sng da trn giao thc MPLS/GMPLS bt u
xut hin. Nhng vn k thut phn mm mu cht khc bao gm qun l
bng thng, ti cu hnh v phc hi ng i, v h tr cht lng dch v.
Hnh 2-1 ch ra tin trnh pht trin ca mng WDM. Lu lng li th
hin c th tch ca lu lng v kch thc ca mi lu lng. Lu lng
trong mng truy nhp c ghp knh trc khi c truyn i trn mng
ng trc.

_______________________________________________________________

Hnh 2-1: Tin trnh pht trin mng WDM
2.1.2 Mng IP/WDM
Mng IP cung cp ch mt lp hi t trong mng internet ton cu. IP
l mt b giao thc lp 3 c thit k gii quyt vn tng thch mc
mng v nh tuyn qua nhiu mng con khc nhau vi cc k thut mng lp
2 khc nhau. Do s bng n lu lng IP cho thy rng c s h tng mng
nn c ti u cho IP. Bn di lp IP, si quang s dng k thut WDM l
k thut truyn dn hu tuyn c nhiu ha hn nht, cung cp mt dung
lng mng khng l i hi tn ti trong s pht trin lin tc ca
Internet.
K thut WDM s tr nn hp dn hn khi chi ph ca cc h thng
WDM gim xung. Vi vic ng dng lin tc rng khp trong thng tin cp
si quang v hon thin ca WDM.
ng c thc y phi s dng IP/WDM bao gm:
Cc mng quang WDM c th p ng c vic tng lin tc
ca lu lng mng bng cch s dng c s h tng mng hin

_______________________________________________________________

c. Vic s dng k thut WDM lm tng ng k bng thng
mng quang.
Phn ln lu lng d liu mng l IP. Gn nh ton b d liu
ng dng ngi dng cui l s dng IP. Lu lng thoi truyn
thng cng c gi ho.
IP/WDMtha hng tnh linh hot v kh nng thch nghi trong
cc giao thc iu khin IP
IP/WDMc th t c phn b bng thng theo yu cu c d
phng, thi gian thc .
IP/WDMs gii quyt c vn tng thch WDM vi dch v
qua s gip ca cc giao thc IP
Trn quan im dch v mng IP/WDM c th tn dng u im
ca cc c ch, m hnh, chnh sch cht lng dch v.
Mng IP/WDM c thit k truyn lu lng IP trong mng quang
WDM. Hnh 2-2. ch ra vic truyn dn gi tin IP hoc cc tn hiu
SONET/SDH trn cc mng WDM.

Hnh 2-2: Truyn dn gi tin trn cc bc sng

_______________________________________________________________

Nhng vn ca mng IP/WDM
IP/WDM tr thnh thc t cho tt c cc dch v end-to-end c cung
cp hon ton bng quang. Do mng quang cn hon thin nhng yu cu
v tnh nng nh pht hin v chng li, qun l iu khin mng, nh tuyn
bc sng, chuyn mch quangtrong bn thn lp WDM (thng c xem
nh l lp 1).
2.2 Cc kin trc mng IP/WDM
2.2.1 Cc kiu kin trc mng
K thut mng IP/WDM c th c chia thnh 2 loi: WDM c th
cu hnh li v WDM chuyn mch.
Loi u c s dng trong chuyn mch knh trong ng quang
c to bi cc knh c thit lp c kh nng cu hnh li phn ng
li nhng thay i ca lu lng, quy hoch mng.
Loi th hai c s dng trong mng WDM chuyn mch gi, trong
cc tiu quang hoc nhn quang c c nh km vi d liu, c
truyn i cng trng tin v c x l ti mi chuyn mch.
K thut WDM c th cu hnh li c s dng trong cc mng truyn
dn ng trc. N ch yu gii quyt n vn lin quan ti lu lng ln,
tuy nhin lu lng ny t bng n hn so vi mng truy nhp. WDM chuyn
mch s pht trin c bit trong cc mng truy nhp v mng metro. WDM
chuyn mch nhm n mc ch chuyn mch lu lng trung bnh, chng
i hi kim trc mng linh hot v cn nhng tnh nng iu khin mng
ton din v c th thay i v quy m.
V IP tr thnh lp hi t duy nht trong mng my tnh v mng
vin thng nn vn hiu sut v hiu qu truyn dn lu lng IP trong mt
mng WDM l vic rt quan trng. Ta xt ba kiu kin trc mng IP/WDM

_______________________________________________________________

2.2.1.1 Mng IP/ WDM im-im
Trong kiu kin trc ny cc lin kt quang im- im WDM c s
dng cung cp cc dch v truyn dn lu lng IP. Cc thit b WDM nh
OAWDM khng th t chng to nn mt mng. Thay vo chng cung cp
mt lin kt lp vt l gia cc b nh tuyn IP. SONET c th c s dng
cho truyn dn cc khung trn cc knh WDM. Cc gi tin IP c th c
ng thnh cc khung SONET s dng c ch Packet-over-SONET.
Rt nhiu b nh tuyn IP v nh cung cp thit b WDM hin c
nhng sn phm c th h tr IP over point-to-point WDM. Cc h thng
Ip/wdmim- im c trin khai rng ri trong cc mng ng di.
Mt kin trc IP/WDM im-im i hi b nh tuyn IP c kt
ni trc tip vi nhau thng qua cc lin kt si quang a bc sng . Trong
b nh tuyn Topo mng trong kiu kin trc ny l c nh v tt c
nhng cu hnh mng l tnh. Cc h thng qun l cho nhng mng nh th
ny l thng tp trung, vi tng tc ti thiu gia cc lp IP v lp WDM.
2.2.1.2 Mng IP/WDM c kh nng cu hnh li
Trong kin trc ny cc giao din ca cc b nh tuyn IP c kt ni
vi cc giao din client ca mng WDM. Trong kin trc ny cc kt ni
cho WDM v cc giao din tch/ ghp knh t bn thn chng c kt ni
vi cc si quang kt ni a bc sng. Do bn thn mng WDM c mt topo
vt l v mt topo ng quang. Topo vt l bao gm cc phn t mng lin
kt vi nhau bi cc si quang, topo ng quang to nn bi cc kt ni knh
bc sng.
WDM c th thit lp ti cu hnh l mt k thut chuyn mch knh do
vic thit lp v gii phng knh bc sng c tin hnh trong cc pha
ring bit. C mt ch quan trng l vic chuyn mch lu lng IP v
chuyn mch bc sng khng bao gi hot ng trn cng mt lp trong m
hnh qua mng c kh nng ti cu hnh. Cc ng quang trong mng WDM

_______________________________________________________________

c thit k thch hp vi topo IP , bng cch cu hnh thch hp cc u
cho WDM, mt giao din b nh tuyn cho trc c th c kt ni ti bt
c giao din nh tuyn no ca mi b nh tuyn khc. Kt qu l b nh
tuyn gn k ca giao din cho trc c th cu hnh li c trong kiu kin
trc ny. Mng vt l c th h tr mt s lng topo o tun theo nhng
rng buc ti nguyn mng ging nhau.
2.2.1.3 Mng IP/WDM c kh nng chuyn mch
Trong kin trc IP/WDM c kh nng chuyn mch, c s h tng
WDM h tr trc tip kh nng chuyn mch gi. C nhiu phng php c
xut bao gm:
Chuyn mch chm quang (OBS-Optical Burst Switch)
Chuyn mch nhn quang (OLS-Optical label Switching)
Chuyn mch gi quang (OPR- Optical Packet Routing)
OBS v OLS s dng m hnh chuyn mch fat-packet/flow khc so vi
nh tuyn gi tin IP truyn thng. Bn thn nh tuyn IP s dng a ch
ch, OLS tng t nh MPLS n khng h tr vic chuyn tip gi tin IP da
trn a ch ch. OBS v OLS khng hiu c cc tiu gi tin IP v do
khng th chuyn tip gi tin IP. OBS v OLS thch hp vi lu lng li
trung bnh thay v lu lng li nh hin c trong cc mng IP truyn thng.
OPR th hin thc s quang hc ca b nh tuyn IP truyn thng do
vy h tr y nhng tnh nng IP. V cc k thut x l logic quang hc
v lu m d liu quang hin cha c hon thin, cc h thng WDM
chuyn mch thng khng s dng b m, nhng ng dy tr quang c
s dng. Cc h thng ny da trn x l tiu ca gi tin iu khin hot
ng ca chuyn mch.
Ta xt cu trc hai chuyn mch quang c th: Chuyn mch chm
quang v chuyn mch gi quang.

_______________________________________________________________

Chuyn mch chm quang (OBS)
Trong OBS, tiu gi iu khin c gi i theo ng iu khin
trc khi gi d liu quang thc s c gi i. tng y l tiu iu
khin s n cc node chuyn mch trung gian trc, cho php mi chuyn
mch thc hin cc tnh ton quyt nh chuyn mch v ci t thit lp u
cho ch ngay trc khi gi tin d liu thc s n. Theo cch ny, gi tin d
liu quang lch qua t cng hng vo n cng hng ra. tr gia cc
tiu iu khin v gi tin d liu tng khi s chng v tr x l ti cc
chuyn mch gia tng. Hnh 2-3 th hin hot ng ca mt node WDM
chuyn mch chm quang nh vy.

Hnh 2-3: Chuyn mch chm quang
Chuyn mch chm quang s dng mt ng dnh trc mt chiu
theo mt ngun gi yu cu thit lp v sau gi thng tin chm m
khng phi i xc nhn thit lp. iu ny l do thc t l thi gian truyn
dn c th rt ngn.

_______________________________________________________________

Chuyn mch gi quang (OPR)
Trong chuyn mch gi quang tiu iu khin gi tin cng c th
c coi nh l nhn, thng c gi i cng vi gi d liu theo cng mt
ng. cho php thi gian cn thit cho tnh ton quyt nh chuyn mch
v ci t thit lp u ni cho, gi tin d liu lun c dn qua mt ng
tr quang trong lc mt chuyn mch trung gian. Gi tr tr c la
chn do gi tin d liu xut hin t ng dy tr quang, thit lp u cho
quang mong mun c ci t. Gi tr tr ny cc b v khng i ti mi
node chuyn mch trung gian, khng phc thuc ng i c th ca nhng
gi tin. Hnh 2-4 th hin hot ng ca mt h thng WDM chuyn mch gi
quang nh vy.

Hnh 2-4: Chuyn mch gi quang
Cc gi tin trong mng quang c th c di c nh (v d nh t bo
ATM) hoc thay i (v d nh gi tin IP). Mt gi tin c di thay i a
vo mng trong mng t thng tin iu khin hn do vy c hiu xut cao hn.
Tuy nhin kch thc gi tin khng th qu ln t nht l phi nh hn dung

_______________________________________________________________

lng ca ng dy tr quang. Vic la chn di gi tin c da trn
nhng c tnh ng dng v lu lng.
C hai c ch chuyn tip trong mng chuyn mch gi quang :
Datagram v knh o. Trong c ch chuyn tip datagram tiu gi tin c
th c vn chuyn trong bng hay ngoi bng, c xem xt mi node
trung gian v khng c khong thi gian trng no v phn trng tin v phn
tiu c truyn cng nhau. C ch ny c dng trong truyn gi IP.
Trong c ch chuyn tip knh o, cc knh o c thit lp trc khi gi tin
c chuyn i qua chng. Knh y l o v n khng dnh trc bt k
mt bng thng no. Knh o c mt bng chuyn mch, kt hp mt s nh
dng knh o u vo vi mt cng u ra. Theo cch nh vy n tch bit
phn nh tuyn khi phn chuyn tip. Cc knh o thit lp trc c s
dng trong sut thi gian chuyn tip.
Hnh 2-5 th hin cc mng IP qua mng WDM chuyn mch. OBS v
OLS c biu din l OLSR.

Hnh 2-5: IP qua mng chuyn mch WDM

_______________________________________________________________

S khc nhau chnh gia OBS v OLS OBS s dng chuyn mch Fat-
packet nhng OLS s dng chuyn mch tiu lung. OLSR thng c
trin khai thnh mt nhm, trong nhm ny ch OLSR bin i hi vic thc
thi ca ton b chng giao thc IP. OLSR bin cng cung cp lu m nh
vy cc gi tin IP n c th ch trong hng i ti pha bin trong trng hp
thit lp LSP ng.
Cc OLSR c lin kt vi nhau bng cc si quang h tr cc knh
a bc sng. OPR c th c s dng ch lm cc b nh tuyn IP.
Ba kiu kin trc c trnh by trn c lin kt vi nhng phn
cng v phn mm iu khin gim st khc nhau. Trong thc t kiu kin
trc mng Ip/wdmim- im s dn c thay th bi hai kiu kin trc cn
li do chng cung cp nhiu tnh nng, kh nng cung cp hiu dng ti
nguyn mng cao hn, chi ph vn hnh thp hn. Do vy ta s tp trung
nghin cu kin trc mng IP/WDM c th cu hnh v chuyn mch.
2.2.2 Cc m hnh lin kt mng IP/WDM
Phn trc chng ta nghin cu cc kin trc cho vic xy dng mng
IP/WDM thng qua vic kt ni cc b nh tuyn IP thng thng vi cc
thit b WDM. Trong phn ny s miu t cch thc mng IP v mng WDM
kt ni vi nhau theo nhng kin trc ny.
2.2.2.1 IP/ WDM c th cu hnh.
Trong mt phng d liu kin trc IP qua mng quang c kh nng ti
cu hnh s lun to nn mt mng chng ln (overlay) trong cc IP c
truyn qua cc ng quang WDM. Nhng knh ny khng phi l nhng
ng i o nh trong MPLS. Khi cc gi tin n mt giao din OADM
client, ng quang tng ng c thit lp sn. Vic i qua ca ng
quang ny m bo rng gi tin IP chuyn qua mng WDM m khng c bt
c s kim tra no trong mt phng d liu. Thc t gi tin IP thm ch khng
nhn bit c vic s dng k thut truyn dn no c th. N ch bit c

_______________________________________________________________

mt lin kt IP gia cc b nh tuyn. Trong trng hp ny. IP/WDM tng
t nh IP qua mt k thut lp 2 bt k no v d nh ATM hay frame relay.
Trong mt phng iu khin ta xem xt 3 m hnh lin kt: Chng ln
(overlay), gia tng augmented), v ngang hng (peer to peer).
M hnh iu khin chng ln
Theo cc m hnh mng chng ln, cc mng IP to nn lp client
cc mng WDM ng vai tr nh l nh cung cp dch v mng truyn dn
vt l. Mt mng WDM c ring h thng qun l iu khin ca n. N c
th iu khin tp trung hoc phn tn, c k hoch nh a ch IP ring.
s dng giao thc iu khin IP cho cc mng WDM, mt phn t mng
WDM phi c mt a ch IP, nhng a ch IP ch c th thy bn trong
mng WDM. Cc giao thc nh tuyn, phn b v phc hi topo mng, bo
hiu trong mng IP s c lp so vi mng WDM. M hnh qun l mng
chng ln c ch ra trn hnh 2-6.

Hnh 2-6: M hnh iu khin NMS chng ln
Trong m hnh ny c mt knh d liu DCN cho mng WDM. DCN
cung cp cc chc nng iu khin knh qun l WDM, c c th c truy
nhp bi cc b nh tuyn IP.
Access
link
WADM
WADM
OCX
WADM
WADM WADM
OCX
WADM
WDM NMS
Lp
WDM

_______________________________________________________________

M hnh iu khin gia tng:
Trong m hnh ny thng tin v kh nng iu khin c th n c
mt node c chia s gia mng IP v mng WDM. Cc phn t mng
WDM c nh a ch IP v a ch IP ny l xc nh duy nht trong ton
mng. C mng IP v WDM c th s dng cng IGP v d nh OSPF, nhng
nhng trng hp nh tuyn ny l phn bit trong min IP v min quang.
Do m hnh gia tng thc s l mt m hnh IP lin min (inter-domain).
S tng tc gia IP v WDM c th tun theo mt giao thc EGP v d nh
giao thc BGP. Giao thc OSPF cho cc mng WDM v giao thc BGP quang
i hi vic m rng quang i vi nhng bn sao ca chng trong nh tuyn
IP truyn thng. Bo hiu gia mng IP v WDM cng tun theo mt m hnh
lin min. Da trn chnh sch c nh ngha to bin WDM, vn giao
thc bo hiu y c th c thc thi bi IP v WDM do mt trng hp
bo hiu c th di chuyn qua mng IP v WDM.

Hnh 2-7: M hnh iu khin gia tng
Optical
EGP
EGP
WADM
WADM
OCX
WADM
WADM WADM
OCX
WADM
Optical
IGP
Mng
IP a Mng
IP b
IGP b
IGP a
Mng
WDM c
Optical
EGP
Optical
EGP
Optical
EGP

_______________________________________________________________

Hnh 2-7 th hin m hnh IP/WDM gia tng. Trong hnh v ny bao
gm 3 mng, mng IP a v b v mng WDM c. Hai mng IP c iu khin
bi nhng IGP trng hp ring bit, v mng WDM c iu khin bi mt
phin bn ca IGP cho mng quang. Hai mng IP c kt ni trc tip vi
nhau s dng EGP. Mng IP v mng WDM c kt ni vi nhau s dng
EGP quang.
M hnh iu khin ngang hng:
Theo m hnh iu khin ngang hng, thng tin v kh nng c th n
ch c chia s gia mng IP v mng WDM v ch mt trng hp nh
tuyn chy trn c hai mng IP v WDM. Trong mt phng iu khin, cc b
chuyn mch WDM c xem nh l cc b nh tuyn IP vi mt quan h
ngang hng (peer-to-peer). Vy mng IP v WDM c tch hp thnh mt
mng trn phng din iu khin qun l v iu khin lu lng. M hnh
ngang hng c ch ra trn hnh 2-8.

Hnh 2-8: M hnh iu khin ngang hng
IGP
WADM
WADM
OCX
WADM
WADM WADM
OCX
WADM
Mng
IP/WDM

_______________________________________________________________

Ba m hnh lin kt mng c trnh by trn khc nhau v mc
tch hp ca IP/WDM. Mt mt, m hnh chng ln s dng NMS cung
cp mt giao din trc tip gia mng IP v WDM; mt khc, m hnh ngang
hng ha hn mt lin kt lin mch gia cc b nh tuyn IP v WDM trong
mt phng iu khin. M hnh chng ln c v nh thch hp cho k hoch
trin khai ngn hn mt cch nhanh chng ca cc mng tng i tnh
IP/WDM. Bi v cc cu trc iu khin v qun l ca chng nhn chung l
n gin, cc m hnh ngang hng v thch hp c v nh thch hp cho k
hoch trin khai di hn ca IP/WDM c ng cao. Vic la chn m hnh
kin trc lin kt mng cng c da trn mi trng mng hin ti, quyn
s hu mng, v quyn qun l mng.
C nhiu kh nng l c ba m hnh ny s cng tn ti trong tng lai.
Ta c th cm thy rng cch tip cn ngang hng l c hiu qu nht. Nhng
vic ti u ho tht s l n by ca mng vt l khng ng nht. Nh vy,
v cc l do tr thp v hiu sut cao, mt mng ti u c th c c tnh
t v tr l mt mng chuyn mch tc cao. Mt mng nh vy s c
trin khai thnh mt nhm(cluster).Tt nhin n to nn mt mng chng ln
ln cc mng IP khc.
2.2.2.2 IP/WDM c kh nng chuyn mch
OBS v OLS c th c trin khai bng cch s dng OLSR. Trong
phn ny ta s xem xt IP over OLSR v IP over OPR.
IP over OLSR:
OLSR cung cp mt c ch chuyn tip nhn, n v bn cht l mt
mng chuyn mch gi. Tuy nhin v gi quang khng phi l gi IP v n c
tiu ring, n cn c to ra ti OLSR bin. Do , OLSR cn phi c
trin khai thnh mt nhm nhm mc ch li dng u im ca tit kim chi
ph bng thng v giao din. OLSR li ch l mt chuyn mch lp 2 khc v
n khng cn phi thc hin cc chc nng mt phng d liu IP.

_______________________________________________________________

h tr mt mt phng iu khin IP tp trung v hp nht, OLSR c
th c nh a ch IP nh n c th h tr nh tuyn IP v bo hiu.
Trong mt phng d liu, IP over OLSR s lun to thnh mt mng chng
ln, trong cc gi tin IP c ng gi thnh cc gi quang ti OLSR bin.
Tuy nhin, OLSR linh hot hn so vi OXC v mi gi quang b kim tra ti
chng trung gian. Ngoi ra, ng chuyn mch nhn LSP trong phn cp
chuyn tip l mt ng o, n s dng c ch iu khin trng thi mm
duy tr trng thi ca n. Mt ng o khng cn phi dnh trc bng thng
v c th gii quyt c vn truyn dn lu lng li nh hn.
Hnh 2-9 ch ra mng IP over OLSR. Nh c ch ra trong hnh v, cc
gi tin IP c tp trung ti bin ca mng OLSR. Bn trong mng OLSR, cc
gi tin quang c chuyn tip da trn nhn (tc l tiu gi tin quang) m
chng mang theo.

Hnh 2-9: Mng IP over OLSR

Trong mt phng iu khin, mt OLSR c th c thc hin bng
cch s dng hoc l OBS hoc l OLS. Sau y ta s dng OLS trin khai
OLSR. Hn na, khi nim nhn ca OLS l tng t nh ca MPLS. i vi
Nhn quang
OLSR
OLSR OLSR
OLSR OLSR
OLSR
Gi IP
Gi IP
Gi IP
Mng OLSR

_______________________________________________________________

vic thit lp ng o v phn b nhn, OLS c th dnh ring mt knh
bc sng vn chuyn thng tin iu khin. Nhm OLSR c th c iu
khin bng giao thc OSPF vi nhng m rng cho mng quang. V OLSR s
dng mt a ch IP, mng IP v mng OLSR c th h tr mt mt phng
iu khin hp nht, tc l MPLS. Mt giao thc bo hiu chung, v d nh
RSVP hoc LDP ca MPLS c th c s dng cho vic thit lp ng i v
phn b nhn qua mng IP v OLSR.
V mt kh nng tng thch nh tuyn, IP over OLSR c th h tr
mt trong nhng cu hnh sau:
- Mt trng hp nh tuyn IGP c dng cho mng OLSR, n s
tng thch vi cc mng IP khc s dng EGP. iu ny em li mt m
hnh nh tuyn lin min.
- Mt trng hp nh tuyn n IGP iu khin c mng OLSR v IP.
iu ny tng ng vi mt m hnh nh tuyn ngang hng (peer-to-peer).
Tuy nhin, n i hi phi sa i li IGP hin ti. V d nh mng OLSR c
th c cu hnh nh l mt vng nh tuyn theo giao thc OSPF, c ngha
l flooding bn tin trng thi ng truyn (LSA) lin min cn c cp nht
vi nhng m rng OLSR, v flooding LSA ni b vng OLSR cng c th
cn c sa i truyn dn c hiu qu thng tin trng thi lin kt
WDM.
Ni tm li, cu hnh th nht i hi s m rng ca IP EGP tiu
chun, trong cu hnh th hai cn c m rng IP IGP tiu chun.
IP over OPR
IP over OPR v bn cht l mt mng IP. Mng internet quang to nn
t OPR c th c c trng bi mt s knh nh sng song song gia cc b
nh tuyn lin k. Nh trong IP thng thng, khng c s phn cch r rng
gia knh d liu hng lu lng (traffic-oriented) v knh iu khin. Tuy
nhin, vic s dng MPLS c th phn bit c v cc ng cut-through v

_______________________________________________________________

ng u tin c th c thit lp trnh tc nghn. Nhng c ch QoS tr
thnh mt phn thit yu ca mng IP.
Mt vn then cht cho nh cung cp OPR l mc nhng tnh nng
ca b nh tuyn nn c trin khai trong min quang. Cu tr li lin quan
n nhng c im ng dng, hiu sut v chi ph. Trong mt phng d liu,
cc b nh tuyn IP v OPR c quan h ngang hng, trong c hai u c
th chuyn tip cc gi tin IP th.
Trong mt phng iu khin, cc b nh tuyn IP v OPR cng to nn
mt quan h ngang hng s dng iu khin trong bng. Vic lin kt cc b
nh tuyn IP v OPR tun theo gii php IP thng thng. Theo , i vi
mc ch nh tuyn, mt nhm cc mng v b nh tuyn c iu khin
bi mt nh qun l c nhm thnh mt h thng t tr (AS). Cc b nh
tuyn trong mt AS c t la chn c ch cho vic phc hi topology, xy
dng v duy tr c s thng tin nh tuyn, v tnh ton ng i. C ch ny
trong phm vi AS s dng IGP. Gia mt cp AS, EGP c s dng trao
i thng tin v tnh kh dng v c th n c ch ca mng.
nhn mnh Internet quang vi k thut WDM, cc giao thc IP
truyn thng cn phi c sa i, m rng gii quyt nhng vn lin
quan n IP/WDM. V d, c mt s cng bc sng/si quang trn trng
OPR v vn t ra y l bng cch no s dng cc a ch IP mt cch
hiu qu v thit thc. Mt v d ca nh a ch OPR tn dng b lin kt do
ch mt cp a ch IP c cung cp cho cc knh lin kt gia mt cp
OPR.
Hnh 2-10 th hin mt vi cu hnh mng c th thc hin c ca b
nh tuyn IP v OPR. AS trn cng trong hnh v th hin mt mng lai ghp
s dng b nh tuyn IP v OPR; AS di cng bao gm cc b nh tuyn
quang.

_______________________________________________________________

Hnh 2-10: Mng IP over OPR
2-3 Kt lun
Trong chung ny ta xem xt cc kiu kin trc mng IP/WDM da
trn nhng cng ngh WDM hin c. Mt mng WDM c kh nng ti cu
hnh h tr chuyn mch knh, trong khi mt mng WDM chuyn mch tun
theo c ch chuyn mch gi. Nhng v d ca WDM chuyn mch l OBS,
OLS, OPR.
Mc ch ca WDM chuyn mch l c mt mng n gin, tr thp
tn dng u im ca mng ton quang cung nh khai thc nhng li ch
ca chuyn mch gi.
Hin nay cng ngh mng WDM IP over Point- to-point c s dng
trong mng ng di backbone v cc mi trng mng MAN.
Cc mng WDM chuyn mch vn ang nghin cu nhng m hnh th
nghim. Mt vi k thut ct yu vn cha c hon thin nh lu m
quang, thi gian x l, chuyn mch gi quang cn di.
Vic la chn nhng m hnh lin kt IP/WDM mc ch l la chn
cch mng IP v mng quang c th lin thng c vi nhau. T ta c
OPR
EGP
EGP
EGP
OPR
OPR
OPR
OPR OPR
IGP a
OPR

_______________________________________________________________

3 m hnh lin kt: M hnh iu khin chng ln, m hnh iu khin ngang
hng v m hnh iu khin gia tng l s tho hip t hai m hnh trn.

_______________________________________________________________

Chng 3: iu khin mng trong mng IP /WDM

Trong chng ny chng ta s tp trung vo nhm chc nng iu
khin mng. Nhm chc nng iu khin mng lin quan ti cc c ch iu
khin qua mng phn bit vi nhm chc nng iu khin lu lng lin quan
ti vic ti u ho vic s dng mng IP/WDM.
Hnh 3-1 ch ra mt nguyn tc chung ca iu khin lu lng v iu
khin mng trong cc mng IP/WDM .

Hnh 3-1:iu khin lu lng v in khin mng IP/WDM
iu khin lu lng IP/WDM gii quyt nhng vn hiu qu v
hiu sut lu lng nh tuyn trn mt topo ng truyn quang IP c
thit lp trc, trnh c nhng lin kt tc nghn v cn bng ti gia nhng
ng i. Trong trng hp WDM c kh nng ti cu hnh, n cng gii
quyt vn thit k ti u topo IP tn dng u im ca tnh nng ti cu
hnh WDM. Kh nng ti cu hnh cng c p dng cho tng knh quang
tng ng o v d do suy gim tn hiu, mo dng, hoc nh tuyn li yu
cu.
K thut lu lng IP/WDM
IP-TE: MPLS-TE WDM-TE: MPS-TE
iu khin mng IP/WDM
K mng IP: OSPF,
RSVP
Mng WDM

Mng IP
K mng WDM:
OSPF, optical

_______________________________________________________________

gn kt cc thit b mng vi nhau v h tr thun li cho iu khin
lu lng, mt lp iu khin mng to ra trn tng phn t mng v lin kt
cc si quang - lp truyn dn vt l. iu khin mng chng ta cp n
cc giao thc mng OSPF (IGP) v BGP (EGP) v cc bn tin ICMP, RSPV.
iu khin mng IP/WDM c nhng phn sau:
nh a ch IP/WDM
Pht hin topo mng
nh tuyn IP/WDM
Thit lp v gii phng lin kt
C ch bo hiu
iu khin truy nhp mng WDM
Bo v v phc hi mng IP/WDM
Kin trc phn mm ca iu khin mng IP/WDM bao gm:
Mt giao thc qun l v iu khin chuyn mch cung cp giao din
qun l gia cc thnh phn iu khin mng v cc chuyn mch quang;
Cc module nh tuyn, pht hin topo mng v bo hiu l cc thnh
phn chnh trong iu khin mng, chng hot ng theo chiu ngang lin
kt cc tin trnh ngang hng vi nhau.
Nu IP v WDM to nn mt mng chng ln trong mt phng iu
khin th cn phi c mt server phn gii a ch, n khng phc thuc
vo cc module iu khin khc v c th trin khai theo kiu tp trung hoc
phn tn. Giao thc qun l v iu khin mng c th cng t mt v tr vi
iu khin chuyn mch, trong khi server phn gii a ch c th t bt k
u trong mng. Nu IP v WDM to nn mt mng chng ln trong mt
phng d liu th ta cng cn phi c mt thnh phn iu khin truy nhp
WDM. Thnh phn ny lun lun c t ti chuyn mch WDM bin.

_______________________________________________________________

3.1 a ch mng IP/WDM
nh a ch mng IP/WDM mc ch m bo tnh lin thng gia
cc mng IP v mng WDM . Nhng thc th c th nh a ch trong mng
WDM bao gm: giao din chuyn mch, cc lin kt quang, cc si vt l, v
cc knh bc sng. Vn y l vic nh danh lin quan n iu khin
mng lin quan. C ch nh danh phi cung cp c tnh k thut ca cc
im kt cui trong mng WDM vi lu lng thch hp khi cc ng quang
c thit lp (V d mt OXC c th c nhiu giao din truyn dn, mi
giao din ng vi s knh bc sng, c th c nhiu i cp si quang gia
mi cp chuyn mch). Do vy s khng hp l khi cho rng mi knh bc
sng hoc cng u cui phi c mt a ch IP duy nht. Ngoi ra, vic nh
tuyn ca mt ng quang bn trong mng WDM c th khng ph thuc
vo thng tin im u cui mt cch chnh xc, nhng ph thuc vo cc
kt cui OXC.
Vic xc nh c th hn ca cc im u cui tng ng cc OXC
kt cui ch khng phi OXC trung gian. iu ny rt ra c ch nh danh
nh cc OXC c xc nh bng a ch IP duy nht, v b chn lc xc
nh chnh xc hn na thng tin lin quan n mt OXC.
Bn trong mng WDM, vic thit lp cc phn on ng quang gia
cc OXC cnh nhau i hi vic nhn dng knh cng c th, hoc thm ch
knh con. Vi mt mt phng iu khin da trn MPLS, mt nhn c th
thc hin chc nng ny. Cu trc ca nhn quang c thit k theo cch m
n c th m ho tt c cc thng tin yu cu.
Mt thc th khc nhn dng cho mt nhm lin kt quang cng
chia s ti nguyn vt l. V d cc knh ton quang c nh tuyn trn
cng mt si cc quang c th cng mt nhm lin kt.
Cui cng, cc kt ni quang gia cc OXC cnh nhau c th c
nhm li thng bo trong mt giao thc trng thi lin kt. Cc kt ni

_______________________________________________________________

thnh phn trong mt nhm phi c th xc nh c. Khi cp n vn
xc nh nhm lin kt, thng tin ny l cn thit cho vic tnh ton chnh xc
ng i.
Trong mt mng IP/WDM chng ln, lp WDM c c ch nh a
ch sao cho cc a ch lp 2 nh x vi a ch lp 3 cn c mt giao thc
phn gii a ch. M hnh IP/WDM ngang hng h tr mt phng iu khin
hp nht, theo lp IP cng nh lp WDM u s dng a ch IP. Mt c
ch nh a ch hp nht cho mng IP/WDM hiu qu v mm do hn. Hn
na vic nh a ch trong lp WDM tn dng c ch iu khin nh giao
thc nh tuyn v bo hiu c pht trin trong mi trng IP. h tr
mt phng iu khin ngang hng chung, c hai mng IP v WDM c a ch
IP ton cc.
nh a ch chng ln
Mt mng IP/WDM chng ln c th dng a ch IP trong lp IP v
lp WDM, nhng a ch ny trong cc lp khc nhau khng th nhn thy
nhau. Do vy cn phi c mt c ch nh x gia cc a ch lp IP v cc a
ch lp WDM. Lp IP c th c iu khin bi giao thc IGP; lp WDM c
th c iu khin bi giao thc OSPF vi phn m rng cho WDM. IP
OSPF v OSPF quang l cc tin trnh OSPF ring bit.
Trong lp WDM knh iu khin c tch bit khi knh d liu.
Mt knh ngoi bng c dng truyn dn cc bn tin iu khin, trong
cc giao din phn t mng WDM c th s dng cc a ch vt l; knh
iu khin lin quan n mt hoc nhiu knh d liu kt ni gia hai phn t
mng WDM. Mt b lin kt v mt tp hp ca tt c cc nhm kt ni gia
cc cp chuyn mnh cnh nhau. Mt nhm lin kt c xc nh bi mt ID
c th c to nn bi cc lin kt theo tiu chun sau:

_______________________________________________________________

Cc lin kt c trong cng mt nhm lin kt c s dng trong
qun l li v bo v, phc hi mng, l mt ID ca mt nhm
lin kt quang chia s ti nguyn vt l..
Cc lin kt c cng mt nh dng m ho v d OC-192
Cc lin kt c cng loi bo v.
Vic nhm li cc lin kt gip tit kim a ch IP, gim s lng nh
tuyn gn k gia cc node cnh nhau. Thng tin trng thi lin kt ca knh
d liu c flood trong knh iu khin s dng giao thc OSPF cho mt
LSA khng trong sut. Mt lin kt IP trong knh d liu c lin kt vi
mt knh bc sng hai chiu. a ch IP lp WDM c th c gn cho mt
lin kt WDM hng ra ti chuyn mch gn k n.
Knh iu khin lp WDM c gn cc a ch IP. C cc b chuyn
mch quang c lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt WDM. Kiu nh a ch
ny thch hp cho mng IP/WDM c th cu hnh trong khng c chc
nng mt phng d liu IP trong WDM.
nh a ch ngang hng
Trong mng IP/WDM c th cu hnh c th s dng m hnh ngang
hng trong mt phng iu khin, trong cc chuyn mch c nh a
ch IP lp WDM l ngang hng vi b nh tuyn IP. V WDM c kh nng
ti cu hnh ch c th h tr chuyn mch knh, nn khng cn thit h tr
tnh nng IP trong mt phng d liu WDM. nh a ch IP lp WDM
tng t nh nh a ch chng ln ngoi tr l a ch WDM c mt quan h
ngang hng vi mt a ch mng IP (tc l c mt a ch IP ton cc cho
thit b WDM). Lp WDM c th p dng vic cc b lin kt gn cp a
ch IP cho lin kt gia hai chuyn mch gn nhau.
Trong mng IP/WDM chuyn mch lun h tr nh a ch ngang
hng trong mt phng d liu. Mt mng IP over OLSR c mt phng chuyn
tip d liu c lp, khc vi chuyn tip d liu IP da trn a ch ch.

_______________________________________________________________

IP over OPR to nn mt mng ngang hng gia IP v WDM trong c
mt phng d liu v mt phng iu khin. Trong mi trng hp vic nhm
cc lin kt c s dng thit kim a ch IP v giao thc nh tuyn gn
k.
3.2 Nhn bit topo mng.
Vic nh tuyn trong min WDM da trn kin thc v topo mng v
tnh kh dng ti nguyn mng. Bc u tin vi mc ch xc nh trng
thi lin kt din rng (cho mi OXC) l pht hin ra trng thi ca nhng lin
kt ni b vi cc OXC gn k, c th mi OXC phi xc nh trng thi
Up/Down ca tng lin kt quang, bng thng, cc tham s lin quan n lin
kt, s cng u xa. Thng tin sau cng ny c th c s dng ch r mt
nhn quang tng ng trong qu trnh bo hiu gim st ng quang.
Vic xc nh nhng tham s ny da trn giao thc nh tuyn t ng
hay giao thc nh tuyn tnh ang hot ng gia 2 OXC cnh nhau. Cc c
tnh ca nhng giao thc ny c th ph thuc vo loi OXC gn k (v d
trong sut hay khng trong sut). Ni chung, loi giao thc ny c th coi nh
l mt giao thc NDP (Neighbour Discovery Protocol), mc d cc chc nng
qun l nh qun l lin kt v cch ly li c th c tin hnh nh l mt
phn ca giao thc. Giao thc qun l lin kt (LMP Link Management
Protocol) l mt v d ca NDP.
Mt giao thc NDP thng yu cu lin lc trong bng trn cc knh d
liu xc nh trng thi lin kt v kt ni ni b. Trong trng hp ca
nhng OXC khng trong sut vi u cui SONET, mt tin trnh ca NDP c
th chy trn mi cng OXC, lin lc vi tin trnh NDP tng ng ti OXC
gn k. Giao thc ny c th s dng cc byte tiu SONET truyn dn
nhng thuc tnh ni b (cu hnh) n hng xm ca n mt cch nh k.
Do , 2 chuyn mch gn nhau c th t ng xc nh nh danh ca nhau

_______________________________________________________________

v ca kt ni ni b, v cng theo di trng thi up/down ca cc lin kt ni
b.
Nhn bit topo mng l mt th tc m theo trng thi ti nguyn v
topo mng ca tt c cc lin kt trong mng c xc nh. Nhn bit topo
mng c th c thc hin bng cch s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn trng
thi lin kt (OSPF hay IS-IS), hoc n c th c dn ng qua nhiu giao
din qun l (trong trng hp tnh ton ng i tp trung). n y ta s tp
trung vo vic tnh ton ng i phn tn s dng mt giao thc trng thi
lin kt IP.
Phn ln tnh nng nh tuyn trng thi lin kt trong mng IP c th
p dng cho mng WDM. Tuy nhin, s hin din ca cc lin kt quang v
ca cc knh bc sng, cng nh l cc tham s cht lng dch v tn hiu
quang, i hi nhng thay i thng tin trng thi lin kt. Nhng thay i c
th ny l:
Thng tin trng thi lin kt c th bao gm cc b lin kt. Mi b lin
kt c th hin nh l mt lin kt tru tng trong topo mng. C th biu
din nhiu b lin kt khc nhau.V d, nhng tham s ca lin kt tru tng
c th bao gm s lng, bng thng v loi ca cc lin kt quang bn trong
b lin kt.
Thng tin trng thi lin kt phi lu gi li cc tham s lin quan n
hi phc ca cc lin kt quang. V d v cc tham s ny bao gm loi bo
v kt ni v danh sch cc nhm lin kt cho mi kt ni.
Mt nh tuyn gn k n c duy tr gia cc hng xm, gia chng
c th c nhiu lin kt quang hoc nhiu b lin kt. iu ny gip gim
c byte mo u ca bn tin giao thc.
Do trng thi lin kt v knh kh dng thay i lin tc, mt c ch
kch hot cc cp nht trng thi lin kt da trn cc ngng hin c, c th
c thc hin. V d, nhng thay i v kh dng ca cc lin kt c bng

_______________________________________________________________

thng cho trc (v d 48-OC) c th kch hot cc cp nht ch khi nhng
chng thay i mt lng nht nh.
Trong qu trnh xc nh topo mng, thng tin vng ln cn c trao
i thng qua mt giao thc. Sau n s c cng c mc mng to ra
mt bn topo mng. Nhn bit topo t ng khng ch gim chi ph hot
ng ca mng m cn lm tng kh nng biu din chnh xc topo mng.
Nhn bit topo mng c th c xem nh l mt c ch cho php t qun l
mng. Trn quan im ng dng, thng tin topo mng cp nht v t ng
cho php nhng nh hng ca vic chia s ti nguyn n hiu sut ca ng
dng c th d on trc c v cc node v cc lin kt c la chn
thch hp vi nhng kt ni mng ph hp vi nhng yu cu ng dng.
Cc m hnh th hin ti nguyn v qu trnh nhn bit topology qua cc min
WDM i hi cc giao thc nh tuyn lin min, v d nh giao thc BGP vi
nhng m rng cho mng quang. Trong mt mng WDM c kh nng ti cu
hnh, c mt topo ng quang o bn cnh mt topo WDM vt l. Topo
ng quang o l topo IP, do khi cc ng quang c thit lp, topo IP
(cc b nh tuyn mt phng d liu) c th s dng IGP xc nh topo
mng. V d, OSPF s dng bn tin Hello v bn tin m t c s d liu. Topo
vt l WDM c th c xc nh bi giao thc iu khin IP chy trn knh
iu khin WDM.
3.3 nh tuyn IP/WDM
nh tuyn l mt k thut theo lu lng qua mng c th n c
ch t node ngun. Ta s xem xt mt vi vn nh tuyn ca mng
IP/WDM . Ta xem xt vic trin khai OSPF cho cc mng WDM.
3.3.1 Xy dng v duy tr c s thng tin nh tuyn OSPF
Cht lng ca quyt nh nh tuyn lin quan n tnh kh dng,
chnh xc v chi tit ca thng tin nh tuyn. Mt mng IP thng thng s
dng giao thc nh tuyn RIP hay OSPF, OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn da

_______________________________________________________________

trn trng thi lin kt v hi t nhanh hn RIP. OSPF duy tr mt c s trng
thi lin kt, ng b nhng bn sao ca trng thi lin kt, mt c ch
flooding tin cy c pht trin cho OSPF. Hnh 3-2 ch ra c ch flooding
trong trm c 6 node:

Hnh 3-2: C ch flooding OSPF
Node A quan st thy thay i trng thi lin kt bt u flood thay i
trng thi lin kt ny s dng gi tin cp nht trng thi lin kt. Node A gi
LSU (cp nht trng thi lin kt) ti mi node bn cnh n l B,C,F. Trong
hnh 3-2 (b) cc node B,C,F chuyn tip bn tin c flood ny ti cc node
hng xm ca n ngoi tr node m n va nhn bn tin t tc l node A.
Hnh 3-2 (c) ch ra vng tip theo khi node E v D flood LSU. bo li rng
LSU n ch c an ton, node nhn s gi mt link state
acknowledgement ti node gi i. Ch rng nu node nhn m nhn c t
node gi cng mt LSU m n gi i, n s khng gi i link state
acknowledgement (d).
A
b c
d
e
(a)
F
A
b c
d
e
(b)
F
A
b c
d
e
(c)
F
A
b c
d
e
(d)
F

_______________________________________________________________

Trong h thng qun l mng WDM ca m hnh chng ln, b qun l
cu hnh v kt ni duy tr c s thng tin nh tuyn. C s d liu ban u
c thng bo qua cc giao din qun l c xc nh trc v sau
c cp nht bi cc thng bo ca NE. tng tnh kh dng ca thng tin
nh tuyn WDM, cc mng WDM c th dng mt c s d liu trng thi
lin kt quang, n c th phn b ti tng chuyn mch. Mt v d ca trin
khai nhng m rng cho IP OSPF flood LSA loi khng trong sut. C s
d liu trng thi lin kt quang c th tch bit khi c s d liu trng thi
lin kt IP tiu chun nhng c th duy tr v ng b bng cch s dng cng
mt c ch flooding.
Nhng m rng OSPF cho mng WDM s c bn ti phn sau
chng ny. Thay cho vic phi tch ri c s thng tin nh tuyn v NMS
cho mng IP v WDM, mt phng php hiu qu hn l thit k mt c s
d liu trng thi lin kt tch hp cho mng IP/WDM .
Trong min nh tuyn IP, cc b nh tuyn BGP duy tr mt bng
nh tuyn BGP bn cnh bng nh tuyn IGP. i vi nh tuyn lin min
quang, cn c mt c s qun l d liu (MIB) ng quang (ligth path) ti
WDM bin bn cnh MIB bc sng. BGP vi phn m rng c th c s
dng cho knh iu khin trao i thng tin v kh dng v kh nng
n ch ca WDM lin min. Nu nh cung cp khc nhau cung cp NE
trong min quang i hi phi ch n tnh lin thng gia cc mng.
3.3.2 Tnh ton ng i v nhng rng buc chuyn mch WDM.
Khi c s d liu nh tuyn c xy dng, vic tnh ton ng i
c th c tin hnh thng qua mt thut ton nh tuyn. B giao thc IP s
dng giao thc tm ng ngn nht (SPF)- hay l tm ng i ti u.
nh tuyn ng v phn b bc sng;
Trong mng WDM c th c ci cc thut ton nh tuyn trong mt
node m c kh nng kt cui ng quang v trang b cho cc node cn li

_______________________________________________________________

ch l mt thut ton tm ng c bn. Cch tip cn ny cng vi vic s
dng MPLS iu khin lu lng, nhng n li khc vi OSPF trong mng
IP ni m tt c cc node chy cng mt thut ton tm ng i. So snh vi
nh tuyn tnh v vic nh tuyn ng v phn b bc sng phi gii quyt
cc ng quang ng v thi gian tn ti ngn v tnh ton ng i trong
thi gian thc. Do tnh phc tp nh tuyn v phn b bc sng c th s
dng cc gii thut da trn kinh nghim gii quyt ng i.
Bo v lightpath:
Mt vn khc lin quan n nh tuyn lightpath WDM l bo v
lightpath. Bn cht knh ca mng WDM i hi mt lightpath d phng
trong trng hp c li hoc c s c vi lightpath chnh. Khi lu lng
gia hai node c th c gi lin tc cho d c s c xy ra. Do mt vn
c bn l cc SRLG trong ng i chnh phi bit c trong khi tnh ton
ng i thay th cng vi tnh kh dng ca ti nguyn trong cc lin kt
thuc SRLG khc.
Cc thut ton nh tuyn ng i d phng nh: Thut ton ng i
tch ri (disjoint). C hai nhm thut ton nh tuyn ng i tch ri:Cp
ngn nht ca cc ng i tch ri v ng i tch ri ti a.
Thut ton ng i tch ri ngn nht c kh nng tnh ton node hoc
cc ng kt ni tch ri: Trong thut ton ny (cp node tch ri hay cp
lin kt tch ri), vi mt cp node cho trc, trc tin tm ng i ngn
nht vi s mng cho trc, sau xo b cc lin kt c lin quan n cc
node c ng i ngn nht v cui cng tm ng ngn nht trn s
mng cn li. Vi thut ton ny khi c s c cc lin kt hoc cc node lin
quan n lightpath chnh khng nh hng n lighpath d phng.
Thut ton ng i tch ri ti a nhm mc ch tm cp ng i
ngn nht m cng tch ri nhau ti a, tc l cp ng i c s node v lin
kt chung nhau l t nht.

_______________________________________________________________

Nhng rng buc chuyn mch WDM:
Vic tnh ton ng i chnh cho mt lightpath trong mt mng
WDM c nhng rng buc v nh tuyn. Rng buc ny thng thng l
kh dng ca bc sng cn thit cho lightpath cng vi nhng rng buc v
qun l.
Nhng rng buc trong mng WDM cho nh tuyn ng v phn b
bc sng bao gm:
Tnh kh dng ca bc sng, kh nng thay i ca bc sng
v bng thng ca si, s lng bc sng trn mt giao din
truyn dn.
Loi trng chuyn mch: trong sut hay khng trong sut.
Yu cu nh dng tn hiu ca client hoc tc line.
Kh nng ghp knh ca cng.
Rng buc bin ca nhiu fabric
Nhng rng buc v cht lng tn hiu: t s tn hiu trn tp
m, tn sc bc sng.
V nhng giao thc IGP hin ti nh IS-IS v OSPF vic la chn
ng i da trn nhng tnh ton ng i ngn nht, iu khng xem xt
n nhng c tnh lu lng v nhng rng buc kh nng ca mng. Nhng
tin b gn y trong MPLS m ra kh nng mi vt qua mt vi gii
hn ny bng cch cho php ngi dng thit lp cc ng i LSP ring bit
ti cc thit b bin. Tuy nhin t c iu ny IGP phi c chnh
sa nh chng c th phn b thm thng tin cho tnh ton ng i bn
cnh thng tin topo mng. Trong cc mng WDM ni m c nhiu rng buc
v dung lng hn mt vi m rng WDM cho cc giao thc IGP c
thc hin nh b chuyn mch bin c th thit lp cc ng quang thch
hp.

_______________________________________________________________

3.3.3 Hot ng nh tuyn
Mt giao thc nh tuyn trin khai cc c ch phn pht thng tin
nh tuyn trong mng, da trn thng tin nh tuyn ny thut ton tm
ng i xc nh cch m lu lng c dn qua mng. Trong phn ny ta
s xt cc vn hot ng nh tuyn chung.
Routing loops
Mt vn ni bt ca nh tuyn phn b l cc vng lp nh tuyn,
n tn ti do bn cht vic ra quyt nh song song trong mi trng phn tn.
Mt vng lp nh tuyn c th l mt vng lp thng tin hoc vng lp
chuyn tip.
Hnh 3-3 ch ra nguyn nhn ca cc vng lp thng tin c hnh
thnh khi thng tin cp nht c ngun gc t thng tin n phn phi trc .
V d trong hnh 3-3 (a) khi cc lin kt AB v BC b down, node A v node C
cho rng cc node khc c mt ng i ti node B, nhng thc t quyt nh
ca chng l da trn thng tin do chnh nhng node ny cung cp. Giao thc
nh tuyn RIP s dng s lng hop ti a n ch l 16 loi tr lp
nh tuyn.

Hnh 3-3: Vng lp nh tuyn
Bng nh
tuyn:
B 1hop
C 1hop
D 1hop
A 1hop
D 2hop
C 1hop
a b
c d
A
b c
d
(b)
F
B 1hop
C 1hop
D 1hop
B 1hop
C 1hop
D 1hop
B 1hop
C 1hop
D 1hop
B 1hop
D 1hop
A 1hop
(a) Information Loop (b) Forwarding Loop
E
Bng nh
tuyn:
Bng nh
tuyn:

_______________________________________________________________

Lp chuyn tip to nn khi lu lng c chuyn tip bi mt b nh
tuyn cui cng li quay tr li router . Hnh 3-3 (b) ch ra mt v d ca
lp chuyn tip gia cc node C,D v E.
Lp nh tuyn c th lin tc hoc tm thi tu theo khong thi gian.
Lp nh tuyn tm thi thng xy ra hn v gy ra t h hng v suy gim
cht lng mng hn lp nh tuyn lin tc. Lp nh tuyn tm thi c th
gy ra nhng h hng v c th gy tc nghn gia cc thnh phn mng. Lp
nh tuyn lin tc c th cn phi shutdown mt phn mng, lm hao ph ti
nguyn mng v c kh nng lm gin on cc dch v hot ng.
Cc li nh tuyn:
nh tuyn trong mt h thng c mc phn tn cao c th b li do
mt vi nguyn nhn:
Cc li nh tuyn do nhng li phn mm iu khin, do h
hng phn cng.
Li nh tuyn do tm thi ngng hot ng, c c th gy ra bi
tc nghn hoc tm thi b mt kt ni hoc do cu hnh kt ni
thay i.
Khng th n c ch do qa nhiu chng
n nh ca nh tuyn
L mc thng xuyn ca vic thay i ng i v mc n nh
ca chng. C hai nh ngha v n nh nh tuyn l s ph bin v tnh
nht qun.
S ph bin: n nh nh tuyn c th nh ngha di dng s ph
bin, l xc xut ca vic quan st mt ng i cho trong mt khong
khung thi gian cho trc. Khi quan st mt ng i, s ph bin ch ra rng
ta s quan st li c ng i trong tng lai. S ph bin cao l mi
trng nh tuyn n nh.

_______________________________________________________________

Tnh nht qun: n nh nh tuyn c th c nh ngha di
dng tnh nht qun, l khung thi gian m mt ng i cho trc tip tc
tn ti cho n khi n thay i. Mc nht qun cao hn c ngha l mi
trng nh tuyn n nh lu hn.
S ph bin v tnh n nh c th kt hp vi nhau m t n
nh nh tuyn. Cc mc cao ca tnh nht qun v s ph bin th hin
mng rt n nh. Mc ph bin cao nhng mc nht qun thp mng s
khng n nh, c th c lp nh tuyn. Mc ph bin v nht qun u
thp th hin mt mng rt khng n nh. Mt mi trng nh tuyn khng
n nh c kh nng gy ra nhng vn sau;
Nhng c tnh ca cc ng i mng khng th d on c
Kinh nghim v hiu qu ca vic hc da trn nhng o lng
trc l khng tin cy.
3.4 Bo hiu trong mng IP/WDM
Ti lp vt l, bo hiu c ngha l vic truyn tn hiu quang qua si
quang. Ti lp iu khin mng, bo hiu lin quan n mt lot qu trnh
phn b hon thnh cc vic nh thit lp knh qua mng
Trong phn ny s dng giao thc bo hiu RSVP (Resource
Reservation Protocol) v phn m rng quang minh ho qu trnh bo hiu v
hot ng trong cc mng IP/WDM
3.4.1 Khi nim RSVP
RSVP l mt giao thc bo hiu IP cho php cc ng dng IP t c
cht lng dch v nht nh cho cc lung d liu trong cc mng IP. RSVP
dnh trc cc ti nguyn vi cht lng dch v yu cu thng qua ch tiu
lung, n m bo lin mng x l lu lng ng dng.
Ch tiu k thut lung bao gm yu cu v cht lng dch v (RSpec),
m t v lung lu lng (TSpec), v cp dch v ca mt ng dng. Thng
qua vic dnh trc, cc tham s nht nh trong lp trnh v b phn loi

_______________________________________________________________

c thit lp cc gi tr c th cc lung ng dng c cung cp vi cc
dch v tng ng khi chng n.
C nhiu kiu dnh trc khc nhau da trn tnh nng cung cp bi
nh qun l ti nguyn (RSVP daemon). Vic dnh trc c th l ring bit
trong mi s dnh trc ca mt phin t pha gi c x l ring r,
hoc l chia s trong tt c cc s dnh trc c x l nh l mt s
dnh trc (v chng c bit n nh l khng can thip ln nhau). Mt s
dnh trc ring bit cng c th nh r vi mt phm vi r rng thng qua
b lc c nh, v d nh bng cch ch ra r rng mt ngi gi.
Khi ng i nh tuyn c xc nh bi mt giao thc nh tuyn
hoc mt ng dng iu khin lu lng m rng, RSVP daemon ch (host)
bt u mt phin v gi mt bn tin RSVP theo ng i nh tuyn n
ch . Khi bn tin ng i n ch, pha thu bt u dnh trc ti nguyn
v gi bn tin yu cu dnh trc dc theo ng i nh tuyn dnh trc
n pha gi. Trong qu trnh dnh trc, mi node bao gm b thu v pht c
nhim v la chn mc ca ring n v ti nguyn dnh trc , mt qu
trnh c gi l iu khin admission, xc nh liu n c th cung cp
cht lng dch v theo yu cu. Nu iu khin admission khng thnh cng,
mt bn tin li c gi n pha ngun. RSVP nh ngha 4 nhm bn tin:
Path messages, bao gm trng thi ca ng i trong mi node,
c gi i tng chng theo ng nh tuyn t ngun n ch.
Reservation request messages, thng tin chi tit v dnh trc,
c gi i tng chng theo ng nh tuyn t ngun n
ch.
Tear-down messages, c s dng loi b ng i v dnh
trc m khng cn phi i cho thi gian cleanup ht hn. C
hai loi bn tin tear-down l: Cc bn tin path tear-down; Cc bn

_______________________________________________________________

tin tear-down yu cu dnh trc.B pht, b thu hoc bt c mt
b nh tuyn no c th khi to cc bn tin tear-down.
Error and confirmation messages, bao gm: Cc bn tin li
ng i c dng thng bo cc li cho cc bn tin ng
i, v c gi i tng chng dc theo ng i v pha host
ngun. Cc bn tin li yu cu dnh trc c dng thng
bo cc li cho cc bn tin yu cu dnh trc, v c gi i
tng chng dc theo ng i v pha ch; Cc bn tin xc nhn
yu cu dnh trc c dng xc nhn bn tin yu cu dnh
trc, v c gi tng chng dc theo ng i v pha b thu.
V RSVP c s dng cho cc lung ng dng, nn n l n hng.
Mt ng i hai chiu phi c thit lp bng cch thc hin bo hiu
RSVP hai ln, i chiu v tr ca pha thu v pha pht. Cc knh RSVP c
duy tr trng thi mm, trong cc trng thi kin kt knh c duy tr ti
mi node v c ng dng vi cc b nh thi. Nhng knh ny c cp
nht mi li mt cch nh k thng qua cc cp nht bn tin yu cu dnh
trc v bn tin ng i. Mt khc khi b nh thi ht hn, trng thi knh
s b xo v ti nguyn c gii phng
Trong mng IP khng phi mi b nh tuyn u c h tr RSVP.
i vi b nh tuyn khng h tr RSPV vic dnh trc ti nguyn v nh
hng QoS khng c m bo.
i qua mng khng h tr RSVP, RSVP s dng hiu ng tunnel;
Cc b nh tuyn khng h tr RSVP chuyn tip cc bn tin ng i v
bn tin yu cu dnh trc c da trn bng nh tuyn ni b. Do cc
bn tin ng i v bn tin yu cu dnh trc c chuyn tip bi c cc b
nh tuyn c h tr v khng h tr RSVP tng chng gia ngun v ch. V
d khi bn tin c truyn qua mt vng mng khng h tr RSVP, bn tin

_______________________________________________________________

copy ca bn tin ng i c cha a ch b nh tuyn RSVP cui cng
c chuyn i da trn a ch ch ca n.
3.4.2 RSVP trong mng quang
i vi mng chuyn mch gi quang bo hiu tng t nh trong
mng IP truyn thng v c hai mng u s dng iu khin trong bng.
Chuyn mch chm quang OBS cung cp tnh nng tng t nh
chuyn mch nhn quang nhng chuyn mch nhn quang s dng cc bc
sng mng ph vn chuyn thng tin iu khin, gim phc tp ng b
ho gia tiu v trng tin.
Trong phn ny ta xt bo hiu iu khin trong mng WDM c kh
nng ti cu hnh v mng chuyn mch nhn quang.
Hnh 3-4 ch ra mt v d mng WDM thc hin RSVP quang: Mt
phng iu khin c kt ni vi nhau s dng lin kt Ethernet im- im.
Topo knh d liu v thng tin nh hng iu khin khc c vn chuyn
trn knh iu khin. Nh vy giao thc qun l lin kt LMP chu trch
nhim nh x s tng quan c tnh gia mt phng iu khin v mt phng
d liu.

Hnh 3-4: RSVP cho mng quang WDM
IGP
WDM
Switch
Knh
iu
khin
WDM
Switch
WDM
Switch
WDM
Switch
WDM
Switch
Knh
d
liu
WDM
Switch

_______________________________________________________________

Giao thc bo hiu RSVP c thit lp hoc gii phng cc ng
chuyn mch nhn quang end-to-end. Node bin khi to bo hiu RSVP
cho thit lp LSP c l node hng vo; node m kt thc LSP c gi l
node hng ra.
Trn hnh 3-4 lin kt gia cc node iu khin c th hin bng nt
mnh ch ra rng l knh iu khin v khng dnh cho lin lc mt phng
d liu. Cc deamon RSVP c ci t ti mi node iu khin. Nhng
RSVP deamon lin lc vi nhau nh bn tin RSVP PATH (c khi to bi
RSVP node hng vo) v RSVP REVS (c khi to bi RSVP node hng
ra).
3.4.3 Kin trc trin khai RSVP
Hnh 3-5 minh ho kiu kin trc phn mm ca RSVP ti mi node
iu khin. Mi node iu khin cha mt RSVP deamon trong c nhng
module phn mm nh deamon giao thc nh tuyn v giao thc iu khin
chuyn mch quang (OSCP).

Hnh 3-5: Kin trc phn mm RSVP
path
resv resv
path
OSCP
OSCP
RSVP API
ng dng
ngi dng
Bng
nh
tuyn
RSVP
Daemo
Node
hng
vo
OSCP
OSCP
RSVP API
Bng
nh
tuyn
RSVP
Daemo
Node hng ra
OSCP
OSCP
RSVP API
Bng
nh
tuyn
RSVP
Daemo
Node Trung gian

_______________________________________________________________

RSVP ti node hng vo cung cp mt API gi l RAPI (RSVP API)
cho php tng tc gia RSVP daemon v ng dng ngi dng. Bng cch
s dng RAPI ny mt ng dng ngi dng c th khi to bo hiu RSVP
thit lp LSP gia mt cp node hng vo v hng ra vi s tr gip ca
k thut cp pht v phn phi nhn da trn MPLS.
Khi bo hiu c khi to ti node hng vo bi ng dng ngi s
dng, RSVP daemon gi mt bn tin Path n mt RSVP daemon node iu
khin tip theo. c ng i n node iu khin tip theo, n tham kho
bng nh tuyn c sn sn sng bi daemon nh tuyn chy giao thc
OSPF. RSVP cn h tr inh tuyn, thng tin chi tit v ng i c vn
chuyn trong cc gi tin RSVP. Khi bn tin Path n ti node hng ra, n to
ra mt bn tin RSVP truyn ngc li node hng vo dc theo ng i
c ghi li bi bn tin Path.
Cc nhn c cp pht v phn phi sau c gi ti cc chuyn
mch quang t mi node iu khin thng qua OSCP. RSVP cng truy vn
cc b chuyn mch quang thng tin v phn cng thng qua OSCP. Thng
tin ny c dng quyt nh c ch cp pht nhn c s dng ti mt
node chuyn mch nhn c th.
3.4.4 Bn tin RSVP trong mng quang
Chng ta xt nhng m rng bn tin ca giao thc RSVP cho cc mng
quang.
Cc bn tin PATH v RESV c th c s dng trao i thng tin
chi tit WDM v thit lp, gii phng cc lighpath. Cc i tng RSVP c
mt tiu chung 4 octet. C ba trng trong tiu i tng: Length (2
octet), Class-numbre (1 octet) v Class-type (1 octet).
Bn tin nhn ng i (Path label message):
Trong cc chuyn mch nhn quang, da trn kh nng trao i nhn
ca cng u ra, 2 loi i tng yu cu nhn (label request objects) s c

_______________________________________________________________

s dng: mt yu cu nhn vi gi tr xut, mt yu cu nhn vi mt di
nhn c th tn ti.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Length Class Numbre
(21)
ClassType
(1)
Label/Lambda Value
(a) i tng nhn yu cu loi 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Length Class Numbre
(21)
ClassType
(1)
Minimum Label/Lambda Value
Maximum Label/Lambda Value
(b) i tng nhn yu cu loi 2
Hnh 3-6: nh dng bn tin PATH i tng yu cu nhn

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Length Class Numbre
(21)
ClassType
(3)
ER Type Adress type Revered

Port ID
Wavelength (Channel/Label/Timeslot) ID
....
(a) i tng nhn yu cu loi 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Length Class Numbre
(21)
ClassType
(4)
Free Wavelength (Channel/Label) ID
....
(b) i tng nhn yu cu loi 4
Hnh 3-7: nh dng bn tin PATH i tng yu cu nhn cho thit lp
ng i v cp pht bc sng ni b

_______________________________________________________________

Hnh 3-6 (a) v (b) minh ho nhng nh dng ca hai i tng nhn
ny. i vi 2 loi i tng yu cu nhn ny: trng Length ch ra kch
thc ca i tng; trng Class numbre v Class type phn bit cc i
tng khc nhau. RSVP nh ngha 15 loi i tng khc nhau.
Mt c trng i din ca m hnh ngang hng l nh tuyn explicit
qua mt thc th ngang hng bn ngoi c th yu cu mt ng i nh
tuyn explicit qua mt vng mng. RSVP c th c dng nh l giao thc
bo hiu cho nh tuyn explicit. Bn tin PATH trong MPLS nh ngha mt
i tng ng i explicit (ERO) c cha mt tp hp cc chng nh tuyn
ng sau tiu i tng chung. Mi hop nh tuyn bao gm mt loi
ng i, mt a ch IP, mt tin t ng i. i vi cc mng quang hoc
GMPLS, hnh 3-7 (a) ch ra nh dng loi 3 ca class 21 m ho thng tin
ng i explicit. Cui cng mt bn tin PATH i tng yu cu nhn s
dng cho ng i si v cp pht bc sng ni b c nh ngha. Nu
khng c cc thc th nh tuyn bn ngoi,ng i nh tuyn t giao thc
nh tuyn mc nh s ch r ng si i. Nu giao thc bo hiu c trin
khai vi thng minh nht nh, n c th ra quyt nh vic cp pht bc
sng. S m rng bn tin ny cn phi m rng tnh nng ca qu trnh bo
hiu thc hin cp pht bc sng. tng y l thu thp thng tin v
bc sng kh dng trong bn tin PATH v hng ra quyt nh vic la
chn bc sng. Hnh 3-7 (b) ch ra nh dng class loi 4, n ch c ch khi
hin din s rng buc v tnh lin tc ca bc sng, ngha l gi nh khng
c chuyn mch no trong mng quang h tr vic trao i bc sng. Trong
qu trnh bo hiu mi node duy tr mt danh sch cc bc sng ang s
dng v kim sot mt hot ng hp nht trn tp bc sng ti v tp bc
sng ni b ang s dng. Tp hp cc bc sng kt qu c chuyn v
pha hng ra. Theo cch ny, hng ra c th la chn mt knh bc sng
hu dng t u cui ny n u cui khc (end-to-end).

_______________________________________________________________

Cc trng ca bn tin PATH c m ho nh sau:
RSVP_LABEL object c 3 gi tr: Class-Number = 21, Class Type = 3
hoc 4
ER Type 1 octet; loi nh tuyn explicit, 0 cho strict explicit route
v 1 cho loose explicit route. Gi tr 0 ch ra ln lt tng hop cho ton b
ng i yu cu.Trong qu trnh nh tuyn strict explicit, bng nh tuyn
ni b khng c s dng. Gi tr 1 ch ra mt cch c la chn mt vi hop
cho ng i yu cu. RSVP tham kho bng nh tuyn ni b v thng tin
ng i gia cc hop.
Address Type 1 octet; th hin loi a ch route-hop. Cc gi tr sau
c th c nh ngha: 0 cho min (domain), 1 cho m my (cloud), 2 cho
phn t mng, v 3 cho cng. N ch ra mc ngang hng. N c tnh nng
tng t nh tin t mng.
Port ID - 4 octet; y l nh danh cng trn phn t mng (NE) (tc l
trn switch). Mt Port ID thng m ho thng tin sau: mng , cloud, shelf,
circuit pack, port.
Wavelength ID 4 octet; trng ny ch ra wavelength ID c s dng
trn cng trng chuyn mch.
Free Wavelength ID 4 octet; trng ny ch ra mt wavelength ID/
knh kh dng trn switch. Mi switch cung cp mt cp nht v danh sch
wavelength ID/knh ri nh vy m chuyn mch ch c th ra quyt nh v
la chn bc sng/knh.
Bn tin RESV
Nh nhc ti trong phn trc, bn tin RESV sa i s cha i
tng nhn trong trng i tng RSVP. Hnh 3-8 ch ra nh dng ca i
tng nhn. Ging nh i tng yu cu nhn, trng u tin ch ra kch
thc ca i tng tnh bng byte. Hai trng tip theo l Class Number v
Class Type. V d nh 22 c th gn cho Class Number.

_______________________________________________________________

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Length Class Numbre
(22)
ClassType
(1,2,3)
Label/Lambda Value

Hnh 3-8: nh dng bn tin RESV i tng nhn
i vi cc i tng yu cu nhn Class Type 1,2,3, v 4 (class
number 21), ta c th s dng mt i tng nhn n gin m nh dng ca
n c ch ra trn hnh 4-24. Trng cui cng trong bn tin RESV i tng
nhn l mt nhn thc hoc gi tr lambda c dnh ring ti switch. i
vi lightpath c nh tuyn explicit (vi i tng yu cu nhn class
number = 21 v class type = 3), gi tr lambda ca i tng nhn thc ra l
in-wavelength ID ca i tng yu cu nhn tng ng. Vi lightpath cp
pht ni b (vi i tng yu cu nhn class number =21 v class type = 4),
do rng buc v tnh lin tc ca bc sng, i tng yu cu nhn c cng
gi tr lambda t hng ra ti hng vo.
3.4.5 C ch pht nhn lai cho mng quang (Hybrid Label)
V mt l thuyt, vic cp pht nhn trong MPLS c th c kim sot
theo kiu nh hng hng ln hoc hng xung. Cp pht nhn hng
xung c ngha l mt yu cu lin kt cc nhn vi mt LSP c th c khi
to bi mt node hng vo thng qua bn tin PATH RSVP. Sau , cc nhn
c cp cho hng xung v c phn phi (c truyn theo hng ln)
thng qua bn tin RESV RSVP. Trong MPLS, kh nng trao i nhn l hon
ton c gi thit, s phn phi gi tr nhn l khng quan trng v ngha
ca gi tr nhn ch l ni b gia 2 OLSR gn k v ta cn chn bt c gi tr
nhn no m hiu cha s dng. Tuy nhin, trong cc mng quang, v d nh
OLS, mt s chuyn mch quang nh OLSR c th khng h tr kh nng
trao i nhn v mi chuyn mch phi duy tr cng mt gi tr nhn cho ti

_______________________________________________________________

b chuyn mch m c kh nng trao i nhn. Bng cch so snh, vic phn
phi nhn hng ln c ngha l cc nhn thc t c phn phi hng vo
(ingress) trc, v s phn phi ny truyn i v pha hng ra. Khi hng ra
phn phi nhn ca n, n c th gi mt bn tin xc nhn ti hop trc
khi ng mt s xc nhn tng chng (hop-by-hop) v pha ngun. Hoc l
hng ra n gin c th gi mt thng bo trc tip ti hng vo thng
bo rng ng i c thit lp.
Mt c ch phn phi nhn lai thch nghi s dng c phn phi nhn
hng ln v hng xung c a ra. N c th hin di ng cnh ca
cc mng OLS c bit gii quyt vn thiu tnh nng trao i nhn
quang. Vic trao i nhn quang c th c thc hin trong min quang
nhng n rt t. Do vy mt mng OLS thng thng bao gm c node c
kh nng trao i nhn v khng c kh nng trao i nhn. Bng cch s
dng phn phi nhn hng ln hoc hng xung thng thng trong mt
mng nh th ny, cc bn tin bo hiu tr nn phc tp hn v bn thn qu
trnh bo hiu cng phc tp. Thay v phi phc tp bn tin tn hiu, ta nh
ngha mt lut phn phi n gin s dng thch nghi phn phi hng ln
v hng xung.
C ch phn phi nhn lai lm vic nh sau:
Khi node hng xung c th trao i nhn v node hng ln
khng c kh nng trao i nhn, vic phn phi nhn hng
xung s c thc hin.
Khi node hng xung khng c kh nng trao i nhn v node
hng ln c kh nng trao i nhn, vic phn phi nhn hng
ln s c thc hin.
Khi node hng xung khng c kh nng trao i nhn v node
hng ln cng khng c kh nng trao i nhn, vic phn phi
nhn hng ln s c thc hin.

_______________________________________________________________

Khi node hng xung c kh nng trao i nhn v node hng
ln cng c kh nng trao i nhn, vic phn phi nhn hng
xung s c thc hin.
C ch cp pht OLS v vic phn phi chng trong cc trng hp:
Bn tin PATH c bt ngun t node hng vo, bn tin RESV c bt
ngun t node hng ra.
Vic cp pht nhn c thc hin theo c ch: Nhn L1 c cp pht
bi node khng c kh nng trao i nhn u tin. Nhn ny c truyn i
cho ti khi bn tin PATH n c mt node c kh nng trao i nhn. Node
hng ln khng c kh nng trao i nhn khc cp pht mt nhn L2 khc,
c c quyn truyn i bi bn tin PATH cho n khi n c hng ra.
V node hng ra c c gn nhn L2, nhn ny c mang
i bi bn tin RESV n cc node hng ln cho n khi c node c kh
nng trao i nhn. Ti node c kh nng trao i nhn, mt phn nhn L1
khc c cp v phn phi bi bn tin RESV cho n khi n n c mt
node c kh nng trao i nhn khc. T tr i tt c cc node u kh
nng trao i nhn. Do vy vi mi node ban u bn tin RESV to ra mt
nhn u vo mi ti node hng xung c node hng ln s dng nh l
nhn u ra (nhn L3, L4).
Khi kch thc ca khng gian nhn ln, tc l mt s lng ln cc
knh bc sng trn mt si, c ch cp pht nhn lai trn c th c ci
tin thng qua mt phn khng gian nhn trong cc min MPLS khng c kh
nng trao i nhn. Mt c ch phn chia tnh n gin ton b khng gian
nhn thnh cc phn bng nhau v gn mi phn ny cho mi bin (tc l
node hng vo). c hiu theo ngha nh vy trong qa trnh cp pht nhn,
node hng vo c xc nh bc sng/ nhn t phn khng gian nhn ca
n. iu ny m bo rng cc chuyn mch khc trong min khng c kh
nng trao i nhn c th h tr cng mt nhn/lambda. iu ny l mong

_______________________________________________________________

mun khi khng gian trao i nhn ln c mt s nht tr mc cao v thit lp
ng i. Tuy nhin phng php ny lm phn mnh khng gian nhn do
vy khng gian nhn khng c s dng ti a.
3.5 GMPLS (Generalized-Multiprotocol Label Switching)
GMPLS l giao s pht trin ca giao thc MPLS cho php cc nh
cung cp dch v c th iu khin c cc ng LSP quang. y l mt
thun li cho cc nh cung cp dch v trn nn mng IP/WDM tn dng
nhng tnh nng u vit ca cng ngh MPLS nh iu phi lu lng tt,
phc hi nhanh vo mi trng mng quang.
Da trn kin trc lin mng IP/WDM , GMPLS c th p dng trong
cc m hnh khc nhau. Vi cc mng quang chuyn mch gi, b nh tuyn
chuyn mch nhn (LSR) bin c trang b cc thnh phn chuyn tip v
iu khin ca c chuyn mch nhn v nh tuyn thng thng. Khi mt
LSR bin nhn mt gi tin khng c nhn, n s dng thnh phn chuyn tip
thng thng xc nh lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC) m gi tin ny
thuc vo v hop tip theo. Khi mt LSR bin nhn mt gi tin c nhn, n s
dng thnh phn chuyn tip nhn xc nh FEC v hop tip theo. i vi
iu khin lu lng, GMPLS tha hng kh nng nh tuyn explicit v a
dch v t MPLS. GMPLS c th dng h tr hoc l iu khin lu lng
ID/WDM c lp hoc l tch hp.
Vi cc mng quang chuyn mch knh nh OXC, GMPLS bao gm
giao thc qun l lin kt LMP cho pht hin ln cn trong cc mng quang.
V mt bo hiu, GMPLS m rng nhng chc nng c bn ca giao
thc bo hiu RSVP-TE v giao thc phn phi nhn c rng buc (CR-LDP)
tng cng nhng c tnh c bn ca LSP.
c bit, GMPLS nh ngha mt GLR (Generalised Label Request)
chung v cc LSR chuyn dng. Khi c cc c tnh c th m khng th thc
hin bi GLR chung th SLR chuyn dng c s dng. GLR c th c

_______________________________________________________________

trin khai nh l mt i tng mi hoc TLV trong bn tin ng i RSVP-
TE thay v phi xc nhn nhn thng thng, hoc trong mt bn tin CR-LDP
Request bn cnh nhng TLV ang tn ti.
Nhn MPLS truyn thng c m rng thnh mt nhn tng qut
cho php th hin khng ch cc nhn gi tin d liu m cn cho cc nhn m
xc nh cc khe thi gian, bc sng v si. Chuyn mch di bc sng
(Waveband) c a vo trong chuyn mch mt tp hp cc bc sng lin
tc ng thi vi mt di bc sng mi. Chuyn mch di bc sng c th
gim c mo trn tng bc sng ring bit v do cho php khong
cch gia cc bc sng hp hn.
nh tuyn hiu qu, n cho php s hn ch v xut nhn hng
ln. Bn cnh MPLS LSP n hng, GMPLS c th thit lp LSP hai hng,
trong mi ng n hng chia s nhng yu cu iu khin lu lng
ging nhau bao gm bo v v phc hi, cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch
nhn, v nhng yu cu ti nguyn nh tr. tip tc h tr nh tuyn
explicit, i tng ng i explicit c m rng bao gm c s hiu giao
din nh l cc node tru tng h tr cc giao din khng c nh s.
Cc nhn gn vo trong mt ng i explicit iu khin vic sp t ca
mt LSP l c kh nng c dng cho cc lin kt non-PSC. ci thin
kh nng m rng nh tuyn, GMPLS h tr nhm cc lin kt theo mt
lin kt IP c th bao gm mt s lng cc si WDM hai hng. Cc lin kt
IP khng c a ch IP l cc lin kt khng nh s. GMPLS framework h
tr cc lin kt khng nh s.
Mc ch ca GMPLS l a ra mt mt phng iu khin chung da
trn IP cho tt c cc loi mng bao gm c mng quang chuyn mch knh.
GMPLS ngang hng c th p dng vo vic nh a ch, bo hiu, v
nh tuyn Mt k hoch nh a ch ton cc l c s cho mng ngang hng;
GMPLS a ra c ch nh a ch IP cho tt c cc mng. Bo hiu th

_______________________________________________________________

hin s ng cc nh dng bn tin cho vic t ng thit lp v gii phng
knh;
GMPLS xut vic s dng RSVP v LDP nh l c ch bo hiu tiu
chun. Vic nh tuyn cung cp tin tc trong mng thng qua cc bng nh
tuyn (nh bo hiu c th cung cp hot ng tt nht nh l mt qu
trnh phn tn, ng); GMPLS xut vic s dng OSPF v BGP cho vic
nh tuyn chia s thng tin kh dng v kh nng n ch.
3.6 Phc hi IP/WDM
Do nhng u im ca IP/WDM, mt vn quan trng v hot ng
ca mng l vic hi phc, nhm n mt mng mau chng phc hi khi
phc lu lng b nh hng bi nhng li. Vic phc hi c th c thc
hin theo 2 cch, c d phng v khng c d phng. Phc hi c d phng
cng cn c gi l bo v (protection). N ng u vi khi phc li xc
nh trc do cc ti nguyn bo v c d phng trc v c th c s
dng bi lu lng c u tin thp nu vic dnh quyn u tin c cho
php. Phc hi gii quyt vn pht hin ng cc ng i thay th t cc
ti nguyn mng d phng khi pht hin c li. Phc hi ng c hiu sut
s dng ti nguyn tt hn so vi bo v nhng n yu cu thi gian phc hi
lu hn v lin quan n nhiu vn phc tp trong bo hiu v nh tuyn.
Mt c ch phc hi c th c cung cp v vic phn lp trong mng
IP/WDM v trong kin trc lin mng IP/WDM. Mt mng IP/WDM c th
truyn dn IP/MPLS trc tip trn WDM, hoc IP/ATM/SONET/WDM. Trong
mt mng IP/WDM nhiu lp, vic phc hi c th c cung cp hoc l
trong mt lp hoc l trong mt m hnh ngang hng trong s cc lp khc
nhau. Vic bo v lp di s dng cc c ch bo v nguyn thu nh
chuyn mch si t ng trong SONET, trong khi vic phc hi cc lp cao
hn nhm n vic phc hi mc dch v.

_______________________________________________________________

Hnh 3-9: Phc hi mng IP/ WDM
Hnh 3-9 ch ra mt s kiu phc hi IP/WDM. Trong mng WDM (D)
(gc di bn phi) trong hnh v, mi si lin kt c bo v bi mt si d
phng (th hin bng nt t trong hnh v) trong vng ring, tc l chuyn
mch bo v t ng (APS). Loi bo v si ny ch cn mt c ch iu
khin v qun l mng n gin v cung cp kh nng phc hi nhanh, v d
nh hn 50 ms. Tuy nhin cch tip cn ny c hiu dng thp, ch 50%
dung lng mng c s dng cho truyn ti lu lng.
Mt c ch phc hi IP/WDM khc l bo v /phc hi ng i (path),
n c hiu sut s dng bng thng cao hn nhng thi gian phc hi lu hn.
Vic phc hi ng i c cng bc bi NMS hoc l nh yu cu ngi
dng hoc l nh cc c ch QoS c cung cp bi mng. Trong mng
Path ban
u
Path khi
phc
LSP2
LSP2
LSP1 LSP1
Mt kt
ni
Kt ni
Link bo
v

_______________________________________________________________

IP/WDM , vic bo v ng i c th c a ra trong mng li, tc l knh
lambda. Trong cc mng IP/WDM, vic bo v ng i c th c thit k
cho cc knh o.
V nguyn tc c bn, vic phc hi ng c th c p dng cho cc
knh bc sng ph hoc cc knh o, nhng mc bo v ny thng to ra
mt lu lng iu khin ng k v do cn tr vic thc thi thi gian thc
ca n v do gy kh khn cho vic m rng. Vic bo v/phc hi mng
c 3 loi sau:
- Bo v/phc hi lin kt (link): trong bo v lin kt, mt ng lin
kt ri rc dnh ring (dedicated link disjoint backup route) c thit lp
trc trong qu trnh to ra LSP hoc lightpath cho lin kt chnh. Trong
trng hp lin kt b li, ngay khi cc node gn k ca n pht hin ra, node
gn k hng ln (upstream) chuyn sang ng i d phng nu c mt
ng bo v hoc tnh ton ng mt ng i thay th cho lin kt b
hng. LSP 1 trong hnh 3-9 ch ra mt v d ca vic phc hi lin kt.
- Bo v/phc hi LSP hoc lightpath: Khi pht hin c mt lin kt
b li, cc node gn k ca n thng bo cho cc node hng vo (ingress) v
hng ra (egress) ca cc lightpath hoc cc LSP i qua (traversing) lin kt
b li. Cc node hng vo v hng ra hoc l s dng ng i d phng
end-to-end provisioned hoc l tnh ton mt ng i end-to-end mi da
trn iu kin v dung lng hin ti ca mng. Khi ng i d phng c
thit lp, cc node hng vo v hng ra chuyn t ng i chnh b li
sang ng i d phng. Mt loi phc hi lightpath c bit l phc hi
ng i disjoint-link, n c thit k cho nhiu li xy ra tc thi trn
ng i chnh. LSP 2 trong hnh 3-9 ch ra mt v d ca vic phc hi LSP
disjoint-link.

_______________________________________________________________

- Bo v khi phc tng phn: vic bo v/phc hi tng phn cung cp
s phc hi cho mt phn on ca ton b ng i hoc ca mt s lin kt,
n nm gia phc hi lightpath v phc hi lin kt.
Bo v ng i c th s dng cc ng i dnh ring hoc cc
ng i chia s. C 1+1 v 1:1 u c cc ng i bo v dnh ring, trong
khi 1:N v M:N s dng cc ng i bo v chia s. Trong bo v ng i
1+1, mt tn hiu c truyn cng mt lc trn 2 ng i tch ri v mt b
la chn c s dng pha thu chn c tn hiu tt hn. Trong bo v
ng i 1:1, mt ng i bo v c dnh ring v c thit lp trc cho
ng i chnh. Trong bo v ng i M:N, N tn hiu chnh c truyn i
theo cc ng tch ri, v M ng i d phng c thit lp cho chuyn
mch bo v chia s trong s N ng i chnh. Vi bo v 1:N, N ng i
chnh chia s cng mt ng d phng.
Vic phc hi c th c cung cp trong IP/MPLS. Phc hi lp thp
hn nhn mnh kh nng sng st ca mng trong khi cc lp cao hn nh
phc hi MPLS tp trung vo lu lng. V MPLS gi cc gi tin vo mt
ng i thng qua cc nhn, MPLS c kh nng cung cp bo v v phc hi
ca lu lng. MPLS h tr bo hiu nhanh v a ra mc u tin bo
v/phc hi cung cp mt c ch phn bit cho cc ng dng i hi tin
cy cao. IP/MPLS cho php vic s dng hiu qu hn dung lng ca mng
v mt phc hi. Vic phc hi IP/WDM bao gm 4 bc: pht hin li, nh
v li (localisation), thng bo li (notification) v phc hi.
Vic tnh ton ng i chnh cho mt lightpath bn trong mt mng
WDM v cn bn l mt vn nh tuyn da trn rng buc. S rng buc
thng thng l kh dng ca bc sng cn cho lightpath, c th cng vi
nhng rng buc v chnh sch v qun l.Vic tnh ton ng i d phng
v cn bn l vn ng i tch ri. V mt l thuyt graph, c 2 mc tch
ri: tch ri lin kt v tch ri node. Nu khng c mt lin kt n chung

_______________________________________________________________

no ca hai ng i, hai ng i l lin kt tch ri. Mt ng i i
qua mt tp cc node. Nu khng c mt node no (ngoi tr hai node u
cui) l chung nhau gia hai tp hp node, hai ng i ny l tch ri node.
R rng l tch ri node nhiu thay i hn so vi tch ri lin kt. Tuy nhin
mt k hoch hp l l tm kim mt ng i node tch ri trc; nu khng
tm thy, n tm kim mt ng i lin kt tch ri. Cch ny c th bo
mc bo v ti a.
Mt vn then cht l cc SRLG trong ng i chnh c bit r
trong qu trnh tnh ton ng i thay th, cng vi kh dng ca ti
nguyn trong cc lin kt m thuc v cc SRLG khc. Gi thit nhng thng
tin trn l sn c i vi mi b (bundle) ti mi node, c mt s kh nng
tip cn cho tnh ton ng i.
ng i chnh c th c tnh ton trc tin, v ng i d phng
c tnh ton tip theo da trn cc SRLG c chn la cho ng i chnh.
Th tc tnh ton ng i chnh c th a ra mt lot cc nhm lin kt m
ng i i qua chng. V mt nhm lin kt c xc nh duy nht vi mt
tp cc SRLG, ng i thay th c th c tnh ton ngay lp tc da trn
kin thc ny. Tuy nhin, nu vic thit lp ng i chnh khng thnh cng
do thiu ti nguyn trong mt nhm lin kt chn trc, ng i chnh v d
phng phi c tnh ton li. Trong trng hp khc, nu vic thit lp ng
i d phng khng thnh cng do s thiu ht ti nguyn di nhng rng
buc SRLG, ng i chnh v d phng c th phi tnh ton li.
Ta c th mong mun tnh li cc ng i chnh s dng thng tin
mc b (bundle level) (tc l kh dng ti nguyn trong tt c cc nhm
lin kt trong mt b) hn l thng tin mc nhm lin kt c th. Trong
trng hp ny, th tc tnh ton ng i chnh c th cho ra mt chui cc
b m ng i (path) i qua. Mi OXC trong ng i c th t do la chn
nhm lin kt dn ng cho phn on ca ng i chnh. Th tc

_______________________________________________________________

ny c th tng kh nng thnh cng ca vic thit lp ng i chnh khi
thng tin trng thi lin kt khng c cp nht mi ni. Nhng nhm lin
kt c th c la chn, v do cc SRLG trong ng i chnh phi
c gi li trong qu trnh thit lp ng i chnh, v d nh s dng lu gi
i tng nh tuyn RSVP-TE. Thng tin SRLG ny sau c s dng
cho vic tnh ton ng i d phng. ng i d phng c th cng c
thit lp ch bng cch ch ra cc SRLG no cn trnh trong mt phn on c
th, hn l cc nhm lin kt no c s dng. iu ny c th lm tng ti
a kh nng thit lp ng d phng. Mt cch la chn khc l ng i
chnh v ng i d phng c th c cng tnh ton trong mt bc. Trong
trng hp ny cc ng i phi c tnh ton nh vic s dng thng tin
nhm lin kt c th.
Tm li, n cn thit phi thu thp c thng tin trong cc LSA b
lin kt cung cp cho cc th tc tnh ton cc ng i khc nhau v tng
kh nng thnh cng ca vic thit lp ng i. Tu thuc vo th tc tnh
ton ng i c s dng, nhng nhu cu cn h tr trong qu trnh thit
lp ng i (v d vic ghi li thng tin nhm lin kt hoc SRLG trong qu
trnh thit lp ng i) c th khc nhau.
3.6.1 Trng hp c d phng:
Hnh 3-10 ch ra mt v d ca vic d phng lightpath v d phng lin
kt. N s dng mt mt phng iu khin IP-centric trong mi chuyn
mch c nh a ch IP v c iu khin bi OSPF v RSVP. V mt
nh tuyn, cc b chuyn mch c iu khin bi mt OSPF. V mt qun
l, cc b chuyn mch c nhm li thnh cc mng con (sub-network), v
d, nhm theo khu vc a l. Mi mng con c mt EMS (Element
Management System). Mng chnh c iu khin bi NMS. Mc d iu
khin mng c th c phn b hon ton, gi thit rng qun l mng l
phn cp. C cc bc sng trn mi si n hng. Mi lin kt trong hnh

_______________________________________________________________

v i din cho mt si 2 hng. Ta cng gi thit rng tt c cc knh bc
sng trn mt si c cng SRLG.

Hnh 3-10: D phng lightpath v d phng lin kt
Trong trng hp bo v lightpath, NMS nhn mt yu cu kt ni t
mt client, quyt nh c ch bo v (v d: 1+1, 1:1, 1-1), v thng bo cho
chuyn mch bin thit lp ng i. K hiu 1-1 c s dng ch
n mt ng i th hai c tnh ton nhng n cha c bo hiu. B
chuyn mch bin tnh ton ng i chnh v ng i th hai end-to-end
da trn bng nh tuyn ni b ca n c duy tr bi OSPF, v bo hiu
lightpath chnh (v lightpath th hai nu bo v 1+1 hoc 1:1) thit lp s
dng RSVP. Nu c li xy ra trn ng i chnh trong qu trnh truyn dn
1:1, b chuyn mch bin s chuyn sang ng i th hai. Nu c ch 1-1
ng i
th hai
(bo v)
Tt c cc knh
lambda cng mt
nhm lin kt
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
ng
i
ng i th
hai (bo v)
Min qun l

_______________________________________________________________

c s dng, ng i th hai cn phi c bo hiu trc khi d liu c
truyn qua n.
Trong trng hp bo v lin kt, NMS nhn mt yu cu kt ni, quyt
nh c ch bo v, v thng bo cho b chuyn mch bin thit lp ng
i. B chuyn mch bin tnh ton ng i chnh end-to-end v ng i d
phng cho chng (hop) u tin, v bo hiu thit lp ng i chnh s dng
RSVP. ng i d phng c tnh ton tng chng mt. Nu c ch bo v
1:1 c s dng, mi chng cn c nhim v thit lp phn on ng i d
phng s dng RSVP. Nu li xy ra trn ng i chnh trong qu trnh
truyn dn, n ngay lp tc chuyn mch ti im li s chuyn sang phn
on ng i d phng. Nu s dng c ch bo v 1-1, phn on d phng
cn phi c bo hiu trc khi chng c th truyn c d liu.
3.6.2 Trng hp phc hi:
Hnh 3-11 ch ra mt v d ca phc hi phn on mng con v phc
hi mng. i vi phc hi phn on mng con, ng i chnh c tnh
ton v thit lp bi b chuyn mch bin. Khng c ng i d phng c
tnh ton hoc bo hiu. Khi c li xy trn mt phn on mng con ca
ng i chnh, b chuyn mch tip trung gian ca lin kt li c nhim v
tnh ton v bo hiu mt ng i d phng mt cch ng.
Vi s vng mt ca cc c ch qun l li tch cc trong cc mng
IP/WDM, RSVP s pht hin li. iu ny c ch ra trn hnh v l s kin
1 si mng con b t. B chuyn mch trung gian (trong mng con) tham
kho bng nh tuyn ni b ca n, tnh ton mt ng i ri rc da trn
SRLG, v bo hiu ng i ri rc ny s dng RSVP. Sau , n thc hin
vic chuyn sang mt ng vng (bypass) trnh phn on lin kt b nh
hng bi li. t c nht qun v c s phi hp, n gi mt cnh
bo ti NMS ngay khi pht hin c si b t v gi mt thng bo ti
NMS ngay khi vic chuyn mch d phng c thc hin.

_______________________________________________________________

Hnh 3-11: Phc hi mng v phc hi phn on con
i vi phc hi mng, ng i chnh c tnh ton v bo hiu
trc. Nu li xy ra trn ng i chnh, nh s dng RSVP, thng tin li
(bao gm c SRLG b nh hng) c chuyn tip ti chuyn mch bin. Sau
, b chuyn mch bin quyt nh mt ng i d phng, bo hiu ng
i, v thc hin vic chuyn sang ng d phng ny. B chuyn mch bin
cng s gi mt cnh bo v thng bo ti NMS. iu ny c th hin trn
hnh v l s kin 2 si mng b t. Ngay khi b chuyn mch bin nhn
c bn tin li RSVP, n tnh ton v thit lp mt lightpath d phng end-
to-end.
Khi
phc
mng
bng
ng i
d phng
Tt c cc knh
lambda cng mt
nhm lin kt
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
Subnet
ng
i
S kin 2: ng
i chnh b t
Min qun l
S kin 1: si
mng con b t

_______________________________________________________________

3.7 iu khin mng lin min:
Trong mt m hnh mng chng ln, mt mng IP v mng WDM c
th tng tc vi nhau thng qua giao din user- network (UNI), trong khi mt
mng WDM v mng WDM khc c th tng tc vi nhau thng qua giao
din mng-mng (NNI).
Trong m hnh mng gia tng (augmented), cc mng WDM c s
dng nh l cc mng IP min WDM do vy mt min WDM c th giao tip
vi cc min WDM khc v vi cc min IP thng qua giao thc BGP (Xem
hnh 3-12).

Hnh 3-12: iu khin lin min IP/WDM
Trong mt m hnh mng ngang hng, cc vn nh tuyn IP lin
min c x l bi giao thc BGP. Ch rng giao thc BGP thng thng
(BGP version 4) cn phi c sa i cho cc mng lin min IP/WDM. Mt
BGP
IP domain 1
IP domain 3
IP domain 2
WDM
domain 1
WDM
domain 2
WDM-WDM NNI/
Optical BGP
IP/WDM UNI/
Optical BGP
Subnet B

_______________________________________________________________

m hnh gia tng i hi mt giao thc BGP quang c mt bin gii min
WDM nhng cc mng IP khc vi giao thc BGP thng thng trng thi
th ng. M hnh ngang hng i hi mt giao thc BGP tch hp IP/quang
m n c thc thi bi tng mng IP v/hoc mng WDM.
Nhng yu cu chnh cho vic nh tuyn lin min IP/WDM c th
c tm tt li nh sau:
Phn b thng tin v kh nng n ch khp ni trong lin
mng. Mt lin mng bao gm mt tp hp cc mng c kt
ni vi nhau. Nhng mng ny c th thuc cc min nh tuyn
v/hoc qun l khc nhau.
Duy tr mt phn bit r rng gia cc min nh tuyn hoc cc
min qun l.
Giu thng tin v kin trc bn trong ca cc min qun l hoc
cc min nh tuyn ring bit.
Gii hn phm vi ca cac giao thc IGP do cc l do v an ninh,
quy m v chnh sch.
Cung cp kh nng kt hp a ch/ng i
iu khin v qun l nhiu min IP/WDM th mt giao thc
nh tuyn cng phi phn b thng tin kh dng trn ton lin
mng. Mt lin mng c th bao gm cc mng c lin kt vi
nhau s dng cc cng ngh khc nhau (v d: cc mng IP v
cc mng WDM).
Kin trc iu khin IP-centric cho cc mng WDM c th c m
rng tho mn nhng yu cu v tnh nng ca lin mng WDM. Tng tc
nh tuyn v bo hiu gia cc min WDM c th c chun ho ti bin
gii min. kt ni iu khin v qun l mng, i hi phi c mt s tch
hp gia h thng qun l ni min vi i tc lin min ca n. Giao thc
BGP hin ang c s dng trong cc h thng t tr AS khc nhau, v d

_______________________________________________________________

nh trong cc min trn mng internet. Do vy n l mt gii php cho vic
nh tuyn lin min IP/WDM.
Mt tp hp cc mng WDM c lin kt vi nhau nn ging nhau v
mt chc nng vi mt mng WDM n. N phi c kh nng gim st v
phc hi cc ng quang (lightpath) qua cc min WDM. t c iu
ny, ta cn mt c ch nh a ch xc nh duy nht cc im cui
lightpath trong cc mng WDM khc nhau, mt giao thc xc nh kh
nng n cc end-point ch qua cc mng WDM, mt giao thc bo hiu
thit lp cc ng quang qua cc mng WDM, v mt th tc phc hi v
cc ng quang a min. Giao thc BGP c pht trin cho cc mng IP.
Giao thc BGP thng thng khng th p ng c nhng yu cu ny.
Chng ta s xem xt nhng tnh nng b sung cn c trn quan im
nh tuyn cho cc mng lin min IP/WDM, v nhng m rng h tr vic
gim st cc lightpath qua cc AS. Chng ta s minh ho c ch ny bng vic
s dng mt ng dng, tc l h tr cc mng ring o quang.
3.7.1 kh dng v kh nng n ch ca mng IP/WDM
ngha ca cc t kh dng v kh nng n ch trong cc mng
chuyn mch gi nh mng IP c th khc so vi trong cc mng chuyn
mch knh nh cc mng OXC.
Trong ng cnh cc mng chuyn mch gi, kh nng n ch ng
nhiu hoc t n kh dng v ngc li. Trong cc mng s dng gi tin
IP, thng qua nh tuyn theo kh nng ti a (best-effort), kh dng c
khai thc dc theo ng i khi gi tin c chuyn i qua mng. Cc giao
thc nh tuyn khng mang theo thng tin c th v kh dng. iu ny l
cn thit v cc ti nguyn mng l chia s, tc l khng c s dnh trc.
Trong cc mng chuyn mch knh, cc ti nguyn l dnh ring cho
cc kt ni c th. Do vy nu kh nng n ch c nh ngha l cho d
c hay khng ng lin kt vt l gia 2 im trong mng, th kh dng

_______________________________________________________________

c th c nh ngha l liu ti nguyn dc theo ng i ny hin c th s
dng to mt lin kt mi khng. Mt giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin
kt c th c dng c c thng tin topo mng (kh nng n ch) v
ti nguyn ( kh dng) trong cc mng WDM.
Tuy nhin, mt mng WDM p t nhng rng buc ca ring n. V
d, cc b u cho quang OXC dc theo ng i cng phi c kh nng
truyn dn loi tn hiu mong mun vi s chuyn i bc sng hoc khng.
iu ny dn ti nhng rng buc thm vo nh tuyn mng WDM m
khng thy trong nh tuyn cc mng chuyn mch gi nh OSPF. V d v
cc rng buc l tnh tng thch nh dng tn hiu, s chng (hop count) ln
nht, tng tr (phn ln do truyn dn), v loi bo v lin kt. Ngoi ra, cc
mc tiu ti u ho c th a dng hn so vi ng i ngn nht trong lc
ra quyt nh nh tuyn. V d, n c th mun dn lu lng theo cch m
ti u dung lng ton mng, hoc tin cy, hoc kt hp mt vi trng s
ca nhng mc tiu la chn.
Vic chuyn tip gi tin d liu IP c s dng trn c s tng chng
(khng c kt ni no c thit lp trc khi d liu c chuyn i). Trong
khi vi cc mng quang chuyn mch knh cc lin kt end-to-end phi c
thit lp r rng tun theo topo mng v nhng rng buc trng thi ti
nguyn. Trong khi thng tin topo v trng thi ti nguyn c th c c
thng qua cc giao thc nh tuyn trong c hai trng hp, cch m khng
c s dng khc nhau trong cc trng hp ny. Cc giao thc nh tuyn
trong trng hp chuyn mch knh khng lin quan ti chuyn tip d liu.
i vi mt lung d liu cho trc, thng tin topo v ti nguyn c
s dng trong thit lp knh lin kt trc khi d liu thc s c chuyn i
qua mng.
Ngc li, cc giao thc nh tuyn IP lin quan mt cch chnh xc vi
cc quyt nh chuyn tip tng gi tin trong mt phng d liu trong trng

_______________________________________________________________

hp IP datagram. Thng tin topo v ti nguyn thng c s dng trong
sut thi gian d liu c truyn i. Do , c kh nng l cc gi tin thuc
cng mt lung d liu c th c truyn i qua mng theo cc ng khc
nhau.
Tuy nhin, n khng c rng nh tuyn khng quan trng trong chc
nng mt phng d liu WDM, nhng dch v ca n c tc ng nh hng
l th yu. V d, thng tin topo v trng thi ti nguyn khng chnh xc s
nh hng ti vic liu mt lin kt mi c th c thit lp hay khng (hoc
lin kt d phng c th c thit lp hay khng). Nhng n khng gy ra
nhng thay i v hot ng ca nhng lin kt hin ang hot ng. Mt c
tnh khc ca mng WDM chuyn mch knh l kh nng phn tch knh
iu khin v knh d liu. Trong trng hp ny mt knh d liu c
thit lp c th tip tc hot ng ngay c khi knh iu khin tng ng b
mt. Vn y l khng phi tt c cc s c ca knh d liu b gy ra
bi knh iu khin, dn ti nhng kh nng gy li trong knh d liu.
Quan st ny cho thy xu hng chung cho vic m rng b giao thc
c pht trin cho mng IP h tr cho iu khin v qun l trong
mng WDM. Do bn cht chuyn tip tng chng ca cc mng s dng gi
tin IP, vic ra quyt nh chuyn tip ca mt phng d liu ti cc node khc
nhau cn c nht qun dc theo ng i ca d liu. iu ny c ngha l
thng tin topo mng v ti nguyn cn thit cho mc ch nh tuyn ca mt
node l tng t i vi node khc. Khi kt hp cc trng thng tin trong cc
giao thc nh tuyn WDM, khng ging nh cho cc giao thc nh tuyn IP,
n cn phi quan tm t hn v cch m thng tin s c s dng sau ny nh
th no.
i vi cc mng WDM, bt c thng tin m c tim nng s dng cho
iu khin v qun l mng c th c kt hp vo giao thc nh tuyn. D
thut ton tnh ton ng i s dng ton b thng tin hay 2 thut ton tnh

_______________________________________________________________

ton ng i s dng thng tin ny theo cch ging/khc nhau l mt vn
khc. Vic tnh ton ng i qua cc mng quang c th c thc hin r
rng. Vn tnh ton ng i quang v c bn l mt vn nh tuyn da
trn nhng rng buc m c th c gii quyt bi mi node bin hng vo
mt cch c lp.
3.7.2 Trao i thng tin nh tuyn lin min:
Ta phn chia vn trao i thng tin nh tuyn lin min thnh 2
nhm, lin min IP v WDM v lin min WDM v WDM.
Trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia min IP v min WDM
Vic trao i thng tin nh tuyn qua ranh gii mt min IP v min
WDM (c iu khin bi IP) c th cho php cc b nh tuyn bin qung
b a ch IP t min IP sang min WDM v nhn a ch IP t min WDM.
Mng WDM truyn dn thng tin v kh nng n ch t mt min IP
sang cc min khc. Vic truyn dn cc prefixes a ch t mt min IP sang
min khc thng qua min WDM cho rng giao thc exterior BGP (EBGP)
ang chy gia cc b nh tuyn bin IP v cc b OXC bin WDM. Bn
trong min WDM, giao thc IBGP (interior BGP) c s dng gia cc OXC
bin. Trng hp c nhiu min WDM gia hai min IP s c bn n
trong phn tip theo. Ging nh nh tuyn lin min IP thng thng s dng
giao thc BGP, tin t a ch IP bn trong min WDM khng c qung b
ti cc b nh tuyn trong min IP.
Mt b u cho quang OXC bin nhn cc tin t a ch IP t mt
b nh tuyn. N bao gm a ch IP ca bn thn n nh l im hng ra
trc khi ph bin nhng tin t a ch ny cho BGP ngang hng ca n, n
c th l cc b nh tuyn bin trong cc min IP khc hoc cc b OXC
bin trong cc min WDM khc. Pha nhn ca nhng thng tin ny khng
cn phi ph bin cc a ch OXC thm na, nhng chng phi gi mi lin
h gia cc tin t a ch IP bn ngoi v cc a ch OXC hng ra. Khi mt

_______________________________________________________________

a ch IP bn ngoi c th n c ch, b nh tuyn bin c th xc nh
liu mt ng quang c thit lp tng ng vi OXC hng ra hay cha
hoc phi thit lp mt ng di ng.
Trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc min WDM:
Gim st mt kt cui ng quang qua nhiu min WDM lin quan
n vic thit lp cc phn on ng i trong mi min WDM mt cch
tun t hoc song song. Phn on ng i u tin c thit lp t mt
ngun OXC n OXC bin, t OXC bin mt phn on ng i c thit
lp ti OXC bin trong min tip theo. Vic gim st c tip tc n OXC
ch. qu trnh ny mt cch t ng, mt OXC ngun phi xc nh
ng i ti OXC t ban u (trong min WDM ngun), mt giao thc nh
tuyn lin min phi chy trn tt c cc min WDM. Mt giao thc nh vy
cn phi cho php s phn cch vic nh tuyn gia cc min. iu ny cho
php cc lc gim st ring c trin khai trong mi min trong khi ang
thc hin gim st kt cui.
Nhng mc tiu ny c th c tho mn bng cch s dng giao thc
BGP vi nhng m rng gia cc OXC bin. i vi mc ch ny, a ch IO
OXC cn c xc nh duy nht ton cc. Bng cch s dng EBGP, cc
OXC gn k trong cc min WDM khc nhau c th trao i thng tin kh
nng n ch ca cc OXC v cc end point bn IP khc.
Nu s dng giao thc IBGP, thng tin tng t cng c truyn i t
mt OXC bin n cc OXC khc trong cng mt min WDM. Do vy, mi
OXC bin hc tt c cc a ch IP c th n c qua cc min WDM gn
k khc nhau. Nhng a ch ny c th c qung b ti cc OXC khc bn
trong min WDM nh cho php chng la chn c cc OXC bin thch
hp lm im ra cho cc ch bn ngoi. Tuy nhin cc OXC bin phi theo
di rt nhiu i ch IP tng ng vi cc OXC u xa khc nhau v cc route
bin IP. Thng tin ca vic lu tr v qung b nhng a ch bin ny c th

_______________________________________________________________

gim c nu cc a ch OXC bn trong mt min OXC c th tp trung li
thnh mt vi nhm a ch IP mng.
Khi cc OXC bin c c thng tin v kh nng n ch ca cc ch
u xa, thng tin ny c chia s vi cc OXC bn trong min WDM cho
php vic gim st ng i kt cui. lm c iu ny, mt OXC ngun
bn trong mt min WDM phi xc nh OXC bin m qua c th n
c ch cui cng. Ngoi ra nu c nhiu hn mt OXC bin nh vy th
cn phi c mt th tc chn mt ng i c th. Nhng vn ny
tng t nh nh tuyn lin min trong mng Internet.
M hnh gim st ng:
M hnh gim st ng c s dng gim st mt ng quang qua
nhiu min khc nhau. M hnh minh ho vic trao i thng tin chnh v cc
bc quan trng thit lp cc ng quang. N cho php hoc l mt route
bin hoc mt thit b th ba ging nh mt h thng qun l khi to mt
yu cu gim st. Vic nh tuyn mt ng quang thc hin nh sau:
OXC ngun tm kim thng tin nh tuyn ca n tng ng vi a ch
IP ch c ch r:
Nu ch OXC trong min WDM ngun, ng i c tnh ton
trc tip.
Nu ch n l mt a ch bn ngoi, thng tin nh tuyn s
ch ra mt OXC bin, mt ng i c tnh ton n OXC bin
ng i c tnh s c bo hiu t OXC ngun n OXC ch
bn trong min WDM. a ch im ch cui y c ch ra trong yu
cu gim st c mang theo trong bn tin bo hiu.
OXC trong min tip theo tip theo kim tra xem c phi l nh danh
cui cng hay khng. Nu ng n kim nh danh cng hon thin vic
thit lp ng quang. Nu OXC khng phi l ch n cui cng, n s xc
nh a ch ca OXC bin trong min WDM gn k m dn ti ch cui

_______________________________________________________________

cng. Vic thit lp ng i c bo hiu ti OXC ny s dng bo hiu
lin min. Sau OXC tip theo ng vai tr nh l ngun ng i.
Giao thc OSPF trong vic trao i thng tin:
Giao thc OSPF h tr c ch nh tuyn phn cp 2 mc thng qua
khi nim cc vng . Vic nh tuyn gia cc vng ny l phng (flat), trong
khi thng tin chi tit v topo ca mt vng b che i i vi tt c cc vng
khc. Cc router gn vi 2 hoc nhiu hn cc vng c gi l ABR (Area
Border Router). Cc ABR ph bin tp hp cc tin t a ch IP t vng ny
sang vng khc s dng cc LSA. Bn trong mt min nh tuyn OSPF, tt c
cc vng c gn trc tip vi mt vng c bit c gi l vng OSPF
backbone. Vic trao i thng tin gia cc vng v mt no ging phng
php qung b thng tin v kh nng n ch ca giao thc BGP. Vic s
dng mt min nh tuyn OSPF n vi nhiu vng l c ch trn quan im
d dng di chuyn, khi cc nh cung cp di chuyn cc ng trc chuyn
mch v phng din quang hc.
Ta cn ch rng cc vng OSPF l tp hp ca cc phn on mng,
khng phi l tp hp ca cc router. Mt ABR l mt router c cc giao din
hot ng thuc v 2 hoc nhiu hn cc vng. Cu trc nh tuyn phn cp
c th p dng c cho lin mng IP v WDM. Trong trng hp ny, ng
trc vt l c thay th bi mt mng WDM, n t c n gin bng
cch thay th mi ABR bi mt OXC. Trong khi cc c tnh ca mt phng
d liu ca mng WDM l hon ton khc so vi ca vng backbone OSPF,
th mt phng iu khin v c bn l khng thay i. Chng no m cc OXC
tham gia vo nh tuyn OSPF, mng WDM c th ng vai tr nh l mt
vng backbone OSPF, qung b cc LSAs summary gia cc vng khc nhau.
Mng WDM qung b cc a ch bn ngoi vo trong mi vng, cng vi a
ch ca OXC tng ng vi mi a ch v cost metric lin quan vi n. Thng

_______________________________________________________________

tin chi ph c th c s dng la chn mt ng phn phi qua cc
mng client trong s nhiu la chn khc nhau.
Giao thc BGP trong vic trao i thng tin:
Giao thc BGP c thit k cho vic ph bin thng tin kh nng n
ch qua cc min. BGP l mt giao thc nh tuyn da trn vector ng i
(path-vector), ngha l mt thnh phn mng thng qua vic s dng BGP c
th xy dng mt th kt ni, n l mt th con ca topo mng mc min
(tc l mi node mng l mt min hoc mt node thu gn (abstract node)).
Vi thng tin topo mng thu gn ny, vic la chn ng i ti u s t c
m bo hn. Nng lc ca iu khin lu lng cng c th b gii hn v
thiu thng tin topo hon thin. Tuy nhin, chnh sch hng ng dng ca
nng lc nh tuyn k tha t BGP l khng th ph nhn c u im ni
tri cho qun l v iu khin lin min.
Cc min IP c kt ni vi nhau bi cc min WDM nn c 3 loi
ng i trong c s d liu nh tuyn ca chng: cc ng i c nh
(fixed routes), chuyn tip gn k (forwarding adjacencies), v tim nng
chuyn tip gn k (potential forwarding adjacenciesa). Cc ng i c nh
thng c kt hp vi cc lin kt c nh gia cc b nh tuyn. Cc
chuyn tip gn k c nh ngha bi cc lightpath c thit lp do vy
chng ch ra ngoi trn cc b nh tuyn IP bin c kt ni trc tip ti
mt min WDM. Cc kh nng chuyn tip gn k xut hin gia hai route
bin min IP bt k m chng c th lin lc vi nhau thng qua mt min
WDM. Sau khi thit lp mt ng quang thng qua bo hiu, mt tim nng
chuyn tip gn k tr thnh mt chuyn tip gn k; sau khi gii phng mt
ng quang chuyn tip gn k tng ng s tr thnh mt tim nng chuyn
tip gn k. Khi GMPLS c s dng trong cc mng mt chng nhn c th
c s dng cho chuyn tip gi tin qua nhiu mng hoc qua cc min

_______________________________________________________________

khng h tr GMPLS. Trong mng WDM khng c mt chng nhn tng
ng nh vy.
3.8. Kt lun v iu khin trong mng IP/WDM
iu khin mng c th tch ri khi qun l mng. Thng thng, cc
chc nng iu khin mng bao gm vic nh a ch, pht hin thit b ln
cn, nh tuyn, bo hiu v giao thc iu khin thnh phn mng. Trong
mt mi trng mng, cc ti nguyn c phn tn nh vy c ch iu
khin cng thng phn tn. Cc mng IP trin khai cc c ch iu khin
phn tn nh OSPF v RSVP. iu khin phn tn khin cho cc thc th
phn tn l ngang hng.
Khi cc mng my tnh v vin thng hi t vi nhau, iu khin v
qun l mng vin thng v mng s tch hp vi nhau. gii quyt vn
QoS v cung cp cc cp dch v ca nh cung cp ng truyn cn phi
thc hin cc chc nng qun l mng v cc c ch lin quan.

_______________________________________________________________

Chng 4:K thut iu khin lu lng trong mng
IP/WDM

4.1 Phng php v m hnh
Mc ch ca k thut iu khin lu lng l tng kh nng cung cp
bng thng ca mng WDM. iu khin lu lng s dng v pht trin cc
phng php nh tuyn nhm tn dng cc ti nguyn IP/WDM mt cch
hiu qu truyn dn cc gi tin v cc lung IP.
Mng IP/WDM c mt phng iu khin v mt phng d liu. Mt
phng iu khin qun l bi thng tin nh tuyn v trng thi ng truyn
v to ra lightpath. Cc m hnh chia x thng tin gia mng IP v mng
WDM ph thuc vo loi thng tin m n chia x nh th no. Trong mt
phng d liu ca mng IP/WDM c s dng nh l mng truyn dn lp
2 khc nh mng Ethernet v ATM.
iu khin lu lng IP/WDM bao gm iu khin lu lng IP/MPLS
v iu khin lu lng WDM.
iu khin lu lng MPLS gii quyt vn phn b lung v nhn
ng i. iu khin lu lng MPLS cho php cn bng ti qua topo mng
IP hin ti. Cc MPLS LSP hot ng nh l ng i o chia s topo IP
c thit lp.
Da vo m hnh mng IP/WDM tp trung vo vn thng tin chia s
gia mng IP v mng WDM; phng php nh tuyn cho mng IP/WDM t
a ra hai cch iu khin lu lng trong cc mng IP/WDM l iu
khin lu lng chng ln v tch hp.
iu khin lu lng WDM a ra gi thit ca topo mng IP tnh
trong mng WDM. iu khin lu lng WDM gii quyt cc vn v thit
k topo lighpath v vic dch chuyn topo IP. Trong cc mng WDM c kh
nng ti cu hnh, iu khin lu lng MPLS v WDM hot ng trong cc
lp khc nhau. Trong mng chuyn mch gi quang, iu khin lu lng

_______________________________________________________________

MPLS v WDM c th thc hin theo phng php chng ln hoc theo m
hnh tch hp. Phng php chng ln ging nh chng ln IP trong cc mng
WDM c kh nng ti cu hnh, trong cc MPLS LSP c phn b cho
cc knh WDM c thit lp. M hnh tch hp xy dng nn cc
lightpath, phn b cc lung trn cc lightpath v chuyn tip d liu theo m
hnh tch hp.
4-2 iu khin lu lng mng IP/WDM theo m hnh chng ln.
C mt khi iu khin lu lng cho mi lp IP v WDM. Cc hot
ng trong mt mng c th c lp so mi cc hot ng ca mng kia. Cc
gii php iu khin lu lng pht trin hoc l cho mng IP hoc l cho
mng WDM c th p dng trc tip cho tng lp. Mng chng ln client-
server ph hp vi khi nim v iu khin lu lng chng ln.
iu khin lu lng chng ln c th c xy dng bng cch kt ni
cc b nh tuyn IP vi mng WDM thng qua mt OADM. Cc mng
IP/WDM c xy dng theo cch ny ng vai mt mng WDM da trn
OXC, lp server c to bi mng vt l bao gm cc phn t mng quang
v cc si quang. Mi si vn chuyn nhiu bc sng m ng i ca
chng c th cu hnh li mt cch linh hot. Lp client c to nn bi cc
b nh tuyn IP c kt ni bi cc lightpath gn vo mng vt l.
Topo ca mng o c th c cp hnh li do kh nng ti cu hnh ca
cc lightpath trong lp server. Cc giao din ca b nh tuyn IP c ni vi
OADM l cc giao din c kh nng ti cu hnh. Trong cc mng IP/WDM,
iu khin tc nghn c th c thc hin khng ch mc lung s dng
cng topo m cn mc topo s dng ti cu hnh ligthpath. Do , khng
ch ngun lu lng iu chnh dng gi tin trc khi chng c gi qua
mng, m mng cn c th t thay i thch nghi theo mu hnh lu lng
theo cc giai on c th la chn. Trong lp IP iu khin phn b c
dng qun l ti nguyn mng v cp pht chng cho cc lin kt IP o.

_______________________________________________________________

iu khin phn b lp WDM c th l tnh (tc l c nh thi im
bt u yu cu kt ni) hoc ng (b thay i trong thi gian tn ti ca kt
ni). N cng c tnh linh hot l cho php lp WDM cung cp cc kt ni
cho cc lp cao hn vi cht lng dch v khc nhau.

Hnh 4-1 M hnh mng chng ln
Hnh 4-1 l mt v d v mng chng ln. Trong m hnh chng ln
khng c thng tin mng no c chia x gia lp IP v lp WDM. Mng
WDM v mng IP c mt phng iu khin ring. Giao thc nh tuyn, thng
tin v tp mng v giao thc bo hiu trong mng IP c lp vi mng
WDM. Lp IP v lp WDM lm vic nh m hnh Client-server. Mng IP gi
yu cu khi to mt lightpath theo hng t UNI ti server, iu ny c
ngha l lp WDM phi cu hnh mt lightpath theo yu cu.

_______________________________________________________________

Trong m hnh ny topo logic u tin c xy dng bi lightpath gia
cc node trong mng WDM v sau qui c giao thc nh tuyn IP nh
OSPF v IS-IS lm vic trn mng logic . Trong trng hp ny giao thc
nh tuyn c thc hin khng m rng cho mng WDM. Tuy nhin k
thut nh tuyn IP v k thut nh tuyn WDM c thit k c lp do
Mng IP khng la chn kt ni ti u c cung cp bi mng WDM.

Hnh 4-2: V d v nh tuyn IP khng la chn link cung cp bi mng
WDM
V d trn hnh 4.3. Trong v d ny mi mt si quang c 2 bc sng
v v tr ng truyn trn mi si quang l mt n v thi gian; Tr nh
tuyn IP bao gm tr x l v tr hng i cng l mt n v thi gian; Tr
cho OXC khng ng k. Trong hnh v ta thy c su lightpath c cu hnh
trong mng WDM mng logic c 6 kt ni logic. Chng lightpath l
5
c cu
hnh gia node N
2
v N
4
s dng bc sng
2
bi v
2
trong si quang gia
node N
2
v N
3
c s dng cho l
2
. C hai nh tuyn c th t node N
2
n
node N
4
l R
1
v R
2
. R
1
c mt chng s dng l
5
v R
2
c hai chng N
2
n N
3

_______________________________________________________________

v N
3
n N
4
s dng l
2
v l
3
. Tr ca R
1
l 4 v ca R
2
l 3. Do nu s
dng nh tuyn vi metric l delay thi R
1
s khng c s dng nh
tuyn t N
2
n N
4
. V vy khng hiu qu v tn dng ti nguyn cc bc
sng quang. T v d minh ho trn dn n cn thit phi kt hp k thut
nh tuyn hng ti tn dng ti nguyn l s dng thng tin ca c hai
mng IP v WDM nh thng tin v bng thng hiu dng ca mng IP v
bc sng hiu dng ca mng WDM. Phn nh tuyn trong m hnh ngang
hng s cp vn ny.
4-3 iu khin lu lng mng IP/WDM tch hp
c s dng cho m hnh ngang hng: Trong m hnh ngang hng,
topo v cc thng tin khc ca mng nh thng tin nh tuyn v trng thi
ng truyn c chia s trn c hai lp v iu khin nh tuyn c thng
nht trn ton mng. Hnh 4.2 ch ra m hnh ny.

Hnh 4-3:M hnh ngang hng- iu khin lu lng tch hp

_______________________________________________________________

Nguyn tc ca iu khin lu lng tch hp l vic ti u ho cc
phn t c thc hin ng thi c mng IP v WDM. iu ny c ngha l
gii php ti u ton cc c tm kim trong mt khng gian nhiu chiu.
iu khin lu lng tch hp c th c p dng vo cc mng m
trong tnh nng IP v WDM c tch hp ti mi phn t mng.Vic xut
hin ca phn cng tch hp tnh nng ca c IP v WDM vo mi phn t
mng dn n vic iu khin lu lng tch hp c th c thc hin hiu
qu hn. Khi mt mt phng iu khin tch hp cho mng tr nn kh thi.
4.3.1 K thut iu khin lu lng- nh tuyn tch hp
Chng ta mong mun mng bao gm cc kt ni si quang W v cc
node bao gm c cc b nh tuyn IP vi giao din WDM v OXC.

Hnh 4-4: Cu trc node nh tuyn tch hp

_______________________________________________________________

Trong Hnh 4-4 a ra v d cu trc ny. Phn trn l cc Router v
phn di l cc OXC. B nh tuyn IP c kt ni vi cc OXC theo hng
giao din WDM vi cng giao tip quang. Mt phng iu khin trong lp
qun l WDM l cc topo c s d liu vi cc thng tin bc sng. B nh
tuyn IP c router qun l gm 3 khi chnh: iu khin nh tuyn, c s d
liu v tp mng v OSPF-TE. Trong router qun l b iu khin nh tuyn
s tnh ton cc nh tuyn c bn trong thut ton nh tuyn tch hp v cc
topo logic trong c s d liu tp mng. Trong c s d liu tp mng ch
c thng tin ca lp IP cng nh cc kt ni IP, trng thi nh tuyn IP v
mng IP kt ni , cc thng bo OSPF_TE v la chn thng tin trng thi kt
ni. Router qun l trong lp s gi khi to lightpath yu cu n mt phng
iu khin trong lp IP theo kt qu tnh ton nh tuyn. Khi mt phng iu
khin trong lp WDM nhn c yu cu n s to mt ligthpath mi tr li
kt qu m Router qun l IP yu cu.
Trong cu trc mng ny mt lightpath vi mt bc sng khng thay
i gia tt c cc node k cn t im u n cui. Ligthpath gm cc
ligthpath lin tc. Cc bc sng khc c s dng nh l mt lightpaths
khng lin tc theo s thay i ca lu lng.
4.3.2 Khi nim lin kt o
Lin kt o l lin kt cha c cu hnh nh l mt lightpath, nhng
chng c th kch hot bi bc sng ti nguyn dnh trc nu cn thit. Kt
ni o c t vo trong tp logic ca mng IP khi Router qun l IP tnh
ton nh tuyn.

_______________________________________________________________

Hnh 4-5: V d mng vi cc lin kt o
Hnh 4-5 ch ra cc lightpath c cu hnh gia cc node gn k v
mt lightpath khng lin tc c cu hnh t Router R
1
n Router R
6
. Ba
lin kt o bao gm t R
1
n R
2
, R
4
v R
5
(ng nt t). Mi kt ni v
kt ni o c gi tr chi ph c s dng bi k thut nh tuyn IP. Phng
php nh tuyn IP tnh ton nh tuyn t tp logic bao gm cc kt ni o
v cc lightpath khng lin tc. Ch rng phng php ny gi tr chi ph
ca kt ni o tc ng ln n hiu nng ca mng
4.3.3 Thut ton nh tuyn tch hp:
C s d liu topo mng
OSPF-TE trong b nh tuyn IP thng bo cc thng tin trng thi
ng truyn, mi mt b nh tuyn IP la chn tt c cc thng tin trng
thi lin kt, sau b nh tuyn IP c cu hnh theo topo logic ca mng
bao gm cc lin kt o v cost ca chng.
Bc 1: Khi to mt lin kt o t node ngun n tt c cc node ch
nu khng c lightpath no.

_______________________________________________________________

Bc 2: Gn gi tr chi ph cho mi kt ni o
Bc 3: Cp nht gi tr chi ph ca lightpath khng lin tc hnh thnh
bi cc lin kt o.
Bc 4: Gn kt ni c gi tr chi ph ca lightpath lin tc bng 1
La chn nh tuyn
T thut ton trn c c s d liu topo mng. Thut ton nh tuyn
tnh ton nh tuyn gi IP v kt ni o c la chn nh l mt phn ca
nh tuyn IP, cho php lightpath c cu hnh ng trong mng WDM.
Bc1: Tnh ton tuyn c chi ph nh nht trong topo logic bao gm
lin kt o v cc ligthpath theo thut ton nh tuyn IP.
Bc 2: Nu kt qu nh tuyn bao gm mt hoc nhiu hn mt kt
ni o s gi ligthpath yu cu khi to ti mng WDM.
Bc 3: Gi bn tin kt ni lightpath nu hin ti ligthpath khng s
dng cho b nh tuyn IP no.
nh tuyn trong lp IP v lp WDM c tch hp sao cho ti thiu
ha chi ph nh tuyn t topo logic bao gm cc kt ni o. Trong trng hp
ny lu lng c chc chn gi i trn mt kt ni o ( c ngha l mt light
path) t lightpath c la chn bi giao thc nh tuyn IP.
Chi ph gn trn kt ni o:
Chng ta quan tm chnh n ti thiu ho tr ng truyn, gim ti
ca cc b nh tuyn IP. Tuy nhin vic tng ligthpath c th l khng cn
thit v cng l nguyn nhn tng ti cho node. Hnh 4-6 ch ra ng i hai
dng lu lng f
1
v f
2
trc v sau khi c mt ligthpath mi. Kt qu ti ca
node N
3
tng ln do s dng kt ni o ngn cn s tp chung ti ln
node ch.

_______________________________________________________________

Hnh 4-6: Kt qu ti qua node s tng khi tng thm kt ni
Ta c th tnh chi ph cho kt ni o t gia hai node t l vi bnh
phng ca ti node ch v c hiu chnh. Vic gim tr ng truyn cng
cn c cn nhc khi cn bng ti ca node s dng chc nng tnh chi ph
kt ni o.

_______________________________________________________________

Chng 5: pht trin mng truyn dn th h
mi ti Vit Nam

5.1. Cc cng ngh ang c s dng cho mng truyn dn th h
mi ti Vit Nam.
S pht trin mng th h mi ti Vit Nam l mt xu th tt yu, ph
hp vi qu trnh pht trin NGN trn th gii. Khng nm ngoi xu hng
chung , Vit Nam cng ang c nhng bc pht trin mng NGN ca
ring mnh. Hin nay c 6 doanh nghip c php ca B Bu chnh Vin
Thng cho php cung cp cc dch v vin thng l Tng cng ty bu chnh
vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT), Cng ty in t vin thng qun i (Viettel),
Cng ty vin thng in lc (VP Telecom), Cng ty c phn dch v Bu
chnh Vin thng Si Gn (SPT), H Ni Telecom, Cng ty vin thng Hng
hi.
Mng th h mi phi h tr tt c cc loi kt ni (hay cn gi l cuc
gi), thit lp ng truyn trong sut thi gian chuyn giao, c cho hu tuyn
cng nh v tuyn.
V vy, mng NGN s tin ha ln t mng truyn dn hin ti (pht
trin thm chuyn mch gi) v t mng Internet cng cng (h tr thm cht
lng dch v QoS).
Hin ti cc cng ngh ang c s dng cho mng th h mi ti Vit
Nam nh sau:
5.1.1 Mng IP/ATM/SDH/WDM:
IP /ATM truyn thng l mt loi k thut kiu xp chng, n xp IP
(k thut lp 3) ln ATM (k thut lp 2); giao thc ca hai tng hon ton
c lp vi nhau.
Cng ngh ny hin nay ch c th dng thch hp cho mng tng i
nh, nh mng x nghip,, nhng khng th p ng c nhu cu ca

_______________________________________________________________

mng ng trc Internet trong tng lai.Trn thc t, hai k thut ny ang
tn ti vn yu km v kh nng m rng thm.
5.1.2 Mng IP/POS (Packet over Sonet)/WDM :
S dng cng ngh ca mng truyn dn SDH th h sau. c pht
trin trn nn mng SDH hin ti ng thi cho php phn pht d liu tc
cao, bng thng rng i vi Ethernet. Mng cung cp mt lin kt lp
vt l gia cc b nh tuyn IP v POS (SDH NGN) c th c s dng cho
truyn dn cc khung trn cc knh WDM. Cc gi tin IP c th c ng
thnh cc khung SONET s dng c ch Packet-over-SONET.
Mng ny c u im tin cy cao, kh nng phc hi, bng thng
mm do v kh n gin trong qun l.Vic p dng cc chuyn mch gi
trong mng th h sau thc y vic ci tin SDH ti u ho trong vic
truyn d liu trong khi vn gi nguyn c nhng u im ca vic truyn
lu lng thoi truyn thng qua mng. Vic a SDH th h sau vo mng
SDH truyn thng bng cch ch thay th cc phn t mng bin.

Hnh 5-1: Mng IP/POS (Packet over Sonet)/WDM
Hnh 5-1 ch ra nguyn tc truyn ti lu lng IP qua mng SDH th
h mi

_______________________________________________________________

Hin nay mng SDH truyn thng ang c cc doanh nghip vin
thng thay th bng mng SDH th h sau. VNPT trin khai ti Bu in
H Ni 13 node thit b Surpass HiT7070 ca Siemens cung cp cc giao din
GbE trn ng quang 10Gb/s.
Surpass HiT cho php xy dng mi v m rng cc mng thnh ph v
khu vc, trang b cho cc doanh nghip khch hng c y chc nng dch
v tng hp nh Ethernet, SDH v SAN... Tuy nhin kh nng ng dng ca
h thng ny cn hn ch, cha c s dng lm mng backbone cho mng
th h mi do bng thng cc giao din GbE cn thp, cha s dng tnh nng
nh tuyn WDM.
5.1.3 Mng IP/WDM im-im:
Bao gm cc b nh tuyn IP h tr IP over point-to-point WDM. Cc
h thng IP/WDM im- im c trin khai trong cc mng ng di.
IP/WDM im-im c cc b nh tuyn IP c kt ni trc tip vi nhau
thng qua cc lin kt si quang a bc sng.
Tuy nhin mng IP/WDM im-im cn mt s hn ch: tt c nhng
cu hnh mng l tnh. WDM khng c c th thit lp ti cu hnh do
vic thit lp v gii phng knh bc sng khng c tin hnh khng tn
dng c dung lng ca cc knh quang.
5.1.4 Trin khai mng NGN ca VNPT
S dng gii php SURPASS ca Siemens, l mng c h tng thng tin
duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi c VNPT la chn thay
th cho mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng.
Lp chuyn ti ca mng NGN ca VNPT : Mng ng trc quc gia
IP ca VNPT s dng thit b ca JUNIPER l 2 loi Router tc cao l
M160, ERX1400. Mi M160 Router cho mt trung tm VTN (1,2 v 3) kt ni
nxSTM 1 vi mng WDM 8xSTM16, Mi ERX1400 cho mt BD tnh thnh.
Cc Router u sn sng cung cp dch v VPN/BGP/MPLS .

_______________________________________________________________

Hnh v 5-2: Gm 3 nt trc quc gia t ti H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh
v Nng v 11 nt vng t ti cc tnh/thnh ph trng im khc vi
bng thng cc tuyn trc v vng l (STM-1) 155Mb/s da trn truyn dn
SDH. Hin ti bng thng tuyn trc nng cp ln STM-16 (2.5 Gb/s) da
trn Ring 20Gb/s / WDM mi trin khai. Ba Router li M160 Juniper t ti
H Ni, HCM, Nng c kh nng chuyn mch l 160Gb/s. - Cc thit b
MSS (Multi Service Switch) to thnh mng chuyn ti dung lng ln cho
lu lng thoi, VoIP, data p ng y nhu cu. H thng chuyn ti l
h thng cc thit b chuyn mch gi da trn cng ngh MPLS, m bo
QoS cho cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau, bo mt thng tin trn mng.

Error!

Hnh 5.2 - M hnh mng NGN ca VNPT
5.2 Kh nng ng dng l thuyt IP/WDM vo mng vin thng
trin khai mng IP/WDM vo h thng mt trong nhng thch thc
ln nht ngy nay i mt vi cc nh sn xut chuyn mch quang l pht
trin cc giao thc bo hiu cho iu khin ng v hot ng lin mng ca
lp quang m c l y cng l vn cn chun ho cp bch nht hin nay..

_______________________________________________________________

Hin nay c hai xu hng xy dng m hnh tch hp c hai m hnh u gi
nh pht trin mng quang th h sau c topo mt li vi nn iu khin IP
da trn chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS. Trong bi cnh ny, cc giao
thc nh tuyn IP lm n by cho vic nhn bit Topo mng v cc giao
thc bo hiu MPLS c s dng cho thit lp t ng. Ngoi ra s dng cc
giao thc ny cho iu khin lp quang s gip cho cc nh sn xut thit b
m bo tnh tng tch nh c cc tiu chun rt ph bin. Do vy xu hng
chung s dng IP cho c 3 mt phng chc nng ca mng l: d liu, iu
khin v qun l cho mng th h sau.
Mc d cc m hnh tch hp u s dng kin trc iu khin theo IP,
nhng chng qun l cc ng dng khc nhau. Chng hn, mt phng iu
khin quang s iu khin qu trnh thit lp bc sng quang ng nh cc
Router bin c ni vi mng quang. Khi Router c tc nghn, th h thng
qun l mng NMS hay chnh Router s yu cu thit lp lung quang ng.
Sau cc chuyn mch quang s to mi hay ci thin knh quang (STM-16
hay STM-64) trn lp quang p ng nhu cu ca Router. V vy, thit lp
bc sng ng c th thch nghi c vi nhu cu lu lng.
Vi m hnh xp chng th cho php mi router giao tip trc tip vi
mng quang thng qua giao din mng - ngi s dng UNI. Giao din gia
cc mng con c thc hin thng qua giao din nt mng NNI. M hnh
giao din UNI tng t nh m hnh trong mng chuyn mch knh truyn
thng nh mng ISDN. Trong m hnh ny mi mng con s tin trin c
lp, nh cho php cc nh khai thc mng a cc cng ngh mi m
khng b gnh nng ca cc cng ngh c. Cc nh khai thc cn c th p
ng c cc c s h tng k tha hin c. Quan trng hn l cc nh khai
thc c th tm thy c mi trng mng quang nhiu nh cung cp, n cho
php thc hin c tnh tng thch trong tng lai gn nh cc giao din
UNI v NNI.

_______________________________________________________________

Mi m hnh c u im ring, c bit m hnh xp chng c u im
ni tri l kh nng tng thch d dng.
Trong qu trnh chun ha th m hnh xp chng trc tip v n gin
hn, n cho php c iu khin trong bng v ngoi bng cc lung quang,
tng t nh kiu c dng trong mng thng minh v cng ngh SS7.
Vi kin trc ngang hng cn c thm cc thng tin gia lp IP v quang
qun l cc lung u cui chuyn trn lung quang. Khi lng ln thng tin
trng thi v iu khin ny bao gm s truyn thng trc tip gia cc Router
bin ca mng quang v s truyn thng tin trong bn thn mng quang.
Ni chung nhng nh khai thc mng cng khng mong mun to ra c
s h tng mng IP trn nn quang m li b rng buc bi cng ngh lp IP.
M hnh xp chng cho php i mi ti lp quang c lp vi lp IP - trong
khi vn cung cp kh nng kt ni tng thch cn thit cho cc dch v nhanh
m vn duy tr tnh ton vn thng tin ca nh khai thc mng quang. Tuy
nhin m hnh ngang hng cho php tch hp hon ton IP/quang to nn
mng Internet quang thng nht do vic s dng qun l mng hiu qu
hn, do ph hp vi cc ISP hn. Ngoi ra, m hnh ngang hng gn hn
vi mng chuyn mch gi quang trong tng lai.
Xu hng chun ho
Khng lin quan n m hnh no c cc t chc tiu chun i theo,
c mt s vn thit yu cn gii quyt qu trnh chun ho thnh cng.
Trc tin, IP truyn ti trn mng quang phi c chun ho tc l cn xc
nh cc yu cu cho giao din IP quang, trao i thng tin trn giao din ny
v k thut lu lng.
Mt khu vc cn chun ho l phn iu khin da trn MPLS cho
mng quang gm nhiu mng con ni kt, vn ny bao gm thit lp ng
v khi phc nhanh xuyn sut cc mng quang con cng nh giao thc nh
tuyn v bo hiu. Mt s vn ang c thc hin l c ch nh a

_______________________________________________________________

ch ton cu cho cc im lung quang, s lan truyn thng tin xuyn qua cc
mng con, thit lp lung u cui s dng cc bo hiu chun, cc h tr
chnh sch (tnh cc, bo mt...) v h tr cho thit lp mng con ring bit
v cc thut ton khi phc trong mt mng con.
Vn ni cm hin nay l thit lp lung quang t ng s dng bo
hiu, khi phc topo t ng, cc thut ton ti u dung lng bo v cc
lung thit lp dc theo mi on v khi phc lung u cui s dng bo
v dng chung.
V vn nhn bit topo cc b c mt danh sch cc yu cu v
iu khin. Nhng vn ny t c gii quyt v bao gm xc nh thng
tin no phi c trao i, thng tin no l cn thit, cc tham s tuyn, cng
no cn c nh ngha v giao thc no cho nhn bit t ng topo cc b.
Trong cc t chc chun ho, th OIF (Optical Interneting Forum) l ni gp
mt ca cc nh ch to thit b v cc nh cung cp dch v cng nhau gii
quyt cc vn v pht trin cc ch tiu thit b m bo tnh tng thch
ca cc mng quang. IETF cng c nhm c bit v IP Over Optic ang pht
trin chun v kin trc mng. C hai nhm ny cng tch cc hp tc a
ra chi tit v bo hiu IP/Optic. Gn y cng c hot ng chun ho trong
u ban T1x1 v mng truyn ti chuyn mch t ng (ASTN - Automatic
Switched Transport Network) theo m hnh xp chng. ITU cng ang theo
ui chun ny.
Mt vi xu hng ni ln trong qu trnh chun ho. Thit lp lung
quang s ti s dng cu trc cng ngh lu lng MPLS v s s dng giao
thc CR-LDP/RSVP cho bo hiu thit lp v hu b lung quang. Nhn bit
topo t ng ang chuyn hng sang giao thc qun l tuyn LMP v thng
tin trng thi v thuc tnh ca tuyn/cng.

_______________________________________________________________

5.3 xut ng dng mng IP/WDM cho mng th h mi ca
VNPT trong tng lai.

Hnh 5-3: xut ng dng mng IP/WDM cho mng th h mi ca VNPT
Mng ng trc quc gia IP ca VNPT cc nt trc v cc nt tnh
thnh c thay th bng mng IP/WDM. Tu vo kh nng cung cp thit b
ca cc nh sn xut cng nh tnh hnh thc th c th s dng m hnh xp
chng hay ngang hng.
u im ca mng trn so vi mng hin ti:
- Mng hin ti ch cung cp mt lin kt lp vt l gia cc b nh
tuyn IP. SONET c s dng cho truyn dn cc khung trn cc knh
WDM (hoc cc gi tin IP c th c ng thnh cc khung SONET s dng

HANOI

Multilayer
Switch
OXC
OXC
Fibre
Multi wavelength
fiber
OXC
GbE
TP.HCM
Multilayer
Switch
OXC
OXC
OXC
Multilayer
Switch
E1
OXC
GbE
IP NetWork
MG H.Phong
MG Hue
MG Can Tho
MG Vung Tau
MG Khanh Hoa
IP NetWork
IP/WDM

_______________________________________________________________

c ch Packet-over-SONET). Mng ny l c nh v tt c nhng cu hnh
mng l tnh, tng tc ti thiu gia cc lp IP v lp WDM.
- Mng IP/WDM tng lai : Da vo thng tin ca lp IP cng nh cc
kt ni IP mng, ti cc node mng s la chn thng tin trng thi kt ni
xy dng nn cc lightpath, phn b cc lung trn cc lightpath v lu lng
IP s c ti qua cc lightpath trong lp WDM do mng p ng c
vic tng lin tc ca lu lng mng bng cch da trn c s h tng mng
hin c. Mng c tnh mm do cao, c th t c phn b bng thng theo
yu cu c d phng, thi gian thc.
5.4 Kt lun v trin khai mng truyn dn th h mi
Mng th h mi xt trn phng din v lp truyn ti, hin nay ti
Vit Nam v ang trin khai theo cc h thng chuyn mch gi da trn
cng ngh MPLS m bo QoS cho cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau v
cng ngh mng WDM c s dng trong mng ng di backbone v cc
mi trng mng MAN.
Trn th gii cc mng IP/WDM vn ang nghin cu nhng m hnh
th nghim. ng dng l thuyt mng IP/WDM vo thc t cn mt s vn
v k thut cn gii quyt nh cc vn v a ra cc chun ha; vn
v cng ngh sn xut cc b nh tuyn tc cao, cc b chuyn mch
quang nh chuyn mch nhn quang, chm quang v gi quang v kh nng
lin kt gia cc b nh tuyn IP vi h thng mng WDM

_______________________________________________________________

Hnh 5-4: Tin trnh pht trin mng IP/WDM

Hnh 5-5: Tin trnh pht trin mng IP/WDM ca Siemens
Xu hng pht trin cng ngh v tin trnh trin khai ng dng trn
th gii nh trn hnh 5-4 v hnh 5-5.

_______________________________________________________________

Kt lun

Lun vn trnh by xu hng pht trin mng truyn dn th h mi v
vn tch hp mng IP v mng quang. Kh nng tng thch gia cc mng
WDM v cc mng IP trong cc mng WDM th h sau. nh tuyn tch hp
v phn b bc sng da trn giao thc MPLS/GMPLS. Nhng vn k
thut v qun l bng thng, ti cu hnh v phc hi ng i h tr cht
lng dch v.
Hin nay mt s hng (Cisco, NEC, Siemens, Alcatel...) a ra cc
gii php tch hp IP v mng WDM thng nht, cho php pht trin mng
mt cch lin tc. Tuy nhin m bo c c mi trng mng cnh
tranh, th cng cn c cc tiu chun ph hp v thng nht. Tnh tng thch
v iu khin kiu IP ang tr thnh hin thc, hin nay cc t chc cng
nghip ang th nghim v hy vng ti y s c chun thng nht.
Do kh nng tip cn cc k thut chuyn su v cng ngh mi trn
th gii cn hn hp, do vy trong lun vn em ch a ra cc nghin cu l
thuyt v mng truyn dn th h mi IP/WDM da trn cc hiu bit v cng
ngh mng IP v truyn dn quang.
Trong thi gian ti em s nghin cu thm v nhng tnh ton hiu nng
trong k thut iu khin lu lng, cc k thut chuyn su v nh tuyn v
iu khin mng IP/WDM v gii php ca cc hng t a ra cc gii
php trin khai mng truyn dn th h mi tch hp IP v mng WDM ti
Vit Nam thc t hn.

_______________________________________________________________

ti liu tham kho

[1]. inh Hong ip (2006), Xu hng pht trin mng NGN ti
Vit Nam, Tp ch Bu chnh Vin Thng & Cng ngh Thng tin,S
6/2006.
[2]. Nguyn La Giang (2005), Chuyn mch chm quang: Mt gii
php cho mng ng trc Internet th h sau, Tp ch Bu chnh Vin
Thng & Cng ngh Thng tin, s 249, 2/2005, tr. 8-12.
[3]. Trung tm ng dng cng ngh mi Vin Khoa hc k thut Bu
in (2004), IP & NGN QoS , tr. 5-30
[4].V Tun Lm, V Hong Sn (2003), Xu hng tch hp mng
IP/Quang trong mng th h sau, Tp ch Bu chnh Vin Thng & Cng
ngh Thng tin, s 5/2003 v s 9/2006.
[5]. V Tun Lm, V c Hng (2004), GMPLS- Cng ngh iu
khin mng truyn ti th h sau, Tp ch Bu chnh Vin Thng & Cng
ngh Thng tin, s 233, 6/2004, tr 18-21
[6]. Bala Rajagopalan IP over Optical networks: A Framwork, IETF
Internet Draft, 2002.
[7]. Kevin H. Liu , IP over WDM John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2002.
[8]. Sudhir Dixit, IP over WDM -Building the Next-Generation Optical
Internet, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
[9]. Yuki Koizumi Cross-Layer Traffic Engineering in IP over WDM
Networks, Masters Thesis, 2006 , p 13-24
[10].www.cisco.com
[11].www.optical-networks.com
[12].http://www.oiforum.org/

Tm tt lun vn

(T kho: Mng IP trn WDM)

Mng IP trn WDM l xu hng tch hp mng truyn dn th h
mi, cung cp ch mt lp hi t trong mng vin thng ton cu. Lun vn
Cng ngh mng truyn dn th h mi IP/WDM trnh by cch thc lu
lng IP truyn ti qua mng quang WDM, cc vn v kh nng tng
thch gia cc mng WDM v cc mng IP trong cc mng th h sau, iu
khin mng v iu khin lu lng mng IP/WDM. Lun vn bao gm cc
phn sau:
Gii thiu v mng truyn dn th h mi hin nay v xu hng
pht trin tch hp IP/quang (IP/WDM) trong mng th h mi.
M hnh lin kt v kin trc mng IP/WDM.
K thut iu khin mng trong mng IP/WDM: nh tuyn, bo
hiu, ti cu hnh v phc hi ng i h tr cht lng dch
v.
K thut v iu khin lu lng trong mng IP/WDM.
ng dng cc nghin cu l thuyt pht trin mng truyn
dn th h mi IP/WDM trn th gii v Vit Nam : cc cng
ngh hin ti ang s dng ti Vit Nam, kh nng ng dng l
thuyt IP/WDM vo mng vin thng v xut m hnh ng
dng vo mng th h mi ca VNPT.

Công Nghệ Ip Wdm

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Công Nghệ Ip Wdm

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Công Nghệ Ip Wdm

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

B gio dc v o to

Trng i hc bch khoa h ni

You might also like