ES341 Lab 3

Impact of Jets

Prepared By:
Yan Trindade (ytrindadelisboagome@alaska.edu)




Lab Partners:
Alex Slaymaker (arslaymaker@alaska.edu)
Ruth Luna do Nascimento (rlunadonascimentogo@alaska.edu)




Prepared Due Date
10/19/2014 10/21/2014






INTRODUCTION







EQUIPMENT and SETUP

Flat Vane Experiment:
Gravimetric Hydraulic Bench
Model: H1D Tecquipment Ltd.
Serial Number: S5014/2

Control Volume
Model: H8 Tecquipment Ltd.
Serial Number: 399

Hemispherical Vane Experiment:
Gravimetric Hydraulic Bench
Model: H1 Tecquipment Ltd.
Serial Number: TQ090648-03

Control Volume
Model: H8 Tecquipment Ltd.
Serial Number: 440












Figure 1.1 Experiment Setup, Gravimetric Hydraulic Bench and control volume. The hemispherical
vane is on the right side, on the top. The flat vane is on the right side, in the bottom.








PROCEDURE

1. Note the ratio of arm lengths from the pivot into Observations section.
2. Turn on the pump by pressing the On bottom in the bench.
3. Open the flow valve via rotating it to start filling the control volume with water.
4. Wait until the water height in the control volume is constant. The constant height insures
that the flow rate will be constant (Q
in
= Q
out
).
5. Record the water height into the Observations section.
6. Do the following steps for a total of 8 different water heights.
a) Release the load arm that is stuck in a lock. The load arm will lower, the stopper will
close, and then water will accumulate in the water tank.
b) Put a 2.0 kg load in the hanger when the load arm begins to rise. Start the timer at that
point.
c) Stop the timer when the arm load begins to rise again. Record that elapsed time into
observations section.


RESULTS

Definitions:
m
water
mass of water in the water tank (kg)
m
load
mass of load on the load arm (kg)
r
arm
ratio of arm lengths from the pivot (dimensionless)
V
water
volume of water in the water tank (m
3
)
t

elapsed time for the water to equilibrate (s)
Q flow rate of the water in the system (m
3
/s)

water
= density of water (kg/m
3
) = 1000 kg/m
3

Steady state high The height in the control volume whe Q
in
= Q
out
(mm)
Formulas:
m
water
= m
load
* r
arm
V
water
= m
water
/
wate
Q = V
water
/t

In Table 1, its shown the values for steady state height and elapsed times for the water to
equilibrate, both for each trial. The Table 2 presents steady state height, m
water
, V
water
, and Q. In
table 2, there are also calculated values that were used to draw the figure 1.2.

Observations:

m
water
= 6.0 kg m
load
= 2.0 kg r
arm
= 3 V
water
= 0.006 m
3

Table 1: Steady state height and elapsed time to reach the equilibrium.
Trial # Steady State Height (mm) t (s)
1 132 54
2 143 54
3 164 48
4 170 45
5 215 40
6 229 38
7 248 37
8 313 31

Results:

Table 2: Calculated variables to find the flow rate.
Trial #
Steady State Height
(mm)
m
water

(kg)
V
water
(m
3
)
Q (m
3
/s)
(Steady State Height)
1/2

(mm
1/2
)
1 132 6.0 0.006 1.11E-04 11.5
2 143 6.0 0.006 1.11E-04 12.0
3 164 6.0 0.006 1.25E-04 12.8
4 170 6.0 0.006 1.33E-04 13.0
5 215 6.0 0.006 1.50E-04 14.7
6 229 6.0 0.006 1.58E-04 15.1
7 248 6.0 0.006 1.62E-04 15.7
8 313 6.0 0.006 1.94E-04 17.7


DISCUSSION

The relation between flow rate and steady state height was observed in this experiment.
As the column of water increased, the flow increased. It can be observed in the figure 1.2. The
positive slope of the linear equations shows increasing values for height and flow rate. It can be
seen in figure 1.2 that the correlation coefficient is high. Thus, the values observed were
satisfactory.
However the correlation coefficient was high, an experimental error could be noticed.
The two first trials presented the same flow rate for different water heights, which was not the
expected. One more error was noticed. The water level before adding load to the load arm was
not the same as the water level after the process. It means that the flow rate changed during some
trials. Once the steady state was reached before begin the b) step, the error could be due to
frictional losses.

Figure 1.2

Questions:

y = 1E-05x - 5E-05
R = 0.9903
1.0E-04
1.2E-04
1.4E-04
1.6E-04
1.8E-04
2.0E-04
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
F
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

(
m
3
)

(Steady State Height)
1/2
(mm
1/2
)
Flow rate X (Steady State Height)
1/2

1. Why do we multiply the mass of the load by the ratio of the arm lengths to get the mass
of the water? Derive and show your work.
Answer: It was done because the water mass inside the water tank is not known. It can be
discovered by using the equation of momentum equilibrium:
M = 0,
m
water
* g * L
water side of arm
* sin - m
load
* g * L
load side of arm
* sin

= 0
But sin = 1 because is equal 90, so:
m
water
* g * L
water side of arm
- m
load
* g * L
load side of arm
= 0
Separating water-related and load-related variables in different sides of the equation and
cancelling acceleration of the gravity:
m
water
* L
water side of arm
= m
load
* L
load side of arm
m
water
= m
load
* L
load side of arm
/ (L
water side of arm)
Where L
load side of arm
/ (L
water side of arm)
is the same as r
arm
. Thus,
m
water
= m
load
* r
arm


2. In step 6b, why do we wait for the load arm to begin to lift up before we put the load on?
Answer: Its because this is the stage which the water tank begins to be filled. When the load arm
rises, all the water that was in the tank is discharged through the stopper. Once the tank is
emptied, the load can be added for recording the elapsed time to reach the equilibrium.

3. Why do we call the equipment used the gravimetric water bench?
Answer: Its gravimetric water bench because a gravimetric property is used to compare weights.
In this apparatus the load weight is used to find the mass of water in the tank by comparing the
masses and the arms length.

4. Discuss the sources of experimental error in this experiment.
Answer: First: a wrong elapsed time recorded. The same instants when the timer was started
could differ from one trial to other trial. Second: a head loss due to friction. The change in the
flow rate could be due to friction in the hole where the flow passed through. Third: fluctuation on
the flow rate that filled the control volume. Fourth: imperfect equilibrium when the system was
unloaded.
CONCLUSION

This experiment was well succeeded. The flow rate for each trial was discovered.
However, some errors were committed. Some sources of error were: the wrong way to record the
elapsed time, possible frictional losses, and non-symmetric evaluations.
It was understood how the parts of the gravimetric hydraulic bench work together. The
usage of control volume was essential to guarantee that the flow was constant. The concept of
control volume was clearly understood, once the flow going inside and the flow going was the
same, the volume inside the control volume was kept constant.
According to the figure 1.2, the liability of the experiment was confirmed. As the water
height increased, the flow rate increased.