The Marshall Islands is a republic of 29 atolls and 5 coral islands. Th
e islands are one of the four main groups that make up Micronesia. The nearest neighbor to th e Marshalls are the Federated States of Micronesia. They're only 26 populated isl ands in the Marshalls because a lot of the islands are too small to support many people . There are two roughly parallel chains of islands that make up the western Ralik group and the eastern Ratak group. Now that you know what and where the Marshall Islands are I'll explain the history. The very early people of the Marshalls had no written language so it is very hard to predict what went on. The only early history has been handed down from gener ation to generation in the form of songs, and we can also get some facts from the folk lore and legends. One thing that they do know is that powerful chiefs ruled these large civilizations able to move such large stones to build temples and cities. They must have been somewhat advanced because they were able to build huge walls that were prob ably there to enclose a city. These walls weighed many tons and were 20 ft. long, an d even some walls they have found to be 40 ft. high. Archaeologists are still puzzled of what kind of machinery they had to move such large stones. The real knowledge we know about the Marshall Islands history began in t he early sixteenth century. The sea going Europeans were trying to find sources of the Spice Islands that were in very large demand in Europe. English, Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese sea captains were all sailing around on their hunt for riches. One o f the first people we know of to definitely land on the Marshall Islands during this time is Ferdinand Magellan. He landed in Micronesia on his journey to circumnavigate th e world. Forty years later in the 1560's after Magellan's voyage Spain claimed mo st all of the islands in Micronesia. Spain wasn't really concerned about Micronesia becau se they were busy building empires in South America, Central America, and Mexico. For t he most part Micronesia was under loose Spanish control for 300 years. During those 300 years in 1788 Captain John Marshall named the Marshall Islands. He was sailing between Australia and China on the boat the Scarborough and sailed through the islands. Even though many Europeans had been in the Marshall s previously he has been said to be one of the first people to "discover" the isla nds. In the nineteenth century the dried meat of the coconut called copra bec ame an important trade items for European powers. Since there was much money in the co pra trade Germany, Spain, and Great Britain started to argue over the control of Mic ronesia. In 1885 Germany gained control of the Marshalls while Spain kept control of the Carolines and the Marianas. In 1886 the English and the Spanish were unhappy wi th Germany's claims, but the dispute was settled by Pope Leo XIII in Rome. The Pop e gave all right to trade with these islands to Germany. Then shortly after that in 18 98 the Spanish- American war caused Spain to give the rest of Micronesia to Germany. T his all changed though during W.W.I. In 1914 Japan which was allied with the U.S. and its European Allies too k control of the Marshalls and all of Micronesia with naval ships. Then in 1920 the Leagu e of Nations gave Micronesia to Japan. In 1935 against the agreement with the League of Nations Japan began to fortify the islands. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations and secretly began to bu ild airfields and naval bases on the islands. Japan closed the Marshalls and Micron esia from the rest of the world. To show just how secret Japan was in 1937 Amelia Earhart was on her famous trip around the world in the air. She disappeared somewhere in the J apan held Micronesia and has never been seen since. Many people think that she was s hort of gas and made a forced landing on one of the islands. Japan was then upset over what she may have seen and executed her. After the Pearl Harbor bombing in 1941 the Marshall Islands became a ver y important strategic location in W.W.II. The Japanese used the islands on their push southward toward Australia, and the U.S. wanted the islands on their push northw ard. The Marshall islands were the next step for the Allied march toward the Japanese home islands. The Kwajalein and Majuro atolls were picked as the two main places to invade. This operation was code named Flintlock. D-Day was set for January 31, 1944. On that day Marines at Kwajalein atoll planned to seize five islands aro und Roi- Namur where a major Japanese airbase was. While other Kwajalein Marines were to capture four islets near Kwajalein where the Japanese major naval base was. The re was some confusion at both attacks which led to many more deaths than were needed. The two battles turned out to be very bloody and in all 486 Allied casualties result ed while 1,295 soldiers were wounded. At the Majuro atoll came much an easier battle. The Japanese had both a major naval and air base on the island. When the Allied troops landed there they foun d no Japanese troops. Almost all of the Japanese troops had escaped. So no lives we re spared and the Allies turned the two bases into their own. The speed at which Kwajalein Atoll fell allowed Admiral Chester W. Nimit z to speed up his attack on Enewetok. This mission was called Catchpole. The forces moved in on February 18, 1944. They first went to small Engebi supported by gunfire a nd by shore based artillery placed the day before on small islets. It took them two d ays to secure the island in the Allies favor with a death count of 349 and 555 wounded. The results of the capturing of the Marshall Islands were a big success. Having the Marshall's helped in moving the U.S. a lot closer to Japanese and also it ga ve them a good place to attack other Japanese held islands. It really cut down the air an d naval power the Japanese had in the Central Pacific. There are other good things that came out of the war too. One is all of the sunken ships and landing barges, airplane crashes, tanks, and big guns are still found in the Marshall's. So in result scrap metal turned into the second leading exporter to copra. What is kind of interesting is that Japan was the main place that bought the met als from their own battles with the U.S. As a result of the U.S. taking over the Marshall Islands the United Nati ons granted the U.S. authority to administer them as a strategic trust. Even though with the U.S. in charge that led to improvements in public health, education, and was obl igated to "protect the inhabitants against the loss of their lands and resources" the Mars hallese people were very unhappy. The removal and evacuation of the Bikini and Enewetak atolls for nuclear testing was what made them angry with the new U.S. system. S ee the Marshall Islands land had no alarming value to the U.S. , but what the U.S. want ed was the great military location and also a small secluded place to test nuclear weap ons. So pretty much from the late 1940's to the present a lot of the history has been th e nuclear testing on the island. The first test came in 1946. The U.S. had the Navy evacuate 167 Bikini Islanders to Rongerik, 125 miles away to the east. They were going to test atomic-bombs t he same size of Hiroshima's. They were named "Able" and "Baker". Since everyone was evacuated there were no apparent problems with and Marshallese people. The peop le weren't having trouble with the tests but many Bikinians were on the verge of st arvation on the Rongerik atoll. They had to be moved to Kwajalein where the U.S. provide d them with resources. Then in the1950's the U.S. discovered the H-bomb or a hydrogen device th at is hundreds or thousands times more destructive than the U.S.'s first atomic-bombs. The first to be tested was in 1952 at Enewetak island. The force of this hydrogen d evice was estimated at 10.4 megatons or 750 times greater force than the Hiroshima one. T his bomb vaporized pretty much the whole island, but again the people didn't know so weren't that upset. The people were upset though after the testing of the next H-bomb the U.S. decides to drop. This test was in 1954 at the Bikini Atoll. It was set to be dropped on February 28 and the high winds weren't going to stop them. At just seven hours before drop time there were high winds at 10,000 to 25,000-foot levels with the winds blowing tow ard some inhabited islands. The U.S. though decided to drop the bomb. It was repor ted at 15 megatons which is 1,000 times greater than the Hiroshima bomb. Within hours peo ple on surrounding islands were enveloped with white ash or kind of a mist. People that were exposed experienced naseau, vomiting, and itching of the skin and eyes. Th e people were taken Kwajalein for observation. Skin burns developed and hair of t hose people began to fall out. Secret medical groups were established to observe the exposed Marshallese people. The group decided that the people had been exposed to so mu ch harmful material that they should never be exposed again because fear of what co uld happen. The U.S. continues to detonate nuclear weapons on the small islands thro ugh the 1950's and the last one was set off in 1958. Bringing the total number of nucle ar weapons tested on Bikini and Enewetak Atolls up to 66. The damage had been done and many Marshallese people were very mad. One of the reasons people were mad was that they couldn't return to thei r homelands. Thousands of people had been evacuated due to the radioactive materi als spread to their islands. Although almost all of the islands were declared safe but maybe slight lingering radiation people were scared and in effect were very mad at the U.S. Another one of the reasons was all of the health problems people were ha ving. Like it says before people were having very bad skin and eye irritations and the ir hair was falling out. In 1963 the first signs of thyroid cancer starting showing up, an d people were just sick and literally "sick" of all of the nuclear testing results. Mars hall Islands officials started demanded billions and billions of dollars in compensation for all of the people and the land. They also started going to the U.S. government demanding t hey were purposely exposed to the radiation just so the U.S. could study the long te rm effects of radiation. In 1986 the Marshall Islands became self-governing because they thought they could manage their country a lot better than the U.S. thousands of miles away. They established compact of free association and it was finalized. Even though offic ial recognition of the Marshall's did not come until 1991 when the United Nations re moved them from the trusteeship. The Marshall Islands is definitely on its way to be a lot happier. They are still getting billions of dollars a year for compensation and the islands are getting more radioactive free every year.