TITLE ONE

CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

Crimes against national security
1. Treason (Art. 114);
2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason (Art. 115);
3. Misprision of treason (Art. 116); and
4. Espionae (Art. 11!).
Crimes against the law o nations
1. "ncitin to #ar or i$in moti$es for reprisals (Art. 11%);
2. &iolation of ne'trality (Art. 11();
3. Correspondin #it) )ostile co'ntry (Art. 12*);
4. +li)t to enemy,s co'ntry (Art. 121); and
5. -iracy in eneral and m'tiny on t)e )i) seas (Art. 122).
T)e crimes 'nder t)is title can .e prosec'ted e$en if t)e criminal act or acts #ere committed
o'tside t)e -)ilippine territorial /'risdiction. 0o#e$er1 prosec'tion can proceed only if t)e
offender is #it)in -)ilippine territory or .ro')t to t)e -)ilippines p'rs'ant to an e2tradition
treaty. T)is is one of t)e instances #)ere t)e 3e$ised -enal Code may .e i$en e2tra4territorial
application 'nder Article 2 (5) t)ereof. "n t)e case of crimes against the law of nations1 t)e
offender can .e prosec'ted #)ene$er )e may .e fo'nd .eca'se t)e crimes are rearded as
committed aainst )'manity in eneral.
Article !!"
TREASON
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender owes allegiance to the Government of the Philippines
b. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved
c. That the offender either
1) Levies war against the government,
1. .reec) of alleiance
2. act'al assem.lin of men
3. for t)e p'rpose of e2ec'tin a treasona.le desin
2) Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort
1. .reec) of alleiance
2. ad)erence
3. i$in aid or comfort to t)e enemy
Re$uirements o le%ying war
1) Act'al assem.lin of men;
2) To e2ec'te a treasona.le desin .y force;
3) "ntent is to deli$er t)e co'ntry in #)ole or in part to t)e enemy; and
4) Colla.oration #it) forein enemy or some forein so$erein
Success is not important. 5)at matters is t)e act'al assem.ly of men and t)e e2ec'tion of
treasona.le desin .y force.
1
a!s of proving treason"
a. 2 witnesses testif!ing to same overt act
T)e testimonies m'st refer to t)e same act1 place and moment of time. Treason cannot .e pro$ed
.y circ'mstantial e$idence or .y e2tra/'dicial confession.
Example6 7 sa# arms landed in 8a 9nion and loaded into a motor $e)icle. At t)is stae1 not
s'fficient to con$ict yet. : later sa# t)e arms 'nloaded in a #are)o'se. 5ill 7 ; : .e
s'fficient #itnesses to con$ict< Ans#er6 =>. ?eca'se t)e la# re@'ires t)at 2 #itnesses see
t)e AAME >&E3T ACT.
b. #onfession of the acc$sed in open co$rt&
Arrainment1 pre4trial1 trial B >C.
1. "f )e )as pleaded =>T 'ilty already d'rin arrainment1 )e can still confess in open
co'rt .y statin t)e partic'lar acts constit'tin treason.
2. D'rin trial1 simply sayin E"Fm 'iltyG is not eno').
3. 5it)dra#in plea of Enot 'iltyG d'rin arrainment not necessary
4. "f d'rin arrainment )e pleads 'ilty1 co'rt #ill asH if t)e acc'sed 'nderstands is plea.
A'.mission of affida$it d'rin trial1 e$en if assisted .y co'nsel is not eno').
Treason" .reac) of alleiance to t)e o$ernment1 committed .y a person #)o o#es alleiance
to it. Alleiance6 o.liation of fidelity and o.edience. "t is permanent or temporary dependin
on #)et)er t)e person is a citiIen or an alien.
E$ident premeditation1 s'perior strent) and treac)ery are circ'mstances inherent in treason1
and are1 t)erefore1 not ara$atin.
Treason cannot .e committed in times of peace1 only in times of war B act'al )ostilities. ?'t
no need for declaration of #ar
%ot Treasono$s"
a. Acceptance of p'.lic office and disc)are of official d'ties 'nder t)e enemy does not
constit'te per se t)e felony of treason (exception: #)en it is policy determinin)
.. Aer$in in a p'ppet o$ernment (ministerial f'nctions) and in order to ser$e t)e
pop'lace is =>T treasono's. But it is treason if6 a) t)ere is discretion in$ol$ed; .)
inflicts )arm on +ilipinos; c) it is disad$antaeo's to t)em.
c. -'rpose of offender6 to deli$er t)e -)ilippines to enemy co'ntry; if merely to c)ane
officials B not treason
&n #iti'enship
a. +ilipino citiIens can commit treason o'tside t)e -)ilippines. ?'t t)at of an alien m'st
.e committed in t)e -)ilippines.
.. >nly +ilipino citiIens or permanent resident aliens can .e )eld lia.le
c. Alien" #it) permanent resident stat's from t)e ?"D B it is neit)er t)e lent) of stay in
t)e -)ilippines nor t)e marriae #it) a +ilipino t)at matters.
Act'al )ostilities may determine t)e date of t)e commencement of #ar
=o s'c) t)in as attempted treason; mere attempt cons'mmates t)e crime
Giving aid or comfort B material element1 en)ances forces of t)e enemy co'ntry.
Acts #)ic) strent)en or tend to strent)en t)e enemy in t)e cond'ct of #ar aainst t)e traitorFs
co'ntry or t)at #)ic) #eaHen and tend to #eaHen t)e po#er of t)e same.
2
Example6 +inancin arms proc'rement of enemy co'ntry. ?'t i$in of s)elter is not
necessarily Ei$in aid and comfort.G
Adherence and giving aid or comfort must concur together.
Adherence" #)en a citiIen intellect'ally or emotionally fa$ors t)e enemy and )ar.ors
con$ictions disloyal to )is co'ntryFs policy. ?'t mem.ers)ip in t)e police force d'rin t)e
occ'pation is =>T treason.
Example6 Ji$in information to1 or commandeerin foodst'ffs for t)e enemy.
Adherence ma! be proved b!6 (1) one #itness; (2) from t)e nat're of t)e act itself; (3) from
t)e circ'mstances s'rro'ndin t)e act.
5)en t)is ad)erence or sympat)ies are con$erted into aid and comfort1 only t)en t)ey taHe
material forM. T)is material form is no# #)at is made p'nis)a.le. "t is 's'ally manifested .y t)e
offender in i$in information1 commandeerin foodst'ffs1 ser$in as spy and s'pplyin t)e enemy
#it) #ar materials.
Treason is a CONTN!N" C#$E% E$en after t)e #ar1 offender can .e prosec'ted.
Treason is a contin'in offense. "t can .e committed .y a sinle act or .y a series of acts. "t can
.e committed in one sinle time or at different times and only one criminal intent. "n constr'in
t)e pro$isions relatin to t)e commission of se$eral acts1 t)e same m'st .e done in p'rs'ance or
f'rt)erance of t)e act of treason.
=o matter )o# many acts of treason are committed .y t)e offender1 )e #ill .e lia.le for only one
crime of treason.
"f yo' con$ict a person for treason .y reason of irresisti.le force or 'ncontrolla.le fear1 yo'
may 'se Art.12. No treason through negligence
"n t)e imposition of t)e penalty for t)e crime of treason1 t)e co'rt may disreard t)e presence of
mitiatin and ara$atin circ'mstances. "t may consider only t)e n'm.er1 nat're and ra$ity of
t)e acts esta.lis)ed d'rin t)e trial. T)e imposition of t)e penalty rests larely on t)e e2ercise of
/'dicial discretion.
'eenses that may (e a%aile) o (y the accuse)&
1. D'ress or 'ncontrolla.le fear of immediate deat); and
2. 8a#f'l o.edience to a de facto o$ernment.
5)en Hillins and ot)er common crimes are c)ared as o$ert act of treason1 t)ey cannot .e
rearded as (1) separate crimes or (2) as complex with treason%
"n t)e act of le$yin #ar or i$in aid or comfort to t)e enemy1 m'rder1 ro..ery1 arson or
falsification may .e committed .y t)e offender. ?9T t)e offender does not commit t)e crime of
treason comple2ed #it) common crimes .eca'se s'c) crimes are in)erent to treason1 .ein an
indispensa.le element of t)e same.
Treason )istinguishe) rom Re(ellion&
The manner in which &oth crimes are committed in the same. "n treason )o#e$er1 t)e p'rpose of
t)e offender is to deli$er t)e o$ernment to t)e enemy co'ntry or to a forein po#er. "n
rebellion1 t)e p'rpose of t)e re.els is to s'.stit'te t)e o$ernment #it) t)eir o#n form of
o$ernment. =o forein po#er is in$ol$ed.
Treason )istinguishe) rom Se)ition&
"n treason1 t)e offender rep'diates )is alleiance to t)e o$ernment .y means of force or
intimidation. 0e does not reconiIe t)e s'preme a't)ority of t)e Atate. 0e $iolates )is alleiance
.y fi)tin t)e forces of t)e d'ly constit'ted a't)orities.
3
"n sedition1 t)e offender disarees #it) certain policies of t)e Atate and seeHs to dist'r. p'.lic
peace .y raisin a commotion or p'.lic 'prisin.
Article !!*
CONS+IRACY TO COMMIT TREASON
ELEMENTS#
a. (n time of war
b. 2 or more persons come to an agreement to
1. lev! war against the government, or
2. adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort,
c. The! decide to commit it
)L)*)%T+ &, P-&P&+AL T& #&**(T T-)A+&%
a. (n time of war
b. A person who has decided to lev! war against the government, or to adhere to the
enemies and to give them aid or comfort, proposes its e.ec$tion to some other
person/s.
Mere areement and decisions to commit treason is p'nis)a.le
Mere proposal e$en #it)o't acceptance is p'nis)a.le too. "f t)e ot)er accepts1 it is already
conspiracy.
5)ile Treason as a crime s)o'ld .e esta.lis)ed .y t)e t#o4#itness r'le1 t)e same is not o.ser$ed
#)en t)e crime committed conspiracy to commit treason or #)en it is only a proposal to commit
treason.
Article !!,
MIS+RISION O- TREASON
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender m$st be owing allegiance to the government, and not a foreigner
b. That he has 0nowledge of an! conspirac! 1to commit treason) against the
government
c. That he conceals or does not disclose and ma0e 0nown the same as soon as
possible to the governor or fiscal of the province or the ma!or or fiscal of the cit!
in which he resides
'hile in treason( even aliens can commit said crime &ecause of the amendment to the article( no
such amendment was made in misprision of treason% $isprision of treason is a crime that may &e
committed only &y citi)ens of the *hilippines%
>ffender is p'nis)ed as an accessory to t)e crime of treason
TaHe note t)at t)e offender is a principal to t)e crime of misprision of treason1 yet )e is penaliIed
only as an accessory. "n t)e imposition of t)e penalty1 t)e co'rt is not .o'nd .y t)e pro$isions of
Article 63 and 641 referrin to indi$isi.le penalties. "n t)e presence of mitiatin and ara$atin
circ'mstances1 t)e offender is p'nis)ed t#o derees lo#er t)an t)e penalty for t)e crime of
treason.
The criminal lia&ility arises if the treasonous activity was still at the conspiratorial stage
T)is crime does not apply if t)e crime of treason is already committed
4
Crime of omission
This is a felony &y omission although committed with dolo( not with culpa%
ETo report within a reasona&le timeG B depends on time1 place and circ'mstance B t)e 3-C did
not fi2 time.
3-C states 4 indi$id'als1 #)at if yo' report to some ot)er )i)4ranHin o$ernment official<
E2. -=- Director< K'de -imentel says any o$Ft official of t)e D"8J is >C.
'hether the conspirators are parents or children( and the ones who learn the conspiracy is a
parent or child( they are re+uired to report the same% T)e reason is t)at alt)o') .lood is t)icHer
t)an #ater so to speaH1 #)en it comes to sec'rity of t)e state1 .lood relations)ip is al#ays
s'.ser$ient to national sec'rity% Article ,- does not apply here &ecause the persons found lia&le
for this crime are not considered accessories. they are treated as principals%
Article !!.
Es/ionage (y entering0 without authority thereor0 warshi/0 ort0 or na%al or military
esta(lishments or reser%ation to o(tain any inormation0 /lans0 /hotogra/hs or other )ata o a
coni)ential nature relati%e to the )eense o the +hili//ines&
ELEMENTS#
a. 1. That the offender enters an! of the places mentioned therein
2
3 2. That he has no a$thorit! therefore2
b. That his p$rpose is to obtain information, plans, photographs or other data of a
confidential nat$re relative to the defense of the Philippines
9nder t)e first mode of committin espionae1 t)e offender m'st )a$e t)e intention to o.tain
information relati$e to t)e defense of t)e -0"8. "t is s'fficient t)at )e entered t)e pro)i.ited
premises. 0ere1 t)e offender is any pri$ate indi$id'al1 #)et)er an alien or a citiIen of t)e
-)ilippines1 or a p'.lic officer.
Es/ionage (y )isclosing to the re/resentati%e o a oreign nation the contents o the articles0
)ata0 or inormation reerre) to in /aragra/h ! o Article !!.0 which he ha) in his /ossession
(y reason o the /u(lic oice hol)s
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer
b. That he has in his possession the articles, data or information referred to in par 1 of
art 113, b! reason of the p$blic office he holds
c. That he discloses their contents to a representative of a foreign nation
P$rpose" to at)er data
9nder t)e second mode1 t)e offender m'st .e a p'.lic officer #)o )as in possession t)e articles1
data or information .y reason of t)e office )e )olds. TaHin ad$antae of )is official position1 )e
re$eals or discloses t)e information #)ic) are confidential and are rele$ant to t)e defense of t)e
-)ilippines.
)spionage" t)e offense of at)erin1 transmittin1 or losin information respectin t)e
national defense #it) t)e intent or reason to .elie$e t)at t)e information is to .e 'sed to t)e
in/'ry of t)e -)ilippines or t)e ad$antae of any forein nation. "t is not conditioned on
citiIens)ip.
=ot necessary t)at -)ilippines is at #ar #it) t)e co'ntry to #)ic) t)e information #as
re$ealed. 5)at is important is t)at t)e information related is connected #it) t)e defense
system of t)e -)ilippines.
5
'iretapping is NOT espionage if t)e p'rpose is not somet)in connected #it) t)e defense
Commonwealth Act No& ,!, 1 An Act to +unish Es/ionage an) Other Oenses against National
Security
Acts p$nished
1. 9nla#f'lly o.tainin or permittin to .e o.tained information affectin national defense;
2. 9nla#f'l disclosin of information affectin national defense;
3. Disloyal acts or #ords in times of peace;
4. Disloyal acts or #ords in times of #ar;
5. Conspiracy to $iolate precedin sections;
6. 0ar.orin or concealin $iolators of la#. and
!. -)otorap)in $ital military information
CRIMES AGAINST LA2S O- NATIONS
n crimes against the law of nations1 t)e offenders can .e prosec'ted any#)ere in t)e #orld
.eca'se t)ese crimes are considered as aainst )'manity in eneral1 liHe piracy and m'tiny%
Crimes against national security can &e tried only in the *hilippines( as t)ere is a need to .rin
t)e offender )ere .efore )e can .e made to s'ffer t)e conse@'ences of t)e la#% The acts against
national security may &e committed a&road and still &e punisha&le under our law( &ut it can not
&e tried under foreign law%
Article !!3
INCITING TO 2AR OR GI4ING MOTI4ES -OR RE+RISALS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender performs $nlawf$l or $na$thori'ed acts
b. That s$ch acts provo0e or give occasion for a war involving or liable to involve the
Philippines or e.pose ,ilipino citi'ens to reprisals on their persons or propert!
Crime is committed in time of peace1 intent is immaterial
nciting to war B offender is any person
#eprisals is not limited to military action1 it co'ld .e economic reprisals1 or denial of entry
into t)eir co'ntry.
Example. 7 .'rns C)inese fla. "f C)ina .ans t)e entry of +ilipinos into C)ina1 t)at is already
reprisal.
Article !!5
4IOLATION O- NEUTRALITY
ELEMENTS#
a. That there is war in which the Philippines is not involved
b. That there is a reg$lation iss$ed b! competent a$thorit! for the p$rpose of enforcing
ne$tralit!
c. That the offender violates s$ch reg$lation
Jo$Ft m'st )a$e declared t)e ne'trality of t)e -)il in a #ar .et#een 2 ot)er co'ntries
6
T)e re'lation m'st .e iss'ed .y a competent a't)ority liHe t)e -resident of t)e -)ilippines or
t)e C)ief of Ataff of t)e Armed +orces of t)e -)ilippines1 d'rin a #ar .et#een different co'ntries
in #)ic) t)e -)ilippines is not taHin sides.
"t is ne'trality of t)e -)il t)at is $iolated
Conress )as t)e ri)t to declare ne'trality
T)e $iolations can .e done eit)er .y means of dolo or .y means of culpa. Ao $iolation of ne'trality
can .e committed t)ro') recHless impr'dence.
Article !67
CORRES+ON'ENCE 2IT8 8OSTILE COUNTRY
ELEMENTS#
a. That it is in time of war in which the Philippines is involved
b. That the offender ma0es correspondence with an enem! co$ntr! or territor! occ$pied
b! enem! troops
c. That the correspondence is either
1. prohibited b! the government, or
2. carried on in ciphers or conventional signs, or
4. containing notice or information which might be $sef$l to the enem!
#irc$mstances 5$alif!ing the offense"
1 a. notice or information mi)t .e 'sef'l to t)e enemy
2
3 .. offender intended to aid t)e enemy
0ostile co'ntry e2ist only d'rin )ostilities or after t)e declaration of #ar
#orrespondence to enem! co$ntr! B correspondence to officials of enemy co'ntry B e$en if
related to yo'.
"t is not correspondence #it) pri$ate indi$id'al in enemy co'ntry
"f cip)ers #ere 'sed1 no need for pro)i.ition
"f cip)ers #ere not 'sed1 t)ere is a need for pro)i.ition
"n any case1 it m'st .e correspondence #it) t)e enemy co'ntry
DoesnFt matter if correspondence contains innocent matters B if pro)i.ited1 p'nis)a.le
Article !6!
-LIG8T TO ENEMY9S COUNTRY
ELEMENTS
a. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved
b. That the offender 1,ilipino or resident alien) m$st be owing allegiance to the
government
c. That the offender attempts to flee or go to enem! co$ntr!
d. That going to enem! co$ntr! is prohibited b! competent a$thorit!
Mere attempt cons'mmates t)e crime
7
T)ere m'st .e a pro)i.ition. "f none1 e$en if #ent to enemy co'ntry B no $iolation
Alien resident may .e 'ilty )ere.
Article !66
+IRACY
2 a!s of #ommitting Pirac!
a. ?y attacHin or seiIin a $essel on t)e )i) seas or in t)e -)ilippine #aters (-D 532)
.. ?y seiIin t)e #)ole or part of t)e caro of said $e)icles1 its e@'ipment or personal
.elonins of its complement or passeners
Elements#
a. That a vessel is on the high seas/Philippine waters
b. That the offenders are not members of its complement or passengers of the vessel
c. That the offenders
1. attac0 or sei'e that vessel or 1hence( if committed &y crew or passengers( the crime
is not piracy &ut ro&&ery in the high seas)
2. sei'e the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its e5$ipment or personal
belongings of its complement or passengers
6igh seas" any #aters on t)e sea coast #)ic) are #it)o't t)e .o'ndaries of t)e lo# #ater
marH alt)o') s'c) #aters may .e in t)e /'risdictional limits of a forein o$Ft
Pirac! in high seas B /'risdiction is #it) any co'rt #)ere offenders are fo'nd or arrested
Pirac! in internal waters B /'risdiction is only #it) -)ilippine co'rts
+or p'rpose of Anti4+encin 8a#1 piracy is part of ro..ery and t)eft
+iracy Mutiny
3o..ery or forci.le deradation on t)e
)i) seas1 #it)o't la#f'l a't)ority and
done #it) animo l'crandi and in t)e
spirit and intention of 'ni$ersal
)ostility.
9nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer1 or
t)e raisin of commotion and dist'r.ances
on .oard a s)ip aainst t)e a't)ority of its
commander
"ntent to ain is an element. =o criminal intent
AttacH from o'tside. >ffenders are
straners to t)e $essel.
AttacH from t)e inside.
'nder t)e amended article( piracy can only &e committed &y a person who is not a passenger
nor mem&er of the complement of the vessel irrespective of venue. +o if a passenger or
complement of the vessel commits acts of robber! in the high seas1 the crime is ro&&ery(
not piracy%
"f in t)e -)il. #aters still piracy
0o#e$er1 despite t)e amendment1 -.D. =o. 532 may still apply #)ere t)e offender is not straner
to t)e $essel since it pro$ides6 /Any attac0 upon or sei)e of any vessel( or the ta0ing away of the
whole of part thereof or its cargo( e+uipment or the personal &elongings of its complement or
passengers( irrespective of the value hereof( &y means of violence against or intimidation of
persons or force upon things( committed &y any person( including a passenger or mem&er of the
complement of said vessel( in Philippine waters ( shall &e considered as piracy% The offenders
shall &e considered as pirates and punished as hereinafter provided%1 After all1 'nder t)e 3e$ised
-enal Code1 for one to .e called a pirate1 t)e offender m'st .e a straner to t)e $essel.
8
5)ile t)e Article 122 limits t)e offenders to non4passeners or non4mem.ers of t)e cre#1 -.D.
532 states t)at t)e attacH 'pon or seiI're of any $essel1 or taHin a#ay t)e #)ole or part
t)ereof or its caro1 e@'ipment or personal .elonins of its complement or passeners
committed .y any person incl'din a passener or mem.er of t)e complement of said $essel
s)all .e considered -iracy.
=ote1 )o#e$er1 t)at in Aection 4 of -residential Decree =o. 532( the act of aiding pirates or
a&etting piracy is penali)ed as a crime distinct from piracy% Said section penali)es any person
who 0nowingly and in any manner aids or protects pirates( such as giving them information a&out
the movement of the police or other peace officers of the government( or ac+uires or receives
property ta0en &y such pirates( or in any manner derives any &enefit therefrom. or who directly
or indirectly a&ets the commission of piracy% Also( it is expressly provided in the same section
that the offender shall &e considered as an accomplice of the principal offenders and punished in
accordance with the #evised *enal Code% T)is pro$ision of -residential Decree =o. 532 #it)
respect to piracy in -)ilippine #ater )as not .een incorporated in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. =eit)er
may it .e considered repealed .y 3ep'.lic Act =o. !65( since t)ere is not)in in t)e amendatory
la# is inconsistent #it) said section. Apparently( there is still the crime of a&etting piracy in
*hilippine waters under *residential 2ecree No% 34,%
Considering that the essence of piracy is one of ro&&ery1 any taHin in a $essel #it) force 'pon
t)ins or #it) $iolence or intimidation aainst person is employed #ill al#ays .e piracy% t cannot
co5exist with the crime of ro&&ery. 3o..ery1 t)erefore1 cannot .e committed on .oard a $essel%
But if the ta0ing is without violence or intimidation on persons or force upon things( the crime of
piracy cannot &e committed( &ut only theft%
Elements o mutiny
1) The vessel is on the high seas or Philippine waters2
2) &ffenders are either members of its complement, or passengers of the vessel2
4) &ffenders either
a. attac0 or sei'e the vessel2 or
b. sei'e the whole or part of the cargo, its e5$ipment, or personal belongings of
the crew or passengers.
*$tin! is t)e 'nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer1 or t)e raisin of commotions and
dist'r.ances a.oard a s)ip aainst t)e a't)ority of its commander.
Article !6:
;UALI-IE' +IRACY

;UALI-YING CIRCUMSTANCES#
a. henever the! have sei'ed a vessel b! boarding or firing $pon the same
b. henever the pirates have abandoned their victims witho$t means of saving
themselves
c. henever the crime is accompanied b! m$rder, homicide, ph!sical in7$ries, or rape.
1the above ma! res$lt to 5$alified m$tin!)

$urder( rape( homicide( physical in6uries are mere circumstances +ualifying piracy and cannot
&e punished as separate crimes( nor can they &e complexed with piracy%
-arricideLinfanticide s)o'ld .e incl'ded (K'de -imentel)
M'rderLrapeL)omicideLp)ysical in/'ries m'st )a$e .een committed on t)e passeners or
complement
"n piracy1 #)ere rape1 m'rder or )omicide is committed1 t)e mandatory penalty of deat) is
imposa.le. T)is means t)at e$en if t)e acc'sed enters a plea of 'ilty1 t)e penalty of deat) #ill
9
still .e imposed .eca'se deat) is a sinle and indispensa.le penalty. <People vs. -odrig$e', 148
+#-A 9:8=
T)e penalty for @'alified piracy is recl'sion perpet'a to deat). "f any of t)e circ'mstances
en'merated 'nder t)e la# is pro$en or esta.lis)ed1 t)e mandatory penalty of deat) s)o'ld .e
imposed. T)e presence of mitiatin or ara$atin circ'mstances #ill .e inored .y t)e co'rt.
Although in Article 7,4 merely refers to +ualified piracy( there is also the crime of +ualified
mutiny% $utiny is +ualified under the following circumstances:
879 'hen the offenders a&andoned the victims without means of saving themselves. or
8,9 'hen the mutiny is accompanied &y rape( murder( homicide( or physical in6uries%
Note that the first circumstance which +ualifies piracy does not apply to mutiny%
Re/u(lic Act No& ,6:* <The Anti 8i>?ac@ing Law=
Anti )i4/acHin is anot)er Hind of piracy #)ic) is committed in an aircraft. "n ot)er co'ntries1 t)is
crime is Hno#n as aircraft piracy%
,o$r sit$ations governed b! anti hi;7ac0ing law"
879 usurping or sei)ing control of an aircraft of *hilippine registry while it is in flight(
compelling the pilots thereof to change the course or destination of the aircraft.
8,9 usurping or sei)ing control of an aircraft of foreign registry while within *hilippine
territory( compelling the pilots thereof to land in any part of *hilippine territory.
849 carrying or loading on &oard an aircraft operating as a pu&lic utility passenger aircraft in
the *hilippines( any flamma&le( corrosive( explosive( or poisonous su&stance. and
8:9 loading( shipping( or transporting on &oard a cargo aircraft operating as a pu&lic utility in
the *hilippines( any flamma&le( corrosive( explosive( or poisonous su&stance if this was
done not in accordance with the rules and regulations set and promulgated &y the Air
Transportation Office on this matter%
?et#een n'm.ers 1 and 21 t)e point of distinction is #)et)er t)e aircraft is of -)ilippine reistry
or forein reistry. T)e common .ar @'estion on t)is la# 's'ally in$ol$es n'm.er 1. The
important thing is that &efore the anti hi56ac0ing law can apply( the aircraft must &e in flight% f
not in flight( whatever crimes committed shall &e governed &y the #evised *enal Code. T)e la#
maHes a distinction .et#een aircraft of a forein reistry and of -)ilippine reistry& (f the
aircraft s$b7ect of the hi;7ac0 is of Philippine registr!( it should &e in flight at the time of the
hi56ac0ing% Otherwise( the anti hi56ac0ing law will not apply and the crime is still punished under
the #evised *enal Code% T)e correlati$e crime may .e one of ra$e coercion or ra$e t)reat. "f
some.ody is Hilled1 t)e crime is )omicide or m'rder1 as t)e case may .e. "f t)ere are some
e2plosi$es carried t)ere1 t)e crime is destr'cti$e arson. E2plosi$es are .y nat're pyro4
tec)ni@'es. Destr'ction of property #it) t)e 'se of pyro4tec)ni@'e is destr'cti$e arson. "f t)ere
is illeally possessed or carried firearm1 ot)er special la#s #ill apply.
>n t)e ot)er )and, if the aircraft is of foreign registr!( the law does not re+uire that it &e in
flight &efore the anti hi56ac0ing law can apply% This is &ecause aircrafts of foreign registry are
considered in transit while they are in foreign countries. Alt)o') t)ey may )a$e .een in a
forein co'ntry1 tec)nically t)ey are still in fli)t1 .eca'se t)ey )a$e to mo$e o't of t)at forein
co'ntry. Ao e$en if any of t)e acts mentioned #ere committed #)ile t)e e2terior doors of t)e
forein aircraft #ere still open1 t)e anti )i4/acHin la# #ill already o$ern.
=ote t)at 'nder t)is la#( an aircraft is considered in flight from the moment all exterior doors
are closed following em&ar0ation until such time when the same doors are again opened for
disem&ar0ation% This means that there are passengers that &oarded% Ao if t)e doors are closed to
10
.rin t)e aircraft to t)e )anar1 t)e aircraft is not considered as in fli)t. T)e aircraft s)all .e
deemed to .e already in fli)t e$en if its enine )as not yet .een started.
;uestions A Answers
1. T)e pilots of t)e -an Am aircraft #ere accosted .y some armed men and #ere told
to proceed to t)e aircraft to fly it to a forein destination. T)e armed men #alHed #it) t)e pilots
and #ent on .oard t)e aircraft. ?'t .efore t)ey co'ld do anyt)in on t)e aircraft1 alert mars)als
arrested t)em. 5)at crime #as committed<
The criminal intent definitely is to ta0e control of the aircraft( which is hi56ac0ing% t is a
+uestion now of whether the anti5hi56ac0ing law shall govern%
The anti hi56ac0ing law is applica&le in this case% Even if the aircraft is not yet a&out to
fly( the re+uirement that it &e in flight does not hold true when in comes to aircraft of foreign
registry% Even if the pro&lem does not say that all exterior doors are closed( the crime is hi5
6ac0ing% Since the aircraft is of foreign registry( under the law( simply usurping or sei)ing control
is enough as long as the aircraft is within *hilippine territory( without the re+uirement that it &e
in flight%
Note( however( that there is no hi56ac0ing in the attempted stage% This is a special law
where the attempted stage is not punisha&le%
2. A -)ilippine Air 8ines aircraft is .o'nd for Da$ao. 5)ile t)e pilot and co4pilot are
taHin t)eir snacHs at t)e airport lo'ne1 some of t)e armed men #ere also t)ere. T)e pilots
#ere follo#ed .y t)ese men on t)eir #ay to t)e aircraft. As soon as t)e pilots entered t)e
cocHpit1 t)ey p'lled o't t)eir firearms and a$e instr'ctions #)ere to fly t)e aircraft. Does t)e
anti )i4/acHin la# apply<
No% The passengers have yet to &oard the aircraft% f at that time( the offenders are
apprehended( the law will not apply &ecause the aircraft is not yet in flight% Note that the
aircraft is of *hilippine registry%
3. 5)ile t)e ste#ardess of a -)ilippine Air 8ines plane .o'nd for Ce.' #as #aitin for
t)e passener manifest1 t#o of its passeners seated near t)e pilot s'rreptitio'sly entered t)e
pilot cocHpit. At 'npoint1 t)ey directed t)e pilot to fly t)e aircraft to t)e Middle East. 0o#e$er1
.efore t)e pilot co'ld fly t)e aircraft to#ards t)e Middle East1 t)e offenders #ere s'.d'ed and
t)e aircraft landed. 5)at crime #as committed<
The aircraft was not yet in flight% Considering that the stewardess was still waiting for
the passenger manifest( the doors were still open% ;ence( the anti hi56ac0ing law is not
applica&le% nstead( the #evised *enal Code shall govern% The crime committed was grave
coercion or grave threat( depending upon whether or not any serious offense violence was
inflicted upon the pilot%

;owever( if the aircraft were of foreign registry( the act would already &e su&6ect to the
anti hi56ac0ing law &ecause there is no re+uirement for foreign aircraft to &e in flight &efore
such law would apply% The reason for the distinction is that as long as such aircraft has not
returned to its home &ase( technically( it is still considered in transit or in flight%
As to n'm.ers 3 and 4 of 3ep'.lic Act =o. 62351 t)e distinction is #)et)er t)e aircraft is a
passener aircraft or a caro aircraft. n &oth cases( however( the law applies onl! to p$blic
$tilit! aircraft in the Philippines% *rivate aircrafts are not su&6ect to the anti hi56ac0ing law( in
so far as transporting prohi&ited su&stances are concerned%
f the aircraft is a passenger aircraft( the prohi&ition is a&solute. Carryin of any pro)i.ited1
flamma.le1 corrosi$e1 or e2plosi$e s'.stance is a crime 'nder 3ep'.lic Act =o. 6235% But if the
aircraft is only a cargo aircraft( t)e la# is $iolated only #)en t)e transportin of t)e pro)i.ited
s'.stance #as not done in accordance #it) t)e r'les and re'lations prescri.ed .y t)e Air
Transportation >ffice in t)e matter of s)ipment of s'c) t)ins. T)e ?oard of Transportation
pro$ides t)e manner of pacHin of s'c) Hind of articles1 t)e @'antity in #)ic) t)ey may .e loaded
at any time1 etc. >t)er#ise1 t)e anti )i4/acHin la# does not apply.
11
0o#e$er1 'nder Aection !1 any physical in6ury or damage to property which would result from the
carrying or loading of the flamma&le( corrosive( explosive( or poisonous su&stance in an aircraft(
the offender shall &e prosecuted not only for violation of #epu&lic Act No% <,43( &ut also for the
crime of physical in6uries or damage to property( as the case may &e( under the #evised *enal
Code% There will &e two prosecutions here% >t)er t)an t)is sit'ation1 t)e crime of p)ysical
in/'ries #ill .e a.sor.ed. "f t)e e2plosi$es #ere planted in t)e aircraft to .lo# 'p t)e aircraft1
t)e circ'mstance #ill @'alify t)e penalty and t)at is not p'nis)a.le as a separate crime for
m'rder. T)e penalty is increased 'nder t)e anti )i4/acHin la#.
All other acts outside of the four are merely +ualifying circumstances and would &ring a&out
higher penalty% Such acts would not constitute another crime. Ao t)e Hillin or e2plosion #ill
only @'alify t)e penalty to a )i)er one.
;uestions A Answers
1. "n t)e co'rse of t)e )i4/acH1 a passener or complement #as s)ot and Hilled. 5)at
crime or crimes #ere committed<
The crime remains to &e a violation of the anti hi56ac0ing law( &ut the penalty thereof
shall &e higher &ecause a passenger or complement of the aircraft had &een 0illed% The crime
of homicide or murder is not committed%
2. T)e )i4/acHers t)reatened to detonate a .om. in t)e co'rse of t)e )i4/acH. 5)at
crime or crimes #ere committed<
Again( the crime is violation of the anti hi56ac0ing law% The separate crime of grave
threat is not committed% This is considered as a +ualifying circumstance that shall serve to
increase the penalty%
12
TITLE T2O
CRIMES AGAINST T8E -UN'AMENTAL LA2S O- T8E STATE
Crimes against the un)amental laws o the State
1. Ar.itrary detention (Art. 124);
2. Delay in t)e deli$ery of detained persons to t)e proper /'dicial a't)orities (Art. 125);
3. Delayin release (Art. 126);
4. E2p'lsion (Art. 12!);
5. &iolation of domicile (Art. 12%);
6. Aearc) #arrants malicio'sly o.tained and a.'se in t)e ser$ice of t)ose leally o.tained
(Art. 12();
!. Aearc)in domicile #it)o't #itnesses (Art. 13*);
%. -ro)i.ition1 interr'ption1 and dissol'tion of peacef'l meetins (Art. 131);
(. "nterr'ption of reliio's #ors)ip (Art. 132); and
1*. >ffendin t)e reliio's feelins (Art. 133);
!nder this title( the offenders are pu&lic officers( except as to the last crime = offending the
religious feelings under Article 744( which refers to any person% The pu&lic officers who may &e
held lia&le are only those acting under supposed exercise of official functions( al&eit illegally%
But private persons may also &e lia&le under this title as when a private person conspires with a
pu&lic officer% 'hat is re+uired is that the principal offender must &e a pu&lic officer% Thus( if a
private person conspires with a pu&lic officer( or &ecomes an accessory or accomplice( the
private person also &ecomes lia&le for the same crime% But a private person acting alone cannot
commit the crimes under Article 7,: to 74, of this title%
Classes o Ar(itrary 'etention#
a. ?y detainin a person #it)o't leal ro'nd
.. Delay in t)e deli$ery of detained persons to t)e proper /'dicial a't)orities
c. Delayin release

Article !6"
ARBITRARY 'ETENTION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee 8whose official duties include the
authority to ma0e an arrest and detain persons. 6urisdiction to maintain peace and
order9%
b. That he detains a person 8actual restraint9%
c. That the detention was witho$t legal gro$nds 8cannot &e committed if with warrant9%
'etention# #)en a person is placed in confinement or t)ere is a restraint on )is person.
13
>nly t)ose p'.lic officers #)ose official d'ties carry #it) it t)e a't)ority to maHe an arrest and
detain persons can .e 'ilty of t)is crime% So( if the offender does not possess such authority(
the crime committed &y him is illegal detention%
T)o') t)e elements specify t)at t)e offender .e a p'.lic officer or employee1 pri$ate
indi$id'als #)o conspire #it) p'.lic officers can also .e lia.le.
"n a case decided .y t)e A'preme Co'rt a Barangay Chairman #)o 'nla#f'lly detains anot)er #as
)eld to .e 'ilty of t)e crime of ar.itrary detention. T)is is .eca'se )e is a person in a't)ority
$ested #it) t)e /'risdiction to maintain peace and order #it)in )is .aranay. "n t)e maintenance
of s'c) peace and order1 )e may ca'se t)e arrest and detention of tro'.lemaHers or t)ose #)o
dist'r. t)e peace and order #it)in )is .aranay. ?'t if t)e leal .asis for t)e appre)ension and
detention does not e2ist1 t)en t)e detention .ecomes ar.itrary.
Legal gro$nds for the detention of an! person"
a. commission of a crime
.. $iolent insanity or ot)er ailment re@'irin comp'lsory confinement of t)e patient in a
)ospital
c. escaped prisoner
5)en t)e peace officers acted in ood fait) e$en if t)e t)ree (3) ro'nds mentioned a.o$e
are not o.tainin1 t)ere is no Ar.itrary Detention.
itho$t legal gro$nds"
a. )e )as not committed any crime or no reasona.le ro'nd of s'spicion t)at )e )as
committed a crime
.. not s'fferin from $iolent insanity or any ot)er ailment re@'irin comp'lsory confinement
in a )ospital
Gro$nds for warrantless arrest"
a. Crime is a.o't to .e1 is .ein1 )as .een committed in )is presence
.. >fficer m'st )a$e pro.a.le ca'se to .elie$e .ased on personal Hno#lede of facts and
circ'mstances t)at t)e person pro.a.ly committed t)e crime
>or escaped prisoner B no need for #arrant
Example: : #as Hilled .y 'nHno#n assailant. >fficers ot a tip and arrested 7. 7 $ol'ntarily
admitted to t)e officers t)at )e did it alt)o') )e #as not asHed. 7 #as detained immediately.
Accordin to t)e AC1 t)ere #as => ar.itrary detention. 5)y< ?eca'se once 7 made a
confession1 t)e officers )ad a ri)t to arrest )im.
Ar.itrary detention can .e committed t)r' simple impr'dence or nelience. 1People vs. *isa)
+erio)s o 'etention /enaliCe)#
1. Detention not e2ceedin t)ree days;
2. Detention for more t)an t)ree days .'t not more t)an 15 days;
3. Detention for more t)an 15 days .'t not more t)an 6 mont)s; and
4. Detention for more t)an 6 mont)s.
Continuing crime is different from a continuous crime
-amos v. )nrile# 3e.els later on retire. Accordin to t)e AC1 once yo' )a$e committed
re.ellion and )a$e not .een p'nis)ed or amnestied1 t)en t)e re.els contin'e to enae in
re.ellion1 'nless t)e re.els reno'nce )is affiliation. Arrest can .e made #it)o't a #arrant
.eca'se t)is is a contin'in crime.
'istinction (etween ar(itrary )etention an) illegal )etention
14
!& In ar(itrary )etention >>
The principal offender must &e a pu&lic officer% Civilians cannot commit the crime of
ar&itrary detention except when they conspire with a pu&lic officer committing this
crime( or &ecome an accomplice or accessory to the crime committed &y the pu&lic
officer. and
The offender who is a pu&lic officer has a duty which carries with it the authority to
detain a person%
6& In illegal )etention >>
The principal offender is a private person% But a pu&lic officer can commit the crime of
illegal detention when he is acting in a private capacity or &eyond the scope of his official
duty( or when he &ecomes an accomplice or accessory to the crime committed &y a private
person%
The offender( even if he is a pu&lic officer( does not include as his function the power to
arrest and detain a person( unless he conspires with a pu&lic officer committing ar&itrary
detention%
'hether the crime is ar&itrary detention or illegal detention( it is necessary that there must &e
an actual restraint of li&erty of the offended party% f there is no actual restraint( as the
offended party may still go to the place where he wants to go( even though there have &een
warnings( the crime of ar&itrary detention or illegal detention is not committed% There is either
grave or light threat%
;owever( if the victim is under guard in his movement such that there is still restraint of li&erty(
then the crime of either ar&itrary or illegal detention is still committed%
'istinction (etween ar(itrary )etention an) unlawul arrest
879 As to offender
n ar&itrary detention( t)e offender is a p'.lic officer possessed #it) a't)ority to maHe
arrests.
n unlawful arrest1 t)e offender may .e any person%
8,9 As to criminal intent
n ar&itrary detention1 t)e main reason for detainin t)e offended party is to deny )im of
)is li.erty.
n unlawful arrest1 t)e p'rpose is 1) to acc'se t)e offended party of a crime )e did not
commit; 2) to deli$er t)e person to t)e proper a't)ority; and 3) to file t)e necessary
c)ares in a #ay tryin to incriminate )im.
'hen a person is unlawfully arrested( his su&se+uent detention is without legal grounds%
Article !6*
'ELAY IN T8E 'ELI4ERY O- 'ETAINE' +ERSONS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
b. That he has detained a person for some legal gro$nds
c. That he fails to deliver s$ch person to the proper 7$dicial a$thorit! within"
1. 12 ho$rs1 if detained for crimesLoffenses p'nis)a.le .y light penalties1 or t)eir
e@'i$alent
2. 1: ho$rs1 for crimesLoffenses p'nis)a.le .y correctional penalties1 or t)eir
e@'i$alent or
3. 4< ho$rs1 for crimesLoffenses p'nis)a.le .y capital p$nishment or afflictive
penalties1 or t)eir e@'i$alent
15
Article 125 co$ers sit'ations #)erein t)e person detained )as .een arrested #it)o't a #arrant .'t
)is arrest is nonet)eless la#f'l. "t is a felony committed .y omission .eca'se of t)e fail're of t)e
offender to deli$er t)e detained person to t)e proper /'dicial a't)ority #it)in 12 )o'rs1 1% )o'rs
and 36 )o'rs as t)e case may .e.
At t)e .einnin1 t)e detention is leal since it is in t)e p'rs'ance of a la#f'l arrest. 0o#e$er1
t)e detention .ecomes ar.itrary #)en t)e period t)ereof e2ceeds 121 1% or 36 )o'rs1 as t)e case
may .e1 dependin on #)et)er t)e crime is p'nis)ed .y li)t1 correctional or afflicti$e penalty or
t)eir e@'i$alent.
3eally means delay in filin necessary information or c)arin of person detained in co'rt.
$ay &e waived if a preliminary investigation is as0ed for%
9nder t)e 3e$ised 3'les of Co'rt1 #)en t)e person arrested is arrested for a crime #)ic) i$es
)im t)e ri)t to preliminary in$estiation and )e #ants to a$ail )is ri)t to a preliminary
in$estiation1 )e #o'ld )a$e to #ai$e in #ritin )is ri)ts 'nder Article 125 so t)at t)e arrestin
officer #ill not immediately file t)e case #it) t)e co'rt t)at #ill e2ercise /'risdiction o$er t)e
case. "f )e does not #ant to #ai$e t)is in #ritin1 t)e arrestin officer #ill )a$e to comply #it)
Article 125 and file t)e case immediately in co'rt #it)o't preliminary in$estiation. "n s'c) case1
t)e arrested person1 #it)in fi$e days after learnin t)at t)e case )as .een filed in co'rt #it)o't
preliminary in$estiation1 may asH for preliminary in$estiation. "n t)is case1 t)e p'.lic officer
#)o made t)e arrest #ill no loner .e lia.le for $iolation of Article 125.
Does not contemplate act'al p)ysical deli$ery .'t at least t)ere m'st .e a complaint filed.
D'ty complied #it) 'pon t)e filin of t)e complaint #it) t)e /'dicial a't)ority (co'rts1
prosec'tors B t)o') tec)nically not a /'dicial a't)ority1 for p'rposes of t)is article1 )eFs
considered as one.)
Deli$ery of detained person consists in maHin c)are of filin a compliant aainst t)e prisoner
#it) t)e proper /'dicial a't)ority. "t does not in$ol$e t)e p)ysical deli$ery of t)e prisoner .efore
t)e /'de 1+a!o vs. #hief of Police).
T)e filin of t)e information in co'rt does not c're illeality of detention. =eit)er does it
affect t)e leality of t)e confinement 'nder process iss'ed .y t)e co'rt.
To escape from t)is1 officers 's'ally asH acc'sed to e2ec'te a #ai$er #)ic) s)o'ld .e 'nder
oat) and #it) assistance of co'nsel. A'c) #ai$er is not $iolati$e of t)e acc'sed constit'tional
ri)t.
hat is length of waiver< ?ight offense B 5 days. Serious and less serious offenses B ! to 1*
days. (K'de -imentel)
Article does not apply #)en arrest is $ia a #arrant of arrest
;& 5it)in #)at period s)o'ld a police officer #)o )as arrested a person 'nder a #arrant
of arrest t'rn o$er t)e arrested person to t)e /'dicial a't)ority<
A. There is no time limit specified except that the return must &e made within a
reasona&le time% The period fixed &y law under Article 7,3 does not apply &ecause the arrest
was made &y virtue of a warrant of arrest%
"f offender is a private person1 crime is illeal detention
?efore Article 125 may .e applied1 it is necessary t)at initially1 t)e detention of t)e arrested
person m'st .e la#f'l .eca'se t)e arrest is .ased on leal ro'nds. "f t)e arrest is made
#it)o't a #arrant1 t)is constit'tes an 'nla#f'l arrest. Article 26(('nla#f'l arrest)1 not Article
1251 #ill apply. "f t)e arrest is not .ased on leal ro'nds1 t)e arrest is p're and simple
ar.itrary detention. Article 125 contemplates a sit'ation #)ere t)e arrest #as made #it)o't
#arrant .'t .ased on leal ro'nds. T)is is Hno#n as citiIenFs arrest.
A police officer )as no a't)ority to arrest and detain a person on t)e .asis merely of t)e
complaint of t)e offended party1 e$en if after in$estiation )e .ecomes con$inced t)at t)e
acc'sed is 'ilty of t)e offense c)ared. 5)at t)e complainant may do is to file a complaint
#it) t)e co'rt and asH for t)e iss'ance of a #arrant of arrest.
16
Ar(itrary 'etention <!6"= 'elay in 'eli%ery o 'etaine) <!6*=
Detention is illeal from t)e .einnin. Detention is leal in t)e .einnin1 .'t
illeality starts from t)e e2piration of t)e
specified periods #it)o't t)e persons
detained )a$in .een deli$ered to t)e proper
/'dicial a't)ority.
Article !6,
'ELAYING RELEASE
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
b. That there is a 7$dicial or e.ec$tive order for the release of a prisoner or detention
prisoner, or that there is a proceeding $pon a petition for the liberation of s$ch
person
c. That the offender witho$t good reason dela!s"
1. the service of the notice of s$ch order to the prisoner, or
2. the performance of s$ch 7$dicial or e.ec$tive order for the release of the
prisoner, or
4. the proceedings $pon a petition for the release of s$ch person
Three acts are /unisha(le#
a. delayin t)e performance of a /'dicial or e2ec'ti$e order for t)e release of a prisoner
.. delayin t)e ser$ice of notice of s'c) order to said prisoner
c. delayin t)e proceedins 'pon any petition for t)e li.eration of s'c) person
'ardens and 6ailers are t)e persons most liHely to $iolate t)is pro$ision
-ro$ision does not incl'de leislation
Article !6.
ED+ULSION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
b. That he e.pels an! person from the Philippines, or compels a person to change his
residence
c. That the offender is not a$thori'ed to do so b! law
6 acts /unisha(le#
a. .y e2pellin a person from t)e -)ilippines
.. .y compellin a person to c)ane )is residence
T)e essence of t)is crime is coercion .'t t)e specific crime is Ee2p'lsionG #)en committed .y a
p'.lic officer. f committed &y a private person( the crime is grave coercion%
"n t)e -)ilippines1 only t)e -resident of t)e 3ep'.lic )as t)e po#er to deport aliens #)ose
contin'ed stay in t)e co'ntry constit'tes a menace to t)e peace and safety of t)e comm'nity.
"n t)e case of +ilipino citiIens1 only t)e co'rt1 .y final /'dment1 can order a person to c)ane )is
residence.
17
"n 4illa%icencio %& Lu@(an0 :5 +hil ..31 t)e mayor of t)e City of Manila #anted to maHe t)e city
free from prostit'tion. 0e ordered certain prostit'tes to .e transferred to Da$ao1 #it)o't
o.ser$in d'e processes since t)ey )a$e not .een c)ared #it) any crime at all. "t #as )eld t)at
t)e crime committed #as e2p'lsion.
Does not incl'de 'ndesira.le aliens; destierro; or #)en sent to prison
;uestions A Answers
1. Certain aliens #ere arrested and t)ey #ere /'st p't on t)e first aircraft #)ic)
.ro')t t)em to t)e co'ntry so t)at t)ey may .e o't without due process of law. 5as t)ere a
crime committed<
@es% Expulsion%
2. "f a +ilipino citiIen is sent o't of t)e co'ntry1 #)at crime is committed<
"rave coercion( not expulsion( &ecause a >ilipino cannot &e deported% This crime refers
only to aliens%
"f 7 (+ilipino) after )e $ol'ntarily left1 is ref'sed re4entry B is considered forcin )im to c)ane
)is address )ere
T)reat to national sec'rity is not a ro'nd to e2pel or c)ane )is address.
Article !63
4IOLATION O- 'OMICILE
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
b. That he is not a$thori'ed b! 7$dicial order to enter the dwelling and/or to ma0e a
search therein for papers or other effects
c. That he commits an! of the following acts"
1. entering an! dwelling against the will of the owner thereof
2. searching papers or other effects fo$nd therein witho$t the previo$s consent of
s$ch owner
4. ref$sing to leave the premises, after having s$rreptitio$sl! entered said dwelling
and after having been re5$ired to leave the same
Aggravating #irc$mstance 8medium and maximum of penalty imposed9:
a. >ffense committed at ni)ttime
.. -apers or effects not constit'tin e$idence of a crime .e not ret'rned immediately
"n order to commit t)is crime1 t)e entry m'st .e aainst t)e #ill of t)e o#ner. "f t)e entry is only
#it)o't t)e consent of t)e o#ner1 t)e crime of $iolation of domicile is not committed.
T)e pro)i.ition may .e e2pressed or implied. "f t)e sins E2o not enterG and EStrangers 0eep outG
are posted in front of t)e )o'se or d#ellin1 t)en t)e pro)i.ition is e2press. "f t)e door is locHed1
or e$en if it is open .'t t)ese are .arriers to indicate t)e manifest intention of t)e o#ner to .ar
straners from enterin1 t)ere is implied pro)i.ition.
T)e primary o./ect of t)e la# is to preser$e t)e pri$acy of a.ode of t)e offended party. 0ence1 if
t)e pri$acy is already lost1 as #)en t)e offender )as .een allo#ed .y t)e o#ner to enter t)e
d#ellin toet)er #it) ot)er persons1 any s'.se@'ent c)ane of attit'de #ill not restore t)e
pri$acy #)ic) #as already lost. 5)en pri$acy is #ai$ed1 trespass to d#ellin or $iolation of
domicile cannot .e committed.
18
"f t)e offender #)o enters t)e d#ellin aainst t)e #ill of t)e o#ner t)ereof is a private
individual1 t)e crime committed is trespass to d#ellin (Art 2%*)
5)en a p'.lic officer searc)ed a person Eo'tside )is d#ellinG #it)o't a searc) #arrant and
s'c) person is not leally arrested for an offense1 t)e crime committed .y t)e p'.lic officer is
grave coercion1 if $iolence or intimidation is 'sed (Art 2%6)1 or un6ust vexation1 if t)ere is no
$iolence or intimidation (Art 2%!)
A p'.lic officer #it)o't a searc) #arrant cannot la#f'lly enter t)e d#ellin aainst t)e #ill of
t)e o#ner1 e$en if )e Hne# t)at someone in t)at d#ellin is )a$in 'nla#f'l possession of
opi'm
9nder 3'le 113(sec. 11) of t)e 3e$ised 3'les of Co'rt1 when a person to &e arrested enters a
premise and closes it thereafter( the pu&lic officer( after giving notice of an arrest( can &rea0
into the premise% 0e s)all not .e lia.le for $iolation of domicile.
: acts /unisha(le#
a. person enters dwelling w/o consent or against the will
n the plain view doctrine1 p'.lic officer s)o'ld .e leally entitled to .e in t)e place
#)ere t)e effects #ere fo'nd. "f )e entered t)e place illeally and )e sa# t)e effects1
doctrine inapplica.le; t)'s1 )e is lia.le for $iolation of domicile.
b. person enters and searches for papers and effects
-'.lic officer #)o enters #it) consent searc)es for paper and effects #it)o't t)e
consent of t)e o#ner. E$en if )e is #elcome in t)e d#ellin1 it does not mean )e )as
permission to searc).
c. person entered secretl! and ref$ses to leave after being as0ed to
T)e act p'nis)ed is not t)e entry .'t t)e refusal to leave. "f t)e offender 'pon .ein
directed to lea$e1 follo#ed and left1 t)ere is no crime of $iolation of domicile. Entry must
&e done surreptitiously; #it)o't t)is1 crime may .e 'n/'st $e2ation. But if entering was
done against the will of the occupant of the house1 meanin t)ere #as e2press or implied
pro)i.ition from enterin t)e same1 e$en if t)e occ'pant does not direct )im to lea$e1 t)e
crime of $iolation of domicile is already committed .eca'se it #o'ld fall in n'm.er 1.
=>eing a$thori'ed b! law? B means #it) searc) #arrant1 to sa$e )imself or do some t)ins
ood for )'manity
There are only three recogni)ed instances when search without a warrant is considered valid(
and( therefore( the sei)ure of any evidence done is also valid. >'tside of t)ese1 searc) #o'ld .e
in$alid and t)e o./ects seiIed #o'ld not .e admissi.le in e$idence.
879 Search made incidental to a valid arrest.

8,9 'here the search was made on a moving vehicle or vessel such that the exigency of he
situation prevents the searching officer from securing a search warrant.
849 'hen the article sei)ed is within plain view of the officer ma0ing the sei)ure without
ma0ing a search therefore%
-apers and effects need not .e part of a crime.
Article !65
SEARC8 2ARRANTS MALICIOUSLY OBTAINE'
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
b. That he proc$res a search warrant
c. That there is no 7$st ca$se
19
n order that a search warrant may &e issued1 it m'st .e .ased on pro.a.le ca'se in
connection #it) one offense1 to .e determined .y a /'de after e2amination 'nder oat) of t)e
complainant and t)e #itnesses )e may prod'ce1 and partic'larly descri.in t)e place to .e
searc)ed and t)e persons or t)ins to .e seiIed.
T)is means t)ere #as no pro.a.le ca'se determined in o.tainin t)e searc) #arrant.
Although void( the search warrant is entitled to respect &ecause of presumption of regularity.
>ne remedy is a motion to +uash the search warrant1 not ref'sal to a.ide .y it. T)e p'.lic
officer may also .e prosec'ted for per/'ry1 .eca'se for )im to s'cceed in o.tainin a searc)
#arrant #it)o't a pro.a.le ca'se1 )e m'st )a$e per/'red )imself or ind'ced someone to
commit per/'ry to con$ince t)e co'rt.
T)e true test of lac0 of 6ust cause is #)et)er t)e s#orn statement filed in s'pport of t)e
application for searc) #arrant )as .een done in s'c) a manner t)at per/'ry co'ld .e c)ared and
t)e affiant can .e )eld lia.le for maHin s'c) false statement. T)e oat) re@'ired refers to t)e
tr't) of t)e facts #it)in t)e personal Hno#lede of t)e applicant and )is #itnesses.
ABUSE IN T8E SER4ICE O- 2ARRANT OR EDCEE'ING AUT8ORITY OR USING UNNECESSARY
SE4ERITY IN EDECUTING A SEARC8 2ARRANT LEGALLY +ROCURE'
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
b. That he has legall! proc$red a search warrant
c. That he e.ceeds his a$thorit! or $ses $nnecessar! severit! in e.ec$ting the same
Aearc) #arrant is $alid for 1* days from its date
+earch warrant is an order in #ritin iss'ed in t)e name of t)e -eople1 sined .y t)e /'de
and directed to a p'.lic officer1 commandin )im to searc) for personal property descri.ed
t)erein and .rin it .efore t)e co'rt
No 6ust cause B #arrant is 'n/'stified
+earch B limited to #)at is descri.ed in t)e #arrant1 all details m'st .e #it) partic'larity
The officer exceeded his authority under the warrant B To ill'strate1 let 's say t)at t)ere #as a
p's)er in a condo 'nit. T)e -=- =arcotics Jro'p o.tained a searc) #arrant .'t t)e name of
person in t)e searc) #arrant did not tally #it) t)e address stated. E$ent'ally1 t)e person #it)
t)e same name #as fo'nd .'t in a different address. T)e occ'pant resisted .'t t)e p'.lic officer
insisted on t)e searc). Dr's #ere fo'nd and seiIed and occ'pant #as prosec'ted and con$icted
.y t)e trial co'rt. T)e A'preme Co'rt ac@'itted )im .eca'se t)e p'.lic officers are re@'ired to
follo# t)e searc) #arrant to t)e letter. T)ey )a$e no discretion on t)e matter. -lain $ie#
doctrine is inapplica.le since it pres'pposes t)at t)e officer #as leally entitled to .e in t)e place
#)ere t)e effects #)ere fo'nd. Aince t)e entry #as illeal1 plain $ie# doctrine does not apply.
$alicious warrant% E2ample. 7 #as a respondent of a searc) #arrant for illeal possession of
firearms. A ret'rn #as made. T)e 'n did not .elon to 7 and t)e #itness )ad no personal
Hno#lede t)at t)ere is a 'n in t)at place.
A&use examples:
a. 7 o#ner #as )andc'ffed #)ile searc) #as oin4on.
.. TanH #as 'sed to ram ate prior to anno'ncement t)at a searc) #ill .e made
T)e searc) #arrant is not a license to commit destr'ction.
c. -ersons #)o #ere not respondents #ere searc)ed
Article !:7
SEARC8ING 'OMICILE 2IT8OUT 2ITNESSES
20
ELEMENTS #
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
b. That he is armed with a search warrant legall! proc$red
c. That he searches the domicile, papers or other belongings of an! person
d. That the owner, or an! member of his famil!, or two witnesses residing in the same
localit! are not present
&rder of those who m$st witness the search"
a. 0omeo#ner
.. Mem.ers of t)e family of s'fficient ae and discretion
c. 3esponsi.le mem.ers of t)e comm'nity (canFt .e infl'enced .y t)e searc)in party)
Aalidity of the search warrant can &e +uestioned only in , courts6 1) #)ere iss'ed or 2) #)ere
t)e case is pendin. 8atter is preferred for o./ecti$e determination.
Article 13* )as no application to searc) and seiI're made on mo$in $e)icles .eca'se t)e
application of t)is la# is limited to d#ellin and personal properties s'c) as papers and effects
fo'nd t)erein.
T)ere are searc)es and seiI'res #)ic) are a't)oriIed .y la# and #)ic) can .e done #it)o't t)e
attendance of #itnesses. +or instance1 t)e Tariff and Customs Code a't)oriIes persons #it) police
a't)ority 'nder Aec. 22*31 to enter; pass t)ro') or searc) any land1 enclos're1 #are)o'se1 store
or .'ildin1 not .ein 'sed as a d#ellin )o'se; and to inspect1 searc) and e2amine any $essel or
aircraft1 and any tr'nH1 pacHae1 .o2 or en$elope1 or any person on .oard1 or to stop and searc)
and e2amine any $e)icle1 .east or person s'spected of )oldin or con$eyin any d'tia.le or
pro)i.ited article introd'ced into t)e -)ilippines contrary to la#.
Article !:!
+RO8IBITION0 INTERRU+TION0 AN' 'ISSOLUTION O- +EACE-UL MEETINGS
ELEMENTS#
a. &ffender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
b. 6e performs an! of the ff. acts"
1. prohibiting or interr$pting, witho$t legal gro$nd the holding of a peacef$l
meeting, or dissolving the same 8e%g% denial of permit in ar&itrary manner9.
2. hindering an! person from 7oining an! lawf$l association or from attending an! of
its meetings.
pro)i.itin or )inderin any person from addressin1 eit)er alone or toet)er #it) ot)ers1 any
petition to t)e a't)orities for t)e correction of a.'ses or redress of rie$ances
Two criteria to determine whether Article 141 wo$ld be violated"
879 2angerous tendency rule = applica.le in times of national 'nrest s'c) as to pre$ent co'p
dFetat.
8,9 Clear and present danger rule B applied in times of peace. Atricter r'le.
"f t)e offender is a private individual1 t)e crime is dist'r.ance of p'.lic order (Art 153)
Meetin m'st .e peacef'l and t)ere is no leal ro'nd for pro)i.itin1 dissol$in or
interr'ptin t)at meetin
21
"f in t)e co'rse of t)e assem.ly t)e participants commit illeal acts liHe oral defamation or
incitin to sedition1 a p'.lic officer or la# enforcer can stop or dissol$e t)e meetin% The
permit given is not a license to commit a crime%
Meetin is s'./ect to re'lation
f the permit is denied ar&itrarily( Article 747 is violated. "f t)e officer #o'ld not i$e t)e permit
'nless t)e meetin is )eld in a partic'lar place #)ic) )e dictates defeats t)e e2ercise of t)e ri)t
to peacea.ly assem.le1 Article 131 is $iolated.
>ffender m'st .e a straner1 not a participant1 in t)e peacef'l meetin; ot)er#ise1 itFs 'n/'st
$e2ation
"nterr'ptin and dissol$in a meetin of t)e m'nicipal co'ncil .y a p'.lic officer is a crime
aainst t)e leislati$e .ody1 not p'nis)a.le 'nder t)is article
T)e person talHin on a pro)i.ited s'./ect at a p'.lic meetin contrary to areement t)at no
speaHer s)o'ld to'c) on politics may .e stopped
?'t stoppin t)e speaHer #)o #as attacHin certain c)'rc)es in p'.lic meetin is a $iolation of
t)is article
-ro)i.ition m'st .e #it)o't la#f'l ca'se or #it)o't la#f'l a't)ority
T)ose )oldin peacef'l meetins m'st comply #it) local ordinances. E2ample6 >rdinance
re@'ires permits for meetins in p'.lic places. But if police stops a meeting in a private place
&ecause thereBs no permit( officer is lia.le for stoppin t)e meetin.
2istinctions &etween prohi&ition( interruption( or dissolution of peaceful meetings under Article
747( and tumults and other distur&ances( under Article 734

879 As to the /artici/ation o the /u(lic oicer

n Article 7471 t)e p'.lic officer is not a participant. As far as t)e at)erin is concerned1
t)e p'.lic officer is a t)ird party.
"f t)e p'.lic officer is a participant of t)e assem.ly and )e pro)i.its1 interr'pts1 or
dissol$es t)e same1 Article 734 is violated if the same is conducted in a pu&lic place%
8,9 As to the essence o the crime
n Article 747( t)e offender m'st .e a p'.lic officer and1 #it)o't any leal ro'nd1 )e
pro)i.its1 interr'pts1 or dissol$es a peacef'l meetin or assem.ly to pre$ent t)e offended
party from e2ercisin )is freedom of speec) and t)at of t)e assem.ly to petition a
rie$ance aainst t)e o$ernment.
n Article 734( t)e offender need not .e a p'.lic officer. T)e essence of t)e crime is t)at
of creatin a serio's dist'r.ance of any sort in a p'.lic office1 p'.lic .'ildin or e$en a
pri$ate place #)ere a p'.lic f'nction is .ein )eld%
Article !:6
INTERRU+TION O- RELIGIOUS 2ORS8I+
ELEMENTS#
a. That the officer is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
b. That religio$s ceremonies or manifestations of an! religion are abo$t to ta0e place or
are going on
c. That the offender prevents or dist$rbs the same
Circumstance $ualiying the oense# if committed with violence or threats
22
3eadin of ?i.le and t)en attacHin certain c)'rc)es in a p'.lic plaIa is not a ceremony or
manifestation of reliion1 .'t only a meetin of a reliio's sect. But if done in a private
home( itBs a religious service
-eligio$s orship" people in t)e act of performin reliio's rites for a reliio's ceremony; a
manifestation of reliion. E2. Mass1 .aptism1 marriae
71 a pri$ate person1 .o2ed a priest #)ile t)e priest #as i$in )omily and #)ile t)e latter #as
malinin a relati$e of 7. "s 7 lia.le< 7 may .e lia.le 'nder Art 133 .eca'se 7 is a pri$ate
person.
5)en priest is solemniIin marriae1 )e is a person in a't)ority1 alt)o') in ot)er cases1 )eFs
not.
Article !::
O--EN'ING RELIGIOUS -EELINGS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the acts complained of were performed
1. in a place devoted to religio$s worship, or 1for this element( no need of religious
ceremony( only the place is material)
2. d$ring the celebration of an! religio$s ceremon!
b. That the acts m$st be notorio$sl! offensive to the feelings of the faithf$l 1deli&erate
intent to hurt the feelings)
c. The offender is an! person
d. There is a deliberate intent to h$rt the feelings of the faithf$l, directed against
religio$s tenet
"f in a place de$oted to reliio's p'rpose1 t)ere is no need for an onoin reliio's ceremony
).ample of religio$s ceremon! (acts performed o'tside t)e c)'rc)). -rocessions and special
prayers for .'ryin dead persons .'t =>T prayer rallies
Acts m'st .e directed aainst reliio's practice or doma or rit'al for t)e p'rpose of ridic'le1
as mocHin or scoffin or attemptin to damae an o./ect of reliio's $eneration
T)ere m'st .e deli.erate intent to )'rt t)e feelins of t)e fait)f'l1 mere arroance or
r'deness is not eno')
"n determinin #)et)er an act is offensi$e to t)e feelins of t)e fait)f'l1 t)e same m'st .e
$ie#ed or /'ded from t)e standpoint of t)e offended reliion and not from t)e point of $ie# of
t)e offender 1People vs. >aes, <: Phil. 2@4).
CRIME Nature o Crime 2ho are Lia(le I Element Missing
Prohibition,
(nterr$ption
and Aissol$tion
of Peacef$l
*eeting 1141)
Crime aainst t)e
f'ndamental la# of
t)e state
-'.lic officers1
>'tsiders
"f not .y p'.lic officer M
t'm'lts
(nterr$ption of
-eligio$s
orship 1142)
Crime aainst t)e
f'ndamental la# of
t)e state
-'.lic officers1
>'tsiders
"f .y insider M 'n/'st
$e2ation
"f not reliio's M t'm'lt
or alarms
"f not notorio'sly
offensi$e M 'n/'st
$e2ation
&ffending the
-eligio$s
Crime aainst
p'.lic order
-'.lic officers1
pri$ate
"f not t'm'lts M alarms
and scandal
23
,eeling 1144) persons1
o'tsiders
"f meetin illeal at onset
M incitin to sedition or
re.ellion
TITLE T8REE
CRIMES AGAINST +UBLIC OR'ER
Crimes against /u(lic or)er
1. 3e.ellion or ins'rrection (Art. 134);
Co'p dF etat (Art. 1344A)
2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit re.ellion (Art. 136);
3. Disloyalty to p'.lic officers or employees (Art. 13!);
4. "ncitin to re.ellion (Art. 13%);
5. Aedition (Art. 13();
6. Conspiracy to commit sedition (Art. 141);
!. "ncitin to sedition (Art. 142);
%. Acts tendin to pre$ent t)e meetin of Conress and similar .odies (Art. 143);
(. Dist'r.ance of proceedins of Conress or similar .odies (Art. 144);
1*. &iolation of parliamentary imm'nity (Art. 145);
11. "lleal assem.lies (Art. 146);
12. "lleal associations (Art. 14!);
13. Direct assa'lts (Art. 14%);
14. "ndirect assa'lts (Art. 14();
15. Diso.edience to s'mmons iss'ed .y Conress1 its committees1 etc.1 .y t)e constit'tional
commissions1 its committees1 etc. (Art. 15*);
16. 3esistance and diso.edience to a person in a't)ority or t)e aents of s'c) person (Art.
151);
1!. T'm'lts and ot)er dist'r.ances of p'.lic order (Art. 153);
1%. 9nla#f'l 'se of means of p'.lication and 'nla#f'l 'tterances (Art. 154);
1(. Alarms and scandals (Art. 155);
2*. Deli$erin prisoners from /ails (Art. 156);
21. E$asion of ser$ice of sentence (Art. 15!);
24
22. E$asion on occasion of disorders (Art. 15%);
23. &iolation of conditional pardon (Art. 15(); and
24. Commission of anot)er crime d'rin ser$ice of penalty imposed for anot)er pre$io's
offense (Art. 16*).
Article !:"
REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
ELEMENTS#
a. That there be
1. p$blic $prising and
2. ta0ing arms against the government 1forceCviolence)
b. That the p$rpose of the $prising or movement is either
1. to remove from the allegiance to said government or its laws
9
8 i. the territor! of the Philippines or an! part thereof, or
<
3 ii. an! bod! of land, naval or other armed forces, or
2 To deprive the chief e.ec$tive or congress, wholl! or partiall!, of an! of their
powers or prerogatives
+ersons lia(le or re(ellion
a. Any person who: 1. promotes
2. maintains1 or
3. )eads a re.ellion or ins'rrection; or
&% Any person who( while holding any pu&lic office or employment( ta0es part therein &y:
1. enain in #ar aainst t)e forces of t)e o$ernment
2. destroyin property or committin serio's $iolence
3. e2actin contri.'tions or di$ertin p'.lic f'nds from t)e la#f'l p'rpose for #)ic) t)ey
)a$e .een appropriated (=ote6 Edi$ertin p'.lic f'ndsG is mal$ersation a.sor.ed in
re.ellion);
4. Any person merely participatin or e2ec'tin t)e command of ot)ers in re.ellion
T)e essence of this crime is a p'.lic 'prisin #it) t)e taHin 'p of arms. "t re@'ires a m'ltit'de
of people. "t aims to o$ert)ro# t)e d'ly constit'ted o$ernment. "t does not re@'ire t)e
participation of any mem.er of t)e military or national police oraniIation or p'.lic officers and
enerally carried o't .y ci$ilians. 8astly1 t)e crime can only .e committed t)ro') force and
$iolence.
T)e crime of re&ellion cannot &e committed &y a single individual. "n$aria.ly1 it is committed .y
se$eral persons for t)e p'rpose of o$ert)ro#in t)e d'ly constit'ted or oraniIed o$ernment. "n
t)e -)ilippines1 #)at is Hno#n to t)e ordinary citiIen as a sym.ol of Jo$ernment #o'ld .e t)e
.aranay1 represented .y its officials; t)e local o$ernment represented .y t)e pro$incial and
m'nicipal officials; and t)e national o$ernment represented .y t)e -resident1 t)e C)ief K'stice
and t)e Aenate -resident and t)e ApeaHer of t)e 0o'se of 3epresentati$es.
Success is immaterial1 purpose is al#ays political
25
T)e crime of re.ellion is essentially a political crime. T)e intention of t)e re.el is to s'.stit'te
)imself in place of t)ose #)o are in po#er. 0is met)od of placin )imself in a't)ority #it) t)e 'se
of $iolence1 d'ress or intimidation1 assassination or t)e commission of common crimes liHe
m'rder1 Hidnappin1 arson1 ro..ery and ot)er )eino's crimes in #)at #e call re&ellion.
-ebellion 'sed #)ere t)e o./ect of t)e mo$ement is completely to o$ert)ro# and s'persede
t)e e2istin o$ernment
(ns$rrection refers to a mo$ement #)ic) seeHs merely to effect some c)ane of minor
importance to pre$ent t)e e2ercise of o$Ft a't)ority #L respect to partic'lar matters or
s'./ects
T)e p)rase Eto remove allegiance from the governmentF is 'sed to emp)asiIe t)at t)e o./ect
of t)e 'prisin co'ld .e limited to certain areas1 liHe isolatin a .aranay or m'nicipality or a
pro$ince in its loyalty to t)e d'ly constit'ted o$ernment or t)e national o$ernment.
Allegiance is a eneric term #)ic) incl'des loyalty1 ci$il o.edience and ci$il ser$ice.
T)e la# on re.ellion )o#e$er1 does not speaH only of alleiance or loss of territory. "t also incl'des
t)e efforts of t)e re.el to depri$e t)e -resident of t)e -)ilippines of t)e e2ercise of )is po#er to
enforce t)e la#1 to e2act o.edience of la#s and re'lations d'ly enacted and prom'lated .y t)e
d'ly constit'ted a't)orities.
Act'al clas) of arms #L t)e forces of t)e o$Ft1 not necessary to con$ict t)e acc'sed #)o is in
conspiracy #L ot)ers act'ally taHin arms aainst t)e o$Ft
-'rpose of t)e 'prisin m'st .e s)o#n .'t it is not necessary t)at it .e accomplis)ed
A c)ane of o$ernment #Lo e2ternal participation
3"A"=J -9?8"C8: and TAC"=J A3MA AJA"=AT J>&E3=ME=T B actual participation. "f t)ere is no
pu&lic uprising1 t)e crime is of direct assault.
5)en any of t)e o./ecti$es of re.ellion is p'rs'ed .'t t)ere is no p'.lic 'prisin in t)e leal
sense( the crime is direct assault of the first form% ?'t if t)ere is re.ellion1 #it) p'.lic 'prisin(
direct assault cannot &e committed%
Mere i$in of aid or comfort is not criminal in t)e case of re.ellion. Merely sympat)iIin is
not participation1 t)ere m'st .e ACT9A8 participation
T)ere m'st .e a p'.lic apprisin and taHin 'p of arms for t)e specified p'rpose or
p'rposes mentioned in Article 134. T)e acts of t)e acc'sed #)o is not a mem.er of t)e
0'H.ala)ap oraniIation of sendin ciarettes and food s'pplies to a 0'H leader; t)e c)anin of
dollars into pesos for a top le$el comm'nist; and t)e )elpin of 0'Hs in openin acco'nts #it) t)e
.anH of #)ic) )e #as an official1 do not constit'te 3e.ellion. 1#arino vs. People, et al., 3 +#-A
B@@).
=ot necessary t)at t)ere is Hillin1 mere t)reat of remo$in -)il is s'fficient
#e&ellion may &e committed even without a single shot &eing fired% No encounter needed% $ere
pu&lic uprising with arms enough%
-ebellion cannot be comple.ed with an! other crime.
Common crimes perpetrated in f'rt)erance of a political offense are di$ested of t)eir c)aracter
as EcommonG offenses and assume the political complexion of the main crime which they are
mere ingredients( and conse@'ently1 cannot .e p'nis)ed separately from t)e principal offense1 or
comple2ed #it) t)e same.
26
ORTEGA O+INION#
-ebellion can now be comple.ed with common crimes. =ot lon ao1 t)e A'preme Co'rt1 in
Enrile %& SalaCar0 !3, SCRA 6!.1 reiterated and affirmed t)e r'le laid do#n in +eo/le %&
8ernan)eC0 55 +hil *!*1 t)at re.ellion may not .e comple2ed #it) common crimes #)ic)
are committed in f'rt)erance t)ereof .eca'se t)ey are a.sor.ed in re.ellion. "n $ie# of
said reaffirmation1 some .elie$e t)at it )as .een a settled doctrine t)at re.ellion cannot .e
comple2ed #it) common crimes1 s'c) as Hillin and destr'ction of property1 committed on
t)e occasion and in f'rt)erance t)ereof.
This thin0ing is no longer correct. there is no legal &asis for such rule now%
T)e statement in -eople $. 0ernandeI t)at common crimes committed in f'rt)erance of re.ellion
are a.sor.ed .y t)e crime of re.ellion1 #as dictated .y t)e pro$ision of Article 135 of t)e 3e$ised
-enal Code prior to its amendment .y t)e 3ep'.lic Act =o. 6(6% (An Act -'nis)in t)e Crime of
Co'p DFetat)1 #)ic) .ecame effecti$e on >cto.er 1((*. -rior to its amendment .y 3ep'.lic Act
=o. 6(6%1 Article 135 p'nis)ed t)ose E#)o #)ile )oldin any p'.lic office or employment1 taHe
part t)ereinG .y any of t)ese acts6 enain in #ar aainst t)e forces of Jo$ernment; destroyin
property; committin serio's $iolence; e2actin contri.'tions1 di$ertin f'nds for t)e la#f'l
p'rpose for #)ic) t)ey )a$e .een appropriated.

Aince a )i)er penalty is prescri.ed for t)e crime of re.ellion #)en any of t)e specified acts are
committed in f'rt)erance t)ereof1 said acts are p'nis)ed as components of re.ellion and1
t)erefore1 are not to .e treated as distinct crimes. T)e same acts constit'te distinct crimes #)en
committed on a different occasion and not in f'rt)erance of re.ellion. "n s)ort1 it #as .eca'se
Article 135 t)en p'nis)ed said acts as components of t)e crime of re.ellion t)at precl'des t)e
application of Article 4% of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code t)ereto. "n t)e eyes of t)e la# t)en1 said acts
constit'te only one crime and t)at is re.ellion. T)e 0ernandeI doctrine #as reaffirmed in Enrile
$. AalaIar .eca'se t)e te2t of Article 135 )as remained t)e same as it #as #)en t)e A'preme
Co'rt resol$ed t)e same iss'e in t)e -eople $. 0ernandeI. Ao t)e A'preme Co'rt in$ited attention
to t)is fact and t)'s stated6
/There is a an apparent need to restructure the law on re&ellion( either to raise the penalty
therefore or to clearly define and delimit the other offenses to &e considered a&sor&ed there&y(
so that it cannot &e conveniently utili)ed as the um&rella for every sort of illegal activity
underta0en in its name% The court has no power to effect such change( for it can only interpret
the law as it stands at any given time( and what is needed lies &eyond interpretation% ;opefully(
Congress will perceive the need for promptly sei)ing the initiative in this matter( which is purely
within its province%1
>.$io'sly1 Conress tooH notice of t)is prono'ncement and1 t)'s1 in enactin 3ep'.lic Act =o.
6(6%1 it did not only pro$ide for t)e crime of co'p dFetat in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code .'t moreo$er1
deleted from the provision of Article 743 that portion referring to those =
/Dwho( while holding any pu&lic office or employment ta0es part therein Ere&ellion or
insurrectionF( engaging in war against the forces of government( destroying property or
committing serious violence( exacting contri&utions or diverting pu&lic funds from the lawful
purpose for which they have &een appropriated D1
6ence, overt acts which used to &e punished as components of the crime of re&ellion have &een
severed therefrom &y #epu&lic Act No% <G<H% The legal impediment to the application of Article
:H to re&ellion has &een removed% After the amendment( common crimes involving 0illings(
andCor destructions of property( even though committed &y re&els in furtherance of re&ellion(
shall &ring a&out complex crimes of re&ellion with murderChomicide( or re&ellion with ro&&ery(
or re&ellion with arson as the case may &e%
To reiterate1 .efore Article 135 #as amended1 a )i)er penalty is imposed #)en t)e offender
enaes in #ar aainst t)e o$ernment. N5arN connotes anyt)in #)ic) may .e carried o't in
p'rs'ance of #ar. T)is implies t)at all acts of #ar or )ostilities liHe serio's $iolence and
destr'ction of property committed on occasion and in p'rs'ance of re.ellion are component
crimes of re.ellion #)ic) is #)y Article 4% on comple2 crimes is inapplica.le. n amending
Article743( the acts which used to &e component crimes of re&ellion( li0e serious acts of
violence( have &een deleted% These are now distinct crimes% The legal o&stacle for the
application of Article :H( therefore( has &een removed% >rtea says leislators #ant to p'nis)
27
t)ese common crimes independently of re.ellion. &rtega cites no case overt$rning )nrile v.
+ala'ar.
0o#e$er1 illeal possession of firearms in f'rt)erance of re.ellion is distinct from t)e crime of
re.ellion.
T)e offense of illeal possession of firearm is a mal'm pro)i.it'm1 in #)ic) case1 ood fait) and
a.sence of criminal intent are not $alid defenses.
+'rt)ermore1 it is a contin'in crime s'c) alon #it) t)e crime of conspiracy or proposal to
commit s'c)
A private crime may &e committed during re&ellion. E2amples6 Hillin1 possessions of firearms1
illeal association are a.sor.ed. 3ape1 e$en if not in f'rt)erance of re.ellion cannot .e
comple2ed
"f Hillin1 ro..in #ere done for pri$ate p'rposes or for profit1 #it)o't any political
moti$ation1 t)e crime #o'ld .e separately .e p'nis)ed and #o'ld not .e em.raced .y
re.ellion 1People v. ,ernando)
-erson deemed leader of re&ellion in case )e is 'nHno#n6
Any person #)o in fact6
a. directed t)e ot)ers
.. spoHe for t)em
c. sined receipts and ot)er doc'ments iss'ed in t)eir name
d. performed similar acts on .e)alf of t)e re.els
'istinctions (etween re(ellion an) se)ition
879 As to nat$re
n re&ellion( t)ere m'st .e taHin 'p or arms aainst t)e o$ernment.
n sedition1 it is s'fficient t)at t)e p'.lic 'prisin .e t'm'lt'o's.
8,9 As to p$rpose
n re&ellion( t)e p'rpose is al#ays political.
n sedition1 t)e p'rpose may .e political or social. E2ample6 t)e 'prisin of s@'atters
aainst +or.es parH residents. T)e p'rpose in sedition is to o aainst esta.lis)ed o$ernment1 not
to o$ert)ro# it.
Article !:">A
COU+ '9 ETAT
ELEMENTS#
a. +wift attac0
b. Accompanied b! violence, intimidation, threat, strateg! or stealth
c. Airected against"
1. d$l! constit$ted a$thorities
2. an! militar! camp or installation
4. comm$nication networ0s or p$blic $tilities
9. other facilities needed for the e.ercise and contin$ed possession of power
d. +ingl! or sim$ltaneo$sl! carried o$t an!where in the Philippines
28
d. #ommitted b! an! person or persons belonging to the militar! or police or
holding an! p$blic office or emplo!ment2 with or witho$t civilian s$pport or
participation
e. ith or witho$t civilian s$pport or participation
f. P$rpose of sei'ing or diminishing state power
T)e essence of the crime is a s#ift attacH 'pon t)e facilities of t)e -)ilippine o$ernment1
military camps and installations1 comm'nication net#orHs1 p'.lic 'tilities and facilities essential
to t)e contin'ed possession of o$ernmental po#ers% t may &e committed singly or collectively
and does not re+uire a multitude of people%
The o&6ective may not &e to overthrow the government &ut only to desta&ili)e or paraly)e
the government through the sei)ure of facilities and utilities essential to the continued
possession and exercise of governmental powers. t re+uires as principal offender a mem&er
of the A>* or of the *N* organi)ation or a pu&lic officer with or without civilian support%
+inally1 it may &e carried out not only &y force or violence &ut also through stealth( threat or
strategy%
6ow do !o$ disting$ish between co$p dCetat and rebellionD
#e&ellion is committed .y any person #)et)er a pri$ate indi$id'al or a p'.lic officer #)ereas in
coup dBetat( t)e offender is a mem.er of t)e military or police force or )oldin a p'.lic office or
employment.
"n re&ellion1 t)e o./ect is to alienate t)e alleiance of a people in a territory1 #)et)er #)olly or
partially1 from t)e d'ly constit'ted o$ernment; in coup dBetat( t)e o./ect or p'rpose is to seiIe
or diminis) state po#er.
"n .ot) instances1 t)e offenders intend to s'.stit'te t)emsel$es in place of t)ose #)o are in
po#er.
Treason <!!"= Re(ellion <!:"= Cou/ )9etat
<!:">A=
Se)ition <!:5=
%at$re
o
f

#
r
i
m
e
Crime aainst
=ational Aec'rity
Crime aainst
-'.lic >rder
Crime
aainst
-'.lic >rder
Crime aainst
-'.lic >rder
&vert
A
c
t
s
le$yin #ar
aainst t)e o$Ft;
>3
ad)erence and
i$in aid or
comfort to
enemies
-'.lic 'prisin
A=D
TaHin 'p arms
aainst t)e o$Ft
Aee article. 3isin p'.licly or
t'm'lt'o'sly
(ca'sed .y more
t)an 3 armed men
or pro$ided #it)
means of $iolence)
P$rpose
of
ob7ectiv
e
Deli$er t)e o$Ft
to enemy d'rin
#ar
Aee article. AeiIin or
diminis)in
state po#er.
Aee en'meration in
article.
Article !:*
+ENALTIES
ho are liableD
a% Any person who:
29
1. -romotes
2. Maintains
3. )eads a re.ellion or ins'rrection
&% Any person who( while holding any pu&lic office or employment( ta0es part therein
1. enain in #ar aainst t)e forces of t)e o$Ft
2. destroyin property or committin serio's $iolence
3. e2actin contri.'tions or di$ertin p'.lic f'nds from t)e la#f'l p'rpose for #)ic) t)ey
)a$e .een appropriated
c% Any person merely participating or executing the command of other in a re&ellion
5)en conspiracy is present in t)e commission of t)e crime1 t)e act of one is t)e act of all. "n
committin re.ellion and co'p dFetat1 e$en if conspiracy as a means to commit t)e crime is
esta.lis)ed1 t)e principal of criminal lia.ility 'nder Article 1! of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code is not
follo#ed.
(n Government +ervice %ot in Government +ervice
Anyone #)o leads1 directs1 commands ot)ers
to 'ndertaHe a co'p.
Anyone #)o participates or in an manner1
s'pports1 finances1 a.ets1 aids in a co'p.
Aerio's $iolence is t)at inflicted 'pon ci$ilians1 #)ic) may res'lt in )omicide. "t is not limited
to )ostilities aainst t)e armed force.
Di$ertin p'.lic f'nds is mal$ersation a.sor.ed in re.ellion
NOTES#
a. -'.lic officer m'st taHe acti$e part .eca'se mere silence or omission not p'nis)a.le in
re.ellion
.. "t is not a defense in re.ellion t)at t)e acc'sed ne$er tooH t)e oat) of alleiance to1 or
t)at t)ey ne$er reconiIed t)e o$ernment
c. 3e.ellion cannot .e comple2ed #it) m'rder and ot)er common crimes committed in
p'rs'ance of t)e mo$ement to o$ert)ro# t)e o$ernment
A'.$ersion1 /'st liHe t)e crimes of re.ellion1 conspiracy or proposal to commit t)e crimes of
re.ellion or s'.$ersion and crimes or offenses committed in f'rt)erance t)ereof constit'te direct
assa'lts aainst t)e Atate and are in t)e nat're of contin'in crimes 1 Emil vs. -amos).
d. Cillin1 ro..in etc for pri$ate persons or for profit1 #it)o't any political moti$ation1
#o'ld .e separately p'nis)ed and #o'ld not .e a.sor.ed in t)e re.ellion.
Article !:,
CONS+IRACY TO COMMIT COU+ '9 ETAT0 REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
ELEMENTS#
a. 2 more persons come to an agreement to rise p$blicl! and ta0e arms against the
government
b. ,or an! of the p$rposes of rebellion
c. The! decide to commit it
+RO+OSAL TO COMMIT COU+ '9 ETAT0 REBELLION OR INSURRECTION <!:,=
ELEMENTS#
a. A person who has decided to rise p$blicl! and ta0e arms the government
b. ,or an! of the p$rposes of rebellion
30
c. Proposes its e.ec$tion to some other person/s
>raniIin a ro'p of soldiers1 solicitin mem.ers)ip in1 and solicitin f'nds for t)e
oraniIation s)o# conspiracy to o$ert)ro# t)e o$Ft
T)e mere fact of i$in and renderin speec)es fa$orin Comm'nism #o'ld not maHe t)e
acc'sed 'ilty of conspiracy if t)ereFs no e$idence t)at t)e )earers t)en and t)ere areed to
rise 'p in arms aainst t)e o$Ft
Conspiracy m'st .e immediately prior to re.ellion
"f it is d'rin t)e re.ellion1 t)en it is already taHin part in it.
Article !:.
'ISLOYALTY O- +UBLIC O--ICERS AN' EM+LOYEES
ACTS +UNIS8E'#
a. ,ailing to resist rebellion b! all the means in their power
b. #ontin$ing to discharge the d$ties of their offices $nder the control of rebels
c. Accepting appointment to office $nder rebels
-res'pposes e2istence of re.ellion
M'st not .e in conspiracy #it) re.els or co'p plotters
"f t)ere are means to pre$ent t)e re.ellion .'t did not resist it1 t)en t)ereFs disloyalty. "f
t)ere are no means1 no fa'lt
"f position is accepted in order to protect t)e people1 not co$ered .y t)is
T)e colla.orator m'st not )a$e tried to impose t)e #is)es of t)e re.els on t)e people.
Disloyalty as a crime is not limited to re.ellion alone .'t s)o'ld no# incl'de t)e crime of coup
dBetat% #e&ellion is essentially a crime committed .y pri$ate indi$id'als #)ile coup dBetat is a
crime t)at s)o'ld .e classified as a crime committed .y p'.lic officers liHe mal$ersation1 .ri.ery1
dereliction of d'ty and $iolations of t)e anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act.
"f t)e p'.lic officer or employee1 aside from .ein disloyal1 does or commits acts constit'tin t)e
crime of re.ellion or coup dBetat( )e #ill no loner .e c)ared for t)e simple crime of disloyalty
.'t )e s)all .e proceeded aainst for t)e ra$e offense of re.ellion or coup dBetat%
Article !:3
INCITING TO REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender does not ta0e arms or is not in open hostilit! against the
government
b. That he incites others to the e.ec$tion of an! of the acts of rebellion
c. That the inciting is done b! means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems,
banners or other representations tending to the same end
"ntentionally calc'lated to sed'ce ot)ers to re.ellion
T)ere m'st .e 'prisin to taHe 'p arms and rise p'.licly for t)e p'rposes indicated in Art 134
>ne #)o promotes1 maintains or )eads a re.ellion and #)o act at t)e same time incites or
infl'ences ot)ers to /oin )im in )is #ar efforts aainst t)e d'ly constit'ted o$ernment cannot .e
31
)eld criminally lia.le for t)e crime of incitin to re.ellion .eca'se1 as t)e principal to t)e crime
of re.ellion1 t)e act of incitin to commit a re.ellion is in)erent to t)e ra$er crime of re.ellion.
+ro/osal to Commit Re(ellion <!:,= Inciting to Re(ellion <!:3=
T)e person #)o proposes )as decided to
commit re.ellion.
=ot re@'ired t)at t)e offender )as
decided to commit re.ellion.
T)e person #)o proposes t)e e2ec'tion
of t)e crime 'ses secret means.
T)e incitin is done p'.licly.
Article !:5
SE'ITION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offenders rise
1. P$blicl! 1if no pu&lic uprising I tumult and other distur&ance of pu&lic order)
2. T$m$lt$o$sl! 1vis5J5vis re&ellion where there must &e a ta0ing of arms)
b. That the! emplo! force, intimidation, or other means o$tside of legal methods
c. That the offenders emplo! an! of those means to attain an! of the following ob7ects"
1. to prevent the prom$lgation or e.ec$tion of an! law or the holding of an! pop$lar
election
2. to prevent the national government, or an! provincial or m$nicipal government,
or an! p$blic thereof from freel! e.ercising its or his f$nctions, or prevent the
e.ec$tion of an! administrative order
4. to inflict an! act or hate or revenge $pon the person or propert! of an! p$blic
officer or emplo!ee
9. to commit for an! political or social end, an! act of hate or revenge against
private persons or an! social class 1hence( even private persons may &e offended
parties)
8. to despoil, for an! political or social end, an! person, m$nicipalit! or province, or
the national government of all its propert! or an! part thereof
Se)ition# raisin of commotion or dist'r.ances in t)e Atate. "ts 'ltimate o./ect is a $iolation
of t)e p'.lic peace or at least s'c) meas'res t)at e$idently enenders it.
T)e crime of sedition is committed .y risin p'.licly and t'm'lt'o'sly. T)e t#o elements m'st
conc'r.
The crime of sedition does not contemplate the ta0ing up of arms against the government
&ecause the purpose of this crime is not the overthrow of the government% =otice from t)e
p'rpose of t)e crime of sedition t)at t)e offenders rise p'.licly and create commotion and
dist'r.ance .y #ay of protest to e2press t)eir dissent and o.edience to t)e o$ernment or to
t)e a't)orities concerned. T)is is liHe t)e so4called civil diso&edience except that the means
employed( which is violence( is illegal%
Aifference from rebellion B o./ect or p'rpose of t)e 'prisin.
>or sedition B s'fficient t)at 'prisin is t'm'lt'o's. n re&ellion B t)ere m'st .e taHin 'p of
arms aainst t)e o$ernment.

Sedition B p'rpose may .e eit)er political or social. n re&ellion B al#ays political
ET$m$lt$o$sG is a sit'ation #)erein t)e dist'r.ance or conf'sion is ca'sed .y at least fo'r
persons. T)ere is no re@'irement t)at t)e offenders s)o'ld .e armed.
-re$entin p'.lic officers from freely e2ercisin t)eir f'nctions
32
n sedition B offender may .e a pri$ate or p'.lic person (E2. Aoldier)
-'.lic 'prisin and t)e o./ect of sedition m'st conc'r
;# Are common crimes a.sor.ed in sedition<
"n * v% !mali1 AC )eld t)at =>. Crimes committed in t)at case #ere independent of eac) ot)er.
-re$entin election t)ro') leal means B =>T sedition
?'t #)en s'ar farmers demonstrated and destroyed t)e properties of s'ar .arons B sedition
Persons liable for sedition"
a. leader of t)e sedition1 and
.. ot)er persons participatin in t)e sedition
T)e o./ecti$e of t)e la# in criminaliIin sedition is to p't a limit to t)e freedom of e2pression or
t)e ri)t of t)e people to assem.le and petition t)e o$ernment for redress of rie$ance.
T)e demonstrations cond'cted or )eld .y t)e citiIenry to protest certain policies of t)e
o$ernment is not a crime. ?'t #)en t)e protest in manifested in t)e form of rallies #)ere t)e
participants1 in order to attain t)eir o./ecti$e of o$ercomin t)e #ill of t)e o$ernment1
resort to force or $iolence1 t)e mantle of protection 'aranteed 'nder t)e Constit'tion to
e2press t)eir dissent peacef'lly1 s)all cease to e2ist1 as in t)e meantime1 t)e participants )a$e
encroac)ed or stayed in t)e domain or realm of criminal la#.
Article !"!&
Cons/iracy to Commit Se)ition

"n t)is crime1 t)ere m'st .e an areement and a decision to rise p'.licly and t'm'lt'o'sly to
attain any of t)e o./ects of sedition.
There is no /ro/osal to commit se)ition&
T)e conspiracy m'st .e to pre$ent t)e prom'lation or e2ec'tion of any la# or t)e )oldin of any
pop'lar election. "t may also .e a conspiracy to pre$ent national and local p'.lic officials from
freely e2ercisin t)eir d'ties and f'nctions1 or to pre$ent t)e e2ec'tion of an administrati$e
order.
Article !"6
INCITING TO SE'ITION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender does not ta0e a direct part in the crime of sedition
b. That he incites others to the accomplishment of an! of the acts which constit$te
sedition 1149)
c. That the inciting is done b! means of speeches, proclamations, writing, emblems,
cartoons, banners, or other representations tending to the same end 1purpose: cause
commotion not exactly against the government. actual distur&ance not necessary)
'ierent acts o inciting to se)ition#
a. "ncitin ot)ers to t)e accomplis)ment of any of t)e acts #)ic) constit'te sedition .y
means of speec)es1 proclamations1 #ritins1 em.lems etc.
33
.. 9tterin seditio's #ords or speec)es #)ic) tend to dist'r. t)e p'.lic peace or #ritin1
p'.lis)in1 or circ'latin sc'rrilo's O$'lar1 mean1 li.elo'sP li.els aainst t)e o$ernment
or any of t)e d'ly constit'ted a't)orities t)ereof1 #)ic) tend to dist'r. t)e p'.lic peace
c. Cno#inly concealin s'c) e$il practices
hen p$nishable"
a. #)en t)ey tend to dist'r. or o.str'ct any la#f'l officer in e2ec'tin t)e f'nctions of )is
office; or
.. #)en t)ey tend to instiate ot)ers to ca.al and meet toet)er for 'nla#f'l p'rposes; or
c. #)en t)ey s'est or incite re.ellio's conspiracies or riots; or
d. #)en t)ey lead or tend to stir 'p t)e people aainst t)e la#f'l a't)orities or to dist'r. t)e
peace of t)e comm'nity1 t)e safety and order of t)e o$ernment
Only non5participant in sedition may &e lia&le.
"ncitin to sedition is an element of sedition. "t cannot .e treated as a separate offense aainst
one #)o is a part of a ro'p t)at rose 'p p'.licly and t'm'lt'o'sly and fo')t t)e forces of
o$ernment.
Considerin t)at t)e o./ecti$e of sedition is to e2press protest aainst t)e o$ernment and in t)e
process creatin )ate aainst p'.lic officers1 any act that will generate hatred against the
government or a pu&lic officer concerned or a social class may amount to nciting to sedition%
Article 142 is1 t)erefore1 @'ite .road.
T)e mere meetin for t)e p'rpose of disc'ssin )atred aainst t)e o$ernment is incitin to
sedition. 8am.astin o$ernment officials to discredit t)e o$ernment is "ncitin to sedition. But
if the o&6ective of such preparatory actions is the overthrow of the government( the crime is
inciting to re&ellion%
CRIMES AGAINST +O+ULAR RE+RESENTATION
Article !":
ACTS TEN'ING TO +RE4ENT T8E MEETING O- CONGRESS AN' SIMILAR BO'IES
ELEMENTS#
a. That there be a pro7ected or act$al meeting of #ongress or an! of its committees or
s$bcommittees, constit$tional commissions or committees or division thereof, or of
an! provincial board or cit! or m$nicipal co$ncil or board
b. That the offender who ma! be an! persons prevents s$ch meeting b! force or fra$d
T)e crime is aainst pop'lar representation .eca'se it is directed aainst officers #)ose primary
f'nction is to meet and enact la#s. 5)en t)ese leislati$e .odies are pre$ented from meetin and
performin t)eir d'ties1 t)e system of o$ernment is dist'r.ed. T)e t)ree .ranc)es of
o$ernment m'st contin'e to e2ist and perform t)eir d'ties.
C)ief of -olice and mayor #)o pre$ented t)e meetin of t)e m'nicipal co'ncil are lia.le
'nder Art 1431 #)en t)e defect of t)e meetin is not manifest and re@'ires an in$estiation
.efore its e2istence can .e determined.
Article !""
'ISTURBANCE O- +ROCEE'INGS
ELEMENTS#
a. That there be a meeting of #ongress or an! of its committees, constit$tional
commissions or committees or divisions thereof, or of an! provincial board or cit! or
m$nicipal co$ncil or board
34
b. That the offender does an! of the following acts
1. 6e dist$rbs an! of s$ch meetings
2. 6e behaves while in the presence of an! s$ch bodies in s$ch a manner as to
interr$pt its proceedings or to impair the respect d$e it
T)e dist'r.ance can .e in t)e form of 'tterances1 speec)es or any form of e2pressin dissent
#)ic) is not done peacef'lly .'t implemented in s'c) a #ay t)at it s'.stantially interr'pts t)e
meetin of t)e assem.ly or ad$ersely affects t)e respect d'e to t)e assem.ly of its mem.ers.
Complaint m'st .e filed .y mem.er of t)e 8eislati$e .ody. Acc'sed may also .e p'nis)ed for
contempt.
Article !"*
4IOLATION O- +ARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY
Acts /unisha(le#
a. >! $sing force, intimidation, threats, or fra$ds to prevent an! member of #ongress
from
1. attending the meeting of the assembl! or an! of its committees, constit$tional
commissions or committees or divisions thereof, or from
2. e.pressing his opinions or
4. casting his vote
b. >! arresting or searching an! member thereof while #ongress is in a reg$lar or special
session, e.cept in case s$ch member has committed a crime p$nishable $nder the
code b! a penalt! higher than prision ma!or 1 < !ears $p )
Elements#
1. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee
2. That he arrests or searches an! member of #ongress
4. That #ongress, at the time of arrest or search, is in a reg$lar or special session
4. That the member searched has not committed a crime p$nishable $nder the code
b! a penalt! higher than prision ma!or 17GHK constitution: privilege from arrest
while congress in session in all offenses punisha&le &y not more than < years
imprisonment).
9nder Aection 111 Article &" of t)e Constit'tion1 a p'.lic officer #)o arrests a mem.er of Conress
#)o )as committed a crime p'nis)a.le .y prision mayor (si2 years and one day1 to 12 years) is not
lia.le Article 145.
Accordin to 3eyes1 to .e consistent #it) t)e Constit'tion1 t)e p)rase N.y a penalty )i)er t)an
prision mayorN in Article 145 s)o'ld .e amended to read6 N.y t)e penalty of prision mayor or
)i)er.N
T)e offender is any person and t)e offended party #)o is a mem.er of Conress1 )as not
committed any crime to /'stify t)e 'se of force1 t)reat1 intimidation or fra'd to pre$ent )im from
attendin t)e meetin of Conress.
ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES AN' ASSOCIATIONS
Article !",
ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES
Two <6= Ty/es o illegal assem(lies#
35
a. *eeting of the first form
1. Meetin1 at)erin or ro'p of persons #)et)er in a fi2ed place or mo$in
2. purpose : to commit any of crimes p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e code
3. meetin attended .y armed persons

.. *eeting of the second form
1. Meetin1 at)erin or ro'p of persons #)et)er in a fi2ed place or mo$in
2. A'dience #)et)er armed or not1 is incited to t)e commission of t)e crime of treason1
re.ellion or ins'rrection1 sedition or direct assa'lt.
=ot all t)e persons present at t)e meetin of t)e first form of illeal assem.ly m'st .e armed
Persons liable for illegal assembl!
a. t)e oraniIers or leaders of t)e meetin
.. persons merely present at t)e meetin (e2cept #)en presence is o't of c'riosity B not
lia.le)
-esponsibilit! of persons merel! present at the meeting
a. if t)ey are not armed1 penalty is arresto mayor
.. if t)ey carry arms1 liHe .olos or Hni$es1 or licensed firearms1 penalty is prision correccional
Pres$mptions if person present at the meeting carries an $nlicensed firearm"
a. p'rpose of t)e meetin is to commit acts p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e 3-C
.. considered as leader or oraniIer of t)e meetin
T)ose #)o incite t)e a'dience1 .y means of speec)es1 printed matters1 and ot)er representation1
to commit treason1 re.ellion or ins'rrection1 sedition or assa'lt a person in a't)ority1 s)all .e
deemed leaders or oraniIers of said meetin.
The gravamen of the offense is mere assem&ly of or gathering of people for illegal purpose
punisha&le &y the #evised *enal Code% 5it)o't at)erin1 t)ere is no illeal assem.ly. "f
'nla#f'l p'rpose is a crime 'nder a special la#1 t)ere is no illeal assem.ly. >or example1 t)e
at)erin of dr' p's)ers to facilitate dr' trafficHin is not illeal assem.ly .eca'se t)e
p'rpose is not $iolati$e of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code .'t of T)e Danero's Dr's Act of 1(!21 as
amended1 #)ic) is a special la#.
Two forms of illegal assembl!
(1) No attendance of armed men( &ut persons in the meeting are incited to commit treason(
re&ellion or insurrection( sedition or assault upon a person in authority. 5)en t)e illeal
p'rpose of t)e at)erin is to incite people to commit t)e crimes mentioned a.o$e1 t)e
presence of armed men is 'nnecessary. T)e mere at)erin for t)e p'rpose is s'fficient to
.rin a.o't t)e crime already.
(2) Armed men attending the gathering B "f t)e illeal p'rpose is ot)er t)an t)ose mentioned
a.o$e1 t)e presence of armed men d'rin t)e at)erin .rins a.o't t)e crime of illeal
assem.ly.
E2ample6 -ersons conspirin to ro. a .anH #ere arrested. Aome #ere #it) firearms.
8ia.le for illeal assem.ly1 not for conspiracy1 .'t for at)erin #it) armed men.
Aistinction between illegal assembl! and illegal association
n illegal assem&ly1 t)e .asis of lia.ility is t)e at)erin for an illeal p'rpose #)ic) constit'tes a
crime 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
36
n illegal association1 t)e .asis is t)e formation of or oraniIation of an association to enae in
an 'nla#f'l p'rpose #)ic) is not limited to a $iolation of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. "t incl'des a
$iolation of a special la# or t)ose aainst p'.lic morals. Meanin of p'.lic morals6 inimical to
p'.lic #elfare; it )as not)in to do #it) decency.1 not acts of o.scenity.
Article !".
ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS
ELEMENTS#
a. &rgani'ed totall! or partiall! for the p$rpose of committing an! of the crimes in -P#
&r
b. ,or some p$rpose contrar! to p$blic morals
+ersons lia(le#
a. fo'nders1 directors and president of t)e association
.. mere mem.ers of t)e association
Illegal Assem(ly <!",= Illegal Association <!".=
M'st .e an act'al meetin of armed
persons to commit any of t)e crimes
p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e 3-C1 or of indi$id'als
#)o1 alt)o') not armed1 are incited to
t)e commission of treason1 re.ellion1
sedition or assa'lt 'pon a person in
a't)ority of )is aent.
=o need for s'c)
"t is t)e meetin and t)e attendance at
s'c) t)at are p'nis)ed
Act of formin or oraniIin and
mem.ers)ip in t)e association
-ersons lia.le6 leaders and t)ose present +o'nders1 directors1 president and
mem.ers
P$blic morals refers to crimes p'nis)ed 'nder Title Ai2 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 namely1
am.lin1 ra$e scandal1 prostit'tion and $arancy.
ASSAULT0 RESISTANCE AN' 'ISOBE'IENCE
Article !"3
'IRECT ASSAULT

ELEMENTS O- T8E !
ST
-ORM O- 'IRECT ASSAULT
a. That the offender emplo!s force or intimidation.
b. That the aim of the offender is to attain an! of the p$rposes of the crime of rebellion
or an! of the ob7ects of the crimes of sedition. 1victim need not &e person in authority)
c. That there is no p$blic $prising.
Example of the first form of direct assault:
T)ree men .roHe into a =ational +ood A't)ority #are)o'se and lamented s'fferins of t)e people.
T)ey called on people to )elp t)emsel$es to all t)e rice. T)ey did not e$en )elp t)emsel$es to a
sinle rain.
The crime committed was direct assault% There was no ro&&ery for there was no intent to gain%
The crime is direct assault &y committing acts of sedition under Article 74G 839( that is( spoiling
of the property( for any political or social end( of any person municipality or province or the
national government of all or any its property( &ut there is no pu&lic uprising%
ELEMENTS O- T8E 6
N'
-ORM O- 'IRECT ASSAULT#
a. That the offender 1a) ma0es an attac0, 1b) emplo!s force, 1c) ma0es a serio$s
intimidation, or 1d) ma0es a serio$s resistance.
b. That the person assa$lted is a person in a$thorit! or his agent.
37
c. That at the time of the assa$lt the person in a$thorit! or his agent 1a) is engaged in
the act$al performance of official d$ties 1motive is not essential), or that he is
assa$lted 1b) b! reason of the past performance of official d$ties 1motive is essential).
d. That the offender 0nows that the one he is assa$lting is a person in a$thorit! or his
agent in the e.ercise of his d$ties 1with intention to offend( in6ure or assault).
e. That there is no p$blic $prising.
Crime of direct assa'lt can only .e committed .y means of dolo. "t cannot .e committed .y
culpa.
Always complexed with the material conse+uence of the act (e.. direct assa'lt #it) m'rder)
except if resulting in a light felony1 in #)ic) case1 t)e conse@'ence is a.sor.ed
T)e crime is not .ased on t)e material conse@'ence of t)e 'nla#f'l act% The crime of direct
assault punishes the spirit of lawlessness and the contempt or hatred for the authority or the
rule of law%
To .e specific1 if a /'de #as Hilled #)ile )e #as )oldin a session1 t)e Hillin is not t)e direct
assa'lt1 .'t m'rder. There could &e direct assault if the offender 0illed the 6udge simply
&ecause the 6udge is so strict in the fulfillment of his duty% "t is t)e spirit of )ate #)ic) is t)e
essence of direct assa'lt.

So( where the spirit is present( it is always complexed with the material conse+uence of the
unlawful act. "f t)e 'nla#f'l act #as m'rder or )omicide committed 'nder circ'mstance of
la#lessness or contempt of a't)ority1 t)e crime #o'ld .e direct assa'lt #it) m'rder or )omicide1
as t)e case may .e. "n t)e e2ample of t)e /'de #)o #as Hilled1 t)e crime is direct assa'lt #it)
m'rder or )omicide.
The only time when it is not complexed is when material conse+uence is a light felony( that is(
slight physical in6ury. Direct assa'lt a.sor.s t)e li)ter felony; t)e crime of direct assa'lt can
not .e separated from t)e material res'lt of t)e act. So( if an offender who is charged with
direct assault and in another court for the slight physical n6ury which is part of the act(
ac+uittal or conviction in one is a &ar to the prosecution in the other%
0ittin t)e policeman on t)e c)est #it) fist is not direct assa'lt .eca'se if done aainst an
aent of a person in a't)ority1 t)e force employed m'st .e of serio's c)aracter
T)e force employed need not .e serio's #)en t)e offended party is a person in a't)ority (e2.
8ayin of )ands)
T)e intimidation or resistance m'st .e serio's #)et)er t)e offended party is an aent only or
a person in a't)ority (e2. -ointin a 'n)
-orce Em/loye) Intimi)ationEResistance
Person in
A$thorit!
=eed not .e serio's Aerio's
Agent M'st .e of serio's c)aracter Aerio's
+erson in authority# any person directly $ested #it) /'risdiction (po#er or a't)ority to o$ern
and e2ec'te t)e la#s) #)et)er as an indi$id'al or as a mem.er of some co'rt or o$ernmental
corporation1 .oard or commission
A .aranay captain is a person in a't)ority1 so is a Di$ision A'perintendent of sc)ools1
-resident of Aanitary Di$ision and a teac)er
"n applyin t)e pro$isions of Articles 14% and 151( teachers( professors( and persons charged with
the supervision of pu&lic or duly recogni)ed private schools( colleges and universities and lawyers
in the actual performance of their duties or on the occasion of such performance( shall &e
deemed a person in authority%
Agent# is one #)o1 .y direct pro$ision of la# or .y election or .y appointment .y competent
a't)ority1 is c)ared #it) t)e maintenance of p'.lic order and t)e protection and sec'rity of
38
life and property. (Example% ?arrio co'ncilman and any person #)o comes to t)e aid of t)e
person in a't)ority1 policeman1 m'nicipal treas'rer1 postmaster1 s)eriff1 aents of t)e ?"31
MalacaQan confidential aent)
E$en #)en t)e person in a't)ority or t)e aent arees to fi)t1 still direct assa'lt.
5)en t)e person in a't)ority or t)e aent pro$oHedLattacHed first1 innocent party is entitled
to defend )imself and cannot .e )eld lia.le for assa'lt or resistance nor for p)ysical in/'ries1
.eca'se )e acts in leitimate self4defense
T)e offended party in assa'lt m'st not .e t)e aressor. "f t)ere is 'nla#f'l aression employed
.y t)e p'.lic officer1 any form of resistance #)ic) may .e in t)e nat're of force aainst )im #ill
.e considered as an act of leitimate defense. 1People vs. 6ernande', 8B Phil. 494)
T)ere can .e no assa'lt 'pon or diso.edience to one a't)ority .y anot)er #)en t)ey .ot)
contend t)at t)ey #ere in t)e e2ercise of t)eir respecti$e d'ties.
T)e offender and t)e offended party are .ot) p'.lic officers. T)e A'preme Co'rt said t)at assa'lt
may still .e committed1 as in fact t)e offender is e$en s'./ected to a reater penalty 1E.+. vs.
Falle7o, 11 Phil. 1B4)&
5)en assa'lt is made .y reason of t)e performance of )is d'ty t)ere is no need for act'al
performance of )is official d'ty #)en attacHed
n direct assault of the first form( t)e stat're of t)e offended person is immaterial% The crime is
manifested &y the spirit of lawlessness%
n the second form( yo' )a$e to distin'is) a sit'ation #)ere a person in a't)ority or )is aent
#as attacHed #)ile performin official f'nctions1 from a sit'ation #)en )e is not performin s'c)
f'nctions%
f attac0 was done during the exercise of official functions( the crime is always direct assault%
"t is eno') t)at t)e offender Hne# t)at t)e person in a't)ority #as performin an official
f'nction #)ate$er may .e t)e reason for t)e attacH1 alt)o') #)at may )a$e )appened #as a
p'rely pri$ate affair.
>n t)e ot)er )and1 if the person in authority or the agent was 0illed when no longer performing
official functions( the crime may simply &e the material conse+uence of he unlawful act: murder
or homicide% +or t)e crime to .e direct assa'lt1 t)e attacH m'st .e .y reason of )is official
f'nction in t)e past. Moti$e .ecomes important in t)is respect. Example( if a 6udge was 0illed
while resisting the ta0ing of his watch( there is no direct assault%
"n t)e second form of direct assa'lt1 it is also important that the offended 0new that the person
he is attac0ing is a person in authority or an agent of a person in authority( performing his
official functions% =o Hno#lede1 no la#lessness or contempt%
>or example( if t#o persons #ere @'arrelin and a policeman in ci$ilian clot)es comes and stops
t)em1 .'t one of t)e protaonists sta.s t)e policeman1 t)ere #o'ld .e no direct assa'lt 'nless
t)e offender Hne# t)at )e is a policeman.
"n t)is respect it is eno') t)at t)e offender s)o'ld Hno# t)at t)e offended party #as e2ercisin
some form of a't)ority. t is not necessary that the offender 0nows what is meant &y person in
authority or an agent of one &ecause ignorantia legis non excusat%
Circumstances $ualiying the oense <;ualiie) Assault=#
a. #)en t)e assa'lt is committed #it) a #eapon
.. #)en t)e offender is a p'.lic officer or employee
c. #)en t)e offender lays )and 'pon a person in a't)ority
Comple2 crime of direct assa'lt #it) )omicide or m'rder1 or #it) serio's p)ysical in/'ries.
"f t)e crime of direct assa'lt is committed #it) t)e 'se of force and it res'lted in t)e infliction of
sli)t p)ysical in/'ries1 t)e latter s)all not .e considered as a separate offense. "t s)all .e
a.sor.ed .y t)e reater crime of direct assa'lt. 1People vs. Acierto, 83 Phil. <19)
39
Direct assa'lt cannot .e committed d'rin re.ellion.
*a! direct assa$lt be committed $pon a private individ$alD Yes. 5)en a pri$ate person comes
to t)e aid of a person in a't)ority1 and )e is liHe#ise assa'lted. 9nder -ep$blic Act %o. 1B3:,
a pri$ate person #)o comes to t)e aid of a person in a't)ority is .y fiction of la# deemed or is
considered an aent of a person in a't)ority.
Article !"5
IN'IRECT ASSAULT
ELEMENTS#
a. That a person in a$thorit! or his agent is the victim of an! of the forms of direct
assa$lt defined in A-T. 19:.
b. That a person comes to the aid of s$ch a$thorit! or his agent.
c. That the offender ma0es $se of force or intimidation $pon s$ch person coming to the
aid of the a$thorit! or his agent.
(ndirect assa$lt can be committed onl! when a direct assa$lt is also committed
To be indirect assa$lt, the person who sho$ld be aided is the agent (not t)e person in
a't)ority .eca'se it is already direct assa'lt1 t)e person comin to t)e aid of t)e person in
a't)ority .ein considered as an aent and an attacH on t)e latter is already direct assa'lt).
E2ample. Aidin a policeman 'nder attacH.
The victim in indirect assault should &e a private person who comes in aid of an agent of a
person in authority% T)e assa'lt is 'pon a person #)o comes in aid of t)e aent of a person in
a't)ority. T)e $ictim cannot .e t)e person in a't)ority or )is aent.
Ta0e note that under Article 73,( as amended( when any person comes in aid of a person in
authority( said person at that moment is no longer a civilian = he is constituted as an agent of the
person in authority% f such person were the one attac0ed( the crime would &e direct assault
Article !*7
'ISOBE'IENCE TO SUMMONS
Acts /unisha(le#
a. ref$sing witho$t legal e.c$se to obe! s$mmons
b. ref$sing to be sworn or placed $nder affirmation
c. ref$sing to answer an! legal in5$ir! to prod$ce boo0s, records etc.
d. restraining another from attending as witness in s$ch bod!
e. ind$cing disobedience to a s$mmons or ref$sal to be sworn
T)e act p'nis)ed is ref'sal1 #it)o't leal e2c'se1 to o.ey s'mmons iss'ed .y t)e 0o'se of
3epresentati$es or t)e Aenate. "f a Constit'tional Commission is created1 it s)all en/oy t)e same
pri$ilee.
T)e e2ercise .y t)e leislat're of its contempt po#er is a matter of self4preser$ation1
independent of t)e /'dicial .ranc). T)e contempt po#er of t)e leislat're is in)erent and sui
generis.
T)e power to punish is not extended to the local executive &odies. T)e reason i$en is t)at local
leislati$e .odies are .'t a creation of la# and t)erefore1 for t)em to e2ercise t)e po#er of
contempt1 t)ere m'st .e an e2press rant of t)e same.
Article !*!
40
RESISTANCEE'ISOBE'IENCE TO A +ERSON IN AUT8ORITY OR T8E AGENT O- SUC8 +ERSON </ar&
!=
ELEMENTS#
a. That a person in a$thorit! or his agent is engaged in the performance of official d$t!
or gives a lawf$l order to the offender.
b. That the offender resists or serio$sl! disobe!s s$ch person in a$thorit! or his agent.
c. That the act of the offender is not incl$ded in the provisions of arts. 19:, 19B and
18@.
SIM+LE 'ISOBE'IENCE </ar& 6=
ELEMENTS#
a. That an agent of a person in a$thorit! is engaged in the performance of official d$t!
gives a lawf$l order to the offender.
b. That the offender disobe!s s$ch agent of a person in a$thorit!.
c. That s$ch disobedience is not of a serio$s nat$re.
US %s& Ramayrat0 66 +hil& !3:
T)e A'preme Co'rt )eld t)at6 Ethe
violation does not refer to resistance or diso&edience to the legal provisions of the law( nor
to 6udicial decisions defining or declaring the rights and o&ligations of the parties for the
same give reliefs only in the form of civil actions% #ather( the diso&edience or resistance is to
the orders directly issued &y the authorities in the exercise of their official duties%1
'irect Assault <!"3= Resistant an) 'iso(e)ience to a +erson in
Authority or Agents o such +erson <!*!=
-"A or )is aent m'st .e enaed in t)e
performance of official d'ties or t)at
)e is assa'lted
-"A or )is aent m'st .e in t)e act'al
performance of )is d'ties.
Direct assa'lt is committed in 4 #ays B
.y attacHin1 employin force1 and
serio'sly resistin a -"A or )is aent.
Committed .y resistin or serio'sly
diso.eyin a -"A or )is aent.
9se of force aainst an aent of -"A
m'st .e serio's and deli.erate.
9se of force aainst an aent of a -"A is not
so serio's; no manifest intention to defy
t)e la# and t)e officers enforcin it.
n &oth resistance against an agent of a person in authority and direct assault &y resisting an
agent of a person in authority( there is force employed1 .'t t)e use of force in resistance is not
so serio's1 as t)ere is no manifest intention to defy t)e la# and t)e officers enforcin it.
The attac0 or employment of force which gives rise to the crime of direct assault must &e serious
and deli&erate; ot)er#ise1 e$en a case of simple resistance to an arrest1 #)ic) al#ays re@'ires
t)e 'se of force of some Hind1 #o'ld constit'te direct assa'lt and t)e lesser offense of resistance
or diso.edience in Article 151 #o'ld entirely disappear.
But when the one resisted is a person in authority1 t)e 'se of any Hind or deree of force #ill i$e
rise to direct assa'lt.
f no force is employed &y the offender in resisting or diso&eying a person in authority1 t)e crime
committed is resistance or serio's diso.edience 'nder t)e first pararap) of Article 151.
Article !*6
+ERSONS IN AUT8ORITYEAGENTS O- +ERSONS IN AUT8ORITY#
+ersons in Authority B any person directly $ested #it) /'risdiction1 #)et)er as an indi$id'al or
as a mem.er of some co'rt or o$ernmental corporation1 .oard or commission.
EFam/les o +ersons in Authority 6
41
a. ?aranay captain
.. ?aranay c)airman
c. M'nicipal mayor
d. -ro$incial fiscal
e. K'stice of t)e peace
f. M'nicipal co'ncilor
. Teac)ers
). -rofessors
i. -ersons c)ared #it) t)e s'per$ision of p'.lic or d'ly reconiIed pri$ate sc)ools1 collees
and 'ni$ersities
/. 8a#yers in t)e act'al performance of t)eir professional d'ties or on t)e occasion of s'c)
performance
Agent o +erson in Authority B any person #)o1 .y direct pro$ision of la# or .y election or .y
appointment .y competent a't)ority1 is c)ared #it) t)e maintenance of p'.lic order and t)e
protection and sec'rity of life and property.
EFam/les o agents o +IA 6
a. ?arrio co'ncilman
.. ?arrio policeman
c. ?aranay leader
d% Any person who comes to the aid of persons in authority
Section 4HH of the ?ocal "ovBt Code pro$ides t)at Efor p'rposes of t)e 3-C1 t)e p'non
.aranay1 san'nian .aranay mem.ers and mem.ers of t)e l'pon taapamayapa in eac)
.aranay s)all .e deemed as persons in authority in t)eir /'risdictions1 #)ile ot)er .aranay
officials and mem.ers #)o may .e desinated .y la# or ordinance and c)ared #it) t)e
maintenance of p'.lic order1 protection and t)e sec'rity of life1 property1 or t)e maintenance
of a desira.le and .alanced en$ironment1 and any .aranay mem.er #)o comes to t)e aid of
persons in a't)ority s)all .e deemed A"ENT of persons in authority%
5)en t)e offended party is a person in a't)ority and #)ile .ein assa'lted1 a pri$ate
indi$id'al comes to )is resc'e1 s'c) pri$ate indi$id'al1 .y operation of la#1 mutates mutandis
.ecomes an aent of a person in a't)ority. Any assa'lt committed aainst s'c) person is direct
assa'lt1 and not indirect assa'lt. ?'t if t)e person assa'lted is an aent of a person in
a't)ority1 and a pri$ate indi$id'al comes to )is resc'e and is )imself assa'lted #)ile i$in t)e
assistance1 as earlier disc'ssed1 t)e crime committed is indirect assa'lt.
CRIMES AGAINST +UBLIC 'ISOR'ERS
Article !*:
TUMULTS AN' OT8ER 'ISTURBANCES O- +UBLIC OR'ER
TY+ES#
a. #a$sing an! serio$s dist$rbance in a p$blic place, office or establishment
b. (nterr$pting or dist$rbing p$blic performances, f$nctions, gatherings or peacef$l
meetings, if the act is not incl$ded in Art 141 and 142 1*u&lic Officers interrupting
peaceful meetings or religious worship).
c. *a0ing an! o$tcr! tending to incite rebellion or sedition in an! meeting, association
or p$blic place
d. Aispla!ing placards or emblems which provo0e a dist$rbance of p$blic order in s$ch
place
e. >$r!ing with pomp the bod! of a person who has been legall! e.ec$ted.
"f t)e act of dist'r.in or interr'ptin a meetin or reliio's ceremony is =>T committed .y
p'.lic officers1 or if committed .y p'.lic officers #)o are not participants t)erein1 t)is article
applies. Art 747 and 74, punishes the same acts if committed &y pu&lic officers who are NOT
participants in the meeting
42
T)e o'tcry is merely a p'.lic disorder if it is an 'nconscio's o't.'rst #)ic)1 alt)o')
re.ellio's or seditio's in nat're1 is not intentionally calc'lated to ind'ce ot)ers to commit
re.ellion or sedition1 ot)er#ise1 its incitin to re.ellion or sedition.
T)is article s)o'ld .e distin'is)ed from incitin to re.ellion or sedition as disc'ssed 'nder
Article 13% and 142. "n t)e former1 t)e meetin is leal and peacef'l. "t .ecomes 'nla#f'l
only .eca'se of t)e o'tcry made1 #)ic) tends to incite re.ellion or sedition in t)e meetin. "n
t)e latter case1 t)e meetin is 'nla#f'l from t)e .einnin and t)e 'tterances made are
deli.erately artic'lated to incite ot)ers to rise p'.licly and re.el aainst t)e o$ernment.
5)at maHes it incitin to re.ellion or sedition is t)e act of incitin t)e a'dience to commit
re.ellion or sedition.
Tumultuous B if ca'sed .y more t)an 3 persons #)o are armed or pro$ided #it) means of
$iolence (circ'mstance @'alifyin t)e dist'r.anceLinterr'ption) B Et'm'lt'o's in c)aracterG
The essence is creating pu&lic disorder% T)is crime is .ro')t a.o't .y creatin serio's
dist'r.ances in p'.lic places1 p'.lic .'ildins1 and e$en in pri$ate places #)ere p'.lic f'nctions
or performances are .ein )eld.
>or a crime to &e under this article( it must not fall under Articles 747 8prohi&ition(
interruption( and dissolution of peaceful meetings9 and 74, 8interruption of religious
worship9%
"n t)e act of maHin o'tcry d'rin speec) tendin to incite re.ellion or sedition1 t)e sit'ation
m'st .e distin'is)ed from incitin to sedition or re.ellion.
f the spea0er( even &efore he delivered his speech( already had the criminal intent to incite
the listeners to rise to sedition( the crime would &e inciting to sedition% 0o#e$er1 if the
offender had no such criminal intent( &ut in the course of his speech( tempers went high and
so the spea0er started inciting the audience to rise in sedition against the government( the
crime is distur&ance of the pu&lic order%
The distur&ance of the pu&ic order is tumultuous and the penalty is increased if it is &rought
a&out &y armed men. T)e term EarmedG does not refer to firearms .'t incl'des e$en .i stones
capa.le of ca'sin ra$e in/'ry.
t is also distur&ance of the pu&lic order if a convict legally put to death is &uried with pomp.
0e s)o'ld not .e made o't as a martyr; it mi)t incite ot)ers to )atred.
T)e crime of dist'r.ance of p'.lic order may .e committed in a p'.lic or pri$ate place. "f
committed in a pri$ate place1 t)e la# is $iolated only #)ere t)e dist'r.ance is made #)ile a
p'.lic f'nction or performance is oin on. 5it)o't a p'.lic at)erin in a pri$ate place1 t)e
crime cannot .e committed.
Article !*"
UNLA2-UL USE O- MEANS O- +UBLICATION AN' UNLA2-UL UTTERANCES
TY+ES#
a. P$blishing or ca$sing to be p$blished, b! means of printing, lithograph! or an!
other means of p$blication as news an! false news which ma! endanger the p$blic
order, or ca$se damage to the interest or credit of the +tate.
b. )nco$raging disobedience to the law or to the constit$ted a$thorities or b!
praising, 7$stif!ing or e.tolling an! act p$nished b! law, b! the same means or b!
words, $tterances or speeches
c. *alicio$sl! p$blishing or ca$sing to be p$blished an! official resol$tion or
doc$ment witho$t proper a$thorit!, or before the! have been p$blished officiall!
d. Printing, p$blishing or distrib$ting or 1ca$sing the same) boo0s, pamphlets,
periodicals or leaflets which do not bear the real printerCs name or which are
classified as anon!mo$s.
T)e p'rpose of t)e la# is to p'nis) t)e spreadin of false information #)ic) tends to ca'se panic1
conf'sion1 distr'st and di$ide people in t)eir loyalty to t)e d'ly constit'ted a't)orities.
43
Act'al p'.lic disorder or act'al damae to t)e credit of t)e Atate is not necessary.
Re/u(lic Act No& 6"3 pro)i.its t)e reprintin1 reprod'ction or rep'.lication of o$ernment
p'.lications and official doc'ments #it)o't pre$io's a't)ority
T)e article also p'nis)es any person #)o Hno#inly p'.lis)es official acts or doc'ments #)ic) are
not officially prom'lated.
Article !**
ALARMS AN' SCAN'ALS
TY+ES#
a. Aischarging an! firearm, roc0et, firecrac0er, or other e.plosive within an! town or
p$blic place, calc$lated to ca$se alarm or danger
b. (nstigating or ta0ing active part in an! charivari or other disorderl! meeting
offensive to another or pre7$dicial to p$blic tran5$ilit!
c. Aist$rbing the p$blic peace while wandering abo$t at night or while engaged in an!
other noct$rnal am$sement
d. #a$sing an! dist$rbance or scandal in p$blic places while into.icated or otherwise,
provided the act is not covered b! Art 184 1t$m$lt).
9nderstand t)e nature of the crime of alarms and scandals as one t)at dist'r.s p'.lic
tran@'ility or p'.lic peace. "f t)e annoyance is intended for a partic'lar person1 t)e crime is
un6ust vexation%
#harivari B mocH serenade or discordant noises made #it) Hettles1 tin )orns etc1 desined to
deride1 ins'lt or annoy
hen a person discharges a firearm in p$blic( t)e act may constit'te any of t)e possi.le crimes
'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code6
879 Alarms and scandals if t)e firearm #)en disc)ared #as not directed to any partic'lar
person;
8,9 llegal discharge of firearm under Article ,3: if t)e firearm is directed or pointed to a
partic'lar person #)en disc)ared .'t intent to Hill is a.sent;
849 Attempted homicide( murder( or parricide if t)e firearm #)en disc)ared is directed
aainst a person and intent to Hill is present.
"n t)is connection1 'nderstand t)at it is not necessary t)at t)e offended party .e #o'nded or )it.
$ere discharge of firearm towards another with intent to 0ill already amounts to attempted
homicide or attempted murder or attempted parricide% t can not &e frustrated &ecause the
offended party is not mortally wounded%
"n Araneta v. #o$rt of Appeals1 it #as )eld t)at if a person is s)ot at and is #o'nded1 t)e crime
is a'tomatically attempted )omicide. ntent to 0ill is inherent in the use of the deadly
weapon%
(49 "rave Threats = "f t)e #eapon is not disc)ared .'t merely pointed to
anot)er
(5) Other ?ight Threats B "f dra#n in a @'arrel .'t not in self defense
5)at o$erns is t)e res'lt1 not t)e intent
CRIME Nature o Crime 2ho are Lia(le
T'm'lts and ot)er
Dist'r.ances (153)
Crime aainst -'.lic >rder -ri$ate persons1
o'tsider
Alarms and Acandals (155) Crime aainst -'.lic >rder -ri$ate persons1
44
o'tsider
Article !*,
'ELI4ERING +RISONERS -ROM ?AILS
ELEMENTS #
a. That there is a person confined in a 7ail or penal establishment.
b. That the offender removes therefor s$ch person, or helps the escape of s$ch person
1if the escapee is serving final 6udgement( he is guilty of evasion of sentence).
c. &ffender is a private individ$al
-risoner may .e detention prisoner or one sentenced .y $irt'e of a final /'dment
E$en if t)e prisoner is in t)e )ospital or asyl'm or any place for detention of prisoner1 as lon as
)e is classified as a prisoner1 t)at is1 a formal complaint or information )as .een filed in co'rt1
and )e )as .een officially cateoriIed as a prisoner1 t)is article applies1 as s'c) place is
considered e2tension of t)e penal instit'tion.
A policeman assined to t)e city /ail as 'ard #)o #)ile off4d'ty released a prisoner is lia.le
)ere
E$en if t)e prisoner ret'rned to t)e /ail after se$eral )o'rs1 t)e one #)o remo$ed )im from /ail is
lia.le.
"t may .e committed t)ro') nelience
#irc$mstances 5$alif!ing the offense B is committed .y means of $iolence1 intimidation or
.ri.ery.
*itigating circ$mstance B if it taHes place o'tside t)e penal esta.lis)ment .y taHin t)e
'ards .y s'rprise
correlate t)e crime of deli$erin person from /ail #it) infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners
p'nis)ed 'nder Articles 2231 224 and 225 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code% n &oth acts( the
offender may &e a pu&lic officer or a private citi)en%
Do not t)inH t)at infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners can only .e committed .y a p'.lic
officer and deli$erin persons from /ail can only .e committed .y pri$ate person. ?ot) crimes
may .e committed .y p'.lic officers as #ell as pri$ate persons.
"n .ot) crimes1 the person involved may &e a convict or a mere detention prisoner%
T)e only point of distinction .et#een t)e t#o crimes lies on #)et)er t)e offender is t)e c'stodian
of t)e prisoner or not at t)e time t)e prisoner #as made to escape.
f the offender is the custodian at that time1 t)e crime is infidelity in t)e c'stody of
prisoners. But if the offender is not the custodian of the prisoner at that time1 e$en t)o')
)e is a p'.lic officer1 t)e crime )e committed is deli$erin prisoners from /ail.
Liabilit! of the prisoner or detainee who escaped B 5)en t)ese crimes are committed1 #)et)er
infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners or deli$erin prisoners from /ail1 t)e prisoner so
escapin may also )a$e criminal lia.ility and t)is is so if t)e prisoner is a con$ict ser$in
sentence .y final /'dment. T)e crime of evasion of service of sentence is committed &y
the prisoner who escapes if such prisoner is a convict serving sentence &y final
6udgment.
f the prisoner who escapes is only a detention prisoner1 )e does not inc'r lia.ility from escapin
if )e does not Hno# of t)e plan to remo$e )im from /ail. But if such prisoner 0nows of the plot to
remove him from 6ail and cooperates therein &y escaping( )e )imself .ecomes lia.le for
deli$erin prisoners from /ail as a principal .y indispensa.le cooperation.
f three persons are involved = a stranger( the custodian and the prisoner = three crimes are
committed6
45
(1) "nfidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners;
(2) Deli$ery of t)e prisoner from /ail; and
(3) E$asion of ser$ice of sentence.
(t is possible that several crimes ma! be committed in one set of facts. +or instance1 ass'min
t)at -edro1 t)e /ail #arden1 areed #it) K'an to allo# Maria to escape .y not locHin t)e ate of
t)e city /ail. -ro$ided t)at K'an comes across #it) -51***.** pesos as .ri.e money. T)e
arranement #as not Hno#n to Maria .'t #)en s)e noticed t)e 'nlocHed ate of t)e city /ail s)e
tooH ad$antae of t)e sit'ation and escaped. +rom t)e facts i$en1 t)ere is no @'estion t)at
-edro1 as t)e /ail #arden1 is lia.le for t)e crime of infidelity in t)e c'stody of t)e prisoner. 0e
#ill also .e a.le for t)e crime of .ri.ery. K'an #ill .e lia.le for t)e crime of deli$erin a prisoner
from /ail and for corr'ption of p'.lic official 'nder Art. 212. "f Maria is a sentenced prisoner1 s)e
#ill .e lia.le for e$asion of ser$ice of sentence 'nder Article 15!. if s)e is a detention prisoner1
s)e commits no crime.
E4ASION O- SENTENCE OR SER4ICE
)vasion of service of sentence has three forms"
879 ?y simply lea$in or escapin from t)e penal esta.lis)ment under Article 73K.
8,9 +ail're to ret'rn #it)in 4% )o'rs after )a$in left t)e penal esta.lis)ment .eca'se of a
calamity1 conflaration or m'tiny and s'c) calamity1 conflaration or m'tiny )as .een
anno'nced as already passed under Article 73H.
849 &iolatin t)e condition of conditional pardon under Article 73G%
Article !*.
E4ASION O- SER4ICE O- SENTENCE
ELEMENTS #
a. That the offender is a convict b! final 7$dgment.
b. That he is serving his sentence which consists in deprivation of libert! 1destierro
included)
c. That he evades the service of his sentence b! escaping d$ring the term if his
sentence. 1fact of return immaterial).
?y t)e $ery nat're of t)e crime1 it cannot .e committed #)en t)e prisoner in$ol$ed is merely
a detention prisoner. ?'t it applies to persons con$icted .y final /'dment #it) a penalty of
destierro%
A detention prisoner even if he escapes from confinement has no criminal lia&ility. T)'s1
escapin from )is prison cell #)en )is case is still on appeal does not maHe said prisoner lia.le for
E$asion of Aer$ice of Aentence.
n leaving or escaping from 6ail or prison( that the prisoner immediately returned is
immaterial. "t is eno') t)at )e left t)e penal esta.lis)ment .y escapin t)erefrom. ;is
voluntary return may only &e mitigating( &eing analogous to voluntary surrender% But the
same will not a&solve his criminal lia&ility%
A continuing offense.
&ffenders B not minor delin@'ents nor detention prisoners
"f escaped #it)in t)e 15 day appeal period B no e$asion
=o applica.le to deportation as t)e sentence
46
The crime of evasion of service of sentence may &e committed even if the sentence is
destierro( and t)is is committed if t)e con$ict sentenced to destierro #ill enter t)e pro)i.ited
places or come #it)in t)e pro)i.ited radi's of 25 Hilometers to s'c) places as stated in t)e
/'dment.
f the sentence violated is destierro( the penalty upon the convict is to &e served &y way of
destierro also( not imprisonment% T)is is so .eca'se t)e penalty for t)e e$asion can not .e more
se$ere t)an t)e penalty e$aded.
#irc$mstances 5$alif!ing the offense 1done thr$)"
a. 'nla#f'l entry (.y EscalinG)
.. .reaHin doors1 #indo#s1 ates1 #alls1 roofs or floors
c. 'sin picHlocHs1 false Heys1 dis'ise1 deceit1 $iolence or intimidation
d. conni$ance #it) ot)er con$icts or employees of t)e penal instit'tion
A1 a foreiner1 #as fo'nd 'ilty of $iolation of t)e la#1 and #as ordered .y t)e co'rt to .e
deported. 8ater on1 )e ret'rned to t)e -)ilippines in $iolation of t)e sentence. 0eld6 0e is not
'ilty of E$asion of Aer$ice of Aentence as t)e la# is not applica.le to offenses e2ec'ted .y
deportation. <E.+. vs. Loo 6oe, 4< Phil. :<3=&
Article !*3
E4ASION O- SER4ICE O- SENTENCE ON T8E OCCASION O- 'ISOR'ERS0 CON-LAGRATIONS0
EART8;UAGES OR OT8ER CALAMITIES
ELEMENTS #
a. That the offender is a convict b! final 7$dgement who is confined in a penal
instit$tion.
b. That there is disorder, res$lting from; 1. conflagration,
2. earth5$a0e, or
4. e.plosion, or
9. similar catastrophe, or
8. m$tin! , not participated.
c. That the offender evades the service of his sentence b! leaving the penal
instit$tion where he is confined, on the occasion of s$ch disorder or d$ring the
m$tin!.
d. That the offender fails to give himself $p to the a$thorities within 9: ho$rs
following the iss$ance of a proclamation b! the chief e.ec$tive anno$ncing the
passing awa! of s$ch calamit!.
T)e lea$in from t)e penal esta.lis)ment is not t)e .asis of criminal lia.ility. t is the failure
to return within :H hours after the passing of the calamity( conflagration or mutiny had &een
announced% 9nder Article 15%1 those who return within :H hours are given credit or
deduction from the remaining period of their sentence e+uivalent to 7C3 of the original term
of the sentence% But if the prisoner fails to return within said :H hours( an added penalty(
also 7C3( shall &e imposed &ut the 7C3 penalty is &ased on the remaining period of the
sentence( not on the original sentence% n no case shall that penalty exceed six months%
Offender must escape to &e entitled to allowance
T)ose #)o did not lea$e t)e penal esta.lis)ment are not entitled to t)e 1L5 credit. Only those
who left and returned within the :H5hour period%
+or s'c) e$ent to .e considered as a calamity1 t)e *resident must declared it to &e so. 0e
m'st iss'e a proclamation to t)e effect t)at t)e calamity is o$er. E$en if t)e e$ents )erein
mentioned may .e considered as calamity1 t)ere is a need for t)e C)ief E2ec'ti$e to maHe
s'c) anno'ncement. A.sent s'c) declaration. E$en if t)e prisoner #ill ret'rn to t)e penal
instit'tion #)ere )e #as confined1 t)e same is of no moment as in t)e meantime )e )as
47
committed a $iolation of t)e la#1 not 'nder t)e present article .'t for p're e$asion of ser$ice
of sentence 'nder Article 15!.
*$tin! B oraniIed 'nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer1 a sedition1 a re$olt
The mutiny reerre) to in the secon) orm o e%asion o ser%ice o sentence does not
incl$de riot& The mutiny reerre) to here in%ol%es su(or)inate /ersonnel rising against
the su/er%isor within the /enal esta(lishment& &ne who escapes d$ring a riot will be
s$b7ect to Article 1830 that is0 sim/ly lea%ing or esca/ing the /enal esta(lishment&
Disarmin t)e 'ards is not m'tiny
&iolation attri.'ted to t)e acc'sed is no loner referred to t)e co'rt for /'dicial in@'iry or
resol'tion. T)e la# )as pro$ided s'fficient 'idelines for t)e /ail #arden to follo#.
T)is dis@'isition #ill not apply if t)e offender #)o escapes taHin ad$antae of t)e calamities
en'merated )erein is appre)ended .y t)e a't)orities after 4% )o'rs from t)e declaration t)at t)e
calamity is o$er. "t is only e2tended to one #)o ret'rns .'t made inside t)e 4% )o'rs delimited .y
t)e proclamation. At t)is stae1 t)e $iolation is not s'.stanti$e .'t administrati$e in nat're.
Article !*5
4IOLATION O- CON'ITIONAL +AR'ON
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender was a convict.
b. That he was granted a conditional pardon b! the chief e.ec$tive.
c. That he violated an! of the conditions of s$ch pardon.
Condition e2tends to special la#s B $iolation of illeal $otin
T)e condition imposed 'pon t)e prisoner not to .e 'ilty of anot)er crime is not limited to t)ose
p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. "t incl'des t)ose p'nis)ed 'nder Apecial 8a#. <People
vs. #orral, 39 Phil. 483=&
"n $iolation of conditional pardon1 as a r'le1 the violation will amount to this crime only if the
condition is violated during the remaining period of the sentence%
"f t)e condition of t)e pardon is $iolated1 t)e remedy aainst t)e acc'sed may .e in t)e form of
prosec'tion 'nder Article 15(. it may also .e an administrati$e action .y referrin t)e $iolation to
t)e co'rt of oriin and prayin for t)e iss'ance of a #arrant of arrest /'stified 'nder Aection 64 of
t)e 3e$ised Administrati$e Code.
T)e administrative lia&ility of the convict under the conditional pardon is different and )as
not)in to do #it) )is criminal lia.ility for t)e e$asion of ser$ice of sentence in t)e e$ent t)at
t)e condition of t)e pardon )as .een $iolated. Exception6 #)ere t)e $iolation of t)e condition
of t)e pardon #ill constit'te e$asion of ser$ice of sentence1 e$en t)o') committed .eyond
t)e remainin period of t)e sentence. T)is is #)en t)e conditional pardon e2pressly so
pro$ides or t)e lan'ae of t)e conditional pardon clearly s)o#s t)e intention to maHe t)e
condition perpet'al e$en .eyond t)e 'nser$ed portion of t)e sentence% n such case( the
convict may &e re+uired to serve the unserved portion of the sentence even though the
violation has ta0en place when the sentence has already lapsed%
>ffender m'st )a$e .een fo'nd 'ilty of t)e s'.se@'ent offense .efore )e can .e prosec'ted
'nder t)is Article. ?'t if 'nder 3e$ised Admin Code1 no con$iction necessary. -resident )as
po#er to arrest1 reincarnate offender #it)o't trial
Article 73G is a distinct felony% t is a su&stantive crime. +or one to s'ffer t)e conse@'ence of its
$iolation1 t)e prisoner m'st .e formally c)ared in co'rt. 0e #ill .e entitled to a f'll .lo#n
)earin1 in f'll en/oyment of )is ri)t to d'e process. >nly after a final /'dment )as .een
rendered aainst )im may )e s'ffer t)e penalty prescri.ed 'nder Article 15( 1Torres vs.
Gon'ales, et al., 182 +#-A 2B2)
4IOLATION O- +AR'ON OR'INARY E4ASION
"nfrinement of conditionsLterms of To e$ade t)e penalty i$en .y t)e co'rts
48
-resident B dist'r.s t)e p'.lic order
Two /enalties /ro%i)e)#
a. prision correccional in its minimum period B if t)e penalty remitted does not e2ceed 6
years
.. the unexpired portion of his original sentence B if t)e penalty remitted is )i)er t)an 6
years
COMMISSION O- ANOT8ER CRIME
Article !,7
COMMISSION O- ANOT8ER CRIME 'URING SER4ICE O- +ENALTY IM+OSE' -OR ANOT8ER
+RE4IOUS O--ENSE>+ENALTY# <5$asi;recidivism=
ELEMENTS
a. That the offender was alread! convicted b! final 7$dgement of one offense.
b. That he committed a new felon! before beginning to serve s$ch sentence or while
serving the same.
G$asi;recidivism " a person after )a$in .een con$icted .y final /'dement s)all commit a
ne# felony .efore .einnin to ser$e s'c) sentence1 or #)ile ser$in t)e same.
Aecond crimes m'st .elon to t)e 3-C1 not special la#s. +irst crime may .e eit)er from t)e
3-C or special la#s
-eiteracion" offender s)all )a$e ser$ed o't )is sentence for t)e prior offense
A @'asi4recidi$ist may .e pardoned at ae !*. Except: 9n#ort)y or 0a.it'al Delin@'ent
f new felony is evasion of sentence B offender is not a @'asi4recidi$ist
Penalt!" ma2im'm period of t)e penalty for t)e ne# felony s)o'ld .e imposed
R'asi4recidi$ism is a special ara$atin circ'mstance #)ic) directs t)e co'rt to impose t)e
ma2im'm period of t)e penalty prescri.ed .y la# for t)e ne# felony. T)e co'rt #ill do a#ay or
#ill inore mitiatin and ara$atin circ'mstances in considerin t)e penalty to .e imposed.
T)ere #ill .e no occasion for t)e co'rt to consider imposin t)e minim'm1 medi'm or ma2im'm
period of t)e penalty. T)e mandate is a.sol'te and is /'stified .y t)e findin t)at t)e acc'sed is
s'fferin from some deree of moral per$ersity if not total incorrii.ility. 1People vs. Alicia, et
al., B8 +#-A 223)
R'asi4recidi$ism is an ara$atin circ'mstance #)ic) cannot .e offset .y any mitiatin
circ'mstance% To .e appreciated as a special ara$atin circ'mstance1 it m'st .e alleed in t)e
information. 1People vs. >a$tista, <8 +#-A 9<@)
R'asi43ecidi$ism may .e offset .y a special pri$ileed mitiatin circ'mstance (e2. Minority)
TITLE -OUR
CRIMES AGAINST +UBLIC INTEREST
Crimes against /u(lic interest
1. Co'nterfeitin t)e reat seal of t)e Jo$ernment of t)e -)ilippines (Art. 161);
2. 9sin fored sinat're or co'nterfeitin seal or stamp (Art. 162);
3. MaHin and importin and 'tterin false coins (Art. 163);
4. M'tilation of coins1 importation and 'tterin of m'tilated coins (Art. 164);
5. Aellin of false or m'tilated coins1 #it)o't conni$ance (Art. 165);
6. +orin treas'ry or .anH notes or ot)er doc'ments paya.le to .earer1 importin and
'tterin of s'c) false or fored notes and doc'ments (Art. 166);
49
!. Co'nterfeitin1 importin and 'tterin instr'ments not paya.le to .earer (Art. 16!);
%. "lleal possession and 'se of fored treas'ry or .anH notes and ot)er instr'ments of credit
(Art. 16%);
(. +alsification of leislati$e doc'ments (Art. 1!*);
1*. +alsification .y p'.lic officer1 employee or notary (Art. 1!1);
11. +alsification .y pri$ate indi$id'als and 'se of falsified doc'ments (Art. 1!2);
12. +alsification of #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap) and telep)one messaes and 'se of said falsified
messaes (Art. 1!3);
13. +alse medical certificates1 false certificates of merit or ser$ice (Art. 1!4);
14. 9sin false certificates (Art. 1!5);
15. Man'fact'rin and possession of instr'ments or implements for falsification (Art. 1!6);
16. 9s'rpation of a't)ority or official f'nctions (Art. 1!!);
1!. 9sin fictitio's name and concealin tr'e name (Art. 1!%);
1%. "lleal 'se of 'niforms or insinia (Art. 1!();
1(. +alse testimony aainst a defendant (Art. 1%*);
2*. +alse testimony fa$ora.le to t)e defendant (Art. 1%1);
21. +alse testimony in ci$il cases (Art. 1%2);
22. +alse testimony in ot)er cases and per/'ry (Art. 1%3);
23. >fferin false testimony in e$idence (Art. 1%4);
24. Mac)inations in p'.lic a'ction (Art. 1%5);
25. Monopolies and com.inations in restraint of trade (Art. 1%6);
26. "mportation and disposition of falsely marHed articles or merc)andise made of old1 sil$er1
or ot)er precio's metals or t)eir alloys (Art. 1%!);
2!. A'.stit'tin and alterin trade marHs and trade names or ser$ice marHs (Art. 1%%);
2%. 9nfair competition and fra'd'lent reistration of trade marH or trade name1 or ser$ice
marH; fra'd'lent desination of oriin1 and false description (Art. 1%().
T)e crimes in t)is title are in t)e nat're of fra'd or falsity to t)e p'.lic. T)e essence of t)e
crime 'nder t)is title is t)at #)ic) defra'd t)e p'.lic in eneral. T)ere is deceit perpetrated
'pon t)e p'.lic. T)is is t)e act t)at is .ein p'nis)ed 'nder t)is title.
Article !,!
COUNTER-EITING GREAT SEAL O- GO4ERNMENT
TY+ES#
a. ,orging the great seal of the Government
b. ,orging the signat$re of the President
c. ,orging the stamp of the President
50
5)en t)e sinat're of t)e -resident is fored1 it is not falsification .'t forin of sinat're
'nder t)is article
Ainat're m'st .e fored1 ot)ers sined it B not t)e -resident.
Article !,6
USING -ORGE' SIGNATURE OR COUNTER-EIT SEAL OR STAM+

ELEMENTS#
a. That the great seal of the rep$blic was co$nterfeited or the signat$re or stamp of
the chief e.ec$tive was forged b! another person.
b. That the offender 0new of the co$nterfeiting or forger!.
c. That he $sed the co$nterfeit seal or forged signat$re or stamp.
>ffender is =>T t)e forerLnot t)e ca'se of t)e co'nterfeitin
Article !,:
MAGING AN' IM+ORTING AN' UTTERING -ALSE COINS
ELEMENTS #
a. That there be false or co$nterfeited coins 1need not &e legal tender).
b. That the offender either made, imported or $ttered s$ch coins.
c. That in case of $ttering s$ch false or co$nterfeited coins, he connives with
co$nterfeiters or importers.
#oin is co$nterfeit B if it is fored1 or if it is not an article of t)e o$ernment as leal tender1
reardless if it is of no $al'e
Gin)s o coins the countereiting o which is /unishe)
1. Ail$er coins of t)e -)ilippines or coins of t)e Central ?anH of t)e -)ilippines;
2. Coins of t)e minor coinae of t)e -)ilippines or of t)e Central ?anH of t)e -)ilippines;
3. Coin of t)e c'rrency of a forein co'ntry.
Countereiting B imitation of leal or en'ine coin (may contain more sil$er1 different desin)
s'c) as to decei$e an ordinary person in .elie$in it to .e en'ine
Utter B to pass co'nterfeited coins1 deli$er or i$e a#ay
Im/ort B to .rin to port t)e same
?ot) -)ilippine and forein state coins
Applies also to coins #it)dra#n from circ'lation
)ssence of article" maHin of coins #it)o't a't)ority
Acts /unishe)
1. M'tilatin coins of t)e leal c'rrency1 #it) t)e f'rt)er re@'irements t)at t)ere .e intent
to damae or to defra'd anot)er;
2. "mportin or 'tterin s'c) m'tilated coins1 #it) t)e f'rt)er re@'irement t)at t)ere m'st
.e conni$ances #it) t)e m'tilator or importer in case of 'tterin.
The first acts of falsification or falsit! are
51
879 Counterfeiting = refers to money or c'rrency;
8,9 >orgery = refers to instr'ments of credit and o.liations and sec'rities iss'ed .y t)e
-)ilippine o$ernment or any .anHin instit'tion a't)oriIed .y t)e -)ilippine o$ernment
to iss'e t)e same;
849 >alsification = can only .e committed in respect of doc'ments.
n so far as coins in circulation are concerned( there are two crimes that may &e committed:
879 #o$nterfeiting coins 55 This is the crime of rema0ing or manufacturing without any
authority to do so%
"n t)e crime of co'nterfeitin1 t)e la# is not concerned #it) t)e fra'd 'pon t)e p'.lic s'c) t)at
even though the coin is no longer legal tender( the act of imitating or manufacturing the coin of
the government is penali)ed. "n p'nis)in t)e crime of co'nterfeitin1 t)e la# #ants to pre$ent
people from tryin t)eir inen'ity in t)eir imitation of t)e man'fact're of money.
8,9 *$tilation of coins 55 This refers to the deli&erate act of diminishing the proper metal
contents of the coin either &y scraping( scratching or filling the edges of the coin and the
offender gathers the metal dust that has &een scraped from the coin%
Re$uisites o mutilation un)er the Re%ise) +enal Co)e
879 Coin m'tilated is of leal tender;
(2) >ffender ains from t)e precio's metal d'st a.stracted from t)e coin; and
(3) "t )as to .e a coin.
T)ere is no e2pertise in$ol$ed )ere% n mutilation of coins under the #evised *enal Code( the
offender does nothing &ut to scrape( pile or cut the coin and collect the dust and( thus(
diminishing the intrinsic value of the coin%
$utilation of coins is a crime only if the coin mutilated is legal tender. "f it is not leal tender
anymore1 no one #ill accept it1 so no.ody #ill .e defra'ded. ?'t if t)e coin is of leal tender1
and t)e offender minimiIes or decreases t)e precio's metal d'st content of t)e coin1 t)e crime of
m'tilation is committed.
T)e offender m'st deli.erately red'ce t)e precio's metal in t)e coin. Deli.erate intent arises
only #)en t)e offender collects t)e precio's metal d'st from t)e m'tilated coin. f the offender
does not collect such dust( intent to mutilate is a&sent( &ut *residential 2ecree No% ,:K will
apply%
Article !,"
MULTILATION O- COINS 1 IM+ORTATION AN' UTTERANCE#
This has been repealed b! PA 293. <'eacement0 Mutilation0 Tearing0 Burning or 'estroying
Central Ban@ Notes an) Coins=
Un)er this +'0 the acts /unisha(le are#
a. #illf'l defacement
.. m'tilation
c. tearin
d. .'rnin
e. destr'ction of Central ?anH notes and coins
Mutilation B to taHe off part of t)e metal eit)er .y fillin it or s'.stit'tin it for anot)er metal
of inferior @'ality1 to diminis) .y inferior means (to diminis) metal contents).
52
+orein notes and coins not incl'ded. M'st .e leal tender.
M'st .e intention to m'tilate.
$utilation under the #evised *enal Code is true only to coins. "t cannot .e a crime 'nder t)e
3e$ised -enal Code to m'tilate paper .ills .eca'se t)e idea of m'tilation 'nder t)e code is
collectin t)e precio's metal d'st. ;owever( under *residential 2ecree No% ,:K( mutilation is
not limited to coins%
;uestions A Answers
1. T)e people playin cara y cr'I1 .efore t)ey t)ro# t)e coin in t)e air #o'ld r'. t)e
money to t)e side#alH t)ere.y diminis)in t)e intrinsic $al'e of t)e coin. "s t)e crime of
m'tilation committed<
$utilation( under the #evised *enal Code( is not committed &ecause they do not collect
the precious metal content that is &eing scraped from the coin% ;owever( this will amount to
violation of *residential 2ecree No% ,:K%
2. 5)en t)e imae of Kose 3iIal on a fi$e4peso .ill is transformed into t)at of 3andy
Aantiao1 is t)ere a $iolation of -residential Decree =o. 24!<
@es% *residential 2ecree No% ,:K is violated &y such act%
4. An old #oman #)o #as a ciarette $endor in R'iapo ref'sed to accept one4centa$o
coins for payment of t)e $endee of ciarettes )e p'rc)ased. T)en came t)e police #)o ad$ised
)er t)at s)e )as no ri)t to ref'se since t)e coins are of leal tender. >n t)is1 t)e old #oman
accepted in )er )ands t)e one4centa$o coins and t)en t)re# it to t)e face of t)e $endee and t)e
police. 5as t)e old #oman 'ilty of $iolatin -residential Decree =o. 24!<
She was guilty of violating *residential 2ecree No% ,:K &ecause if no one ever pic0s up the
coins( her act would result in the diminution of the coin in circulation%
5. A certain c'stomer in a resta'rant #anted to s)o# off and 'sed a - 2*.** .ill to
li)t )is ciarette. 5as )e 'ilty of $iolatin -residential Decree =o. 24!<
;e was guilty of arrested for violating of *residential 2ecree No% ,:K% Anyone who is in
possession of defaced money is the one who is the violator of *residential 2ecree No% ,:K% The
intention of *residential 2ecree No% ,:K is not to punish the act of defrauding the pu&lic &ut
what is &eing punished is the act of destruction of money issued &y the Central Ban0 of the
*hilippines%
Note that persons ma0ing &racelets out of some coins violate *residential 2ecree No% ,:K%
The primary purpose of *residential 2ecree No% ,:K at the time it was ordained was to stop the
practice of people writing at the &ac0 or on the edges of the paper &ills( such as Lwanted: pen
palL%
So( if the act of mutilating coins does not involve gathering dust li0e playing cara y cru)( that is
not mutilation under the #evised *enal Code &ecause the offender does not collect the metal
dust% But &y ru&&ing the coins on the sidewal0( he also defaces and destroys the coin and that is
punisha&le under *residential 2ecree No% ,:K%
Article !,*
SELLING O- -ALSE OR MUTILATE' COIN0 2IT8OUT CONNI4ANCE
6 Ty/es
a. Possession of coin, co$nterfeited or m$tilated b! another person, with intent to
$tter the same, 0nowing that it is false or m$tilated&
ELEMENTS#
1. possession
53
2. with intent to $tter, and
4. 0nowledge
b. Act$all! $ttering s$ch false or m$tilated coin, 0nowing the same to be false or
m$tilated.
ELEMENTS#
1. act$all! $ttering, and
2. 0nowledge.
-ossession does not re@'ire leal tender in forein coins
"ncl'des constr'cti$e possession
>n co'nterfeitin coins1 it is immaterial #)et)er t)e coin is leal tender or not .eca'se t)e
intention of t)e la# is to p't an end to t)e practice of imitatin money and to disco'rae anyone
#)o mi)t entertain t)e idea of imitatin money 1People vs. Hong Leon).
Article !,,
-ORGING TREASURY OR BANG NOTES 1 IM+ORTING AN' UTTERING

Acts /unisha(le#
a. ,orging or falsit! of treas$r!/ban0 notes or doc$ments pa!able to bearer
b. (mporting of s$ch notes
c. Ettering of s$ch false or forged obligations and notes in connivance with forgers
and importers
-orging B .y i$in a treas'ry or .anH note or doc'ment paya.le to .earerLorder an
appearance of a tr'e and en'ine doc'ment
-alsiication B .y erasin1 s'.stit'tin1 co'nterfeitin or alterin .y any means t)e fi'res and
letters1 #ords1 sins contained t)erein
E.. falsifyin B lotto or s#eepstaHes ticHet. Attempted estafa t)ro') falsification of an
o.liation or sec'rity of t)e -)il
*NB chec0s not included here B itFs falsification of commercial doc'ment 'nder Article 1!2
&bligation or sec$rit! incl$des" .onds1 certificate of inde.tedness1 .ills1 national .anH
notes1 co'pons1 treas'ry notes1 certificate of deposits1 c)ecHs1 drafts for money1 s#eepstaHes
money
"f t)e falsification is done on a doc'ment t)at is classified as a o$ernment sec'rity1 t)en t)e
crime is p'nis)ed 'nder Article 166. >n t)e ot)er )and1 if it is not a o$ernment sec'rity1 t)en t)e
offender may eit)er )a$e $iolated Article 1!1 or 1!2.
Article !,.
COUNTER-EITING0 IM+ORTING0 AN' UTTERING INSTRUMENTS NOT +AYABLE TO BEARER
ELEMENTS #
a. That there be an instr$ment pa!able to order or other doc$ment of credit not
pa!able to bearer.
b. That the offender either forged, imported or $ttered s$ch instr$ments.
c. That in case of $ttering, he connived with the forger or importer.
54
Article !,3
ILLEGAL +OSSESSION AN' USE O- -ALSE TREASURY OR BANG NOTES AN' OT8ER INSTRUMENT
O- CRE'IT
ELEMENTS#
a. That an! treas$r! or ban0 note or certificate or other obligation and sec$rit!
pa!able to bearer, or an! instr$ment pa!able to order or other doc$ment of
credit not pa!able to bearer is forged or falsified b! another person.
b. That the offender 0nows that an! of those instr$ments is forged or falsified.
c. That he performs an! of these acts
1. $sing an! of s$ch forged or falsified instr$ment, or
2. possessing with intent to $se an! of s$ch forged or falsified instr$ment.
Act so')t to .e p'nis)ed6 Cno#inly possessin #it) intent to 'se any of s'c) fored treas'ry
or .anH notes
Article !,5
-ORGERY
8ow orgery is committe)#
a. b! giving to a treas$r! or ban0 note or an! instr$ment pa!able to bearer or to order,
the appearance of a tr$e and gen$ine doc$ment
b. b! erasing, s$bstit$ting, co$nterfeiting, altering b! an! means the fig$res, letters or
words, or signs contained therein.
if all acts done .'t en'ine appearance is not i$en1 t)e crime is fr'strated
>orgery under the #evised *enal Code applies to papers( which are in the form of o&ligations and
securities issued &y the *hilippine government as its own o&ligations( which is given the same
status as legal tender. Jenerally1 t)e #ord Eco'nterfeitinG is not 'sed #)en it comes to notes;
#)at is 'sed is Eforery.G Co'nterfeitin refers to money1 #)et)er coins or .ills.
=otice t)at mere c)ane on a doc'ment does not amo'nt to t)is crime% The essence of forgery is
giving a document the appearance of a true and genuine document. =ot any alteration of a
letter1 n'm.er1 fi're or desin #o'ld amo'nt to forery. At most( it would only &e frustrated
forgery%

'hen what is &eing counterfeited is o&ligation or securities1 #)ic) 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code
is i$en a stat's of money or leal tender( the crime committed is forgery%
;uestions A Answers
1. "nstead of t)e peso sin (-)1 some.ody replaced it #it) a dollar sin (S). 5as t)e
crime of forery committed<
No% >orgery was not committed% The forged instrument and currency note must &e given
the appearance of a true and genuine document% The crime committed is a violation of
*residential 2ecree No% ,:K% 'here the currency note( o&ligation or security has &een changed
to ma0e it appear as one which it purports to &e as genuine( the crime is forgery% n chec0s or
commercial documents( this crime is committed when the figures or words are changed which
materially alters the document%
2. An old man1 in )is desire to earn somet)in1 scraped a diit in a losin s#eepstaHes
ticHet1 c't o't a diit from anot)er ticHet and pasted it t)ere to matc) t)e series of diits
correspondin to t)e #innin s#eepstaHes ticHet. 0e presented t)is ticHet to t)e -)ilippine
C)arity A#eepstaHes >ffice. ?'t t)e alteration is so cr'de t)at e$en a c)ild can notice t)at t)e
s'pposed diit is merely s'perimposed on t)e diit t)at #as scraped. 5as t)e old man 'ilty of
forery<
55
NO Because of the impossi&ility of deceiving whoever would &e the person to whom that
tic0et is presented( the Supreme Court ruled that what was committed was an impossi&le crime%
Note( however( that the decision has &een critici)ed% n a case li0e this( the Supreme Court of
Spain ruled that the crime is frustrated% 'here the alteration is such that no&ody would &e
deceived( one could easily see that it is a forgery( the crime is frustrated &ecause he has done all
the acts of execution which would &ring a&out the felonious conse+uence &ut nevertheless did
not result in a consummation for reasons independent of his will%
3. A person )as a t#enty4peso .ill. 0e applied toot)ac)e drops on one side of t)e .ill.
0e )as a mimeorap) paper similar in te2t're to t)at of t)e c'rrency note and placed it on top of
t)e t#enty4peso .ill and p't some #ei)t on top of t)e paper. After sometime1 )e remo$ed it and
t)e printin on t)e t#enty4peso .ill #as reprod'ced on t)e mimeo paper. 0e tooH t)e re$erse
side of t)e -2* .ill1 applied toot)ac)e drops and re$ersed t)e mimeo paper and pressed it to t)e
paper. After sometime1 )e remo$ed it and it #as reprod'ced. 0e c't it o't1 scraped it a little
and #ent to a sari4sari store tryin to .'y a ciarette #it) t)at .ill. 5)at )e o$erlooHed #as t)at1
#)en )e placed t)e .ill1 t)e printin #as in$erted. 0e #as appre)ended and #as prosec'ted and
con$icted of forery. 5as t)e crime of forery committed<
The Supreme Court ruled that it was only frustrated forgery &ecause although the
offender has performed all the acts of execution( it is not possi&le &ecause &y simply loo0ing at
the forged document( it could &e seen that it is not genuine% t can only &e a consummated
forgery if the document which purports to &e genuine is given the appearance of a true and
genuine document% Otherwise( it is at most frustrated%
-i%e classes o alsiication#
879 >alsification of legislative documents.
8,9 >alsification of a document &y a pu&lic officer( employee or notary pu&lic.
849 >alsification of a pu&lic or official( or commercial documents &y a private individual.
8:9 >alsification of a private document &y any person.
839 >alsification of wireless( telegraph and telephone messages%
T)e crime of falsification m'st in$ol$e a #ritin t)at is a doc'ment in t)e leal sense. T)e
#ritin m'st .e complete in itself and capa.le of e2tin'is)in an o.liation or creatin ri)ts or
capa.le of .ecomin e$idence of t)e facts stated t)erein. 9ntil and 'nless t)e #ritin )as
attained t)is @'ality1 it #ill not .e considered as doc'ment in t)e leal sense and1 t)erefore1 t)e
crime of falsification cannot .e committed in respect t)ereto.
'istinction (etween alsiication an) orgery#
>alsification is t)e commission of any of t)e ei)t acts mentioned in Article 1!1 on leislati$e
(only t)e act of maHin alteration)1 p'.lic or official1 commercial1 or pri$ate doc'ments1 or
#ireless1 or telerap) messaes.
T)e term forgery as 'sed in Article 16( refers to t)e falsification and co'nterfeitin of treas'ry or
.anH notes or any instr'ments paya.le to .earer or to order.
=ote t)at forin and falsification are crimes 'nder +oreries.
Article !.7
-ALSI-ICATION O- LEGISLATI4E 'OCUMENTS
ELEMENTS #
a. That these be a bill, resol$tion or ordinance enacted or approved or pending
approval b! the national assembl! or an! provincial board or m$nicipal co$ncil.
b. That the offender 1an! person) alters the same.
c. That he has no proper a$thorit! therefor.
d. That the alteration has changed the meaning of the doc$ment.
56
T)e #ords Nm'nicipal co'ncilN s)o'ld incl'de t)e city co'ncil or m'nicipal .oard B 3eyes.
Acc'sed m'st not .e a p'.lic official entr'sted #it) t)e c'stody or possession of s'c)
doc'ment ot)er#ise Art 1!1 applies .
T)e falsification m'st .e committed on a en'ine1 tr'e and a't)entic leislati$e doc'ment. "f
committed on a sim'lated1 sp'rio's or fa.ricated leislati$e doc'ment1 t)e crime is not p'nis)ed
'nder t)is article .'t 'nder Article 1!1 or 1!2.
Article !.!
-ALSI-ICATION O- 'OCUMENTS BY +UBLIC O--ICER0 EM+LOYEE0 OR NOTARY OR
ECCLESTASTICAL MINISTER
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer, emplo!ee, or notar! p$blic.
b. That he ta0es advantage of his official position.
c. That he falsifies a doc$ment b! committing an! of the following acts"
1. #o$nterfeiting or imitating an! handwriting, signat$re or r$bric.
-e5$isites"
i. T)at t)ere .e an intent to imitate1 or an attempt to imitate
ii. T)at t)e t#o sinat'res or )and#ritins1 t)e en'ine and t)e fored1 .ear
some resem.lance1 to eac) ot)er
(lacH of similit'deLimitation of a en'ine sinat're #ill not .e a ro'nd for
con$iction 'nder par. 1 .'t s'c) is not an impediment to con$iction 'nder par.
2)
2. #a$sing it to appear that persons have participated in an! act or proceeding when
the! did not in fact so participate.
4. Attrib$ting to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements
other than those in fact made b! them.
-e5$isites"
i. T)at t)e offender ca'sed it to appear in a doc'ment t)at a personLs
participated in an act or a proceedin; and
ii. T)at s'c) personLs did not in fact so participate in t)e act or proceedin
9. *a0ing $ntr$thf$l statements in a narration of facts2
-e5$isites"
i. T)at t)e offender maHes in a doc'ment statements in a narration of facts
ii. T)at )e )as a leal o.liation to disclose t)e tr't) of t)e facts narrated .y )im;
(re@'ired .y la# to .e done) and
iii. T)at t)e facts narrated .y t)e offender are a.sol'tely false; and
i$. T)at t)e per$ersion or tr't) in t)e narration of facts #as made #it) t)e
#ronf'l intent of in/'rin a t)ird person
T)ere m'st .e a narration of facts1 not a concl'sion of la#. M'st .e on a material
matter
+or one to .e )eld criminally lia.le for falsification 'nder pararap) 41 t)e 'ntr't)f'l statement
m'st .e s'c) as to effect t)e interity of t)e doc'ment or to c)ane t)e effects #)ic) it #o'ld
ot)er#ise prod'ce.
57
8eal o.liation means t)at t)ere is a la# re@'irin t)e disclos're of t)e tr't) of
t)e facts narrated. E2. 3esidence certificates
T)e person maHin t)e narration of facts m'st .e a#are of t)e falsity of t)e facts
narrated .y )im. T)is Hind of falsification may .e committed .y omission
8. Altering tr$e dates.
B date m'st .e essential
+or falsification to taHe place 'nder t)is pararap)1 t)e date of t)e doc'ment m'st .e material to
t)e ri)t created or to t)e o.liation t)at is e2tin'is)ed.
<. *a0ing an! alteration or intercalation in a gen$ine doc$ment which changes its
meaning.
-e5$isites"
i. T)at t)ere .e an alteration (c)ane) or intercalation (insertion) on a
doc'ment
ii. T)at it #as made on a en'ine doc'ment
iii. T)at t)e alterationLintercalation )as c)aned t)e meanin of t)e doc'ment
i$. T)at t)e c)ane made t)e doc'ment speaH somet)in false.
7. (ss$ing in an a$thenticated form a doc$ment p$rporting to be a cop! of an original
doc$ment when no s$ch original e.ists, or incl$ding in s$ch cop! a statement
contrar! to, or different from, that of the gen$ine original2 1if no 0nowledge(
falsification through negligence) or
T)e acts of falsification mentioned in t)is pararap) are committed .y a p'.lic officer or .y a
notary p'.lic #)o taHes ad$antae of )is official position as c'stodian of t)e doc'ment. "t can
also refer to a p'.lic officer or notary #)o prepared and retained a copy of t)e doc'ment. The
falsification can &e done in two ways. "t can .e a certification p'rportin to s)o# t)at t)e
doc'ment iss'ed is a copy of t)e oriinal on record #)en no s'c) oriinal e2ists. "t can also .e in
t)e form of a certification to t)e effect t)at t)e doc'ment on file contains statements or
incl'din in t)e copy iss'ed1 entries #)ic) are not fo'nd on contrary to1 or different from t)e
oriinal en'ine doc'ment on file.
:. (ntercalating an! instr$ment or note relative to the iss$ance thereof in a protocol,
registr!, or official boo0. 1gen$ine doc$ment)
d. "n case t)e offender is an ecclesiastical minister1 t)e act of falsification is committed
#it) respect to any record or doc'ment of s'c) c)aracter t)at its falsification may affect
t)e ci$il stat's of persons.
There is no crime of attempted or frustrated falsification of pu&lic document
Alteration or c)anes to maHe t)e doc'ment speaH t)e tr't) do not constit'te falsification. 1E+
vs. *ateo, 28 Phil. 429)
Persons liable B p'.lic officer1 employee or notary p'.lic or ecclesiastical minister
Eit)er )e )as d'ty to inter$ene in t)e preparation of t)e doc'ment or it may .e a sit'ation
#)erein t)e p'.lic officer )as official c'stody of t)e doc'ment.
Ao e$en if t)e offender is a p'.lic officer1 if )er ca'ses t)e falsification of a doc'ment #)ic) is
not in )is official c'stody or if t)e falsification committed .y )im is not related #)atsoe$er to
t)e performance of )is d'ties1 )e #ill still .e lia.le for falsification .'t definitely not 'nder
t)is Article .'t 'nder Article 1!2. (falsification of doc'ments .y a pri$ate person)
'ocument# Any #ritten instr'ment #)ic) esta.lis)es a ri)t or .y #)ic) an o.liation is
e2tin'is)ed. A deed or areement e2ec'ted .y a person settin fort) any disposition or condition
#)erein ri)ts and o.liations may arise.
58
'riting may &e on anything as long as it is a product of the handwriting( it is considered a
document%
=ot necessary t)at #)at is falsified is a en'ine or real doc'ment1 eno') t)at it i$es an
appearance of a en'ine article
As long as any of the acts of falsification is committed( whether the document is genuine
or not( the crime of falsification may &e committed% Even totally false documents may &e
falsified%
Countereiting B imitatin any )and#ritin1 sinat're or r'.ric
-eigning B sim'latin a sinat're1 )and#ritin1 or r'.ric o't of one of #)ic) does not in fact
e2ist
t does not re+uire that the writing &e genuine% Even if the writing was through and through
false( if it appears to &e genuine( the crime of falsification is nevertheless committed%
There are our @in)s o )ocuments#
879 *u&lic document in the execution of which( a person in authority or notary pu&lic has
ta0en part.
8,9 Official document in the execution of which a pu&lic official ta0es part.
849 Commercial document or any document recogni)ed &y the Code of Commerce or any
commercial law. and
8:9 *rivate document in the execution of which only private individuals ta0e part%
-'.lic doc'ment is .roader t)an t)e term official doc'ment. ?efore a doc'ment may .e
considered official1 it m'st first .e a p'.lic doc'ment. ?'t not all p'.lic doc'ments are official
doc'ments. To .ecome an official doc'ment1 t)ere m'st .e a la# #)ic) re@'ires a p'.lic officer
to iss'e or to render s'c) doc'ment. E2ample6 A cas)ier is re@'ired to iss'e an official receipt
for t)e amo'nt )e recei$es. T)e official receipt is a p'.lic doc'ment #)ic) is an official
doc'ment.
Liabilit! of a private individ$al in falsification b! a p$blic officer when there is conspirac!.
!nder #epu&lic Act KGK31 #)en a p'.lic officer #)o )olds a position classified as Jrade 2! or
)i)er1 commits a crime in relation to t)e performance of )is official f'nctions1 t)e case aainst
)im #ill fall 'nder t)e /'risdiction of t)e Aandian.ayan. f a private person is included in the
accusation &ecause of the existence of conspiracy in the commission of the crime1 t)e
Aandian.ayan s)all maintain /'risdiction o$er t)e person of t)e co4acc'sed1 not#it)standin t)e
fact t)at said co4acc'sed is a pri$ate indi$id'al. f the pu&lic officer is found guilty( the same
lia&ility and penalty shall &e imposed on the private individual. 1E.+. vs. Ponce, 2@ Phil. 43B)
Article !.6
-ALSI-ICATION O- +UBLIC0 O--ICIAL0 OR COMMERCIAL 'OCUMENT BY A +RI4ATE IN'I4I'UAL
</ar !=
ELEMENTS
a. That the offender is a private individ$al or a p$blic officer or emplo!ee who did
not ta0e advantage of his official position.
59
b. That he committed an! of the acts of falsification en$merated in A-T. 131.
1. #o$nterfeiting or imitating an! handwriting, signat$re or r$bric.
2. #a$sing it to appear that persons have participated in an! act or proceeding when
the! did not in fact so participated.
4. Attrib$ting to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements
other than those in fact made b! them.
9. *a0ing $ntr$thf$l statements in a narration of facts2
8. Altering tr$e dates.
<. *a0ing an! alteration or intercalation in a gen$ine doc$ment which changes its
meaning.
c. That the falsification was committed in an! p$blic or official or commercial
doc$ment.
9nder t)is pararap)1 damage is not essential1 it is pres'med
"f t)e falsification of p'.lic1 official or commercial doc'ments1 #)et)er t)ey .e p'.lic official or
.y pri$ate indi$id'als1 it is not necessary that there &e present the idea of gain or the intent to
in6ure a third person. 5)at is p'nis)ed 'nder t)e la# is t)e $iolation of p'.lic fait) and t)e
per$ersion of t)e tr't) as solemnly proclaimed .y t)e nat're of t)e doc'ment. 1+arep vs.
+andiganba!an)
'eense# lacH of malice or criminal intent
The following writings are p$blic"
a. t)e #ritten acts or records of acts of t)e so$erein a't)ority of official .odies and
tri.'nals1 and of t)e p'.lic officers1 leislati$e1 /'dicial and e2ec'ti$e1 #)et)er of t)e
-)ilippines or of a forein co'ntry.
.. -'.lic records Hept in t)e -)ilippines.
Examples of commercial documents B #are)o'se receipts1 air#ay .ills1 .anH c)ecHs1 cas) files1
deposit slips and .anH statements1 /o'rnals1 .ooHs1 leders1 drafts1 letters of credit and ot)er
neotia.le instr'ments
T)ere is a comple. crime of estafa thro$gh falsification of p$blic, official or commercial
doc$ment. "n t)e crime of estafa1 damae or intent to ca'se damae is not an element. "t is
s'fficient t)at t)e offender committed or performed t)e acts of falsification as defined and
p'nis)ed 'nder Article 1!1. T)e t#o offenses can co4e2ist as t)ey )a$e distinct elements pec'liar
to t)eir nat're as a crime. 5)en t)e falsification is committed .eca'se it is necessary to commit
estafa1 #)at #e )a$e is a comple2 crime defined and p'nis)ed 'nder Article 4% of t)e 3e$ised
-enal Code.
T)ere is a complex crime of falsification of pu&ic documents through rec0less imprudence%
Cas) dis.'rsement $o'c)ers or receipts e$idencin payments are not commercial doc'ments
A mere .lanH form of an official doc'ment is not in itself a doc'ment
T)e possessor of falsified doc'ment is pres'med to .e t)e a't)or of t)e falsification
-ALSI-ICATION UN'ER +ARAGRA+8 6 O- ART& !.6& O- +RI4ATE 'OCUMENT
ELEMENTS #
a. That the offender committed an! of the acts of falsification, e.cept those in
paragraph 3 and :, en$merated in art. 131.
60
b. That the falsification was committed in an! private doc$ment 1must affect the truth
or integrity of the document)
c. That the falsification ca$sed damage 1essential element. hence( no crime of estafa thru
falsification of private document) to a third part! or at least the falsification was
committed with intent to ca$se s$ch damage.
=ot necessary t)at t)e offender profited or )oped to profit from t)e falsification
+alsification of a pri$ate doc'ment is cons'mmated #)en s'c) doc'ment is act'ally falsified #it)
t)e intent to pre/'dice a t)ird person #)et)er s'c) falsified doc'ment is or is not t)ereafter p't
to illeal 'se for #)ic) it is intended. 1Lope' vs. Paras, 4< Phil. 19<)
5)at is emp)asiIed at t)is point is t)e element of falsification of pri$ate doc'ment. There must
&e intent to cause damage or damage is actually caused. T)e intention is t)erefore m'st .e
malicio's or t)ere is deli.erate intent to commit a #ron. #ec0less imprudence is incompati&le
with malicious intent%
+alsification is not a contin'in offense
T)ere is no falsification t)ro') recHless impr'dence if t)e doc'ment is a pri$ate doc'ment.
+alsification .y omission
Mere falsification of a pri$ate doc'ment is not eno') to commit crime 'nder pararap) 2 of
Article 1!2. T#o acts m'st .e done .y t)e offender. 1) 0e m'st )a$e performed in t)e pri$ate
doc'ment t)e falsification contemplated 'nder Article 1!1. 2) 0e m'st )a$e performed an
independent act #)ic) operates to ca'se damae or pre/'dice to a t)ird person. T)e t)ird person
mentioned )erein may incl'de t)e o$ernment. Damae is not limited to money or pec'niary
pre/'dice. Damae to oneFs )onor1 rep'tation or ood name is incl'ded.
A doc'ment falsified as a necessary means to commit anot)er crime m'st .e p'.lic1 official or
commercial
T)ere is no complex crime of estafa through falsification of a private document .eca'se t)e
immediate effect of t)e latter is t)e same as t)at of estafa
"f a pri$ate doc'ment is falsified to ca'se damae to t)e offended party1 t)e crime committed is
falsification of a pri$ate doc'ment. 3emem.er t)at in estafa1 damae or intent to ca'se damae
is an indispensa.le element of t)e crime. T)e same element is necessary to commit t)e crime of
falsification of pri$ate doc'ment. Aince t)ey )a$e a common element1 s'c) element cannot .e
di$ided into t)e t#o parts and considered as t#o separate offenses.
T)ere is no comple2 crime of estafa #it) falsification .eca'se deceit is a common element of
&oth. >ne and t)e same deceit or damae cannot i$e rise to more t)an one crime. "t is eit)er
estafa or falsification.
Criteria to )etermine whether the crime is estaa only or alsiication only #
"+ t)e falsification of t)e pri$ate doc'ment #as essential in t)e commission of estafa .eca'se t)e
falsification1 estafa cannot .e committed1 t)e crime is falsification; estafa .ecomes t)e
conse@'ence of t)e crime.
"+ t)e estafa can .e committed e$en #it)o't resortin to falsification1 t)e latter .ein resorted
only to facilitate estafa1 t)e main crime is estafa; falsification is merely incidental1 since e$en
#it)o't falsification1 estafa can .e committed.
"f t)e estafa #as already cons'mmated at t)e time of t)e falsification of a pri$ate doc'ment
#as committed for t)e p'rpose of concealin t)e estafa1 t)e falsification is not p'nis)a.le1
.eca'se as reards t)e falsification of t)e pri$ate doc'ment t)ere #as no damae or intent to
ca'se damae.
A pri$ate doc'ment #)ic) is falsified to o.tain money from offended party is a falsification of
pri$ate doc'ment only.
61
A pri$ate doc'ment may ac@'ire t)e c)aracter of a p'.lic doc'ment #)en it .ecomes part of
an official record and is certified .y a p'.lic officer d'ly a't)oriIed .y la#
T)e crime is falsification of p'.lic doc'ments e$en if falsification tooH place .efore t)e
pri$ate doc'ment .ecomes part of t)e p'.lic records
Examples:
An employee of a pri$ate company #)o p'nc)es t)e .'ndy clocH on .e)alf on a co4employee is
'ilty of falsification of a pri$ate doc'ment.
>ne #)o #ill taHe t)e ci$il ser$ice e2amination for anot)er and maHes it appear t)at )e is t)e
e2aminee is 'ilty of falsification of a p'.lic doc'ment.
USE O- -ALSI-IE' 'OCUMENT </ar& :0 art& !.6=
ELEMENTS#
a. (ntrod$cing in a 7$dicial proceeding"
1. That the offender 0new that a doc$ment was falsified b! another person.
2. That the false doc$ment is embraced in art. 131 or in an! s$bdivisions nos. 1 and
2 of art. 132.
3. That he introd$ced said doc$ment in evidence in an! 7$dicial proceeding. 1intent
to cause damage not necessary)
b. Ese in an! other transaction"
1. That the offender 0new that a doc$ment was falsified b! another person.
2. That the false doc$ment is embraced in art. 131 or in an! of s$bdivisions nos. 1
and 2 of art. 132.
4. That he $sed s$ch doc$ments 1not in 6udicial proceedings).
9. That the $se of the doc$ments ca$sed damage to another or at least was $sed
with intent to ca$se s$ch damage.
The $ser of the falsified doc$ment is deemed the a$thor of falsification, if"
a. t)e 'se is so closely connected in time #it) t)e falsification
.. t)e 'ser )ad t)e capacity of falsifyin t)e doc'ment
-alsiication o +ri%ate 'ocuments -alsiication o +u(licEOicial 'ocuments
-re/'dice to t)ird party is an
element of t)e offense.
-re/'dice to t)ird persons is immaterial1 #)at
is p'nis)ed is t)e $iolation of p'.lic fait) and
per$ersion of tr't) #)ic) t)e doc'ment
proclaims.
-$les to observe in the $se of a falsified doc$ment.
1. "t is a crime #)en Hno#inly introd'ced in a /'dicial proceedin e$en if t)ere is not intent to
ca'se damae to anot)er. Cno#inly introd'cin a falsified doc'ment in a /'dicial proceedin1
t)e 'se alone is not a crime. T)e mere introd'ction of t)e fored doc'ment is t)e crime itself.
?'t #)en t)e falsified doc'ment is Hno#inly introd'ced in an administrati$e proceedin1 t)e
'se alone is not a crime. T)ere m'st .e intent to ca'se damae or damae is act'ally
inflicted.
2. +alsification of doc'ment is a separate and distinct offense from t)at of t)e 'se of falsified
doc'ments. Ao if t)e falsification of doc'ment #as done or performed .eca'se it #as
necessary to t)e 'se of t)e same and in t)e commission of t)e crime1 t)en #e may )a$e a
comple2 crime defined and p'nis)ed 'nder Article 4% of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
3. Jood fait) is a defense in falsification of p'.lic doc'ment.
Article !.:
-ALSI-ICATION O- 2IRELESS0 CABLE0 TELEGRA+80 AN' TELE+8ONE MESSAGES0 AN' USE O-
SAI' -ALSI-IE' MESSAGES
62
Acts /unisha(le#
1. Ettering fictitio$s, wireless, telegraph or telephone message
-e5$isites"
a. T)at t)e offender is an officer or employee of t)e o$ernment or an officer or
employee of a pri$ate corporation1 enaed in t)e ser$ice of sendin or recei$in
#ireless1 ca.le or telep)one messae.
&% That the accused commits any of the following acts:
- 'tterin fictitio's #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap)1 or telep)one messae1 or
- falsifyin #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap)1 or telep)one messae
2. ,alsif!ing wireless, telegraph or telephone message
-e5$isites"
a. T)at t)e offender is an officer or employee of t)e o$ernment or an officer or
employee of a pri$ate corporation1 enaed in t)e ser$ice of sendin or recei$in
#ireless1 ca.le or telep)one messae.
.. That the accused commits any of the following acts6
- 'tterin fictitio's #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap)1 or telep)one messae1 or
- falsifyin #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap)1 or telep)one messae
4. Esing s$ch falsified message
-e5$isites"
a. T)at t)e acc'sed Hne# t)at #ireless1 ca.le1 telerap)1 or telep)one messae #as
falsified .y any of t)e person specified in t)e first pararap) of art. 1!3.
.. T)at t)e acc'sed 'sed s'c) falsified dispatc).
c. T)at t)e 'se of t)e falsified dispatc) res'lted in t)e pre/'dice of a t)ird party1 or
t)at t)e 'se t)ereof #as #it) intent to ca'se s'c) pre/'dice.
T)e p'.lic officer1 to .e lia.le m'st .e enaed in t)e ser$ice of sendin or recei$in #ireless1
ca.le and telerap) or telep)one messae
Article !."
-ALSI-ICATION O- ME'ICAL CERTI-ICATES0 CERTI-CATES O- MERIT OR SER4ICE AN' T8E LIGE#
+ersons lia(le#
a% *hysician or surgeon who( in connection with the practice of his profession( issued a false
certificate 8note: such certificate must refer to the illness or in6ury of a person9
&% *u&lic officer who issued a false certificate of merit of service( good conduct or similar
circumstances
c% *rivate individual who falsified a certificate under 879 and 8,9
Article !.*
USING -ALSE CERTI-ICATES
ELEMENTS#
a. That a ph!sician or s$rgeon has iss$ed a false medical certificate, or a p$blic
officer has iss$ed a false certificate of merit or service, good cond$ct, or similar
circ$mstances, or a private person had falsified an! of said certificates.
b. That the offender 0new that the certificate was false.
c. That he $sed the same.
Article !.,
MANU-ACTURING AN' +OSSESSION O- INTRUMENTS OR IM+LEMENTS -OR -ALSI-ICATION#
Acts /unisha(le#
63
a. *a0ing or introd$cing into the Philippines an! stamps, dies or mar0s or other
instr$ments or implements for co$nterfeiting or falsification
b. Possessing with intent to $se the instr$ments or implements for co$nterfeiting or
falsification made in or introd$ced into the Philippines b! another person
T)e implement confiscated need not form a complete set
Constr'cti$e possession is also p'nis)ed
OT8ER -ALSITIES
Article !..
USUR+ATION O- AUT8ORITY OR O--ICIAL -UNCTIONS#
6 ways o committing the crime#
a. >! 0nowingl! and falsel! representing oneself to be an officer, agent or
representative of an! department or agenc! of the Philippine govCt or an! foreign
govCt.
b. >! performing an act pertaining to an! person in a$thorit! or p$blic officer of the
Phil govCt or foreign govCt $nder the pretense of s$ch official position, and witho$t
being lawf$ll! entitled to do so.
(n $s$rpation of a$thorit!" T)e mere act of Hno#inly and falsely representin oneself is
s'fficient. =ot necessary t)at )e performs an act pertainin to a p'.lic officer.
Elements
1. &ffender 0nowingl! and falsel! represents himself2
2. As an officer, agent or representative of an! department or agenc! of the
Philippine government or of an! foreign government.
(n $s$rpation of official f$nctions" "t is essential t)at t)e offender s)o'ld )a$e performed an
act pertainin to a person in a't)ority
Elements
1. &ffender performs an! act2
2. Pertaining to an! person in a$thorit! or p$blic officer of the Philippine
government or an! foreign government, or an! agenc! thereof2
4. Ender pretense of official position2
9. itho$t being lawf$ll! entitled to do so.
A pu&lic officer may also &e an offender
The act performed witho$t being lawf$ll! entitled to do so m$st pertain"
a. to t)e o$Ft
.. to any person in a't)ority
c. to any p'.lic office
+orein o$ernment ad$erted to in t)is article refers to p'.lic officers d'ly a't)oriIed to perform
o$ernmental d'ties in t)e -)ilippines. T)e la# cannot refer to ot)er forein o$ernments as its
application may .rin 's to leal pro.lems #)ic) may infrine on constit'tional .o'ndaries.
"f t)e offender commits t)e acts of 's'rpation as contemplated )erein1 and )e does it .eca'se )e
is a re.el and p'rs'ant to t)e crime of re.ellion or ins'rrection or sedition1 )e #ill not .e lia.le
'nder t)is article .eca'se #)at is attri.'ted aainst )im as a crime of 's'rpation is in fact one of
t)e elements of committin re.ellion.
64
T)e elements of false pretense is necessary to commit t)e crime of 's'rpation of official
f'nction.
Article !.3
USING -ICTITIOUS NAME AN' CONCEALING TRUE NAME
ELEMENTS <using ictitious name= #
a. That the offender $ses a name other than his real name.
b. That he $ses that fictitio$s name p$blicl!.
c. That the p$rpose of the offender is
1. To conceal a crime,
2. To evade the e.ec$tion of a 7$dgment, or
4. To ca$se damage to p$blic interest. 1e.. +igning fictitio$s name for a passport)
T)e name of a person is #)at appears in )is .irt) certificate. T)e name of a person refers to )is
first name1 s'rname1 and maternal name. Any ot)er name #)ic) a person p'.licly applies to
)imself #it)o't a't)ority of la# is a fictitio's name.
ELEMENTS <concealing true name=#
a. that the offender conceals
1. his tr$e name, and
2. all other personal circ$mstances.
b. that the p$rpose is onl! to conceal his identit!.
5)at t)e offender does to $iolate or commit t)is act is for )im to conceal )is tr'e name and ot)er
personal circ'mstances. 0is only moti$e in doin so is to conceal )is identity. "n concealment of
tr'e name1 t)e deception is done momentarily1 /'st eno') to conceal t)e name of t)e offender.
n the use of fictitious name1 t)e offender presents )imself .efore t)e p'.lic #it) anot)er name.
A person 'nder in$estiation .y t)e police #)o i$es a false name and false personal
circ'mstances1 'pon .ein interroated1 is 'ilty of t)is crime.
Use o -ictitious Name <!.3= Concealing True Name <!.3=
Element of p'.licity m'st .e present -'.licity not necessary
-'rpose is to conceal a crime1 to e$ade t)e
e2ec'tion of a /'dement1 or to ca'se
damae
-'rpose is to conceal identity
Commonwealth Act No& !"6 <Regulating the Use o Aliases=
=o person s)all 'se any name different from t)e one #it) #)ic) )e #as reistered at .irt) in t)e
office of t)e local ci$il reistry1 or #it) #)ic) )e #as reistered in t)e .'rea' of immiration
'pon entry; or s'c) s'.stit'te name as may )a$e .een a't)oriIed .y a competent co'rt.
).ception" -se'donym solely for literary1 cinema1 tele$ision1 radio1 or ot)er entertainment and in
at)letic e$ents #)ere t)e 'se of pse'donym is a normally accepted practice.
Article !.5
ILLEGAL USE O- UNI-ORM OR INSIGNIA
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender ma0es $se of insignia, $niform or dress.
b. That the insignia, $niform or dress pertains to an office not held b! the offender
or to a class of persons of which he is not a member.
c. That said insignia, $niform or dress is $sed p$blicl! and improperl!.
65
T)e #earin of a 'niform1 or insinia of a non4e2istin office or esta.lis)ment is not a crime. "t is
necessary t)at t)e 'niform or insinia represents an office #)ic) carries a't)ority1 respect1
dinity1 or infl'ence #)ic) t)e p'.lic looHs 'p to.
Ao also1 an exact imitation of a uniform or dress is unnecessary; a colora.le resem.lance
calc'lated to decei$e t)e common r'n of people is s'fficient.
T)e #earin of insinia1 .ade or em.lem of ranH of t)e mem.ers of t)e armed forced of t)e
-)ilippines or consta.'lary (no# -=-) is p'nis)ed .y 3ep'.lic Act =o. 4(3.
5)en t)e 'niform or insinia is 'sed to emp)asiIe t)e paeantry of a play or drama or in mo$in
pict're films1 t)e crime is not committed.
Three orms o alse testimony
1. +alse testimony in criminal cases 'nder Article 1%* and 1%1;
2. +alse testimony in ci$il case 'nder Article 1%2;
3. +alse testimony in ot)er cases 'nder Article 1%3.
,alse testimon!, defined
"t is t)e declaration 'nder oat) of a #itness in a /'dicial proceedin #)ic) is contrary to
#)at is tr'e1 or to deny t)e same1 or to alter essentially t)e tr't).
%at$re of the crime of false testimon!.
1. "t cannot .e committed t)ro') recHless impr'dence .eca'se false testimony re@'ires criminal
intent or intent to $iolate t)e la# is an essential element of t)e crime.
2. "f t)e false testimony is d'e to )onest mistaHe or error or t)ere #as ood fait) in maHin t)e
false testimony1 no crime is committed.
Article !37
-ALSE TESTIMONY AGAINST A 'E-EN'ANT
ELEMENTS#
a. That there be a criminal proceeding.
b. That the offender testifies falsel! $nder oath against the defendant therein.
c. That the offender who gives false testimon! 0nows that it is false.
d. That the defendant against whom the false testimon! is given is either ac5$itted
or convicted in a final 7$dgment 1prescriptive period starts at this point)
#e+uires criminal intent( canBt &e committed through negligence. =eed not imp'te 'ilt 'pon
t)e acc'sed
T)e defendant m'st at least .e sentenced to a correctional penalty or a fine or m'st )a$e
.een ac@'itted
T)e #itness #)o a$e false testimony is lia.le e$en if t)e co'rt did not consider )is testimony
T)e pro.ati$e $al'e of t)e testimonial e$idence is s'./ect to t)e r'les of e$idence. "t may not .e
considered at all .y t)e /'de. ?'t #)et)er t)e testimony is credi.le or not or #)et)er it is
appreciated or not in t)e conte2t t)at t)e false #itness #anted it to .e1 t)e crime of false
testimony is still committed1 since it is p'nis)ed not .eca'se of t)e effect it prod'ces1 .'t
.eca'se of its tendency to fa$or t)e acc'sed. 1People vs. -e!es)
-enalty is dependent 'pon sentence imposed on t)e defendant
Article !3!
-ALSE TESTIMONY IN -A4OR O- 'E-EN'ANT in a criminal case#
Elements#
1. A person gives false testimon!2
2. (n favor of the defendant2
4. (n a criminal case.
66
+alse testimony .y neati$e statement is in fa$or of t)e defendant
+alse testimony need not in fact .enefit t)e defendant
A statement of a mere opinion is not p'nis)a.le
Con$iction or ac@'ittal is not necessary (final /'dement is not necessary). T)e false
testimony need not infl'ence t)e ac@'ittal
A defendant #)o $ol'ntarily oes 'p on t)e #itness stand and falsely imp'tes t)e offense to
anot)er person t)e commission of t)e offense is lia.le 'nder t)is article. "f )e merely denies
t)e commission of t)e offense1 )e is not lia.le.
>asis of penalt!" ra$ity of t)e felony c)ared aainst t)e defendant
Article !36
-ALSE TESTIMONY IN CI4IL CASES
ELEMENTS#
a. That the testimon! m$st be given in a civil case.
b. That the testimon! m$st relate to the iss$es presented in said case.
c. That the testimon! m$st be false.
d. That the false testimon! m$st be given b! the defendant 0nowing the same to be
false.
e. That the testimon! m$st be malicio$s and given with an intent to affect the iss$es
presented in the said case
=ot applica.le #)en testimony i$en in a special proceedin (in t)is case1 t)e crime is
per/'ry)
>asis of penalt!" amo'nt in$ol$ed in t)e ci$il case
Distinctions .et#een per/'ry and false testimony6
+ER?URY -ALSE TESTIMONY
1. =on4/'dicial proceedins. 1. Ji$en in a /'dicial proceedin.
2. Atatement or testimony is re@'ired .y
la#.
2. Testimony need not .e re@'ired .y la#.
3. Amo'nt in$ol$ed is not material. 3. Amo'nt in$ol$ed in ci$il cases is
material.
4. immaterial #)et)er statement or
testimony is fa$ora.le or not to t)e
acc'sed.
4. "t is al#ays material in criminal cases.
Article!3:
-ALSE TESTIMONY IN OT8ER CASES AN' +ER?URY IN SOLEMN A--IRMATION
ELEMENTS#
a. That an acc$sed made a statement $nder oath or made an affidavit $pon a
material matter.
b. That the statement or affidavit was made before a competent officer, a$thori'ed
to receive and administer oath.
c. That in that statement or affidavit, the acc$sed made a willf$l and deliberate
assertion of a falsehood, and
d. That the sworn statement or affidavit containing the falsit! is re5$ired b! law.
2 wa!s of committing per7$r!"
a. .y falsely testifyin 'nder oat)
67
.. .y maHin a false statement
+$bornation of per7$r!" proc'res anot)er to s#ear falsely.
+olemn affirmation" refers to non4/'dicial proceedins and affida$its
A false affida$it to a criminal complaint may i$e rise to per/'ry
T#o contradictory s#orn statements are not s'fficient to con$ict t)e affiant for t)e crime of
per/'ry. T)ere m'st .e e$idence to s)o# #)ic) is false. T)e same m'st .e esta.lis)ed or pro$ed
from so'rces ot)er t)an t)e t#o contradictory statements. 1People vs. #apistrano, 9@ Phil. B@2)
A matter is material #)en it is directed to pro$e a fact in iss'e
T)e test of materiality is #)et)er a false statement can infl'ence t)e co'rt 1People vs. >na'il).
A =competent person a$thori'ed to administer an oath? means a person #)o )as a ri)t to
in@'ire into t)e @'estions presented to )im 'pon matters 'nder )is /'risdiction
T)ere is no per/'ry if t)e acc'sed sined and s#ore t)e statement .efore a person not a't)oriIed
to administer oat) 1People vs. >ella Aavid).
T)ere is no per6ury through negligence or imprudence since t)e assertion of false)ood m'st .e
#illf'l and deli.erate
?eca'se of t)e nat're of per/'ry1 #)ic) is t)e #illf'l and corr'pt assertion of a false)ood1 t)ere is
no per/'ry committed t)ro') recHless impr'dence or simple nelience 'nder Article 365. Aince
admittedly per/'ry can only .e committed .y means of dolo1 t)en good faith or lac0 of malice is
a good defense when one is indicted for the crime of per6ury%
E$en if t)ere is no la# re@'irin t)e statement to .e made 'nder oat)1 as long as it is made
for a legal purpose( it is sufficient
"f t)ere is no re@'irement of la# to place t)e statement or testimony 'nder oat)1 t)ere is
no -er/'ry considerin t)e p)rases Eoat) in cases in #)ic) t)e la# so re@'iresG in Article 1%3.
T)e affida$it or s#orn statement m'st .e re@'ired .y la# liHe affida$it of ad$erse claim to
protect oneFs interest on real property; or an affida$it of ood moral c)aracter to taHe t)e .ar
e2amination% So if the affidavit was made &ut the same is not re+uired &y law( even if the
allegations are false( the crime of per6ury is not committed% 1Aia' vs. People, 1B1 +#-A :<)
-er/'ry is an offense #)ic) co$ers false oat)s ot)er t)an t)ose taHen in t)e co'rse of /'dicial
proceedins
+alse testimony .efore t)e /'stice of t)e peace d'rin t)e -.". may i$e rise to t)e crime of
per/'ry .eca'se false testimony in /'dicial proceedins contemplates an act'al trial #)ere a
/'dment of con$iction or ac@'ittal is rendered
A person #)o Hno#inly and #illf'lly proc'res anot)er to s#ear falsely commits su&ornation
of per6ury and t)e #itness s'.orned does testify 'nder circ'mstances renderin )im 'ilty of
per/'ry.
T)e false testimony is not in a /'dicial proceedin
,alse testimon! vs. Per7$r!
5)en one testifies falsely .efore t)e co'rt1 t)e crime committed is false testimony. "f one
testifies falsely in a non4/'dicial proceedin1 t)e crime committed is per6ury. "n false testimony1
it is not re@'ired t)at t)e offender asserts a false)ood on a material matter. "t is eno') t)at )e
testifies falsely #it) deli.erate intent. "n per6ury1 t)e #itness m'st testify or assert a fact on a
material matter #it) a f'll Hno#lede t)at t)e information i$en is essentially contrary to t)e
tr't). $aterial matter means t)e main fact #)ic) is t)e s'./ect or o./ect of t)e in@'iry.
68
Article !3"
O--ERING -ALSE TESTIMONY IN E4I'ENCE
ELEMENTS#
a That the offender offered in evidence a false witness or false testimon!.
b That he 0new the witness or the testimon! was false.
c That the offer was made in a 7$dicial or official proceeding.
T)e false #itness need not .e con$icted of false testimony. T)e mere offer is s'fficient.
T)e offender in t)is article Hno#s t)at t)e #itness to .e presented is a false #itness or t)at t)e
#itness #ill lie #)ile testifyin. T)e proceedins is eit)er /'dicial or official. T)ere is a formal
offer of testimonial e$idence in t)e proceedins. T)e #itness is a.le to testify and t)e offender1
Hno#in t)e testimony is i$en .y t)e #itness to .e false1 ne$ert)eless offers t)e same in
e$idence. "n t)is case1 t)e person offerin t)e false testimony m'st )a$e not)in to do in t)e
maHin of t)e false testimony. 0e Hno#s t)at t)e #itness is false and yet )e asHs )im to testify
and t)ereafter offers t)e testimony in e$idence. Ao if t)e offeror1 aside from .ein s'c)1 is also
t)e person responsi.le in ind'cin or con$incin t)e false #itness to lie1 Article 1%4 #ill not apply.
T)e applica.le article #ill .e Article 1%*1 1%11 1%21 or 1%3 as t)e case may .e. T)e offenders in
t)is case #ill .e c)ared #it) per/'ry; t)e ind'cer as principal .y ind'cement and t)e ind'ced
party as t)e principal .y direct participation.
"t is for t)is reason t)at s$bornation of per7$r! is no longer treated as a specific felony with a
separate article of its own. =e$ert)eless1 it is a crime defined and p'nis)ed 'nder t)e 3e$ised
-enal Code. T)e crime committed .y one #)o ind'ces anot)er to testify falsely and t)e person
#)o arees and in conspiracy #it) t)e ind'cer1 testifies falsely1 is per/'ry. 1People vs. Padol, <<
Phil. 4<8)
-RAU'S
Article !3*
MAC8INATIONS IN +UBLIC AUCTION
ELEMENTS#
a That there be a p$blic a$ction.
b That the acc$sed solicited an! gift or a promise from an! of the bidders.
c That s$ch gifts or promise was the consideration for his refraining from ta0ing part
in that p$blic a$ction.
d That the acc$sed had the intent to ca$se the red$ction of the price of the thing
a$ctioned.
ELEMENTS O- ATTEM+TING TO CAUSE BI''ERS TO STAY A2AY#
a That there be a p$blic a$ction.
b That the acc$sed attempted to ca$se the bidders to sta! awa! from that p$blic
a$ction
c That it was done b! threats, gifts, promises, or an! other artifice.
d That the acc$sed had the intent to ca$se the red$ction of the price of the thing
a$ctioned.
69
Article !3,
MONO+OLIES AN' COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT O- TRA'E#
Acts /unishe)#
a. #ombination to prevent free competition in the mar0et
Elements
1. )ntering into an! contract or agreement or ta0ing part in an! conspirac! or
combination in the form of a tr$st or otherwise2
2. (n restraint of trade or commerce or to prevent b! artificial means free
competition in the mar0et.
b. >! entering into a contract or agreement or ta0ing part in an! conspirac! or
combination in the form of a tr$st or otherwise, in restraint of trade or commerce or
prevent b! artificial means free competition in the mar0et 1t is enough that initial
steps are ta0en% t is not necessary that there &e actual restraint of trade)
c. *onopol! to restrain free competition in the mar0et
Elements
1. >! monopoli'ing an! merchandise or ob7ect of trade or commerce, or b!
combining with an! other person or persons to monopoli'e said merchandise or
ob7ect2
2. (n order to alter the prices thereof b! spreading false r$mors or ma0ing $se of
an! other artifice2
4. To restrain free competition in the mar0et
d. *an$fact$rer, prod$cer or processor or importer combining, conspiring or agreeing
with an! person to ma0e transactions pre7$dicial to lawf$l commerce or to increase
the mar0et price of the merchandise.
Elements
1. *an$fact$rer, prod$cer, processor or importer of an! merchandise or ob7ect of
commerce2
2. #ombines, conspires or agrees with an! person2
4. P$rpose is to ma0e transactions pre7$dicial to lawf$l commerce or to increase
the mar0et price of an! merchandise or ob7ect of commerce man$fact$red,
prod$ced, processed, assembled or imported into the Philippines.
+ersonEs lia(le#
a. man'fact'rer
.. prod'cer
c. processor
d. importer
Crime is committe) (y#
a. com.inin
.. conspirin
c. areein #it) anot)er person
The /ur/ose is#
a. to maHe transactions pre/'dicial to la#f'l commerce
.. to increase t)e marHet price of any merc)andise or o./ect of commerce man'fact'red1
prod'ced1 processed1 assem.led or imported into t)e -)il
70
Also lia(le as /rinci/als#
a. corporationLassociation
.. aentLrepresentati$e
c. directorLmanaer B #)o #illinly permitted or failed to pre$ent commission of a.o$e
offense
Aggravated if items are"
a. food s'.stance
.. motor f'el or l'.ricants
c. oods of prime necessity
Article !3.
IM+ORTATION AN' 'IS+OSITION O- -ALSELY MARGE' ARTICLES OR MERC8AN'ISE MA'E O-
GOL'0 SIL4ER0 OR OT8ER +RECIOUS METALS OR T8EIR ALLOYS
ELEMENTS#
a That the offender imports, sells or disposes of an! of those articles or merchandise.
b That the stamps, brands, or mar0s or those articles or merchandise fails to indicate
the act$al fineness or 5$alit! of said metals or allo!s.
c That the offender 0nows that the said stamp, brand, or mar0 fails to indicate the
act$al fineness or 5$alit! of the metals or allo!s.
To .e criminally lia.le1 it is important to esta.lis) t)at t)e offender Hno#s t)e fact t)at t)e
imported merc)andise fails to indicate t)e act'al fineness or @'ality of t)e precio's metal. "f t)e
importer )as no e2pertise on t)e matter s'c) t)at )e )as no #ay of Hno#in )o# t)e fra'd #as
committed1 t)e e2istence of s'c) fact may .e serio'sly considered as a defense.
5)at t)e la# p'nis)es )erein is t)e sellin of mis.randed oods made of old1 sil$er and ot)er
precio's metals. T)erefore1 it m'st .e s)o#n t)at t)e seller Hno#s t)at t)e merc)andise is
mis.randed. 0ence1 dishonesty is an essential element of the crime.
Article !33
SUBSTITUTING 1 ALTERING TRA'E>MARG0 TRA'ENAME0 OR SER4ICE MARG
Acts /unisha(le#
a >! 1a) s$bstit$ting the trade name 1t/n) or trademar0 1t/m) of some other
man$fact$rer or dealer or a colorable imitation thereof, for the t/n or t/m of the real
man$fact$rer or dealer $pon an! article of commerce and 1b) selling the same.
b >! selling or b! offering for sale s$ch article of commerce, 0nowing that the t/n or
t/m has been fra$d$lentl! $sed
c >! $sing or s$bstit$ting the service mar0 of some other person, or a colorable
imitation of s$ch mar0s, in the sale or advertising of services
d >! printing, lithographing or reprod$cing t/n, t/m or service mar0 of one person, or a
colorable limitation thereof, to enable another person to fra$d$lentl! $se the same,
0nowing the fra$d$lent p$rpose for which it is to be $sed.
"f a partic'lar person is defra'ded .y t)e offender; as in t)e case of locally man'fact'red
oods1 #)ic) t)e offender1 .y alterin t)e la.el1 are made to appear as imported articles and
sold to a partic'lar person1 t)e crime committed is 'ndo'.tedly estafa as far as t)e partic'lar
person is concerned. ?'t if t)e falsely misla.eled oods are displayed in a store and offered
for sale to t)e p'.lic in eneral1 t)e crime committed is p'nis)ed 'nder Article 1%%. Ao1 if the
deception is isolated and is confined to a particular person or group of persons( estafa is
committed. f the fraud is employed against the pu&lic( Article 7HH is violated.
M'st not .e anot)er man'fact'rer ot)er#ise 'nfair competition
71
TaHe note t)at after maHin t)e s'.stit'tion t)e oods are displayed in t)e store or marHet for
sale1 Article 1%% is already committed e$en if no c'stomer comes to .'y any of t)e oods on
display. T)e mere offer for sale to the pu&lic consummates the crime%
T)e pendency of t)e administrati$e aspect of t)e case is not a pre/'dicial @'estion in t)e
resol'tion of t)e criminal case.
Article !35
UN-AIR COM+ETITION0 -RAU'ULENT REGISTRATION O- TRA'ENAME0 TRA'EMARG SER4ICE
MARG0 -RAU'ULENT 'ESIGNATION O- ORIGIN0 AN' -ALSE 'ESCRI+TION
Acts /unishe)#
a Enfair competition .y sellin )is oods1 i$in t)em t)e eneral appearance of t)e oods
of anot)er man'fact'rer or dealer
b ,ra$d$lent designation of origin2 false description .y (a) affi2in to )is oods or 'sin in
connection #it) )is ser$ices a false desination of oriin; or any false description or
representation1 and (.) sellin s'c) oods or ser$ices
c ,ra$d$lent registration .y proc'rin fra'd'lently from t)e patent office t)e reistration
of tLm1 tLm or ser$ice marH.
ELEMENTS#
a That the offender gives his goods the general appearance of the goods of another
man$fact$rer or dealer
b That the general appearance is shown in the 1a) goods themselves, or in the 1b)
wrapping of their pac0ages, or in the 1c) device or words therein, or in 1d) an! other
feat$re of their appearance
c That the offender offers to sell or sells those goods or gives other persons a chance or
opport$nit! to do the same with a li0e p$rpose.
d That there is act$al intent to deceive the p$blic or defra$d a competitor.
9nder 3ep'.lic Act =o. 1661 Aection 2(1 pararap) 21 $nfair competition is defined as follo#s6 "t
consists in employin deception or any ot)er means contrary to ood fait) .y #)ic) any person
s)all pass off t)e oods man'fact'red .y )im or in #)ic) )e deals1 or )is .'siness1 or ser$ices for
t)ose of t)e one )a$in esta.lis)ed ood#ill1 or committin any acts calc'lated to prod'ce s'c)
res'lt.
T)e tr$e test of $nfair competition is #)et)er certain oods )a$e .een clot)ed #it) an
appearance #)ic) is liHely to decei$e t)e ordinary p'rc)aser e2ercisin ordinary care. 1E.+. vs.
*an$el, 3 Phil. 221)
>or unfair competition to ta0e place1 it m'st .e t)e manufacturer of the goods #)o #ill clot) or
la.el )is oods #it) t)e trade name or trademarH of anot)er man'fact'rer1 #)o )as esta.lis)ed a
ood name or ood #ill in t)e mind of t)e p'.lic .eca'se of t)e @'ality of t)e merc)andise
man'fact'red .y )im. The imitator is also a manufacturer of the same 0ind of product &ut of
inferior +uality. ?y la.elin )is prod'ct #it) t)e trademarH or trade name of said man'fact'rer1
)e profits from t)e ood#ill of anot)er.
f the la&eling or clothing of the goods is not done &y another manufacturer1 t)e crime
committed is not 'nfair competition .'t s'.stit'tion of trademarH or trade name 'nder Article
1%%.
5)en t)e )onora.le A'preme Co'rt declared t)at 'nfair competition is .roader and more
incl'si$e t)an infrinement of trade name or trademarH. "n infringement of trade name or
trademar01 t)e offended party )as a pec'liar sym.ol or marH on )is oods #)ic) is considered a
property ri)t #)ic) m'st t)erefore .e protected. "n unfair competition1 t)e offended party )as
identified in t)e mind of t)e p'.lic t)e oods )e man'fact'res to distin'is) it from t)e oods of
t)e ot)er man'fact'rers. "n infringement of trade name or trademar01 t)e offender 'ses t)e
trade name or trademarH of anot)er in sellin )is oods1 #)ile in unfair competition1 t)e offender
i$es )is oods t)e eneral appearance of t)e oods of anot)er man'fact'rer and sells t)e same
to t)e p'.lic. 1). +pinner I #o. vs. %ew 6esslein #orp., 89 Phil. 229)
72
TITLE -I4E
CRIMES RELATE' TO O+IUM AN' OT8ER +RO8IBITE' 'RUGS <!57>!5"=
COM+RE8ENSI4E 'ANGEROUS 'RUGS ACT O- 6776
<RA No& 5!,*=
I& Acts +unisha(le#
a. importation of pro)i.ited dr's
.. sale1 administration1 deli$ery1 distri.'tion and transportation of pro)i.ited dr's
c. maintenance of a den1 di$e or resort for pro)i.ited dr' 'sers
d. .ein employees or $isitors of dr' den
e. man'fact're of pro)i.ited dr's
f. possession or 'se
. c'lti$ation of plants
). fail're to comply #it) pro$isions relati$e to Heepin of records of prescription
i. 'nnecessary prescription
/. possession of opi'm pipe and ot)er parap)ernalia
H. "mportation1 sale1 etc. of re'lated dr's
'RUG SYN'ICATE B any oraniIed ro'p of t#o(2) or more persons formin or /oinin toet)er
#it) t)e intention of committin any offense prescri.ed 'nder t)e act.
+LANTING O- E4I'ENCE B t)e #illf'l act .y any person of malicio'sly and s'rreptitio'sly
insertin1 placin1 addin or attac)in directly or indirectly1 t)ro') any o$ert or co$ert act1
#)ate$er @'antity of any danero's dr' andLor controlled prec'rsor and essential c)emical
in t)e person1 )o'se1 effects1 or in t)e immediate $icinity of an innocent indi$id'al for t)e
p'rpose of implicatin1 incriminatin or imp'tin t)e commission of any $iolation of t)is Act.
+ ' E A B -)ilippine Dr' Enforcement 9nit
Im/ortation o /rohi(ite)Eregulate) )rugs&
P)%ALTJ " 8ife to deat) T fine of 5**1*** to 1* million regardless of the Muantity and
purity involved
*AK(*E* P)%ALTJ "
79 !se of diplomatic *assport
,9 >inancier
Sale0 a)ministration0 )eli%ery0 )istri(ution an) transaction o /rohi(ite)Eregulate) )rugs&
; %&T >A(LA>L)
P)%ALTJ " 8ife to deat) T fine of 5**1*** to 1* million regardless of the Muantity and
purity involved 8 includes B#ONE# 9
G$alif!ing #irc$mstances B
1) if t)e $ictim of t)e offense is a minor or s)o'ld a pro)i.itedLre'lated dr' in$ol$e in any
offense 'nder t)is section .e t)e pro2imate ca'se of t)e deat) of a $ictim t)ereof1 t)e
ma2im'm penalty )erein s)all .e imposed.
6= >inancier
:= Aale made #it)in 1**m from sc)ool
Maintenance o a )en0 )i%e0 or resort or /rohi(ite)Eregulate) )rug users&
OO *roperty escheated in favor of the government
G$alif!ing #irc$mstance B #)ere a pro)i.itedLre'lated dr' is administered1 deli$ered1 or
sold to a minor #)o is allo#ed to 'se t)e same in s'c) place1 or s)o'ld a pro)i.ited dr' .e
t)e pro2imate ca'se of t)e deat) of t)e person 'sin t)e same in s'c) den1 di$e or resort1 t)e
ma2im'm of t)e penalty s)all .e imposed.
Manuacture o /rohi(ite)Eregulate) )rugs&
73
+ossession o /rohi(ite)Eregulate) )rugs&
P)%ALTJ "
a& 8ife to deat) T fine of 5**1*** to 1* million
1* ms. >pi'm1 morp)ine1 )eroine1 cocaine1 mari/'ana resin and Ecstasy.
5* ms. A)a.'
5** ms. Mari/'ana
(& 8ife "mprisonment and a fine of -4**1***.**4-5**1***.**
1*45* ms. A)a.'
c& 2* years to 8ife and a fine of 4**1***.**45**1***.**
541* ms. A)a.'
)& 12 B 2* years and a fine of 3**1***.**44**1***.**
8ess t)an 5 ms. >f any danero's dr's
+ossession o /ara/hernalia
6 mos. B 4 yrs. T fine of 1*1*** B 5*1***
Ese of Aangero$s Ar$gs B A person appre)ended or arrested1 #)o is fo'nd to .e positi$e for
'se of any danero's dr'1 after a confirmatory test1 s)all .e imposed a penalty of a minim'm
of si2 (6) mont)s re)a.ilitation in a o$ernment center for t)e first offense1 s'./ect to t)e
pro$isions of Article &""" of t)is Act.
"f appre)ended 'sin any danero's dr' act for t)e second time1 )eLs)e s)all s'ffer t)e
penalty of imprisonment ranin from si2 (6) years and one (1) day to t#el$e(12) years and a
fine ranin from +ifty t)o'sand pesos (-5*1***.**) to T#o )'ndred t)o'sand pesos
(-2**1***.**);
-ro$ided1 T)at t)is section s)all not .e applica.le #)ere t)e person tested is also fo'nd to
)a$e in )isL)er possession s'c) @'antity of any danero's dr' pro$ided for 'nder Aection 11
of t)is Act1 in #)ic) case t)e pro$isions stated t)erein s)all apply.
Culti%ation o /lants which are sources o /rohi(ite) )rugs&
+enalty 4 8ife to deat) and a fine of -5**1***.** to -1* Million
a %ote" T)e landLportions t)ereof andLor reen)o'ses in #)ic) any of t)e said plants is
c'lti$ated or c'lt'red s)all .e confiscated and esc)eated to t)e Atate1 'nless t)e o#ner
t)ereof can pro$e t)at )e did not Hno# of s'c) c'lti$ation or c'lt're despite t)e e2ercise
of d'e dilience on )is part.
b G$alif!ing #irc$mstance B
1. "f t)e land in$ol$ed is part of t)e p'.lic domain1 t)e ma2im'm of t)e penalty )erein
pro$ided s)all .e imposed.
2. Ma2im'm penalty imposed on financier
-ailure to @ee/ recor)s o /rescri/tion0 sales0 /urchases0 ac$uisitions an)Eor )eli%eries o
/rohi(ite)Eregulate) )rugs
Persons liable"
-)armacist1 -)ysician1 Dentist1 &eterinarian1 Man'fact'rer1 5)olesaler1 "mporter1
Distri.'tor1 Dealer1 3etailer
Unlawul /rescri/tion o /rohi(ite)Eregulate) )rugs
+enalty B life to deat) and a fine of -5**1*** to -1* Million
Unnecessary /rescri/tion o /rohi(ite)Eregulate) )rugs
+enalty B 12 to 2* years and fine of -1**1*** to -5**1*** pl's re$ocation of license
Persons Liable# -)ysician or dentist #)o s)all prescri.e any pro)i.itedLre'lated dr' for any
person #)ose p)ysicalLp)ysioloical condition does not re@'ire t)e 'se of t)ereof.
74
Coniscation an) oreiture o the /rocee)s or instruments o the unlawul act0 inclu)ing the
/ro/erties o the /rocee)s )eri%e) rom the illegal traic@ing o
)angerous )rugs&
+orfeited infa$or of t)e o$ernment
After t)e con$iction in t)e 3eional Trial Co'rt in t)e appropriate criminal case filed1 t)e Co'rt
s)all immediately sc)ed'le a )earin for t)e confiscation and forfeit're of all t)e proceeds of t)e
offense and all t)e assets and properties of t)e acc'sed eit)er o#ned or )eld .y )im or in t)e
name of some ot)er persons if t)e same s)all .e fo'nd to .e manifestly o't of proportion of
)isL)er income; -rovided( however1 T)at if t)e forfeited property is a $e)icle1 t)e same s)all .e
a'ctioned off not later t)an fi$e (5) days 'pon order of confiscation or forfeit're.
D'rin t)e pendency of t)e case in t)e 3eional Trial Co'rt1 no property1 or income deri$ed
t)erefrom1 #)ic) may .e confiscated and forfeited1 s)all .e disposed1 alienated or transferred
and t)e same s)all .e in c'stodia leis and no .ond s)all .e admitted for t)e release of t)e same.
Custo)y an) )is/osition o coniscate)0 seiCe) an)Eor surren)ere) )angerous )rugs
+'EA in c)are and c'stody for proper disposition
+roce)ure in 'is/osal
1. Appre)endin team immediately after seiI're s)all maHe p)ysical in$entory and p)otorap) t)e
seiIed dr's in t)e presence of t)e acc'sed or )is co'nsel1 a representati$e of t)e media and D>K
and any elected p'.lic official #)o s)all sin t)e copies of t)e in$entory.
2. 5it)in 24 )o'rs 'pon confiscationLseiI're of danero's dr's1 s'c) dr' s)all .e s'.mitted to
t)e -DEA forensic la.oratory for a @'alitati$e and @'antitati$e e2amination.
3. Certification of t)e forensic e2amination res'lts s)all .e iss'ed #it)in 24 )o'rs.
4. After t)e filin of t)e criminal case1 t)e proper co'rt s)all cond'ct and oc'lar inspection #it)in
!2 )o'rs of t)e confiscated1 seiIed andLor s'rrendered danero's dr's.
5. After oc'lar inspection .y t)e co'rt1 -DEA s)all destroy or .'rn t)e confiscated1 seiIed andLor
s'rrendered danero's dr's #it)in 24 )o'rs in t)e presence of t)e acc'sed or )is co'nsel1
representati$e of t)e media and t)e D>K1 ci$il society ro'ps and any elected p'.lic officer.
6. -DEA s)all iss'e a certification of s'c) destr'ction and samples of t)e danero's dr's s)all .e
s'.mitted to t)e co'rt.
+lea>Bargaining
Any person c)ared 'nder any commission of t)is act reardless of t)e imposa.le penalty s)all not
.e allo#ed to a$ail of t)e pro$ision on plea4.arainin.
+ro(ation Law
Any person con$icted for dr' trafficHin reardless of t)e penalty imposed cannot a$ail of t)e
pri$ilee ranted .y t)e pro.ation la#.
;ualiying Aggra%ating Circumstance
A positi$e findin for t)e 'se of danero's dr's s)all .e a @'alifyin ara$atin circ'mstance in
t)e commission of a crime .y an offender and t)e application of t)e penalty pro$ided for in t)e
3-C.
-ossession of opi'm pipe1 e@'ipment1 apparat's or any parap)ernalia fit or intended for
smoHin1 cons'min1 administerin1 in/ectin1 inestin1 or ot)er#ise 'sin opi'm or any ot)er
pro)i.ited dr'1 s)all .e prima facie e$idence t)at t)e possessor )as smoHed1 cons'med1
administered to )imself1 in/ected or 'sed a pro)i.ited dr'.
Attempt and conspirac! to commit the following offenses"
a "mportation of danero's dr's
b Aale1 administration1 deli$ery1 distri.'tion and transportation of danero's dr's
75
c Maintenance of a den1 di$e or resort for pro)i.ited dr's
d Man'fact're of danero's dr's
e C'lti$ation or c'lt're of plants #)ic) are so'rces of pro)i.ited dr's
Other /ersons lia(le#
a "f t)e $iolation of t)e Act is committed .y a partners)ip1 corporation1 association or any
/'dicial person1 t)e partner1 president1 director1 or manaer #)o consents to or Hno#inly
tolerates s'c) $iolation s)all .e )eld criminally lia.le as co4principal.
b -artner1 president1 director1 manaer1 officer or stocH)older1 #)o Hno#inly a't)oriIes1
tolerates1 or consents to t)e 'se of a $e)icle1 $essel1 or aircraft as an instr'ment in t)e
importation1 sale1 deli$ery1 distri.'tion or transportation of danero's dr's1 or to t)e 'se
of t)eir e@'ipment1 mac)ines or ot)er instr'ments in t)e man'fact're of any danero's
dr's1 if s'c) $e)icle1 $essel1 aircraft1 e@'ipment1 or ot)er instr'ment1 is o#ned or 'nder
t)e control and s'per$ision of t)e partners)ip1 corporation1 association or /'dicial entity to
#)ic) t)ey are affiliated.
Criminal lia(ility o a /u(lic oicer or em/loyee or misa//ro/riation0 misa//lication or
ailure to account or the coniscate)0 seiCe) an)Eor surren)ere) )angerous )rugs
+enalty 4 life to deat) and a fine of -5**1***.** to -1* Million in addition to a.sol'te
perpet'al dis@'alification from any p'.lic office.
Any electi$e local or national official fo'nd to )a$e .enefited from t)e proceeds of t)e
trafficHin of danero's dr's or )a$e recei$ed any financial or material contri.'tions from
persons fo'nd 'ilty of dr' trafficHin danero's dr's1 s)all .e remo$ed from office and
perpet'ally dis@'alified from )oldin any electi$e or appointi$e positions in t)e o$ernment.
+lanting o E%i)ence
Any person #)o is fo'nd 'ilty of plantin any danero's dr' reardless of t)e @'antity and
p'rity1 s)all s'ffer t)e penalty of death.
'rug Testing
1. Applicants for dri$erFs license 4 mandatory
2. Applicants for firearms license and for permit to carry 4 mandatory
3. At'dents of secondary and tertiary sc)ools B random (sc)ool s)all s)o'lder e2penses)
4. >fficers and employees of pri$ate and p'.lic offices B random (employer s)all s)o'lder
e2penses)
Any officer or employee fo'nd positi$e for 'se of danero's dr' s)all .e dealt #it)
administrati$ely #)ic) s)all .e a ro'nd for s'spension or termination s'./ect to Art. 2%2 of
t)e 8a.or Code and pertinent pro$isions of t)e Ci$il Aer$ice 8a#.
5. >fficers and mem.ers of t)e military1 police and ot)er la# enforcement aencies B ann'al
mandatory
6. All persons c)ared .efore t)e prosec'torFs office #it) a criminal offense )a$in an
impossi.le penalty of imprisonment of not less t)an si2 (6) years and one (1) day s)all )a$e to
'ndero a mandatory dr' test
!. All candidates for p'.lic office #)et)er appointed or elected .ot) in t)e national or local
o$ernment s)all 'ndero a mandatory dr' test.
Issuance o -alse or rau)ulent )rug test results <whether willully or through gross
negligence=
+enalty B 6 to 12 years and fine -1**1***.** to -5**1***.**
76
Additional penalt! B re$ocation of license to practice and clos're of t)e dr' testin center
II& >or the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this Act( all school heads( supervisors and
teachers shall &e deemed to &e persons in authority and( as such( are vested with the
power to apprehend( arrest( or cause the apprehension or arrest of any person who shall
violate any of the said provision%
a. %&T)" T)ey s)all .e considered as persons in a't)ority if t)ey are in t)e sc)ool or
#it)in its immediate $icinity1 or .eyond s'c) immediate $icinity if t)ey are in
attendance in any sc)ool or class f'nction in t)eir official capacity as sc)ool )eads1
s'per$isors or teac)ers.
.. Any teac)er or sc)ool employee #)o disco$ers or finds t)at any person in t)e sc)ool or
#it)in its immediate $icinity is $iolatin t)is Act s)all )a$e t)e d'ty to report t)e
$iolation to t)e sc)ool )ead or s'per$isor #)o s)all1 in t'rn1 report t)e matter to t)e
proper a't)orities. +ail're to report in eit)er case s)all1 after )earin1 constit'te
s'fficient ca'se for disciplinary action.
III& Rules regar)ing reha(ilitation o )rug )e/en)ents
4oluntary su(mission
a. &ol'ntary s'.mission of a dr' dependent to confinement1 treatment and re)a.ilitation .y
t)e dr' dependent )imself or t)ro') )is parent1 'ardian or relati$e #it)in t)e 4
t)
ci$il
deree of consan'inity or affinity1 in a center and compliance #it) s'c) conditions
t)erefor as t)e Danero's Dr's ?oard may prescri.e s)all e2empt from criminal lia.ility
for possession or 'se of t)e pro)i.itedLre'lated dr'. <A//lica(le only to those lia(le or
use o )angerous )rugs an) not to /ossession an) sale=
.. A)o'ld t)e dr' dependent escape from t)e center1 )e may s'.mit )imself for confinement
#it)in 1 #eeH from t)e date of )is escape1 of )is parent 'ardian or relati$e may1 #it)in
t)e same period s'rrender )im for confinement.
c. 9pon application of t)e ?oard1 t)e Co'rt s)all iss'e an order for recommitment if t)e dr'
dependent does not res'.mit )imself for confinement or if )e is not s'rrendered for
recommitment.
d. "f1 s'.se@'ent to s'c) recommitment1 )e s)o'ld escape aain1 )e s)all no loner .e
e2empt from criminal lia.ility for t)e 'se or possession of any danero's dr'.
e. "f a person c)ared #it) an offense is fo'nd .y t)e fiscal or .y t)e Co'rt at any stae of
t)e proceedins1 to .e a dr' dependent1 t)e fiscal or co'rt as t)e case may .e1 s)all
s'spend all f'rt)er proceedins and transmit records of t)e case to t)e ?oard.
f. After )is re)a.ilitation1 )e s)all .e prosec'ted for s'c) $iolation. "n case of con$iction1 t)e
/'dement s)all1 if t)e acc'sed is certified .y t)e treatment and re)a.ilitation center to
)a$e maintained ood .e)a$ior1 indicate t)at )e s)all .e i$en f'll credit for t)e period )e
#as confined in t)e center.
%&T)# 5)en t)e offense is 'se of danero's dr's and t)e acc'sed is not a recidi$ist1 t)e
penalty t)ereof s)all .e deemed to )a$e .een ser$ed in t)e center 'pon )is release
t)erefrom.
. T)e period of prescription of t)e offense c)ared s)all not r'n d'rin t)e time t)at t)e
respondentLacc'sed is 'nder detention or confinement in a center.
h. -e5$isites of s$spension of sentence for first offense in a minor"
1. "f acc'sed is a minor ('nder 1% years of ae at t)e time of t)e commission of t)e
offense .'t not more t)an 21 years of ae #)en t)e /'dement s)o'ld )a$e .een
prom'lated.
2. 0e )as not .een pre$io'sly con$icted of $iolatin any pro$ision of t)is Act or of t)e 3-C
or placed on pro.ation.
Aentence s)all .e deferred and t)e acc'sed s)all .e placed on pro.ation 'nder t)e
s'per$ision of t)e ?oard.
77
"n case of $iolation of conditions of pardon1 co'rt s)all prono'nce /'dment of
con$iction and )e s)all ser$e sentence.
"f acc'sed did not $iolate conditions of pro.ation1 case s)all .e dismissed 'pon
e2piration of t)e desinated period.
Com/ulsory su(mission
"f a person c)ared #it) an offense #)ere t)e imposa.le penalty is imprisonment of not
more t)an si2 (6) years and one (1) day1 and is fo'nd .y t)e prosec'tor or .y t)e co'rt1 at any
stae of t)e proceedins1 to .e a dr' dependent1 t)e prosec'tor of t)e co'rt as t)e case may .e1
s)all s'spend all f'rt)er proceedins and transmit copies of t)e record of t)e case to t)e ?oard.
?uris)iction O%er 'angerous 'rug Cases
+ection B@. L$risdiction T)e A'preme Co'rt s)all desinate special co'rts from amon t)e
e2istin 3eional Trial Co'rt in eac) /'dicial reion to e2cl'si$ely try and )ear cases in$ol$in
$iolations of t)is Act. T)e n'm.er of co'rt desinated in eac) /'dicial reion s)all .e .ased on
pop'lation and t)e n'm.er of cases pendin in t)eir respecti$e /'risdiction.
T)e D>K s)all desinate special prosec'tors to e2cl'si$ely )andle cases in$ol$in $iolations of t)is
Act.
T)e preliminary in$estiation of cases filed 'nder t)is Act s)all .e terminated #it)in a period of
t)irty (3*) days from t)e date of t)eir filin.
5)en t)e preliminary in$estiation is cond'cted .y a p'.lic prosec'tor and a pro.a.le ca'se is
esta.lis)ed1 t)e correspondin information s)all .e filed in co'rt #it)in 24 )o'rs from t)e
termination of t)e in$estiation. "f t)e preliminary in$estiation is cond'cted .y a /'de and a
pro.a.le ca'se is fo'nd to e2ist1 t)e correspondin information s)all .e filed .y t)e proper
prosec'tor #it)in 4% )o'rs from t)e receipt of t)e records of t)e case.
+ection B1. -esponsibilit! and Liabilit! of Law )nforcement Agencies and &ther Government
&fficials and )mplo!ees Testif!ing as Prosec$tion itnesses in Aangero$s Ar$gs #ases Any
mem.er of la# enforcement aencies or any ot)er o$ernment official and employees #)o1 after
d'e notice1 fails or ref'ses intentionally or neliently1 to appear as a #itness for t)e prosec'tion
in any proceedins1 in$ol$in $iolations of t)is Act1 #it)o't any $alid reason1 s)all .e p'nis)ed
#it) imprisonment of not less t)an t#el$e (12) years and one (1) day to 2* years and a fine of not
less t)an -5**1***.**1 in addition to t)e administrati$e lia.ility )eLs)e may .e meted o't .y
)isL)er immediate s'perior andLor appropriate .ody.
T)e immediate s'perior of a mem.er of t)e la# enforcement aency or any ot)er o$ernment
employee mentioned in t)e precedin pararap) s)all .e penaliIed #it) imprisonment of not less
t)an t#o (2) mont)s and one (1) day .'t not more t)an si2 (6) years and a fine of not less t)an
-1*1***.** .'t not more t)an -5*1*** and in addition1 perpet'al a.sol'te dis@'alification from
p'.lic office if despite d'e notice to t)em and to t)e #itness concerned1 t)e former does not
e2ert reasona.le effort to present t)e latter to t)e co'rt.
T)e mem.er of t)e la# enforcement aency or any ot)er o$ernment employee mentioned in t)e
precedin pararap)s s)all not .e transferred or re4assined to any ot)er territorial /'risdiction
d'rin t)e pendency of t)e case in co'rt. 0o#e$er1 t)e concerned mem.er of t)e la#
enforcement aency or o$ernment employee may .e transferred or re4assined for compellin
reasons; *rovided( T)at )isL)er immediate s'perior s)all notify t)e co'rt #)ere t)e case is
pendin of t)e order of transfer or re4assin1 #it)in 24 )o'rs from its appro$al; *rovided further1
T)at )isL)er immediate s'perior s)all .e penaliIed #it) imprisonment of not less t)an t#o (2)
mont)s and one (1) day .'t not less t)an si2 (6) years and a fine of not less t)an -1*1***.** .'t
not more t)an -5*1***.** and in addition1 perpet'al a.sol'te dis@'alification from p'.lic office1
s)o'ld )eLs)e fail to notify t)e co'rt of s'c) order to transfer or re4assin.
-rosec'tion and p'nis)ment 'nder t)is Aection s)all .e #it)o't pre/'dice to any lia.ility for
$iolation of any e2istin la#.
+ection B2. Aela! and >$ngling in the Prosec$tion of Ar$g #ases. ; Any o$ernment officer or
employee tasHed #it) t)e prosec'tion of dr'4related cases 'nder t)is Act1 #)o1 t)ro') patent
78
la2ity1 ine2c'sa.le nelect1 'nreasona.le delay or deli.erately ca'ses t)e 'ns'ccessf'l
prosec'tion andLor dismissal ranin from 12 years and 1 day to 2* years #it)o't pre/'dice to
)isL)er prosec'tion 'nder t)e pertinent pro$isions of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
a >$! >$st &peration B no la# or r'le to re@'ire policemen to adopt a 'niform #ay of
identifyin ?9: M>=E: 1P v. Abedes)
b A.sence of 'ltra$iolet po#der is not fatal in t)e prosec'tion
c TransportationCimportation of $P B immaterial #)et)er t)ere may or may not .e a
distinction for t)e MK
d Aisting$ish )ntrapment and (nstigation"
1. "f prosec'tion can pro$e t)e crime #it)o't presentin t)e informer or asset B not
necessary .eca'se t)eir testimonies are merely corro.orati$e. -ose'r .'yer B it
depends on #)et)er t)e prosec'tion can pro$e t)e crime #it)o't t)eir testimonies 1P
v. -osalinda -amos)
2. 9nder t)e 3A1 special aggravating circumstance if a crime )as .een committed #)ile
t)e acc'sed #as )i) on dr's 1P v. Anthon! >elgar)
3. 2elivery or Sale of *rohi&ited 2rugs B t)e acc'sed m'st .e a#are t)at #)at )e is
sellin or deli$erin #as pro)i.ited dr'. ?'t t)e moment t)e fact of sale or deli$ery is
pro$ed .y prosec'tion1 t)e .'rden to pro$e t)at t)e acc'sed is not a#are t)at dr's
are pro)i.ited falls on t)e defense 1P v. Aranda)
4. P v. Angelito *analo B .'rden of pro$in t)e a't)ority to possess s)a.' is a matter of
defense
5. P v. 6ilario *oscaling B co'rt may taHe /'dicial notice of t)e #ord Es)a.'G
6. Criminal lia&ilities of a policeman who sold the drugs confiscated from a pusher6
$iolation of 3A (165 and mal$ersation 'nder 3-C.
e Planting evidence B to implicate anot)er
f >$! >$st &peration B form of entrapment 1P v. Alberto) B not necessary to )a$e prior
police s'r$eillance 1P v. #arlos ,ranca)
g Possession B constr'cti$e or act'al B not necessary to add'ce t)e marHed money as
e$idence 1P v. -omeo *acara)
h +eparate crimes B saleLpossession of MK fo'nd in )is possession after )e #as frisHed .'t )e
canFt .e con$icted for possession of MK t)at )e sold
i f victim is minor or drug is proximate cause of death B ma2 penalty is imposed
1. >irst offense of a minor B s'spension of sentence
CON'ITIONS#
'nder 1% at time of commission .'t not more t)an 21 at time #)en /'dment
#as prom'lated
fo'nd 'ilty of possession or 'se of pro)i.ited or re'lated dr's
not .een pre$io'sly con$icted of $iolatin any pro$ision of t)is Act or t)e 3-C
not .een placed on pro.ation
defer sentence1 place on pro.ation for 6 mont)s to 1 year
$iolation of pro.ation B prono'nce sentence B con$ict and ser$e sentence
no $iolation B disc)are )im and dismiss t)e proceedin
79
if minor is dr' dependent B commit to a center for treatment and
re)a.ilitation
TITLE SID
CRIMES AGAINST +UBLIC MORALS
Crimes against /u(lic morals
Jam.lin (Art. 1(5);
"mportation1 sale and possession of lottery ticHets or ad$ertisements (Art. 1(6);
?ettin in sport contests (Art. 1(!);
"lleal .ettin on )orse races (Art. 1(%);
"lleal cocHfi)tin (Art. 1(();
Jra$e scandal (Art. 2**);
"mmoral doctrines1 o.scene p'.lications and e2)i.itions (Art. 2*1); and
&arancy and prostit'tion (Art. 2*2).
Article !5*& 2hat Acts Are +unisha(le in Gam(ling
Acts /unishe)
1. Ta0ing part directly or indirectly in =
a. any ame of monte1 /'eten1 or any ot)er form of lottery1 policy1 .anHin1 or
percentae ame1 do races1 or any ot)er ame or sc)eme t)e res'lts of #)ic)
depend #)olly or c)iefly 'pon c)ance or )aIard; or #)erein #aers consistin of
money1 articles of $al'e1 or representati$e of $al'e are made; or
.. t)e e2ploitation or 'se of any ot)er mec)anical in$ention or contri$ance to
determine .y c)ance t)e loser or #inner of money or any o./ect or representati$e
of $al'e;
2. Cno#inly permittin any form of am.lin to .e carried on in any place o#ned or
controlled .y t)e offender;
3. ?ein maintainer1 cond'ctor1 or .anHer in a ame of /'eten or similar ame;
4. Cno#inly and #it)o't la#f'l p'rpose possessin lottery list1 paper1 or ot)er matter
containin letters1 fi'res1 sins or sym.ol #)ic) pertain to or are in any manner 'sed in
t)e ame of /'eten or any similar ame.
hat is gamblingD
"t is a ame or de$ice or met)od1 t)e res'lt of #)ic) depends #)olly or c)iefly 'pon
c)ance or )aIard. Ao1 if t)e ame depends #)olly 'pon sHill or a.ility of t)e players1 t)ere is no
am.lin.
T)e manner of determinin #)et)er t)e ame played is pro)i.ited or not is #)et)er t)e res'lt
#ill depend #)olly or c)iefly 'pon c)ance or )aIard.
80
Ainificantly1 if t)e ame )as .een identified and declared as a form of am.lin .y e2press
pro$ision of la#1 t)ere #ill .e no need or re@'irement to o into t)e met)ods 'pon )o# t)e ame
is played.
hat is lotter!D
"t is a sc)eme for t)e distri.'tion of priIes .y c)ance amon persons #)o )a$e paid1 or
areed to pay1 a $al'a.le consideration for a c)ance to o.tain a priIe. 1E+ vs. ,ilart, et al., 4@
Phil. :@)
-in.all mac)ines or slot mac)ines are considered am.lin de$ices .eca'se t)e res'lt depends
'pon c)ance or )aIard.
"f t)e priIes do not come o't of t)e f'nds or contri.'tions of t)e participants1 t)ere is no lottery.
1E! vs. Palomar, 23 +#-A 2:3)
Article !5,&
IM+ORTATION0 SALE AN' +OSSESSION O- LOTTERY TICGETS OR A'4ERTISEMENTS
Acts /unishe)
1. (mporting into the Philippines from an! foreign place or port an! lotter! tic0et or
advertisement2 or

2. +elling or distrib$ting the same in connivance with the importer2
4. Possessing, 0nowingl! and with intent to $se them, lotter! tic0ets or advertisements2 or
9. +elling or distrib$ting the same witho$t connivance with the importer of the same.
=ote t)at possession of any lottery ticHet or ad$ertisement is prima facie e$idence of an intent to
sell1 distri.'te or 'se t)e same in t)e -)ilippines.
Article !5.&
BETTING IN S+ORT CONTESTS
T)is article )as .een repealed .y +resi)ential 'ecree No& "3: <Betting0 Game>iFing or +oint>
sha%ing an) Machinations in S/ort Contests=#
+ENALIHING BETTING0 GAME>-IDING OR +OINT>S8A4ING AN'
MAC8INATIONS IN S+ORTS CONTESTS
+' "3:
Acts +unisha(le#
a. >etting" ?ettin money or any o./ect or article of $al'e of representati$e $al'e 'pon
t)e res'lt of any ame1 races and ot)er sports contests.
.. Game;fi.ing" any arranement1 com.ination1 sc)eme or areement .y #)ic) t)e res'lt
of any ame1 races1 or sports contests s)all .e predicated andLor Hno#n ot)er t)an on t)e
.asis of t)e )onest playin sHill or a.ility of t)e players or participants.
c. Point;shaving" any s'c) arranement com.ination1 sc)eme or areement .y #)ic) t)e
sHill or a.ility of any player or participant in a fame1 races1 or sports contests to maHe
points of scores s)all .e limited deli.erately in order to infl'ence t)e res'lt t)ereof in
fa$or of one or ot)er team1 player or participant.
d. Game *achination" any ot)er fra'd'lent1 deceitf'l1 'nfair or dis)onest means1
met)od1 manner or practice employed for t)e p'rpose of infl'encin t)e res'lt of any
ame1 races or sports contest.
Article !53&
ILLEGAL BETTING ON 8ORSE RACE
Acts /unishe)
81
?ettin on )orse races d'rin periods not allo#ed .y la#;
Maintainin or employin a totaliIer or ot)er de$ice or sc)eme for .ettin on races or realiIin
profit t)erefrom d'rin t)e periods not allo#ed .y la#.
hen horse races not allowed"
K'ly 4 (3ep'.lic Act =o. 13!);
Decem.er 3* (3ep'.lic Act =o. 22();
Any reistration or $otin days (3ep'.lic Act =o. 1%*1 3e$ised Election Code); and
0oly T)'rsday and Jood +riday (3ep'.lic Act =o. (46).
Article !55&
ILLEGAL COCG-IG8TING
T)is article )as .een modified or repealed .y +resi)ential 'ecree No& ""5 <The Coc@ighting
Law o !5."=#
COCG-IG8TING LA2 O- !5."
+' ""5
". Sco/e B T)is la# s)all o$ern t)e esta.lis)ment1 operation1 maintenance and o#ners)ip of
cocHpits.
II& Rules#
A. >nly +ilipino citiIens not ot)er#ise in)i.ited .y e2istin la#s s)all .e allo#ed to o#n1
manae and operated cocHpits.
?. >nly one cocHpit s)all .e allo#ed in eac) city or m'nicipality #it) a pop'lation of
1**1*** or less.
C. CocHpits s)all .e constr'cted and operated #it)in t)e appropriate areas as prescri.ed
in t)e Uonin 8a# or ordinance.
A. hen allowed"
1. CocHfi)tin s)all .e allo#ed only in licensed cocHpits d'rin A'ndays and leal
)olidays and d'rin local fiestas for not more t)an 3 days; or
2. D'rin pro$incial1 city or m'nicipal1 aric'lt'ral1 commercial or ind'strial fair1
carni$al or e2position for a similar period of 3 days 'pon resol'tion of t)e pro$ince1
city or m'nicipality #)ere s'c) fair1 carni$al or e2position is to .e )eld1 s'./ect to
t)e appro$al of t)e C)ief of Consta.'lary or )is a't)oriIed representati$e.
Limitations"
a) =o cocHfi)tin on t)e occasion of s'c) fair1 carni$al or e2position s)all .e allo#ed
#it)in t)e mont) of t)e local fiesta or for more t)an 2 occasions a year in t)e same
city of m'nicipality.
.) =o cocHfi)tin s)all .e )eld on Decem.er 3*1 K'ne 121=o$em.er 3*1 0oly
T)'rsday1 Jood +riday1 Election Day and d'rin reistration days for s'c)
electionLreferend'm.
3. "f t)e p'rpose is for t)e entertainment of forein dinitaries or for to'rists1 or for
ret'rnin .aliH.ayans1 or for t)e s'pport of national f'nd4raisin campains for
c)arita.le p'rposes as may .e a't)oriIed .y t)e >ffice of t)e -resident 'pon
resol'tion of a pro$incial .oard1 city or m'nicipal co'ncil1 in licensed cocHpits or in
playro'nds or parHs.
82
Limitations" T)is pri$ilee s)all .e e2tended for only one time1 for a period not
e2ceedin 3 days1 #it)in a year to a pro$ince1 city or m'nicipality.
E. =o am.lin of any Hind s)all .e permitted on t)e premises of t)e cocHpit or place of
cocHfi)tin d'rin cocHfi)ts.
+. City or m'nicipal mayors are a't)oriIed to iss'e licenses for t)e operation and
maintenance of cocHpits.
+resi)ential 'ecree No& !,76 <Sim/liying an) +ro%i)ing Stier +enalties or 4iolations o
+hili//ine Gam(ling Laws=
Section !& &iolations and -enalties. 44 T)e penalty of prision mayor in its medi'm deree
or a fine ranin from +i$e 0'ndred -esos to T#o T)o'sand -esos and in case of recidi$ism t)e
penalty of prision correccional in its medi'm deree or a fine of ranin from >ne T)o'sand -esos
to Ai2 T)o'sand -esos s)all .e imposed 'pon6
(a) Any person ot)er t)an t)ose referred to in t)e s'cceedin s'.section #)o in any
manner1 s)all directly or indirectly taHe part in any ame of cocHfi)tin1 /'eten1 .ooHies (/ai4
alai or )orse racin to incl'de ame fi2in) and ot)er lotteries1 cara y cr'I or pompian and t)e
liHe1 .lacH /acH1 l'cHy nine1 Ep'soyG or 3'ssian -oHer1 monte1 .accarat and ot)er card ames1 palH
@'e1 domino1 ma)/on1 )i) and lo#1 slot mac)ines1 ro'lette1 pin.all and ot)er mec)anical
in$entories or de$ices1 do racin1 .oat racin1 car raisin and ot)er races1 .asHet.all1 $olley.all1
.o2in1 se$en4ele$en dice ames and t)e liHe and ot)er contests to incl'de ame fi2in1 point
s)a$in and ot)er mac)inations .anHin or percentae ame1 or any ot)er ame or sc)eme1
#)et)er 'pon c)ance or sHill1 #)ic) do not )a$e a franc)ise from t)e national o$ernment1
#)erein #aers consistin of money1 articles of $al'e of representati$e of $al'e are made;
(.) Any person #)o s)all Hno#inly permit any form of am.lin referred to in t)e
precedin s'.di$ision to .e carried on in in)a.ited or 'nin)a.ited places or any .'ildin1 $essel or
ot)er means of transportation o#ned or controlled .y )im. "f t)e place #)ere am.lin is carried
on )as a rep'tation of a am.lin place or t)at pro)i.ited am.lin is fre@'ently carried on
t)erein or t)e place is a p'.lic or o$ernment .'ildin or .aranay )all1 t)e c'lprit s)all .e
p'nis)ed .y t)e penalty pro$ided for in its ma2im'm period and a fine of Ai2 T)o'sand -esos.
T)e penalty of prision correccional in its ma2im'm deree and a fine of Ai2 T)o'sand
-esos s)all .e imposed 'pon t)e maintainer1 cond'ctor of t)e a.o$e am.lin sc)emes.
T)e penalty of prision mayor in its medi'm deree and temporary a.sol'te dis@'alification
and a fine of Ai2 T)o'sand -esos s)all .e imposed if t)e maintainer1 cond'ctor or .anHer is a
o$ernment official1 or if a player1 promoter1 referee1 'mpire1 /'de or coac) in cases of ame4
fi2in1 point4s)a$in and ot)er ame mac)ination.
T)e penalty of prision correccional in its medi'm deree and a fine ranin from +i$e
0'ndred pesos to T#o T)o'sand -esos s)all .e imposed 'pon any person #)o s)all Hno#inly and
#it)o't la#f'l p'rpose in any )o'r of any day s)all )a$e in )is possession any lottery list1 paper1
or ot)er matter containin letter1 fi'res1 sins or sym.ols #)ic) pertain to or in any manner 'sed
in t)e ame of /'eten1 /ai4alai or )orse racin .ooHies and similar ame or lottery #)ic) )as
taHen place or a.o't to taHe place.
Section 6& ?aranay >fficial. B Any .aranay official in #)ose /'risdiction s'c) am.lin
)o'se is fo'nd and #)ic) )o'se )as t)e rep'tation of a am.lin place s)all s'ffer t)e penalty of
prision correccional in its medi'm period and a fine ranin from +i$e 0'ndred to T#o T)o'sand
-esos and temporary a.sol'te dis@'alifications.
5)ile t)e acts 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code are still p'nis)ed 'nder t)e ne# la#1 yet t)e concept
of am.lin 'nder it )as .een c)aned .y t)e ne# am.lin la#.
?efore1 t)e 3e$ised -enal Code considered t)e sHill of t)e player in classifyin #)et)er a ame is
am.lin or not. ?'t 'nder t)e ne# am.lin la#1 t)e sHill of t)e players is immaterial.
Any ame is considered am.lin #)ere t)ere are .ets or #aers placed #it) t)e )ope to #in a
priIe t)erefrom.
83
9nder t)is la#1 e$en sports contents liHe .o2in1 #o'ld .e am.lin insofar as t)ose #)o are
.ettin t)erein are concerned. 9nder t)e old penal code1 if t)e sHill of t)e player o't#ei)s
t)e c)ance or )aIard in$ol$ed in #innin t)e ame1 t)e ame is not considered am.lin .'t a
sport. "t #as .eca'se of t)is t)at .ettin in .o2in and .asHet.all ames proliferated.
E9nless a't)oriIed .y a franc)ise1 any form of am.lin is illeal.G Ao said t)e co'rt in t)e recent
resol'tion of t)e case aainst t)e operation of /ai4alai.
T)ere are so4called parlor ames #)ic) )a$e .een e2empted from t)e operation of t)e decree
liHe #)en t)e ames are played d'rin a #aHe to Heep t)e mo'rners a#aHe at ni)t. -'rs'ant to
a memorand'm circ'lar iss'ed .y t)e E2ec'ti$e ?ranc)1 t)e offs)oot of t)e e2emption is t)e
intentional prolonin of t)e #aHe of t)e dead .y am.lin lords.
As a eneral r'le1 .ettin or #aerin determines #)et)er a ame is am.lin or not. E2ceptions6
T)ese are ames #)ic) are e2pressly pro)i.ited e$en #it)o't .ets. Monte1 /'eten or any form of
lottery; do races; slot mac)ines; t)ese are )a.it4formin and addicti$e to players1 .rinin a.o't
t)e pernicio's effects to t)e family and economic life of t)e players.
Mere possession of lottery ticHets or lottery lists is a crime p'nis)ed also as part of am.lin.
0o#e$er1 it is necessary to maHe a distinction #)et)er a ticHet or list refers to a past date or to a
f't're date.
"ll'stration6
7 #as acc'sed one ni)t and fo'nd in )is possession #as a list of /'eten. "f t)e date t)erein
refers to t)e past1 7 cannot .e con$icted of am.lin or illeal possession of lottery list #it)o't
pro$in t)at s'c) ame #as indeed played on t)e date stated. Mere possession is not eno'). "f
t)e date refers to t)e f't're1 7 can .e con$icted .y t)e mere possession #it) intent to 'se. T)is
#ill already .rin a.o't criminal lia.ility and t)ere is no need to pro$e t)at t)e ame #as played
on t)e date stated. "f t)e possessor #as ca')t1 c)ances are )e #ill not o on #it) it anymore.
T)ere are t#o criteria as to #)en t)e lottery is in fact .ecomes a am.lin ame6
1. "f t)e p'.lic is made to pay not only for t)e merc)andise t)at )e is .'yin1 .'t also for t)e
c)ance to #in a priIe o't of t)e lottery1 lottery .ecomes a am.lin ame. -'.lic is made
to pay a )i)er price.
2. "f t)e merc)andise is not salea.le .eca'se of its inferior @'ality1 so t)at t)e p'.lic
act'ally does not .'y t)em1 .'t #it) t)e lottery t)e p'.lic starts patroniIin s'c)
merc)andise. "n effect1 t)e p'.lic is payin for t)e lottery and not for t)e merc)andise1
and t)erefore t)e lottery is a am.lin ame. -'.lic is not made to pay a )i)er price.
"ll'strations6
(1) A certain s'permarHet #anted to increase its sales and sponsored a lottery #)ere $al'a.le
prices are offered at staHe. To defray t)e cost of t)e prices offered in t)e lottery1 t)e
manaement increased t)eir prices of t)e merc)andise .y 1* cents eac). 5)ene$er
someone .'ys from t)at s'permarHet1 )e pays 1* cents more for eac) merc)andise and for
)is p'rc)ase1 )e ets a co'pon #)ic) is to .e dropped at desinated drop .o2es to .e
raffled on a certain period.
T)e increase of t)e price is to ans#er for t)e cost of t)e $al'a.le prices t)at #ill .e
co$ered at staHe. T)e increase in t)e price is t)e consideration for t)e c)ance to #in in
t)e lottery and t)at maHes t)e lottery a am.lin ame.
?'t if t)e increase in prices of t)e articles or commodities #as not eneral1 .'t only on
certain items and t)e increase in prices is not t)e same1 t)e fact t)at a lottery is
sponsored does not appear to .e tied 'p #it) t)e increase in prices1 t)erefore not illeal.
Also1 in case of man'fact'rers1 yo' )a$e to determine #)et)er t)e increase in t)e price
#as d'e to t)e lottery or .ro')t a.o't .y t)e normal price increase. "f t)e increase in
price is .ro')t a.o't .y t)e normal price increase Oeconomic factorP t)at e$en #it)o't
t)e lottery t)e price #o'ld .e liHe t)at1 t)ere is no consideration in fa$or of t)e lottery
and t)e lottery #o'ld not amo'nt to a am.lin ame.
84
"f t)e increase in t)e price is d'e partic'larly to t)e lottery1 t)en t)e lottery is a am.lin
ame. And t)e sponsors t)ereof may .e prosec'ted for illeal am.lin 'nder -residential
Decree =o. 16*2.
(2) T)e merc)andise is not really salea.le .eca'se of its inferior @'ality. A certain
man'fact'rer1 ?)ey Company1 man'fact're ciarettes #)ic) is not salea.le .eca'se t)e
same is irritatin to t)e t)roat1 sponsored a lottery and a co'pon is inserted in e$ery pacH
of ciarette so t)at one #)o .'ys it s)all )a$e a c)ance to participate. D'e to t)e
co'pons1 t)e p'.lic started .'yin t)e ciarette. Alt)o') t)ere #as no price increase in
t)e ciarettes1 t)e lottery can .e considered a am.lin ame .eca'se t)e .'yers #ere
really after t)e co'pons not t)e lo# @'ality ciarettes.
"f #it)o't t)e lottery or raffle1 t)e p'.lic does not patroniIe t)e prod'ct and starts to
patroniIe t)em only after t)e lottery or raffle1 in effect t)e p'.lic is payin for t)e price
not t)e prod'ct.
9nder t)is decree1 a .aranay captain #)o is responsi.le for t)e e2istence of am.lin dens in
t)eir o#n locality #ill .e )eld lia.le and dis@'alified from office if )e fails to prosec'te t)ese
am.lers. ?'t t)is is not .ein implemented.
Jam.lin1 of co'rse1 is leal #)en a't)oriIed .y la#.
+'nd4raisin campains are not am.lin. T)ey are for c)arita.le p'rposes .'t t)ey )a$e to
o.tain a permit from Department of Aocial 5elfare and De$elopment. T)is incl'des concerts for
ca'ses1 C)ristmas carolin1 and t)e liHe.
O--ENSES AGAINST 'ECENCY AN' GOO' CUSTOMS
Article 677
GRA4E SCAN'AL
ELEMENTS#
a. &ffender performs an act
b. Act is highl! scandalo$s as offending against decenc! or good c$stoms
c. 6ighl! scandalo$s cond$ct does not e.pressl! fall within an! other article of the
-P#
d. #ommitted in a p$blic place or within the p$blic 0nowledge or view. 1The pu&lic
view is not re+uired( it is sufficient if in pu&lic place% >or pu&lic 0nowledge( it may
occur even in a private place. the num&er of people who sees it is not material).
Grave scandal" consists of acts #)ic) are offensi$e to decency and ood c'stoms. T)ey are
committed p'.licly and t)'s1 i$e rise to p'.lic scandal to persons #)o )a$e accidentally
#itnessed t)e acts
The crime of grave scandal is a crime against pu&lic morals. =ecessarily1 t)e offender m'st
commit t)e crime in a p'.lic place or #it)in t)e $ie# of t)e p'.lic.
(n grave scandal1 t)e scandal in$ol$ed refers to moral scandal offensi$e to decency1 alt)o') it
does not dist'r. p'.lic peace. ?'t s'c) cond'ct or act m'st .e open to t)e p'.lic $ie#.
(n alarms and scandals1 t)e scandal in$ol$ed refers to dist'r.ances of t)e p'.lic tran@'ility and
not to acts offensi$e to decency.
Aecenc!" means properly o.ser$in t)e re@'irements of modesty1 ood taste etc
#$stoms" refers to esta.lis)ed 'sae1 social con$entions carried on .y tradition and enforced
.y social disappro$al in case of $iolation
"f t)e acts complained of are p'nis)a.le 'nder anot)er pro$ision of t)e 3-C1 Art 2** is not
applica.le
85
Any act #)ic) is notorio'sly offensi$e to decency may .rin a.o't criminal lia.ility for t)e crime
of ra$e scandal pro$ided s'c) act does not constit'te some ot)er crime 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal
Code. "rave scandal is a crime of last resort%
T)e essence of ra$e scandal is p'.licity and t)at t)e acts committed are not only contrary to
morals and ood c'stoms .'t m'st liHe#ise .e of s'c) c)aracter as to ca'se p'.lic scandal to
t)ose #itnessin it.
Distinction s)o'ld .e made as to t)e place #)ere t)e offensi$e act #as committed1 #)et)er in
t)e p'.lic place or in a pri$ate place6
(1) "n p$blic place1 t)e criminal lia.ility arises irrespecti$e of #)et)er t)e immoral act is
open to t)e p'.lic $ie#. "n s)ort p'.lic $ie# is not re@'ired.
(2) 5)en act offensi$e to decency is done in a private place1 p'.lic $ie# or p'.lic Hno#lede
is re@'ired.
*u&lic view does not re+uire numerous persons. E$en if t)ere #as only one person #)o #itnessed
t)e offensi$e act for as lon as t)e t)ird person #as not an intr'der1 ra$e scandal is committed
pro$ided t)e act does not fall 'nder any ot)er crime in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
"ll'strations6
(1) A man and a #oman enters a mo$ie )o'se #)ic) is a p'.lic place and t)en oes to t)e
darHest part of t)e .alcony and #)ile t)ere t)e man started performin acts of
lasci$io'sness on t)e #oman.
f it is against the will of the woman( the crime would &e acts of lasciviousness% But if
there is mutuality( this constitutes grave scandal% *u&lic view is not necessary so long as
it is performed in a pu&lic place%
(2) A man and a #oman #ent to 8'neta and slept t)ere. T)ey co$ered t)emsel$es t)eir
.lanHet and made t)e rass t)eir con/'al .ed.
This is grave scandal%
(3) "n a certain apartment1 a lady tenant )ad t)e )a.it of 'ndressin in )er room #it)o't
s)'ttin t)e .linds. A)e does t)is e$ery ni)t at a.o't ei)t in t)e e$enin. Ao t)at at t)is
)o'r of t)e ni)t1 yo' can e2pect people o'tside at)ered in front of )er #indo# looHin
at )er sil)o'ette. A)e #as c)ared of ra$e scandal. 0er defense #as t)at s)e #as doin
it in )er o#n )o'se.
t is no defense that she is doing it in her private home% t is still open to the pu&lic view%
(4) "n a partic'lar .'ildin in MaHati #)ic) stands ri)t ne2t to t)e )o'se of a yo'n lady #)o
oes s'n.at)in in )er poolside. E$ery mornin se$eral men in t)e 'pper floors #o'ld sticH
t)eir )eads o't to et a f'll $ie# of said lady #)ile in )er t#o4piece s#ims'it. T)e lady
#as t)en c)ared #it) ra$e scandal. 0er defense #as t)at it is )er o#n pri$ate pool and
it is t)ose men looHin do#n at )er #)o are malicio's.
This is an act which even though done in a private place is nonetheless open to pu&lic
view%
Article 67!
IMMORAL 'OCTRINES0 OBSCENE +UBLICATIONS AN' ED8IBITIONS#
+ersons lia(le#
a. Those who p$blicl! e.po$nd or proclaim doctrines that are contrar! to p$blic
morals
b. A$thors of obscene literat$re, p$blished with their 0nowledge in an! form
c. )ditors p$blishing s$ch obscene literat$re
86
d. &wners or operators of establishments selling obscene literat$re
e. Those who e.hibit indecent or immoral pla!s, scenes, acts or shows ion theaters,
fairs, cinemas or an! other place
f. Those who sell, distrib$te, or e.hibit prints, engraving, sc$lpt$res or literat$re
which are offensive to morals
Morals# implies conformity to enerally accepted standards of oodness or ri)tness in cond'ct
or c)aracter
Test of obscenit!" #)et)er t)e matter )as a tendency to depra$e or corr'pt t)e minds of
t)ose #)o are open to immoral infl'ences. A matter can also .e considered o.scene if it
s)ocHs t)e ordinary and common sense of men as indecency.
The test is o&6ective. "t is more on t)e effect 'pon t)e $ie#er and not alone on t)e cond'ct of
t)e performer.
"f t)e material )as t)e tendency to depra$e and corr'pt t)e mind of t)e $ie#er t)en t)e same is
o.scene and #)ere s'c) o.scenity is made p'.licly1 criminal lia.ility arises.
The law is not concerned with the moral of one person. As lon as t)e pornorap)ic matter or
e2)i.ition is made pri$ately1 t)ere is no crime committed 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code .eca'se
#)at is protected is t)e morality of t)e p'.lic in eneral.
"n committin t)is crime1 there must &e pu&licity. "t means t)e act or acts done m'st come to t)e
Hno#lede of t)ird persons.
0o#e$er1 Art 2@1 en$merates what are considered as obscene literat$re or immoral or
indecent pla!s, scenes or acts"
a. t)ose #Lc lorify criminals or condone crimes
.. t)ose #Lc ser$e no ot)er p'rpose .'t to satisfy t)e marHet for $iolence1 l'st or
pornorap)y
c. t)ose #Lc offend aainst any race or reliion
d. t)ose #Lc tend to a.et t)e traffic in and t)e 'se of pro)i.ited dr's
e. t)ose t)at are contrary to la#1 p'.lic order1 morals1 ood c'stoms1 esta.lis)ed policies1
la#f'l orders1 decrees and edicts
Mere n'dity in paintins and pict'res is not o.scene
-ict'res #L a sli)t deree of o.scenity )a$in no artistic $al'e and intended for commercial
p'rposes fall #it)in t)is article
P$blicit! is an essential element
Ae2'al ind'lence is not in itself immoral if done #it)in t)e .o'nds of pri$acy and performed
normally. T)e moment t)e parties carry t)eir pri$ate ri)ts and pri$ilees to p'.lic $ie#1 t)ey
e2pose t)emsel$es to p'.lic scr'tiny&
Article 676
4AGRANTS AN' +ROSTITUTES#
2ho are consi)ere) %agrants#
a. Those who have no apparent means of s$bsistence and who have the ph!sical
abilit! to wor0 !et neglect to appl! themselves to some $sef$l calling
b. Persons fo$nd loitering aro$nd p$blic and semi;p$blic places witho$t visible
means of s$pport
87
c. Persons tramping or wandering aro$nd the co$ntr! or the streets with no visible
means of s$pport
d. (dle or dissol$te persons lodging in ho$ses of ill;fame
e. -$ffians or pimps and those who habit$all! associate with prostit$tes 1ma!
incl$de even the rich)
f. Persons fo$nd loitering in inhabited or $ninhabited places belonging to others,
witho$t an! lawf$l or 7$stifiable reason provided the act does not fall within an!
other article of the -P#
(f fenced and with prohibition of entr! Trespass to d#ellin
(f fenced and entered to h$nt/fish Attempted t)eft
(f not fenced and with no prohibition of
entr!
&arancy
ho are considered prostit$tes 4 refer to #omen #)o )a.it'ally ind'le in se2'al
interco'rse or lasci$io's cond'ct for money or profit (if a man ind'les in t)e same cond'ct6
$arancy)
"n la# t)e mere ind'lin in lasci$io's cond'ct )a.it'ally .eca'se of money or ain #o'ld amo'nt
to prostit'tion1 e$en if t)ere is no se2'al interco'rse. &irinity is not a defense. ;a&ituality is
the controlling factor; it )as to .e more t)an one time.
There cannot &e prostitution &y conspiracy. >ne #)o conspires #it) a #oman in t)e prostit'tion
.'siness liHe pimps1 ta2i dri$ers or solicitors of clients are 'ilty of t)e crime 'nder Article 341 for
#)ite sla$ery.
88
TITLE SE4EN
CRIMES COMMITTE' BY +UBLIC O--ICERS
Crimes committe) (y /u(lic oicers
1. Cno#inly renderin 'n/'st /'dment (Art. 2*4);
2. K'dment rendered t)ro') nelience (Art. 2*5);
3. 9n/'st interloc'tory order (Art. 2*6);
4. Malicio's delay in t)e administration of /'stice (Art. 2*!);
5. -rosec'tion of offenses; nelience and tolerance (Art. 2*%);
6. ?etrayal of tr'st .y an attorney or solicitor B 3e$elation of secrets (Art. 2*();
!. Direct .ri.ery (Art. 21*);
%. "ndirect .ri.ery (Art. 211);
(. R'alified .ri.ery (Art. 2114A);
1*. Corr'ption of p'.lic officials (Art. 212);
11. +ra'ds aainst t)e p'.lic treas'ry and similar offenses (Art. 213);
12. >t)er fra'ds (Art. 214);
13. -ro)i.ited transactions (Art. 215);
14. -ossession of pro)i.ited interest .y a p'.lic officer (Art. 216);
15. Mal$ersation of p'.lic f'nds or property B -res'mption of mal$ersation (Art. 21!)
16. +ail're of acco'nta.le officer to render acco'nts (Art. 21%);
1!. +ail're of a responsi.le p'.lic officer to render acco'nts .efore lea$in t)e co'ntry (Art.
21();
1%. "lleal 'se of p'.lic f'nds or property (Art. 22*);
1(. +ail're to maHe deli$ery of p'.lic f'nds or property (Art. 221);
2*. Conni$in #it) or consentin to e$asion (Art. 223);
21. E$asion t)ro') nelience (Art. 224);
22. Escape of prisoner 'nder t)e c'stody of a person not a p'.lic officer (Art. 225);
23. 3emo$al1 concealment or destr'ction of doc'ments (Art. 226);
24. >fficer .reaHin seal (Art. 22!);
25. >penin of closed doc'ments (Art. 22%);
26. 3e$elation of secrets .y an officer (Art. 22();
2!. -'.lic officer re$ealin secrets of pri$ate indi$id'al (Art. 23*);
2%. >pen diso.edience (Art. 231);
2(. Diso.edience to order of s'perior officer #)en said order #as s'spended .y inferior officer
(Art. 232);
3*. 3ef'sal of assistance (Art. 233);
31. 3ef'sal to disc)are electi$e office (Art. 234);
32. Maltreatment of prisoners (Art. 235);
89
33. Anticipation of d'ties of a p'.lic office (Art. 236);
34. -rolonin performance of d'ties and po#ers (Art. 23!);
35. A.andonment of office or position (Art. 23%);
36. 9s'rpation of leislati$e po#ers (Art. 23();
3!. 9s'rpation of e2ec'ti$e f'nctions (Art. 24*);
3%. 9s'rpation of /'dicial f'nctions (Art. 241);
3(. Diso.eyin re@'est for dis@'alification (Art. 242);
4*. >rders or re@'ests .y e2ec'ti$e officers to any /'dicial a't)ority (Art. 243);
41. 9nla#f'l appointments (Art. 244); and
42. A.'ses aainst c)astity (Art. 245).
T)e desination of t)e title is misleadin. Crimes 'nder t)is title can .e committed .y p'.lic
officers or a non4p'.lic officer1 #)en t)e latter .ecome a conspirator #it) a p'.lic officer1 or an
accomplice1 or accessory to t)e crime. T)e p'.lic officer )as to .e t)e principal.
"n some cases1 it can e$en .e committed .y a pri$ate citiIen alone s'c) as in Article 2!5
(infidelity in t)e c'stody of a prisoner #)ere t)e offender is not a p'.lic officer) or in Article 222
(mal$ersation).
Article 67:
28O ARE +UBLIC O--ICERS#
a. Ta0es part in the performance of p$blic f$nctions in the Government, or
b. Performs p$blic d$ties as an emplo!ee, agent or s$bordinate official in the govCt
or an! of its branches
Notes#
a. P$blic officer m$st derive his a$thorit! from"
1. direct pro$ision of la#
2. pop'lar election
3.appointment .y competent a't)ority
"n definin t)e term /pu&lic officers1( t)e la# maHes t)e reference to t)e manner .y #)ic) )e is
appointed to p'.lic office. 0e t)'s .ecomes a p'.lic officer .eca'se of )is appointment .y
competent a't)ority or .eca'se )e is elected to p'.lic office.
.. +u(lic oicers# em.races e$ery p'.lic ser$ant from t)e lo#est to t)e )i)est ranH
!nder #epu&lic Act No% 4-7G 8The Anti5"raft and Corrupt *ractices Act9( t)e term p'.lic officer is
.roader and more compre)ensi$e .eca'se it incl'des all persons #)et)er an official or an
employee1 temporary or not1 classified or not1 contract'al or ot)er#ise. Any person #)o recei$es
compensation for ser$ices rendered is a p'.lic officer.
c. A o$ernment la.orer is not a p'.lic officer. 0o#e$er1 temporary performance .y a
la.orer of p'.lic f'nctions maHes )im a p'.lic officer
Crimes committed .y p'.lic officers are not)in .'t corr'ption in p'.lic ser$ice.
Breach o oath o oice /arta@es o three orms#
d. Miseasance# means improper performance of an act #)ic) mi)t .e properly .e
performed
e. Maleasance# means performance of an act #)ic) o')t not to .e done
f. Noneasance# means omission of an act #)ic) o')t to .e done
*alfeasance Doin of an act #)ic) a p'.lic officer s)o'ld not )a$e done
*isfeasance "mproper doin of an act #)ic) a person mi)t la#f'lly do
90
%onfeasance +ail're of an aent to perform )is 'ndertaHin for t)e principal
Article 67"#
GNO2INGLY REN'ERING AN UN?UST ?U'GMENT
ELEMENTS#
a. &ffender is a 7$dge
b. -enders a 7$dgment in the case s$bmitted to him for 7$dgment
c. L$dgment is $n7$st
d. Hnowledge that the decision is $n7$st
Notes#
a. ?u)gment# is a final consideration and determination .y a co'rt of competent
/'risdiction of t)e iss'es s'.mitted to it in an action or proceedin
T)e la# re@'ires t)at t)e /'dment m'st .e #ritten in t)e official lan'ae1 personally and
directly prepared .y t)e /'de1 and sined .y )im. "t m'st contain a clear and distinct statement
of facts pro$ed or admitted .y t)e defendant and 'pon #)ic) t)e /'dment is .ased.
.. UnIust Iu)gment# one #)ic) is contrary to la#1 or not s'pported .y t)e e$idence1 or
.ot)
c. An $n7$st 7$dgment ma! res$lt from"
1. error (#it) .ad fait))
2. ill4#ill or re$ene
3. .ri.ery
d. T)ere m'st .e e$idence t)at t)e decision rendered is 'n/'st. "t is not pres'med
To .e lia.le for t)e a.o$e crime1 not only m'st t)e /'dment .e pro$ed to .e 'n/'st .it m'st
liHe#ise .e esta.lis)ed to )a$e .een Hno#inly rendered. T)ere m'st .e a conscio's and
deli.erate intent to do an in/'stice. T)is 's'ally occ'rs #)en t)e /'de entertains )atred1 en$y1
re$ene1 or reed aainst one of t)e parties.
e. A.'se of discretion or mere error of /'dment cannot liHe#ise ser$e as .asis for
renderin an 'n/'st /'dment in t)e a.sence of proof or e$en an alleation of .ad fait)
(moti$e or improper consideration).
Article 67*
?U'GMENT REN'ERE' T8ROUG8 NEGLIGENCE
ELEMENTS#
a. &ffender is a 7$dge
b. -enders a 7$dgment in a case s$bmitted to him for decision
c. L$dgment is manifestl! $n7$st
d. A$e to ine.c$sable negligence or ignorance
*anifestl! $n7$st 7$dgment" one t)at is so contrary to la# t)at e$en a person )a$in meaer
Hno#lede of t)e la# cannot do'.t t)e in/'stice
T)e 'n/'st /'dment is merely t)e res'lt of ine2c'sa.le nelience or inorance of t)e la#. T)e
inorance may refer to s'.stanti$e or proced'ral la#. T)ere m'st .e an apparent and notorio's
manifestation of lacH of loic and false interpretation of t)e la#. 1#ortes vs. #atral, 23B +#-A 1)
91
Article 67,
UN?UST INTERLOCUTORY OR'ER
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a 7$dge.
b. That he performs an! of the following acts"
1. 0nowingl! renders $n7$st interloc$tor! order or decree, or
2. renders a manifestl! $n7$st interloc$tor! order or decree thro$gh ine.c$sable
negligence or ignorance.
Interlocutory or)er# one iss'ed .y t)e co'rt decidin a collateral or incidental matter. "t is
not a final determination of t)e iss'es of t)e action or proceedin
T)e crime of Hno#inly renderin an 'n/'st /'dment1 or Hno#inly iss'in an 'n/'st interloc'tory
order1 may &e committed only &y a 6udge of a trial court and never of an appellate court. T)e
reason for t)is is t)at in appellate co'rt1 not only one maistrate renders or iss'es t)e
interloc'tory order. An appellate co'rt f'nctions as a di$ision and t)e resol'tions t)ereof are
)anded do#n only after deli.erations amon t)e mem.ers of a di$ision so t)at it cannot .e said
t)at t)ere is malice or ine2c'sa.le nelience or inorance in t)e renderin of a /'dment or
order t)at is s'pposedly 'n/'st as )eld .y t)e A'preme Co'rt in one administrati$e case.
Article 67.
MALICIOUS 'ELAY IN T8E A'MINISTRATION OR ?USTICE
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a 7$dge.
b. That there is a proceeding in his co$rt.
c. That he dela!s the administration of 7$stice.
d. That the dela! is malicio$s, that is, the dela! is ca$sed b! the 7$dge with
deliberate intent to inflict damage on either part! in the case.
Mere delay #it)o't malice is not p'nis)a.le
Malice m'st .e pro$en. Malice is present #)ere t)e delay is so')t to fa$or one party to t)e
pre/'dice of t)e ot)er.
T)ese )a$e .een interpreted .y t)e A'preme Co'rt to refer only to /'des of t)e trial co'rt.
T)e Constit'tion pro$ides t)at cases s'.mitted for decision .efore t)e A'preme Co'rt m'st .e
resol$ed #it)in t#o years. ?efore t)e Co'rt of Appeals1 s'c) cases m'st .e resol$ed #it)in 1 year;
and .efore t)e 3eional Trial Co'rt and Metropolitan Trial Co'rt1 s'c) cases m'st .e decided
#it)in a period of t)ree mont)s or ninety days.
Article 673
+ROSECUTION O- O--ENSESJ NEGLIGENCE AN' TOLERANCE
Acts +unishe)
1. Malicio'sly refrainin from instit'tin prosec'tion aainst $iolators of t)e la#;
2. Malicio'sly toleratin t)e commission of offenses.
ELEMENTS O- 'ERELICTION O- 'UTY IN T8E +ROSECUTION O- O--ENSES#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or officer of the law who has a d$t! to ca$se
the prosec$tion of, or to prosec$te offenses.
b. That there is dereliction of the d$ties of his office, that is, 0nowing the
commission of the crime, he does not ca$se 1a) the prosec$tion of the criminal
92
1*eople vs% #osales( "%#% no% :,<:H) or 1b) 0nowing that a crime is abo$t to be
committed he tolerates its commission 1if giftCpromise is a consideration for his
conduct: direct &ri&ery)
c. That the offender acts with malice and deliberate intent to favor the violator of
the law.
+RE4ARICACION# nelience and tolerance in t)e prosec'tion of an offense
A p'.lic officer enaed in t)e prosec'tion of offenders s)all malicio'sly tolerate t)e commission
of crimes or refrain from prosec'tin offenders or $iolators of t)e la#.
This crime can only &e committed &y a pu&lic officer whose official duty is to prosecute
offenders( that is( state prosecutors. 0ence1 t)ose officers #)o are not d'ty .o'nd to perform
t)ese o.liations cannot commit t)is crime in t)e strict sense.
T)ere m'st .e a d'ty on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer to prosec'te or mo$e for t)e
prosec'tion of t)e offender. =ote )o#e$er1 t)at a fiscal is under no compulsion to file an
information &ased upon a complaint if he is not convinced that the evidence &efore him does
not warrant filing an action in court
5)en a policeman tolerates the commission of a crime or otherwise refrains from apprehending
the offender1 s'c) peace officer cannot .e prosec'ted for t)is crime .'t t)ey can .e prosec'ted
as6
(1) An accessory to t)e crime committed .y t)e principal in accordance #it) Article 1(1
pararap) 3; or
(2) 0e may .ecome a fence if t)e crime committed is ro..ery or t)eft1 in #)ic) case )e
$iolates t)e Anti4+encin 8a#; or
(3) 0e may .e )eld lia.le for $iolatin t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act.
llustration:
The offender was caught for white slavery% The policeman allowed the offender to go free for
some consideration% The policeman does not violate Article ,-H &ut he &ecomes an accessory to
the crime of white slavery%
But in the crime of theft or ro&&ery( where the policeman shared in the loot and allowed the
offender to go free( he &ecomes a fence% Therefore( he is considered an offender under the
Anti5>encing ?aw%
0o#e$er1 in distant pro$inces or m'nicipalities #)ere t)ere are no m'nicipal attorneys1 t)e local
c)ief of police is t)e prosec'tin officer. "f )e is t)e one #)o tolerates t)e $iolations of la#s or
ot)er#ise allo#s offenders to escape1 )e can .e prosec'ted 'nder t)is article.
T)is is also tr'e in t)e case of a &arangay chairman. T)ey are s'pposed to prosec'te $iolators of
la#s #it)in t)eir /'risdiction. "f t)ey do not do so1 t)ey can .e prosec'ted for t)is crime.
T)e crime m'st .e pro$ed first .efore an officer can .e con$icted of dereliction of d'ty
A p'.lic officer #)o )ar.ors1 conceals1 or assists in t)e escape of an offender1 #)en it is )is
d'ty to prosec'te )im is lia.le as principal in t)e crime of dereliction of d'ty in t)e
prosec'tion of offenses. 0e is not an accessory
Article not applica.le to re$en'e officers
3elati$e to t)is crime 'nder Article 2*%1 consider t)e crime of 5$alified briber!. Amon t)e
amendments made .y 3ep'.lic Act =o. !65( on t)e 3e$ised -enal Code is a ne# pro$ision #)ic)
reads as follo#s6
Article. 211;A. G$alified >riber! = f any pu&lic officer is entrusted with
law enforcement and he refrains from arresting or prosecuting an offender who
has committed a crime punisha&le &y #eclusion *erpetua andCor death in
93
consideration of any offer( promise( gift( or present( he shall suffer the penalty
for the offense which was not prosecuted%
f it is the pu&lic officer who as0s or demands such gift or present( he shall
suffer the penalty of death%
Act'ally t)e crime is a Hind of direct .ri.ery #)ere t)e .ri.e1 offer1 promise1 ift or present )as a
consideration on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer1 t)at is refrainin from arrestin or prosec'tin t)e
offender in consideration for s'c) offer1 promise1 ift or present% n a way( this new provision
modifies Article ,7- of the #evised *enal Code on direct &ri&ery%
0o#e$er( the crime of +ualified &ri&ery may &e committed only &y pu&lic officers /entrusted
with enforcement1 whose official duties authori)e then to arrest or prosecute offenders.
Apparently1 t)ey are peace officers and pu&lic prosecutors since t)e nonfeasance refers to
Earrestin or prosec'tin.G But this crime arises only when the offender whom such pu&lic
officer refrains from arresting or prosecuting( has committed a crime punisha&le &y reclusion
perpetua andCor death% f the crime were punisha&le &y a lower penalty( then such nonfeasance
&y the pu&lic officer would amount to direct &ri&ery( not +ualified &ri&ery%
f the crime was +ualified &ri&ery( the dereliction of the duty punished under Article ,-H of the
#evised *enal Code should &e a&sor&ed &ecause said article punishes the pu&lic officer who
/maliciously refrains from instituting prosecution for the punishment of violators of the law or
shall tolerate the commission of offenses1% The dereliction of duty referred to is necessarily
included in the crime of +ualified &ri&ery%
>n t)e ot)er )and( if the crime was direct &ri&ery under Article ,7- of the #evised *enal Code(
the pu&lic officer involved should &e prosecuted also for the dereliction of duty1 #)ic) is a crime
'nder Article 2*% of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 .eca'se t)e latter is not a.sor.ed .y t)e crime of
direct .ri.ery. T)is is .eca'se in direct .ri.ery1 #)ere t)e p'.lic officer areed to perform an act
constit'tin a crime in connection #it) t)e performance of )is official d'ties1 Article 21*
e2pressly pro$ides t)at t)e lia.ilty t)ere'nder s)all .e Ein addition to t)e penalty correspondin
to t)e crime areed 'pon1 if t)e crime s)all )a$e .een committed.
"ll'stration6
A fiscal1 for a s'm of money1 refrains from prosec'tin a person c)ared .efore )im. "f t)e
penalty for t)e crime in$ol$ed is recl'sion perpet'a1 t)e fiscal commits @'alified .ri.ery. "f t)e
crime is p'nis)a.le .y a penalty lo#er t)an recl'sion perpet'a1 t)e crime is direct .ri.ery.
"n t)e latter sit'ation1 three crimes are committed: direct &ri&ery and dereliction of duty on the
part of the fiscal. and corruption of a pu&lic officer &y the giver%
Article 675
BETRAYAL O- TRUST BY AN ATTORNEY OR SOLICITOR
(=>T =ECEAAA3"8: A -9?8"C >++"CE3 A8T0>9J0 A88 8A5:E3A A3E >++"CE3A >+ T0E C>93T)
ACTS +UNIS8E'#
a. #a$sing damage to client 1pre6udice is essential) either
1. b! an! malicio$s breach of professional d$t!, or
2. b! ine.c$sable negligence or ignorance.
b. -evealing an! of the secrets of his client learned b! him in his professional
capacit! 1damage not necessary)
c. Enderta0ing the defense of the opposing part! of the 1
st
client and/or having
received confidential information from the latter and witho$t the latterCs consent
1damage not necessary)
%ote" 5)en t)e attorney acts #it) malicio's a.'se of )is employment or ine2c'sa.le nelience
or inorance1 t)ere m'st .e damae to )is client.
!nder the rules on evidence1 comm'nications made #it) prospecti$e clients to a la#yer #it) a
$ie# to enain )is professional ser$ices are already pri$ileed e$en t)o') t)e client4la#yer
94
relations)ip did not e$ent'ally materialiIe .eca'se t)e client cannot afford t)e fee .ein asHed
.y t)e la#yer. T)e la#yer and )is secretary or clerH cannot .e e2amined t)ereon.
T)at t)is comm'nication #it) a prospecti$e client is considered pri$ileed1 implies t)at t)e same
is confidential. T)erefore1 if t)e la#yer #o'ld re$eal t)e same or ot)er#ise accept a case from
t)e ad$erse party1 )e #o'ld already .e $iolatin Article 2*(. Mere malicio's .reac) #it)o't
damae is not $iolati$e of Article 2*(; at most )e #ill .e lia.le administrati$ely as a la#yer1 e..1
s'spension or dis.arment 'nder t)e Code of -rofessional 3esponsi.ility.
"ll'stration6
B( who is involved in the crime of seduction wanted A( an attorney at law( to handle his case% A
received confidential information from B% ;owever( B cannot pay the professional fee of A% C(
the offended party( came to A also and the same was accepted%
A did not commit t)e crime 'nder Article 2*(1 alt)o') t)e la#yerFs act may .e considered
'net)ical. T)e client4la#yer relations)ip .et#een A and ? #as not yet esta.lis)ed. T)erefore1
t)ere is no tr'st to $iolate .eca'se ? )as not yet act'ally enaed t)e ser$ices of t)e la#yer A. A
is not .o'nd to ?. ;owever( if A #o'ld re$eal t)e confidential matter learned .y )im from ?1 t)en
Article 2*( is $iolated .eca'se it is eno') t)at s'c) confidential matters #ere comm'nicated to
)im in )is professional capacity1 or it #as made to )im #it) a $ie# to enain )is professional
ser$ices.
0ere1 matters t)at are considered confidential m'st )a$e .een said to t)e la#yer #it) t)e $ie# of
enain )is ser$ices. >t)er#ise1 t)e comm'nication s)all not .e considered pri$ileed and no
tr'st is $iolated.
"ll'stration6
A went to B( a lawyerCnotary pu&lic( to have a document notari)ed% A narrated to B the detail
of the criminal case% "f ? #ill disclose #)at #as narrated to )im t)ere is no .etrayal of tr'st since
? is actin as a notary p'.lic and not as a co'nsel. T)e la#yer m'st )a$e learned t)e confidential
matter in )is professional capacity.
Se%eral acts which woul) ma@e a lawyer criminally lia(le#
(1) Malicio'sly ca'sin damae to )is client t)ro') a .reac) of )is professional d'ty. T)e
.reac) of professional d'ty m'st .e malicio's. "f it is /'st incidental1 it #o'ld not i$e rise
to criminal lia.ility1 alt)o') it may .e t)e s'./ect of administrati$e discipline;
(2) T)ro') ross inorance1 ca'sin damae to t)e client;
(3) "ne2c'sa.le nelience;
(4) 3e$elation of secrets learned in )is professional capacity;
(5) 9ndertaHin t)e defense of t)e opposite party in a case #it)o't t)e consent of t)e first
client #)ose defense )as already .een 'ndertaHen.
=ote t)at only num&ers 7( , and 4 must approximate malice%
A la#yer #)o )ad already 'ndertaHen t)e case of a client cannot later on s)ift to t)e opposin
party. T)is cannot .e done.
9nder t)e circ'mstances1 it is necessary that the confidential matters or information was
confided to the lawyer in the latterBs professional capacity%
t is not the duty of the lawyer to give advice on the commission of a future crime% t is(
therefore( not privileged in character. T)e la#yer is not .o'nd .y t)e mandate of pri$ilee
comm'nication if )e reports s'c) commission of a f't're crime. "t is only confidential information
relatin to crimes already committed t)at are co$ered .y t)e crime of .etrayal of tr'st if t)e
la#yer s)o'ld 'ndertaHe t)e case of opposin party or ot)er#ise di$'le confidential information
of a client.
9nder t)e la# on e$idence on pri$ileed comm'nication1 it is not only the lawyer who is
protected &y the matter of privilege &ut also the office staff li0e the secretary%
95
T)e nominal lia.ility 'nder t)is article may .e constit'ted eit)er from &reach of professional
duties in the handling of the case or it may arise o't of t)e confidential relation &etween the
lawyer and the client%
Breach o /roessional )uty
Tardiness in t)e prosec'tion of t)e case for #)ic) reason t)e case #as dismissed for .ein non4
prosec'ted; or tardiness on t)e part of t)e defense co'nsel leadin to declaration of defa'lt and
ad$erse /'dment.
*rofessional duties B 8a#yer m'st appear on time. ?'t t)e client m'st )a$e s'ffered damae d'e
to t)e .reac) of professional d'ty. >t)er#ise1 t)e la#yer cannot .e )eld lia.le.
"f t)e prosec'tor #as tardy and t)e case #as dismissed as non4prosec'ted1 .'t )e filed a motion
for reconsideration #)ic) #as ranted1 and t)e case #as contin'ed1 t)e la#yer is not lia.le1
.eca'se t)e client did not s'ffer damae.
"f la#yer #as nelectf'l in filin an ans#er1 and )is client declared in defa'lt1 and t)ere #as an
ad$erse /'dment1 t)e client s'ffered damaes. T)e la#yer is lia.le.
Breach o coni)ential relation
3e$ealin information o.tained or taHin ad$antae t)ereof .y acceptin t)e enaement #it)
t)e ad$erse party. T)ere is no need to pro$e t)at t)e client s'ffered damaes. T)e mere .reac)
of confidential relation is p'nis)a.le.
"n a con/'al case1 if t)e la#yer disclosed t)e confidential information to ot)er people1 )e #o'ld
.e criminally lia.le e$en t)o') t)e client did not s'ffer any damae.
T)e client #)o #as s'in )is #ife disclosed t)at )e also committed acts of 'nfait)f'lness. T)e
la#yer talHed a.o't t)is to a friend. 0e is1 t)'s1 lia.le.
Article 6!7
'IRECT BRIBERY
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender be a p$blic officer within the scope of Art 2@4
b. That the offender accepts an offer or promise or receives a gift or present b!
himself or thro$gh another
c. That s$ch offer or promise be accepted or gift/present received b! the p$blic
officer 1mere agreement consummates the crime)
1. with a view to committing some crime 1delivery of consideration is not
necessary) or
2. in consideration of an e.ec$tion of an act which does not constit$te a crime,
b$t the act m$st be $n7$st 1delivery of consideration is necessary), or
4. to refrain from doing something which is his official d$t! to do
d. That the act which the offender agrees to perform or which he e.ec$tes be
connected with the performance of his official d$ties
Bri&ery refers to the act of the receiver and the act of the giver is corruption of pu&lic official%
+or p'rposes of t)is article( temporary performance of pu&lic functions is sufficient to
constitute a person a pu&lic officer.
A private person may commit t)is crime only in t)e case in #)ic) c'stody of prisoners is
entr'sted to )im
96
Applica.le also to assessors1 ar.itrators1 appraisal and claim commissioners1 e2perts or any
ot)er person performin p'.lic d'ties
Cannot .e fr'strated1 only attempted or cons'mmated.
2irect &ri&ery may &e committed only in the attempted and consummated stages .eca'se1 in
fr'strated felony1 t)e offender m'st )a$e performed all t)e acts of e2ec'tion #)ic) #o'ld
prod'ce t)e felony as a conse@'ence% n direct &ri&ery( it is possi&le only if the corruptor
concurs with the offender% Once there is concurrence( the direct &ri&ery is already
consummated. "n s)ort1 t)e offender could not have performed all the acts of execution to
produce the felony without consummating the same%
Act'ally1 you cannot have a giver unless there is one who is willing to receive and there cannot
&e a receiver unless there is one willing to give. Ao t)is crime re+uires two to commit. "t cannot
.e said1 t)erefore1 t)at one )as performed all t)e acts of e2ec'tion #)ic) #o'ld prod'ce t)e
felony as a conse@'ence .'t for reasons independent of t)e #ill1 t)e crime #as not committed.
"t is no# settled1 t)erefore1 t)at t)e crime of &ri&ery and corruption of pu&lic officials cannot &e
committed in the frustrated stage &ecause this re+uires two to commit and that means a
meeting of the minds%
"ll'strations6
(1) f the pu&lic official accepted the corrupt consideration and turned it over to his superior
as evidence of the corruption1 t)e offense is attempted corr'ption only and not fr'strated.
T)e official did not aree to .e corr'pted.
f the pu&lic officer did not report the same to his superior and actually accepted it( he
allowed himself to &e corrupted. T)e corr'ptor .ecomes lia.le for cons'mmated
corr'ption of p'.lic official. T)e p'.lic officer also .ecomes e@'ally lia.le for
cons'mmated .ri.ery.
(2) f a pu&lic official demanded something from a taxpayer who pretended to agree and use
mar0ed money with the 0nowledge of the police1 t)e crime of t)e p'.lic official is
attempted .ri.ery. T)e reason is t)at .eca'se t)e i$er )as no intention to corr'pt )er
and t)erefore1 )e co'ld not perform all t)e acts of e2ec'tion.
?e s're t)at #)at is in$ol$ed is a crime of .ri.ery1 not e2tortion. f it were extortion( the
crime is not &ri&ery( &ut ro&&ery. T)e one #)o yielded to t)e demand does not commit
corr'ption of a p'.lic officer .eca'se it #as in$ol'ntary.
>riber! e.ists when the gift is"
a. $ol'ntarily offered .y a pri$ate person
.. solicited .y t)e p'.lic officer and $ol'ntarily deli$ered .y t)e pri$ate person
c. solicited .y t)e p'.lic officer .'t t)e pri$ate person deli$ers it o't of fear of t)e
conse@'ences s)o'ld t)e p'.lic officer perform )is f'nctions ()ere t)e crime .y i$er is
not corr'ption of p'.lic officials d'e to in$ol'ntariness)
Actual receipt of the gift is not only if acts constitutes a crime necessary. An accepted offer
or promise of a ift is s'fficient. 0o#e$er1 if t)e offer is not accepted1 only t)e person
offerin t)e ift is lia.le for attempted corr'ption of a p'.lic officer
T)e gift must have a value or capa&le of pecuniary estimation. "t co'ld .e in t)e form of
money1 property or ser$ices
"f t)e act re@'ired of t)e p'.lic officer amo'nts to a crime and )e commits it1 )e s)all .e
lia.le for t)e penalty correspondin to t)e crime in addition to t)e penalty for .ri.ery
"n direct .ri.ery1 consider #)et)er t)e official act1 #)ic) t)e p'.lic officer areed to do1 is a
crime or not.
(f it will amo$nt to a crime( it is not necessary that the corruptor should deliver the
consideration or the doing of the act% T)e moment t)ere is a meetin of t)e minds1 e$en #it)o't
97
t)e deli$ery of t)e consideration1 e$en #it)o't t)e p'.lic officer performin t)e act amo'ntin to
a crime1 .ri.ery is already committed on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer. Corr'ption is already
committed on t)e part of t)e s'pposed i$er. T)e reason is t)at t)e areement is a conspiracy
in$ol$in t)e d'ty of a p'.lic officer. T)e mere areement is a felony already.
"f t)e p'.lic officer commits t)e act #)ic) constit'tes t)e crime1 )e1 as #ell as t)e corr'ptor
s)all .e lia.le also for t)at ot)er crime.
"ll'strations6
(1) f the corruptor offers a consideration to a custodian of a pu&lic record to remove certain
files( the mere agreement( without delivery of the consideration( &rings a&out the crime
of direct &ri&ery and corruption of pu&lic official%
"f t)e records #ere act'ally remo$ed1 .ot) t)e p'.lic officer and t)e corr'ptor #ill in
addition to t)e t#o felonies a.o$e1 #ill also .e lia.le for t)e crime committed1 #)ic) is
infidelity in t)e c'stody of t)e p'.lic records for #)ic) t)ey s)all .e lia.le as principals;
one as principal .y ind'cement1 t)e ot)er as principal .y direct participation.
(2) A party litigant approached the courtBs stenographer and proposed the idea of altering
the transcript of stenographic notes% The court stenographer agreed and he demanded *
,(---%--%
!n0nown to them( there were law enforcers who already had a tip that the court
stenographer had &een doing this &efore% So they were waiting for the chance to entrap
him% They were apprehended and they said they have not done anything yet%
9nder Article 21*1 t)e mere areement to commit t)e act1 #)ic) amo'nts to a crime1 is
already .ri.ery. T)at stenorap)er .ecomes lia.le already for cons'mmated crime of
.ri.ery and t)e party #)o areed to i$e t)at money is already lia.le for cons'mmated
corr'ption1 e$en t)o') not a sinle centa$o is deli$ered yet and e$en t)o') t)e
stenorap)er )ad not yet made t)e alterations.
"f )e c)aned t)e transcript1 anot)er crime is committed6 falsification.
The same criterion will apply with respect to a pu&lic officer who agrees to refrain from
performing his official duties. "f t)e refrainin #o'ld i$e rise to a crime1 s'c) as refrainin to
prosec'te an offender1 t)e mere areement to do so #ill cons'mmate t)e .ri.ery and t)e
corr'ption1 e$en if no money #as deli$ered to )im. "f t)e refrainin is not a crime1 it #o'ld only
amo'nt to .ri.ery if t)e consideration .e deli$ered to )im.
(f it is not a crime( the consideration must &e delivered &y the corruptor &efore a pu&lic officer
can &e prosecuted for &ri&ery. Mere areement1 is not eno') to constit'te t)e crime .eca'se
t)e act to .e done in t)e first place is leitimate or in t)e performance of t)e official d'ties of
t)e p'.lic official.
9nless t)e p'.lic officer recei$es t)e consideration for doin )is official d'ty1 t)ere is no .ri.ery.
"t is necessary t)at t)ere m'st .e deli$ery of monetary consideration. T)is is so .eca'se in t)e
second sit'ation1 t)e p'.lic officer act'ally performed #)at )e is s'pposed to perform. "t is /'st
t)at )e #o'ld not perform #)at )e is re@'ired .y la# to perform #it)o't an added consideration
from t)e p'.lic #)ic) i$es rise to t)e crime.
T)e idea of t)e la# is t)at )e is .ein paid salary for .ein t)ere. 0e is not s'pposed to demand
additional compensation from t)e p'.lic .efore performin )is p'.lic ser$ice. T)e pro)i.ition
#ill apply only #)en t)e money is deli$ered to )im1 or if )e performs #)at )e is s'pposed to
perform in anticipation of .ein paid t)e money.
0ere1 t)e .ri.ery #ill only arise #)en t)ere is already t)e acceptance of t)e consideration
.eca'se t)e act to .e done is not a crime. Ao1 #it)o't t)e acceptance1 t)e crime is not
committed.
T)e t)ird type of .ri.ery and pre$aricacion (art 2*%) are similar offenses1 .ot) consistin of
omissions to do an act re@'ired to .e performed. "n direct .ri.ery )o#e$er1 a ift or promise is
i$en in consideration of t)e omission. T)is is not necessary in pre$aricacion

98
'istinction (etween )irect (ri(ery an) in)irect (ri(ery
Bri&ery is direct #)en a p'.lic officer is called 'pon to perform or refrain from performin an
official act in e2c)ane for t)e ift1 present or consideration i$en to )im.
"f )e simply accepts a ift or present i$en to )im .y reason of )is p'.lic position1 t)e crime is
indirect &ri&ery. ?ear in mind t)at the gift is given L&y reason of his officeL( not Lin
considerationL thereof% Ao ne$er 'se t)e term Econsideration.G T)e pu&lic officer in ndirect
&ri&ery is not to perform any official act%
=ote )o#e$er t)at #)at may .ein as an indirect .ri.ery may act'ally ripen into direct .ri.ery.
"ll'stration6
'ithout any understanding with the pu&lic officer( a taxi operator gave an expensive suiting
material to a B?T registrar% !pon receipt &y the B?T registrar of his valua&le suiting material( he
as0ed who the giver was% ;e found out that he is a taxi operator. As far as t)e i$er is
concerned1 )e is i$in t)is .y reason of t)e office or position of t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed. "t is
/'st indirect .ri.ery
"f t)e ?8T reistrar calls 'p )is s'.ordinates and said to taHe care of t)e ta2is of t)e ta2i operator
so m'c) so t)at t)e reistration of t)e ta2is is facilitated a)ead of t)e ot)ers1 #)at oriinally
#o'ld )a$e .een indirect .ri.ery .ecomes direct .ri.ery.
Bri(ery <6!7= Ro((ery <65"=
5)en t)e $ictim )as committed a
crime and i$es moneyLift to a$oid
arrest or prosec'tion.
5)en t)e $ictim did not commit a crime and
)e is intimidated #it) arrest andLor
prosec'tion to depri$e )im of )is personal
property.
&ictim parts #it) )is money or
property $ol'ntarily.
&ictim is depri$ed of )is money or property .y
force or intimidation.
3o..ery s)o'ld .e distin'is)ed from ?ri.ery #)ere a la# enforcer1 say a policeman1
e2torts money from a person1 employin intimidation and t)reatenin to arrest t)e latter if )e
#ill not come across #it) money may .e 'ilty of 3o..ery (Article 2(41 par. 5) or ?ri.ery (Article
21*). "f t)e $ictim act'ally committed a crime1 and t)e policeman demanded money so )e #ill
not .e arrested1 t)e crime is ?ri.ery. ?'t if no crime )as .een committed and t)e policeman is
falsely c)arin )im of )a$in committed one1 t)reatenin to arrest )im if )e #ill not come across
#it) some consideration1 t)e crime is 3o..ery.
Article 6!!
IN'IRECT BRIBERY
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That he accepts gifts.
c. That the said gifts are offered to him b! reason of his office.
T)e ift is i$en in anticipation of f't're fa$or from t)e p'.lic officer
"ndirect .ri.ery1 t)e p'.lic officer recei$es or accepts ifts1 money or anyt)in of $al'e .y reason
of )is office. "f t)ere is only a promise of a ift or money1 no crime is committed .eca'se of t)e
lan'ae of t)e la# #)ic) 'ses t)e p)rase Eshall accept gifts.G
T)ere m'st .e clear intention on t)e part of t)e p'.lic officer to taHe t)e ift offered and
consider t)e property as )is o#n for t)at moment. Mere p)ysical receipt 'naccompanied .y
any ot)er sin1 circ'mstance or act to s)o# s'c) acceptance is not s'fficient to con$ict t)e
officer
T)e A'preme Co'rt )as laid do#n t)e rule that for indirect &ri&ery to &e committed1 t)e p'.lic
officer m'st )a$e performed an act of appropriatin of t)e ift for )imself1 )is family or
employees. "t is t)e act of appropriatin t)at sinifies acceptance. Merely deli$erin t)e ift to
t)e p'.lic officer does not .rin a.o't t)e crime. >t)er#ise it #o'ld .e $ery easy to remo$e a
p'.lic officer6 /'st deli$er a ift to )im.
99
T)ere is no attempted or fr'strated indirect .ri.ery
T)e principal distinction &etween direct and indirect &ri&ery is t)at in t)e former1 t)e officer
arees to perform or refrain from doin an act in consideration of t)e ift or promise. "n t)e
latter case1 it is not necessary t)at t)e officer do any act. "t is s'fficient t)at )e accepts t)e
ift offered .y reason of )is office
-'.lic officers recei$in ifts and pri$ate persons i$in ifts on any occasion1 incl'din
C)ristmas are lia.le 'nder PA 9<.
T)e criminal penalty or imprisonment is distinct from t)e administrati$e penalty of s'spension
from t)e ser$ice
Article 6!!>A
;UALI-IE' BRIBERY
ELEMENTS#
a. P$blic officer entr$sted with law enforcement
b. -efrains from arresting/prosec$ting offender for crime p$nishable b! recl$sion
perpet$a and/or death
1if lower penalty than stated a&ove( the crime is direct &ri&ery)
c. (n consideration of an! offer, promise or gift
=ote t)at t)e penalty is DEAT0 if t)e p'.lic officer is t)e one #)o asHs or demands s'c) present.
0e need not recei$e t)e ift or present .eca'se a mere offer or promise is s'fficient.
Article 6!6
CORRU+TION O- +UBLIC O--ICIALS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender ma0es offers or promises or gives gifts or present to a p$blic
officer.
b. That the offers or promises are made or the gifts or presents given to a p$blic
officer, $nder circ$mstances that will ma0e the p$blic officer liable for direct
briber! or indirect briber!
T)e offender is t)e i$er of t)e ift or t)e offeror of t)e promise. T)e act may or may not .e
accomplis)ed
+resi)ential 'ecree No& ",
-residential Decree =o. 46 pro)i.its i$in and acceptance of ifts .y a p'.lic officer or to a
p'.lic officer1 e$en d'rin anni$ersary1 or #)en t)ere is an occasion liHe C)ristmas1 =e# :ear1 or
any ift4i$in anni$ersary. T)e -residential Decree p'nis)es .ot) recei$er and i$er.
The prohi&ition giving and receiving gifts given &y reason of official position( regardless of
whether or not the same is for past or future favors%
T)e i$in of parties .y reason of t)e promotion of a p'.lic official is considered a crime e$en
t)o') it may call for a cele.ration. T)e i$in of a party is not limited to t)e p'.lic officer only
.'t also to any mem.er of )is family.
100
+resi)ential 'ecree No& ."5
T)e decree grants immunity from prosecution to a private person or pu&lic officer who shall
voluntarily give information and testify in a case of &ri&ery or in a case involving a violation of
the Anti5graft and Corrupt *ractices Act%
t provides immunity to the &ri&e5giver provided he does two things:
(1) 0e $ol'ntarily discloses t)e transaction )e )ad #it) t)e p'.lic officer constit'tin direct or
indirect .ri.ery1 or any ot)er corr'pt transaction;
(2) 0e m'st #illinly testify aainst t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed in t)e case to .e filed aainst
t)e latter.
Before the &ri&e5giver may &e dropped from the information( he has to &e charged first with the
receiver% Before trial( prosecutor may move for dropping &ri&e5giver from information and &e
granted immunity% But first( five conditions have to &e met:
(1) "nformation m'st refer to cons'mmated .ri.ery;
(2) "nformation is necessary for t)e proper con$iction of t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed;
(3) T)at t)e information or testimony to .e i$en is not yet in t)e possession of t)e
o$ernment or Hno#n to t)e o$ernment;
(4) T)at t)e information can .e corro.orated in its material points;
(5) T)at t)e informant )as not .een con$icted pre$io'sly for any crime in$ol$in moral
t'rpit'de.
T)ese conditions are analogous to the conditions under the State 'itness #ule 'nder Criminal
-roced're.
The immunity granted the &ri&e5giver is limited only to the illegal transaction where the
informant gave voluntarily the testimony. "f t)ere #ere ot)er transactions #)ere t)e informant
also participated1 )e is not imm'ne from prosec'tion. T)e imm'nity in one transaction does not
e2tend to ot)er transactions.
The immunity attaches only if the information given turns out to &e true and correct. "f t)e
same is false1 t)e p'.lic officer may e$en file criminal and ci$il actions aainst t)e informant for
per/'ry and t)e imm'nity 'nder t)e decree #ill not protect )im.
Re/u(lic Act No& .737 <+lun)er=
-l'nder is a crime defined and penaliIed 'nder 3ep'.lic Act =o. !*%*1 #)ic) .ecame effecti$e in
1((1. T)is crime some)o# modified certain crimes in t)e 3e$ised -enal Code insofar as t)e o$ert
acts .y #)ic) a p'.lic officer amasses1 ac@'ires1 or acc'm'lates ill4otten #ealt) are felonies
'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code liHe .ri.ery (Articles 21*1 2111 2114A)1 fra'd aainst t)e p'.lic
treas'ry OArticle 213P1 ot)er fra'ds (Article 214)1 mal$ersation (Article 21!)1 #)en t)e ill4otten
#ealt) amo'nts to a total $al'e of -5*1***1***.**. T)e amo'nt #as red'ced from
-!51***1***.** .y 3ep'.lic Act =o. !65( and t)e penalty #as c)aned from life imprisonment to
recl'sion perpet'a to deat).
A)ort of t)e amo'nt1 pl'nder does not arise. Any amo'nt less t)an -5*1***1***.** is a $iolation
of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code or t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act.
9nder t)e la# on pl'nder1 t)e prescripti$e period is 2* years commencin from t)e time of t)e
last o$ert act.
*lunder is committed through a com&ination or series of overt acts:
(1) T)ro') misappropriation1 con$ersion1 mis'se1 or mal$ersation of p'.lic f'nds or raids on
t)e p'.lic treas'ry;
101
(2) ?y recei$in1 directly or indirectly1 any commission1 ift1 s)are1 percentae1 HicH.acHs or
any ot)er form of pec'niary .enefit from any person andLor entity in connection #it) any
o$ernment contract or pro/ect .y reason of t)e office or position of t)e p'.lic officer;
(3) ?y illeal or fra'd'lent con$eyance or disposition of asset .elonin to t)e national
o$ernment or any of its s'.di$isions1 aencies or instr'mentalities or o$ernment4o#ned
or controlled corporations and t)eir s'.sidiaries;
(4) ?y o.tainin1 recei$in1 or acceptin directly or indirectly any s)ares of stocH1 e@'ity or
any ot)er form of interest or participation incl'din t)e promise of f't're employment in
any .'siness or 'ndertaHin;
(5) ?y esta.lis)in aric'lt'ral1 ind'strial1 or commercial monopolies or ot)er com.inations
andLor implementations of decrees and orders intended to .enefit partic'lar persons or
special interests; or
(6) ?y taHin 'nd'e ad$antae of official position1 a't)ority1 relations)ip1 connection or
infl'ence to 'n/'stly enric) )imself or t)emsel$es at t)e e2pense and to t)e damae and
pre/'dice of t)e +ilipino people1 and t)e 3ep'.lic of t)e -)ilippines.
'hile the crime appears to &e malum prohi&itum( #epu&lic Act No% K-H- provides that /in the
imposition of penalties( the degree of participation and the attendance of mitigating and
aggravating circumstances shall &e considered &y the court1%
ANTI>GRA-T AN' CORRU+T +RACTICES ACT
RA :7!5
+ersons Lia(le#
a. Any pu&lic officer who shall perform any of the following acts:
1. -ers'adin1 ind'cin or infl'encin anot)er p'.lic officer to perform an act constit'tin a
$iolation of r'les and re'lations d'ly prom'lated .y competent a't)ority or an offense in
connection #it) t)e official d'ties of t)e latter1 or allo#in )imself to .e pers'aded1
ind'ced1 or infl'enced to commit s'c) $iolation or offense.
2. Directly or indirectly re@'estin or recei$in any ift1 present1 s)are1 percentae1 or
.enefit for )imself or for any ot)er person in connection #it) any contract or transaction
.et#een t)e o$ernment and any ot)er party #)erein t)e p'.lic officer in )is official
capacity )as to inter$ene 'nder t)e la#.
3. Directly1 or indirectly re@'estin or recei$in any ift1 present1 or ot)er pec'niary or
material .enefit1 for )imself or for anot)er1 from any person for #)om t)e p'.lic officer1
in any manner of capacity1 )as sec'red or o.tained1 or #ill sec're or o.tain1 any
Jo$ernment permit or license1 in consideration for t)e )eld i$en or to .e i$en.
4. Acceptin or )a$in any mem.er of )is family accept employment in a pri$ate enterprise
#)ic) )as pendin official .'siness #it) )im d'rin t)e pendency t)ereof or #it)in one
year after its termination.
5. Ca'sin any 'nd'e in/'ry to any party1 incl'din t)e Jo$ernment1 or i$in any pri$ate
party any 'n#arranted .enefits1 ad$antae1 or preference in t)e disc)are of )is official1
administrati$e or /'dicial f'nction t)ro') manifest partiality1 e$ident .ad fait) or ross
ine2c'sa.le nelience. T)is pro$ision s)all apply to officers and employees of offices or
o$ernment corporations c)ared #it) t)e rant of licenses or permits or ot)er
concessions.
6. =electin or ref'sin1 after d'e demand or re@'est1 #it)o't s'fficient /'stification1 to act
#it)in a reasona.le time on any matter pendin .efore )im for t)e p'rpose of o.tainin
directly or indirectly1 from any person interested in t)e matter some pec'niary or material
.enefit or ad$antae1 or for t)e p'rpose of fa$orin )is o#n interest of i$in 'nd'e
ad$antae in fa$or of or discriminatin aainst any ot)er interested party.
102
!. Enterin1 on .e)alf of t)e Jo$ernment1 into any contract or transaction manifestly and
rossly disad$antaeo's to t)e same1 #)et)er or not t)e p'.lic officer profited or #ill
profit t)ere.y.
%. Directly or indirectly )a$in financial or pec'niary interest in any .'siness1 contract or
transaction in connection #it) #)ic) )e inter$enes or taHe part in )is official capacity1 or
in #)ic) )e is pro)i.ited .y t)e constit'tion or .y any la# from )a$in any interest.
(. Directly or indirectly .ecomin interested1 for personal ain1 or )a$in a material interest
in any transaction or act re@'irin t)e appro$al of a .oard1 panel1 or ro'p of #)ic) )e is a
mem.er1 and #)ic) e2ercises discretion in s'c) appro$al1 e$en if )e $otes aainst t)e same
or does not participate in t)e action of t)e .oard1 committee1 panel or ro'p.
1*. Cno#inly appro$in or rantin any license1 permit1 pri$ilee1 or .enefit in fa$or of any
person not @'alified for or not leally entitled to s'c) license1 permit1 pri$ilee1 or
ad$antae1 or of a mere representati$e or d'mmy of one #)o is not so @'alified or
entitled.
11. Di$'lin $al'a.le information of a confidential c)aracter1 ac@'ired .y )is office or .y )im
on acco'nt of )is official position to 'na't)oriIed persons1 or releasin s'c) information in
ad$ance of its a't)oriIed release date.
.. Any person )a$in family or close personal relation #it) any p'.lic official #)o s)all capitaliIe
or e2ploit or taHe ad$antae of s'c) family or close personal relation .y directly or indirectly
re@'estin or recei$in any present1 ift1 or material1 or pec'niary ad$antae from any person
)a$in some .'siness1 transaction1 application1 re@'est1 or contact #it) t)e o$ernment in
#)ic) s'c) p'.lic official )as to inter$ene (Aec. 4)
c. Any person #)o s)all Hno#inly ind'ce or ca'se any p'.lic official to commit any of t)e
offenses 'nder (A). (Aec. 4)
d. Apo'se or any relati$e1 .y consan'inity or affinity1 #it)in t)e 3
rd
ci$il deree1 of t)e
president of t)e -)ilippines1 t)e $ice4president1 t)e president of t)e Aenate1 or speaHer of t)e
)o'se of 3epresentati$es1 #)o s)all inter$ene1 directly or indirectly1 in any .'siness
transaction1 contract or application #it) t)e o$Ft (Aec. 5).
This prohibition shall not appl! to"
1. Any person #)o1 prior to t)e ass'mption of office of any of t)e a.o$e officials to #)om
)e is related1 )as .een already dealin #it) t)e o$Ft alon t)e same line of .'siness;
2. Any transaction1 contract or application already e2istin or pendin at t)e time of s'c)
ass'mption of p'.lic office;
3. Any application filed .y )im1 t)e appro$al of #)ic) is not discretionary on t)e part of
t)e official(s) concerned .'t depends 'pon compliance #it) re@'isites pro$ided .y la#1
or r'les or re'lations iss'ed p'rs'ant to la#;
4. Any act la#f'lly performed an official capacity or in t)e e2ercise of a profession.
e. Any mem.er of conress1 d'rin t)e term for #)ic) )e )as .een elected1 #)o s)all
ac@'ire or recei$e any personal pec'niary interest in any specific .'siness enterprise
#)ic) s)all .e directly and partic'larly fa$ored or .enefited .y any la# or resol'tion
a't)ored .y )im pre$io'sly appro$ed or adopted .y Conress d'rin )is term.
f. Any p'.lic officer #)o s)all fail to file a tr'e1 detailed and s#orn statement of assets
and lia.ilities #it)in 3* days after ass'min office and t)ereafter on or .efore t)e 15
t)
day of April follo#in t)e close of e$ery calendar year1 as #ell as 'pon t)e e2piration of
)is term of office1 or 'pon )is resination or separation from office (Aec. !).
""". +rima -acie E%i)ence o an) 'ismissal )ue to uneF/laine) 2ealth (Aec. %)
"f a p'.lic official )as .een fo'nd to )a$e ac@'ired d'rin )is inc'm.ency1 #)et)er in )is
name or in t)e name of ot)er persons1 an amo'nt of property andLor money manifestly o't of
proportion to )is salary and to )is ot)er la#f'l income.
103
-roperties in t)e name of t)e spo'se and dependents of s'c) p'.lic official may .e taHen into
consideration1 #)en t)eir ac@'isition t)ro') leitimate means cannot .e satisfactorily s)o#n.
?anH deposits in t)e name of or manifestly e2cessi$e e2pendit'res inc'rred .y t)e p'.lic
official1 )is spo'se or any of t)eir dependents incl'din .'t not limited to acti$ities in any
cl'. or association or any ostentatio's display of #ealt) incl'din fre@'ent tra$el a.road of a
non4official c)aracter .y any p'.lic official #)en s'c) acti$ities entail e2penses e$idently o't
of proportion to leitimate income.
""". Com/etent court# All prosec'tions 'nder t)is Act s)all .e #it)in t)e oriinal /'risdiction of t)e
Aandian.ayan (Aec. 1*).
"n case none of t)e principal acc'sed are occ'pyin positions correspondin to salary rade 2! or
)i)er; -=- officers occ'pyin t)e ranH of s'perintendent or )i)er of t)eir e@'i$alent1 e2cl'si$e
/'risdiction o$er t)e case s)all .e $ested in t)e proper 3eional Trial Co'rt1 Metropolitan Trial
Co'rt and M'nicipal Circ'it Trial Co'rt as t)e case may .e. T)e decision of t)e co'rt in t)ese
cases s)all .e appeala.le to t)e Aandian.ayan #)ic) e2ercises e2cl'si$e appellate /'risdiction
o$er t)em.
"&& +rescri/tion o oenses# all offenses p'nis)a.le 'nder t)is Act s)all prescri.e in 15 years
(Aec. 11).
&. ).ceptions# 9nsolicited ifts or presents of small or insinificant $al'e offered or i$en as a
mere ordinary toHen of ratit'de of friends)ip accordin to local c'stoms or 'sae1 s)all .e
e2cepted from t)e pro$isions of t)is act (Aec. 14).
>nce t)e case is filed #it) t)e Aandian.ayan1 .y e2press pro$ision of t)e la#1 it .ecomes
inc'm.ent 'pon t)e co'rt to place 'nder pre$enti$e s'spension t)e p'.lic officer #)o stands
acc'sed .efore it. 0o#e$er1 .efore t)e order of s'spension is iss'ed1 it is necessary t)at a pre5
suspension hearing .e )eld .y t)e co'rt #)erein t)e acc'sed is afforded t)e opport'nity to
c)allene t)e $alidity of t)e information filed aainst )im. Such right of the accused to challenge
the validity of the information covers (a) t)e ri)t to c)allene t)e s'fficiency of t)e recitals of
t)e information $is4V4$is t)e essential elements of t)e offense as defined .y s'.stanti$e la#; (.)
t)e ri)t to c)allene t)e $alidity of t)e criminal proceedins leadin to t)e filin of t)e
information1 i%e%1 t)at )e )as not .een afforded t)e ri)t of d'e preliminary in$estiation1 or t)at
t)e acts for #)ic) )e stands c)ared do not constit'te a $iolation of t)e pro$isions of 3.A. =o.
3*1(1 #)ic) #o'ld #arrant )is mandatory s'spension from office 'nder Aection 13 of t)is Act; and
(c) t)e ri)t to raise t)e iss'e t)at t)e information can .e @'as)ed 'nder any of t)e ro'nds
pro$ided in Aection 21 3'le 11! of t)e 3'les of Co'rt 1People vs. Albano, 1<4 +#-A 811).
>nce t)e information is fo'nd to .e s'fficient in form and s'.stance1 t)e co'rt m'st iss'e t)e
s'spension order as a matter of co'rse and t)ere are no ifs and .'ts a.o't it 1>a!ot vs.
+andiganba!an, et al., 12: +#-A 4:4).
-re$enti$e s'spension is resorted to in order to pre$ent t)e acc'sed from 'sin )is office to
intimidate #itnesses or fr'strate )is prosec'tion or contin'e committin malfeasance in office
.eca'se t)e pres'mption is t)at 'nless t)e acc'sed is s'spended1 )e may fr'strate )is prosec'tion
to commit f'rt)er acts of malfeasance or .ot) 1>a!ot vs. +andiganba!an, et al., s$pra).
E5)en t)e administrati$e case aainst t)e officer or employee 'nder pre$enti$e s'spension is not
finally disposed of .y t)e disciplinin a't)ority #it)in t)e period of ninety ((*) days after t)e
date of s'spension of t)e respondent #)o is not a presidential appointee1 t)e respondent s)all .e
a'tomatically reinstated in t)e ser$ice6 -ro$ided1 T)at #)en t)e delay in t)e disposition of t)e
case is d'e to t)e fa'lt1 nelience or petition of t)e respondent1 t)e period of delay s)all not .e
co'nted in comp'tin t)e period of s'spension )erein pro$ided.G1+egovia vs. +andiganba!an)
ORTEGA NOTES#
T)e mere act of a p'.lic officer demandin an amo'nt from a ta2payer to #)om )e is to render
p'.lic ser$ice does not amo'nt to .ri.ery1 .'t #ill amo'nt to a $iolation of t)e Anti4raft and
Corr'pt -ractices Act.
"ll'stration6
104
A co'rt secretary recei$ed -5** .** from a litiant to set a motion for an early )earin. T)is is
direct .ri.ery e$en if t)e act to .e performed is #it)in )is official d'ty so lon as )e recei$ed a
consideration t)erefor.
"f t)e secretary pers'aded t)e /'de to maHe a fa$ora.le resol'tion1 e$en if t)e /'de did not do
so1 t)is constit'tes a $iolation of Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act1 A'.4Aection A.
9nder t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act1 partic'larly Aection 31 t)ere are se$eral acts
defined as corr'pt practices. Aome of t)em are mere repetitions of t)e act already penaliIed
'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 liHe pro)i.ited transactions 'nder Article 215 and 216. "n s'c) a
case1 t)e act or omission remains to .e mala in se.
?'t t)ere are acts penaliIed 'nder t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act #)ic) are not
penaliIed 'nder t)e 3e$ised -enal Code. T)ose acts may .e considered as mala pro)i.ita.
T)erefore1 ood fait) is not a defense.
"ll'stration6
E CATC0 A88 -3>&"A">=G
Aection 3 (e) of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act B ca'sin 'nd'e in/'ry to t)e o$ernment
or a pri$ate party .y i$in 'n#arranted .enefit to t)e party #)om does not deser$e t)e same.
"n t)is case1 ood fait) is not a defense .eca'se it is in t)e nat're of a mal'm pro)i.it'm.
Criminal intent on t)e part of t)e offender is not re@'ired. "t is eno') t)at )e performed t)e
pro)i.ited act $ol'ntarily. E$en t)o') t)e pro)i.ited act may )a$e .enefited t)e o$ernment.
T)e crime is still committed .eca'se t)e la# is not after t)e effect of t)e act as lon as t)e act is
pro)i.ited.
Aection 3 () of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act B #)ere a p'.lic officer entered into a
contract for t)e o$ernment #)ic) is manifestly disad$antaeo's to t)e o$ernment e$en if )e did
not profit from t)e transaction1 a $iolation of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act is
committed.
"f a p'.lic officer1 #it) )is office and a pri$ate enterprise )ad a transaction and )e allo#s a
relati$e or mem.er of )is family to accept employment in t)at enterprise1 ood fait) is not a
defense .eca'se it is a mal'm pro)i.it'm. "t is eno') t)at t)at t)e act #as performed.
5)ere t)e p'.lic officer is a mem.er of t)e .oard1 panel or ro'p #)o is to act on an application
of a contract and t)e act in$ol$ed one of discretion1 any p'.lic officer #)o is a mem.er of t)at
.oard1 panel or ro'p1 e$en t)o') )e $oted aainst t)e appro$al of t)e application1 as lon as )e
)as an interest in t)at .'siness enterprise #)ose application is pendin .efore t)at .oard1 panel
or ro'p1 t)e p'.lic officer concerned s)all .e lia.le for $iolation of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt
-ractices Act. 0is only co'rse of action to a$oid prosec'tion 'nder t)e Anti4raft and Corr'pt
-ractices Act is to sell )is interest in t)e enterprise #)ic) )as filed an application .efore t)at
.oard1 panel or ro'p #)ere )e is a mem.er. >r ot)er#ise1 )e s)o'ld resin from )is p'.lic
position.
"ll'stration6
Aen. Dominador Aytono )ad an interest in t)e "lian Ateel Mills1 #)ic) at t)at time #as .ein
s'./ect of an in$estiation .y t)e Aenate Committee of #)ic) )e #as a c)airman. 0e #as
t)reatened #it) prosec'tion 'nder 3ep'.lic Act =o. 3*1( so )e #as compelled to sell all )is
interest in t)at steel mill; t)ere is no defense. ?eca'se t)e la# says so1 e$en if )e $oted aainst
it1 )e commits a $iolation t)ereof.
T)ese cases are filed #it) t)e >m.'dsman and not #it) t)e re'lar prosec'torFs office.
K'risdiction is e2cl'si$ely #it) t)e Aandian.ayan. T)e acc'sed p'.lic officer m'st .e s'spended
#)en t)e case is already filed #it) t)e Aandian.ayan.
9nder t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act1 t)e p'.lic officer #)o is acc'sed s)o'ld not .e
a'tomatically s'spended 'pon t)e filin of t)e information in co'rt. "t is t)e co'rt #)ic) #ill
order t)e s'spension of t)e p'.lic officer and not t)e s'perior of t)at p'.lic officer. As lon as t)e
co'rt )as not ordered t)e s'spension of t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed1 t)e s'perior of t)at p'.lic
officer is not a't)oriIed to order t)e s'spension simply .eca'se of t)e $iolation of t)e Anti4Jraft
and Corr'pt -ractices Act. T)e co'rt #ill not order t)e s'spension of t)e p'.lic officer #it)o't
first passin 'pon t)e $alidity of t)e information filed in co'rt. 5it)o't a )earin1 t)e s'spension
#o'ld .e n'll and $oid for .ein $iolati$e of d'e process.
105
"ll'stration6
A p'.lic officer #as assined to direct traffic in a $ery .'sy corner. 5)ile t)ere1 )e ca')t a t)ief
in t)e act of liftin t)e #allet of a pedestrian. As )e co'ld not lea$e )is post1 )e s'mmoned a
ci$ilian to deli$er t)e t)ief to t)e precinct. T)e ci$ilian areed so )e left #it) t)e t)ief. 5)en
t)ey #ere .eyond t)e $ie# of t)e policeman1 t)e ci$ilian allo#ed t)e t)ief to o )ome. 5)at
#o'ld .e t)e lia.ility of t)e p'.lic officer<
T)e lia.ility of t)e traffic policeman #o'ld .e merely administrati$e. T)e ci$ilian )as no lia.ility
at all.
+irstly1 t)e offender is not yet a prisoner so t)ere is no acco'nta.ility yet. T)e term EprisonerG
refers to one #)o is already .ooHed and incarcerated no matter )o# s)ort t)e time may .e.
T)e policeman co'ld not .e said as )a$in assisted t)e escape of t)e offender .eca'se as t)e
pro.lem says1 )e is assined to direct traffic in a .'sy corner street. Ao )e cannot .e considered
as fallin 'nder t)e t)ird 3rd pararap) of Article 1( t)at #o'ld constit'te )is as an accessory.
T)e same is tr'e #it) t)e ci$ilian .eca'se t)e crime committed .y t)e offender1 #)ic) is
snatc)in or a Hind of ro..ery or t)eft as t)e case may .e1 is not one of t)ose crimes mentioned
'nder t)e t)ird pararap) of Article 1( of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
5)ere t)e p'.lic officer is still inc'm.ent1 t)e prosec'tion s)all .e #it) t)e >m.'dsman.
5)ere t)e respondent is separated from ser$ice and t)e period )as not yet prescri.ed1 t)e
information s)all .e filed in any prosec'tionFs office in t)e city #)ere t)e respondent resides.
T)e prosec'tion s)all file t)e case in t)e 3eional Trial Co'rt 'nless t)e $iolation carries a penalty
)i)er t)an prision correccional1 in #)ic) case t)e Aandian.ayan )as /'risdiction.

T)e fact t)at t)e o$ernment .enefited o't of t)e pro)i.ited act is no defense at all1 t)e
$iolation .ein mala pro)i.ita.
Aection 3 (f) of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act B #)ere t)e p'.lic officer nelects or
ref'ses to act on a matter pendin .efore )im for t)e p'rpose of o.tainin any pec'niary or
material .enefit or ad$antae in fa$or of or discriminatin aainst anot)er interested party.
T)e la# itself additionally re@'ires t)at t)e acc'sedFs dereliction1 .esides .ein #it)o't
/'stification1 m'st .e for t)e p'rpose of o.tainin from any person interested in t)e matter some
pec'niary or material .enefit or for t)e p'rpose of fa$orin any interested party1 or discriminatin
aainst anot)er interested party. T)is element is indispensa.le.
"n ot)er #ords1 t)e nelect or ref'sal to act m'st moti$ated .y ain or .enefit1 or p'rposely to
fa$or t)e ot)er interested party as )eld in Corona)o %& SB0 decided on A''st 1%1 1((3.
Re/u(lic Act No& !:.5 <-oreiture o Ill>gotten 2ealth=
Correlate #it) 3A 13!( 44 properly 'nder 3emedial 8a#. T)is pro$ides t)e proced're for forfeit're
of t)e ill4otten #ealt) in $iolation of t)e Anti4Jraft and Corr'pt -ractices Act. T)e proceedins
are ci$il and not criminal in nat're.
Any ta2payer )a$in Hno#lede t)at a p'.lic officer )as amassed #ealt) o't of proportion to t)is
leitimate income may file a complaint #it) t)e prosec'torFs office of t)e place #)ere t)e p'.lic
officer resides or )olds office. T)e prosec'tor cond'cts a preliminary in$estiation /'st liHe in a
criminal case and )e #ill for#ard )is findins to t)e office of t)e Aolicitor Jeneral. T)e Aolicitor
Jeneral #ill determine #)et)er t)ere is reasona.le ro'nd to .elie$e t)at t)e respondent )as
acc'm'lated an 'ne2plained #ealt).
"f t)e Aolicitor Jeneral finds pro.a.le ca'se1 )e #o'ld file a petition re@'estin t)e co'rt to iss'e
a #rit commandin t)e respondent to s)o# ca'se #)y t)e ill4otten #ealt) descri.ed in t)e
petition s)o'ld not .e forfeited in fa$or of t)e o$ernment. T)is is co$ered .y t)e 3'les on Ci$il
-roced're. T)e respondent is i$en 15 days to ans#er t)e petition. T)ereafter trial #o'ld
proceed. K'dment is rendered and appeal is /'st liHe in a ci$il case. 3emem.er t)at t)is is not a
criminal proceedin. T)e .asic difference is t)at t)e preliminary in$estiation is cond'cted .y t)e
prosec'tor.
106
-RAU'S AN' ILLEGAL EDACTIONS AN' TRANSACTIONS
Article 6!:
-RAU'S AGAINST +UBLIC TREASURY
ELEMENTS# </ar& !=
a. That the offender be a p$blic officer.
b. That he sho$ld have ta0en advantage of his office, that is, he intervened in the
transaction in his official capacit!.
c. That he entered into an agreement with an! interested part! or spec$lator or
made $se of an! other scheme with regard to 1a) f$rnishing s$pplies 1b) the
ma0ing of contracts, or 1c) the ad7$stment or settlement of acco$nt relating to a
p$blic propert! or f$nds.
d. That the acc$sed had intent to defra$d the government.
Notes#
a. T)e p'.lic officer m'st act in )is official capacity
.. T)e felony is cons'mmated .y merely enterin into an areement #it) any interested
party or spec'lator or .y merely maHin 'se of any sc)eme to defra'd t)e Jo$ernment
The essence of this crime is ma0ing the government pay for something not received or ma0ing it
pay more than what is due% t is also committed &y refunding more than the amount which
should properly &e refunded. T)is occ'rs 's'ally in cases #)ere a p'.lic officer #)ose official
d'ty is to proc're s'pplies for t)e o$ernment or enter into contract for o$ernment transactions1
conni$es #it) t)e said s'pplier #it) t)e intention to defra'd t)e o$ernment. Also #)en certain
s'pplies for t)e o$ernment are p'rc)ased for t)e )i) price .'t its @'antity or @'ality is lo#.
=ot all fra'ds #ill constit'te t)is crime. There must &e no fixed allocation or amount on the
matter acted upon &y the pu&lic officer%
The allocation or outlay was made the &asis of fraudulent +uotations made &y the pu&lic officer
involved%
+or example1 t)ere #as a need to p't some additional li)tin alon a street and no one Hno#s
)o# m'c) it #ill cost. An officer #as asHed to can$ass t)e cost .'t )e conni$ed #it) t)e seller of
li)t .'l.s1 pricin eac) li)t .'l. at -55*.** instead of t)e act'al price of -5**.**. This is a
case of fraud against pu&lic treasury%
"f t)ere is a fi2ed o'tlay of -2*1***.** for t)e li)tin apparat's needed and t)e p'.lic officer
conni$ed #it) t)e seller so t)at alt)o') allocation #as made a lesser n'm.er #as asHed to .e
deli$ered1 or of an inferior @'ality1 or second)and. n this case there is no fraud against the
pu&lic treasury &ecause there is a fixed allocation% The fraud is in the implementation of
procurement% That would constitute the crime of /other fraud1 in Article ,7:( which is in the
nature of swindling or estafa%
?e s're to determine #)et)er fra'd is aainst p'.lic treas'ry or one 'nder Article 214.
ILLEGAL EDACTIONS </ar 6=
ELEMENTS#
a. The offender is a p$blic officer entr$sted with the collection of ta.es, licenses,
fees and other imposts.
b. 6e is g$ilt! of an! of the following acts or omissions"
1. demanding, directl! or indirectl! the pa!ment of s$ms different from or larger
than those a$thori'ed b! law, or
2. failing vol$ntaril! to iss$e a receipt, as provided b! law, for an! s$m of mone!
collected b! him officiall!, or
107
4. #ollecting or receiving, directl! or indirectl!, b! wa! of pa!ment or otherwise,
things or ob7ects of a nat$re different from that provided b! law.
Notes#
T)is can only .e committed principally .y a p'.lic officer #)ose official d'ty is to collect ta2es1
license fees1 import d'ties and ot)er d'es paya.le to t)e o$ernment.
=ot any p'.lic officer can commit t)is crime. >t)er#ise1 it is estafa. +i2ers cannot commit t)is
crime 'nless )e conspires #it) t)e p'.lic officer a't)oriIed to maHe t)e collection.
T)e essence of the crime is not misappropriation of any of t)e amo'nts .'t t)e improper maHin
of t)e collection #)ic) #o'ld pre/'dice t)e acco'ntin of collected amo'nts .y t)e o$ernment.
a. Mere demand of a larer or different amo'nt is s'fficient to cons'mmate t)e crime.
T)e essence is t)e improper collection (damae to o$Ft is not re@'ired)
On the first form of illegal exaction
"n t)is form1 mere demand #ill cons'mmate t)e crime1 e$en if t)e ta2payer s)all ref'se to come
across #it) t)e amo'nt .ein demanded. T)at #ill not affect t)e cons'mmation of t)e crime.
"n t)e demand1 it is not necessary t)at t)e amo'nt .ein demanded is .ier t)an #)at is paya.le
to t)e o$ernment. T)e amo'nt .ein demanded may.e less t)an t)e amo'nt d'e t)e
o$ernment.
.. "f s'ms are recei$ed #it)o't demandin t)e same1 a felony 'nder t)is article is not
committed. 0o#e$er1 if t)e s'm is i$en as a sort of ift or ratification1 t)e crime is
indirect .ri.ery
c. 5)en t)ere is deceit in demandin larer fees1 t)e crime committed is estafa
d. May .e comple2ed #it) mal$ersation
=ote t)at t)is is often committed with malversation or estafa .eca'se #)en a p'.lic officer s)all
demand an amo'nt different from #)at t)e la# pro$ides1 it can .e e2pected t)at s'c) p'.lic
officer #ill not t'rn o$er )is collection to t)e o$ernment.
"ll'strations6
(1) A taxpayer goes to the local municipal treasurer to pay real estate taxes on his land%
Actually( what is due the government is *:--%-- only &ut the municipal treasurer
demanded *3--%--. ?y t)at demand alone1 t)e crime of illeal e2action is already
committed e$en t)o') t)e ta2payer does not pay t)e -5**.**.
(2) Suppose the taxpayer came across with *3--%--% But the municipal treasurer( thin0ing
that he would a&stract the *7--%--( issued a receipt for only *:--%--% The taxpayer
would naturally as0 the municipal treasurer why the receipt was only for *:--%--% The
treasurer answered that the *7--%-- is supposed to &e for documentary stamps% The
taxpayer left%
;e has a receipt for *:--%--% The municipal treasurer turned over to the government
coffers *:--%-- &ecause that is due the government and poc0eted the *7--%--%
T)e mere fact t)at t)ere #as a demand for an amo'nt different from #)at is d'e t)e
o$ernment1 t)e p'.lic officer already committed t)e crime of illeal e2action.
On the *7--%-- which the pu&lic officer poc0eted( will it &e malversation or estafaQ
"n t)e e2ample i$en1 t)e p'.lic officer did not incl'de in t)e official receipt t)e -1**.**
and1 t)erefore1 it did not .ecome part of t)e p'.lic f'nds. "t remained to .e pri$ate. "t is
t)e ta2payer #)o )as .een defra'ded of )is -1**.** .eca'se )e can ne$er claim a ref'nd
from t)e o$ernment for e2cess payment since t)e receipt iss'ed to )im #as only -4**.**
#)ic) is d'e t)e o$ernment. As far as the *7--%-- is concerned( the crime committed is
estafa%
108
(3) A taxpayer pays his taxes% 'hat is due the government is *:--%-- and the pu&lic officer
issues a receipt for *3--%-- upon payment of the taxpayer of said amount demanded &y
the pu&lic officer involved% But he altered the duplicate to reflect only *:--%-- and he
extracted the difference of *7--%--%
"n t)is case1 t)e entire -5**.** #as co$ered .y an official receipt. T)at act of co$erin
t)e #)ole amo'nt recei$ed from t)e ta2payer in an official receipt #ill )a$e t)e
c)aracteristics of .ecomin a part of t)e p'.lic f'nds. The crimes committed( therefore(
are the following:

(a) llegal exaction B for collectin more t)an )e is a't)oriIed to collect. T)e mere act
of demandin is eno') to constit'te t)is crime.
(.) >alsification B .eca'se t)ere #as an alteration of official doc'ment #)ic) is t)e
d'plicate of t)e official receipt to s)o# an amo'nt less t)an t)e act'al amo'nt
collected.
(c) $alversation B .eca'se of )is act of misappropriatin t)e -1**.** e2cess #)ic) #as
co$ered .y an official receipt already1 e$en t)o') not paya.le to t)e o$ernment.
T)e entire -5**.** #as co$ered .y t)e receipt1 t)erefore1 t)e #)ole amo'nt
.ecame p'.lic f'nds. Ao #)en )e appropriated t)e -1** for )is o#n .enefit1 )e
#as not e2tractin pri$ate f'nds anymore .'t p'.lic f'nds.
Should the falsification &e complexed with the malversationQ
As far as t)e crime of illeal e2action is concerned1 it #ill .e t)e s'./ect of separate
acc'sation .eca'se t)ere1 t)e mere demand reardless of #)et)er t)e ta2payer #ill pay or
not1 #ill already cons'mmate t)e crime of illeal e2action. "t is t)e .reac) of tr'st .y a
p'.lic officer entr'sted to maHe t)e collection #)ic) is penaliIed 'nder s'c) article. T)e
falsification or alteration made on t)e d'plicate can not .e said as a means to commit
mal$ersation. At most( the duplicate was altered in order to conceal the malversation%
So it cannot &e complexed with the malversation%
"t cannot also .e said t)at t)e falsification is a necessary means to commit t)e
mal$ersation .eca'se t)e p'.lic officer can misappropriate t)e -1**.** #it)o't any
falsification. All t)at )e )as to do is to et t)e e2cess of -1**.** and misappropriate it.
Ao t)e falsification is a separate acc'sation.
0o#e$er1 illegal exaction may &e complexed with malversation &ecause illegal exaction is
a necessary means to &e a&le to collect the *7--%-- excess which was malversed%
"n t)is crime1 pay attention to #)et)er t)e offender is t)e one c)ared #it) t)e collection
of t)e ta21 license or impost s'./ect of t)e misappropriation. f he is not the one
authori)ed &y disposition to do the collection( the crime of illegal exaction is not
committed%
"f it did not i$e rise to t)e crime of illeal e2action1 t)e f'nds collected may not )a$e
.ecome part of t)e p'.lic f'nds. "f it )ad not .ecome part of t)e p'.lic f'nds1 or )ad not
.ecome impressed #it) .ein part of t)e p'.lic f'nds1 it cannot .e t)e s'./ect of
mal$ersation. t will give rise to estafa or theft as the case may &e%
(3) The $unicipal Treasurer demanded *3--%-- when only *:--%-- was due% ;e issued the
receipt at *:--%-- and explained to taxpayer that the *7-- was for documentary stamps%
The $unicipal Treasurer placed the entire *3--%-- in the vault of the office% 'hen he
needed money( he too0 the *7--%-- and spent it%
The following crimes were committed:
(a) llegal exaction B for demandin a different amo'nt;
(.) Estafa B for decei$in t)e ta2payer; and
(c) $alversation B for ettin t)e -1**.** from t)e $a'lt.
109
Alt)o') t)e e2cess -1**.** #as not co$ered .y t)e >fficial 3eceipt1 it #as commingled
with the other pu&lic funds in the vault; )ence1 it .ecame part of p'.lic f'nds and
s'.se@'ent e2traction t)ereof constit'tes mal$ersation.
=ote t)at n'm.ers 1 and 2 are comple2ed as illeal e2action #it) estafa1 #)ile in n'm.er 31
mal$ersation is a distinct offense.
T)e issuance of the Official #eceipt is the operative fact to convert the payment into pu&lic
funds. T)e payor may demand a ref'nd .y $irt'e of t)e >fficial 3eceipt.
"n cases #)ere t)e payor decides to let t)e official to EHeep t)e c)aneG1 if t)e latter s)o'ld
pocHet t)e e2cess1 )e s)all .e lia.le for mal$ersation. T)e official )as no ri)t .'t t)e
o$ernment1 'nder t)e principle of accretion1 as t)e o#ner of t)e .ier amo'nt .ecomes t)e
o#ner of t)e #)ole.
>n t)e second form of illeal e2action
The act of receiving payment due the government without issuing a receipt will give rise to
illegal exaction even though a provisional receipt has &een issued% 'hat the law re+uires is a
receipt in the form prescri&ed &y law( which means official receipt%
"ll'stration6
"f a o$ernment cas)ier or officer to #)om payment is made iss'ed a receipt in )is o#n pri$ate
form1 #)ic) )e calls pro$isional1 e$en t)o') )e )as no intention of misappropriatin t)e amo'nt
recei$ed .y )im1 t)e mere fact t)at )e iss'ed a receipt not in t)e form prescri.ed .y la#1 t)e
crime of illeal e2action is committed. T)ere m'st .e $ol'ntary fail're to iss'e t)e >fficial
3eceipt.
>n t)e t)ird form of illeal e2action
!nder the rules and regulations of the government( payment of chec0s not &elonging to the
taxpayer( &ut that of chec0s of other persons( should not &e accepted to settle the o&ligation of
that person%
"ll'stration6
A ta2payer pays )is o.liation #it) a c)ecH not )is o#n .'t pertainin to anot)er. ?eca'se of
t)at1 t)e c)ecH .o'nced later on.
T)e crime committed is illeal e2action .eca'se t)e payment .y c)ecH is not allo#ed if t)e c)ecH
does not pertain to t)e ta2payer )imself1 'nless t)e c)ecH is a manaerFs c)ecH or a certified
c)ecH1 amended already as of 1((*. (Aee t)e case of 3oman Cat)olic.)
9nder Article 2131 if any of t)ese acts penaliIed as illeal e2action is committed .y t)ose
employed in t)e ?'rea' of C'stoms or ?'rea' of "nternal 3e$en'e1 t)e la# t)at #ill apply to t)em
#ill .e t)e 3e$ised Administrati$e Code or t)e Tariff and C'stoms Code or =ational 3e$en'e Code.
T)is crime does not re@'ire damae to t)e o$ernment.
&fficers and emplo!ees of the >(- or #$stoms are not covered b! the article.
T)e ="3C or Administrati$e Code is t)e applica.le la#
T)ese officers are a't)oriIed to maHe impositions and to enter into compromises. ?eca'se of t)is
discretion1 t)eir demandin or collectin different from #)at is necessary is leal
Article 6!"
OT8ER -RAU'S
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That he ta0es advantage of his official position.
110
c. That he commits an! of the fra$ds or deceits en$merated in art. 418 to 41:.
1estafa. swindling)
Note# 3TC )as /'risdiction o$er t)e offense .eca'se t)e principal penalty is dis@'alification
Article 6!*
+RO8IBITE' TRANSACTIONS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is an appointive p$blic officer.
b. That he becomes interested, directl! or indirectl!, in an! transaction of e.change
or spec$lation.
c. That the transaction ta0es place within the territor! s$b7ect to his 7$risdiction.
d. That he becomes interested in the transaction d$ring his inc$mbenc!.
Notes#
a. ).amples of transactions of e.change or spec$lation are" .'yin and sellin stocHs1
commodities1 land etc #)erein one )opes to taHe ad$antae of an e2pected rise or fall
in price
.. -'rc)asin of stocHs or s)ares in a company is simple in$estment and not a $iolation of
t)e article. 0o#e$er1 re'larly .'yin sec'rities for resale is spec'lation
Article 6!,
+OSSESSION O- +RO8IBITE' INTERESTS BY A +UBLIC O--ICER

2ho are lia(le#
a. P$blic officer B in any contract or .'siness in #)ic) it is )is official d'ty to inter$ene.
.. ).perts, arbitrators and private acco$ntants B in any contract or transaction
connected #it) t)e estate or property in t)e appro$al1 distri.'tion or ad/'dication of
#)ic) t)ey )ad acted.
c. G$ardians and e.ec$tors B #it) respect to property .elonin to t)eir #ards or t)e
estate.
Notes#
a. Act'al fra'd is not necessary.
.. Act is p'nis)ed .eca'se of t)e possi.ility t)at fra'd may .e committed or t)at t)e
officer may place )is o#n interest a.o$e t)at of t)e Jo$ernment or party #)ic) )e
represents
T)e mere $iolation of t)e pro)i.ition is already p'nis)ed e$en if no act'al fra'd occ'rs .eca'se of
t)e possi.ility t)at fra'd may .e committed or t)at t)e officer may place )is o#n interest a.o$e
t)at of t)e o$ernment or party )e represents. 1E. +. vs. Edarbe, 2: Phil. 4:4)
Section !"0 Article 4I o the Constitution
=o Aenator or Mem.er of t)e 0o'se of 3epresentati$es may personally appear as co'nsel
.efore any co'rt of /'stice or .efore t)e Electoral Tri.'nals1 or @'asi4/'dicial and ot)er
administrati$e .odies. =eit)er s)all )e1 directly or indirectly1 .e interested financially in any
contract #it)1 or in any franc)ise or special pri$ilee ranted .y t)e Jo$ernment or any
s'.di$ision1 aency or instr'mentality t)ereof1 incl'din any o$ernment4o#ned or controlled
corporation or its s'.sidiary1 d'rin )is term of office. 0e s)all not inter$ene in any matter
.efore any office of t)e o$ernment for )is pec'niary .enefit or #)ere )e may .e called 'pon to
act on acco'nt of )is office.
Section !:0 Article 4II o the Constitution
111
T)e -resident1 &ice4-resident1 t)e Mem.ers of t)e Ca.inet and t)eir dep'ties or assistant
s)all not1 'nless ot)er#ise pro$ided in t)is Constit'tion1 )old any ot)er office or employment
d'rin t)eir ten're. T)ey s)all not1 d'rin said ten're1 directly or indirectly1 practice any ot)er
profession1 participate in any .'siness1 or .e financially interested in any contract #it)1 or in any
franc)ise1 or special pri$ilee ranted .y t)e Jo$ernment or any s'.di$ision1 aency or
instr'mentality t)ereof1 incl'din o$ernment4o#ned or controlled corporations or t)eir
s'.sidiaries. T)ey s)all strictly a$oid conflict of interest in t)e cond'ct of t)eir office.
Section 60 Article ID>A o the Constitution
=o mem.er of a Constit'tional Commission s)all1 d'rin )is ten're1 )old any office or
employment. =eit)er s)all )e enae in t)e practice of any profession or in t)e acti$e
manaement or control of any .'siness #)ic) in any #ay may .e affected .y t)e f'nctions of )is
office1 nor s)all )e .e financially interested1 directly or indirectly1 in any contract #it)1 or in any
franc)ise or pri$ilee ranted .y t)e o$ernment1 or any of its s'.di$isions1 aencies1 or
instr'mentalities1 incl'din o$ernment4o#ned or controlled corporations or t)eir s'.sidiaries.
MAL4ERSATION O- +UBLIC -UN'S OR +RO+ERTY
Article 6!.
MAL4ERSATION O- +UBLIC -UN'S OR +RO+ERTY
ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL ACTS MAL4ERSATION O- +UBLIC -UN'S OR +RO+ERTY #
a. That the offender be a p$blic officer 1or private person if entr$sted with p$blic
f$nds or connived with p$blic officers)
b. That he had the c$stod! or control of f$nds or propert! 1if not accounta&le for the
funds( theft or +ualified theft)
c. That those f$nds or propert! were p$blic f$nds or propert! 1even if private funds
if attached( sei)ed( deposited or commingled with pu&lic funds)
d. That he"
1. Appropriated the f$nds or propert!
2. Too0 or misappropriated them
3. #onsented or, thro$gh abandonment or negligence, permitted an! other person
to ta0e s$ch p$blic f$nds or propert!. 1it is not necessary that the offender
profited there&y% ;is &eing remiss in the duty of safe0eeping pu&lic funds violates
the trust reposed)
Conce/t o Mal%ersation
"t consists in t)e misappropriation or con$ersion of p'.lic f'nds or property to oneFs personal 'se
or Hno#inly1 or t)ro') a.andonment or nelience allo#in ot)er to 'se or appropriate t)e
same. T)e offender is made lia.le .eca'se of t)e nat're of )is d'ties to taHe care of t)e f'nds or
property entr'sted to )im #it) t)e dilience of a ood fat)er of a family. 0e is acco'nta.le .y
$irt'e of t)e nat're of )is office to acco'nt for f'nds or properties t)at come to )is possession. f
he is not accounta&le for the funds or properties and he misappropriates the same( the crime
will not &e malversation &ut estafa under Article 473%
Mal$ersation is ot)er#ise called embe''lement
T)is crime is predicated on t)e relations)ip of t)e offender to t)e property or f'nds in$ol$ed.
T)e offender m'st .e acco'nta.le for t)e property misappropriated. "f t)e f'nd or property1
t)o') p'.lic in c)aracter is t)e responsi.ility of anot)er officer1 mal$ersation is not committed
'nless t)ere is conspiracy.
"n determinin #)et)er t)e offender is lia.le for mal$ersation1 it is t)e nat're of t)e d'ties of t)e
p'.lic officer t)at controls. 5)ile t)e name of t)e office is important1 #)at is controllin is
#)et)er in performin )is d'ties as a p'.lic officer1 )e )as to acco'nt or is re@'ired .y t)e nat're
112
of t)e performance of a d'ty1 to render an acco'nt on t)e money or property t)at came into )is
possession.
"t is not necessary t)at t)e offender profited .eca'se some.ody else may )a$e misappropriated
t)e f'nds in @'estion for as lon as t)e acco'nta.le officer #as remiss in )is d'ty of safeHeepin
p'.lic f'nds or property. 0e is lia.le for mal$ersation if s'c) f'nds #ere lost or ot)er#ise
misappropriated .y anot)er.
"t can .e committed eit)er #it) malice or t)ro') nelience or impr'dence
There is no crime of malversation through negligence. T)e crime is mal$ersation1 plain
and simple1 #)et)er committed t)ro') dolo or c'lpa. T)ere is no crime of mal$ersation 'nder
Article 365 B on criminal nelience B .eca'se in mal$ersation 'nder Article 21!1 t)e same penalty
is imposed #)et)er t)e mal$ersation res'lts from nelience or #as t)e prod'ct of deli.erate act.
"n determinin #)et)er t)e offender is a p'.lic officer1 #)at is controllin is t)e nature of his
office and not t)e desination
The offender( to commit malversation( must &e accounta&le for the funds or property
misappropriated &y him. "f )e is not t)e one acco'nta.le .'t some.ody else1 t)e crime
committed is theft% "t #ill .e +ualified theft if t)ere is a.'se of confidence.
Acco'nta.le officer does not refer only to cas)ier1 dis.'rsin officers or property c'stodian% Any
pu&lic officer having custody of pu&lic funds or property for which he is accounta&le can commit
the crime of malversation if )e #o'ld misappropriate s'c) f'nd or property or allo# ot)ers to do
so.
T)e funds or property must &e received in an official capacity. >t)er#ise1 t)e crime
committed is estafa
'hen private property is attached or sei)ed &y pu&lic authority and the pu&lic officer
accounta&le therefor misappropriates the same( malversation is committed also%
"ll'stration6
"f a s)eriff le$ied t)e property of t)e defendants and a.sconded #it) it1 )e is not lia.le of
@'alified t)eft .'t of mal$ersation e$en t)o') t)e property .eloned to a pri$ate person. T)e
seiI're of t)e property or f'nd impressed it #it) t)e c)aracter of .ein part of t)e p'.lic f'nds it
.ein in c'stodia leis. +or as lon as t)e p'.lic officer is t)e one acco'nta.le for t)e f'nd or
property t)at #as misappropriated1 )e can .e lia.le for t)e crime of mal$ersation. A.sent s'c)
relation1 t)e crime co'ld .e t)eft1 simple or @'alified.
Estaa Mal%ersation
"t is 's'ally committed .y a pri$ate
indi$id'al
Committed .y acco'nta.le p'.lic officers
+'nds or property of misappropriation are
pri$ately o#ned.
T)e o./ect is p'.lic f'nd or property.
T)e offender appropriates personally t)e
f'nds or property.
-ersonal appropriation is not
indispensa.le .eca'se allo#in ot)ers to
commit t)e misappropriation is also
mal$ersation.
5)en a p'.lic officer )as official c'stody or t)e d'ty to collect or recei$e f'nds d'e t)e
o$ernment1 or t)e o.liation to acco'nt for t)em1 )is misappropriation of t)e same
constit'tes mal$ersation
=ote t)at t)e moment any money is comminled #it) t)e p'.lic f'nd e$en if not d'e t)e
o$ernment1 it .ecomes impressed #it) t)e c)aracteristic of .ein part of p'.lic f'nds. >nce
t)ey are comminled1 yo' do not Hno# anymore #)ic) .elon to t)e o$ernment and #)ic)
.elon to t)e pri$ate persons. Ao t)at a p'.lic $a'lt or safe s)o'ld not .e 'sed to )old any f'nd
ot)er t)at #)at is d'e to t)e o$ernment.
"n malversation thru negligence1 t)e nelience of t)e acco'nta.le p'.lic officer m'st .e
positi$ely and clearly s)o#n to .e ine2c'sa.le1 appro2imatin fra'd or malice
113
!nder 6urisprudence1 #)en t)e p'.lic officer lea$es )is post #it)o't locHin )is dra#er1 t)ere is
nelience. T)'s1 )e is lia.le for t)e loss.
T)e measure of negligence to &e o&served is t)e standard of care commens'rate #it) t)e
occasion
5)en mal$ersation is not committed t)ro') nelience1 lacH of criminal intent or ood fait)
is a defense
T)e fail're of a p'.lic officer to )a$e any d'ly fort)comin p'.lic f'nds or property 'pon
demand1 .y any a't)oriIed officer1 s)all .e prima facie e$idence t)at )e )as p't s'c) missin
f'nds or property to personal 'se. ;owever1 if at t)e $ery moment #)en t)e s)ortae is
disco$ered1 t)e acco'nta.le officer is notified1 and )e immediately pays t)e amo'nt from )is
pocHet1 t)e pres'mption does not arise
An acco'nta.le p'.lic officer may .e con$icted e$en if t)ere is no direct e$idence of
misappropriation and t)e only e$idence is t)e s)ortae in )is acco'nt #)ic) )e )as not .een a.le
to e2plain satisfactorily. 1Palma Gil vs. People)
"f a p'.lic officer reports t)e loss of money .efore a cas) e2amination is cond'cted and t)e ca'se
of t)e loss as reported )as a distinct rin of tr't) to it1 t)e leal pres'mption of prima facie
e$idence of 'ilt #ill not apply. "n order to s'pport con$iction1 t)e prosec'tion m'st pro$e t)e
act'al misappropriation of t)e missin f'nds&1+alvacion vs. The 6onorable +andiganba!an, G.
-. %o. <:244, L$l! 11, 1B:<)
To re&ut the presumption of guilt prima facie under Article ,7K1 t)e acc'sed m'st raise t)e iss'e
of acc'racy1 correctness and re'larity in t)e cond'ct of a'dit. "f asHed for a second a'dit .efore
t)e filin of t)e information aainst )im and t)e same #as denied1 and d'rin t)e trial1 some
dis.'rsement $o'c)ers #ere introd'ced #)ic) #ere not considered in t)e first a'dit1 t)e denial of
t)e re@'est for a second a'dit is fatal to t)e ca'se of t)e prosec'tion .eca'se in t)e meantime1
t)e e$idence introd'ced does not esta.lis) a fact .eyond reasona.le do'.t. 0ad t)e re4a'dit
re@'ested .y t)e acc'sed .een accorded d'e co'rse1 t)e remainin .alance co'ld )a$e .een
satisfactorily acco'nted for. 1*ahina! vs. The +andiganba!an. G. -. %o. <1992, *a! B, 1B:B)
3et'rnin t)e em.eIIled f'nds is not e2emptin1 it is only mitiatin
-ayment of t)e amo'nt misappropriated or restit'tion of property misappropriated does
not erase criminal lia.ility .'t only ci$il lia.ility.
T)ere is also no malversation #)en t)e acco'nta.le officer is o.lied to o o't of )is office
and .orro# t)e amo'nt correspondin to t)e s)ortae and later1 t)e missin amo'nt is fo'nd
in an 'nacc'stomed place
A person #)ose nelience made possi.le t)e commission of mal$ersation .y anot)er can .e
)eld lia.le as a principal .y indispensa.le cooperation
"t is not necessary t)at t)e acco'nta.le p'.lic officer s)o'ld act'ally misappropriate t)e f'nd or
property in$ol$ed. "t is eno') t)at )e )as $iolated t)e tr'st reposed on )im in connection #it)
t)e property.
Demand as #ell as damae to t)e o$ernment are not necessary elements
=ote t)at damae on t)e part of t)e o$ernment is not considered an essential element. "t is
eno') t)at t)e proprietary ri)ts of t)e o$ernment o$er t)e f'nds )a$e .een dist'r.ed t)ro')
.reac) of tr'st.
T)e rant of loans t)ro') t)e vale system is a clear case of an acco'nta.le officer consentin to
t)e improper or 'na't)oriIed 'se of p'.lic f'nds .y ot)er persons1 #)ic) is p'nis)a.le .y la#. To
tolerate s'c) a practice is to i$e a license to e$ery dis.'rsin officer to cond'ct a lendin
operation #it) t)e 'se of p'.lic f'nds. T)ere is no la# or re'lation allo#in acco'nta.le officers
to e2tend loans to anyone aainst t)e E$alesG or c)its i$en in e2c)ane .y t)e .orro#ers.
1*eneses vs. +andiganba!an)
A private person ma! also commit malversation $nder the following sit$ations"
114
879 Conspiracy with a pu&lic officer in committing malversation.
8,9 'hen he has &ecome an accomplice or accessory to a pu&lic officer who commits
malversation.
849 'hen the private person is made the custodian in whatever capacity of pu&lic funds or
property( whether &elonging to national or local government( and he misappropriates the
same.
8:9 'hen he is constituted as the depositary or administrator of funds or property sei)ed or
attached &y pu&lic authority even though said funds or property &elong to a private
individual%
Technical malversation is not included in the crime of malversation. "n malversation( t)e
offender misappropriates p'.lic f'nds or property for )is o#n personal 'se1 or allo#s any ot)er
person to taHe s'c) f'nds or property for t)e latterFs o#n personal 'se. "n technical
malversation1 t)e p'.lic officer applies t)e p'.lic f'nds or property 'nder )is administration to
anot)er p'.lic 'se different from t)at for #)ic) t)e p'.lic f'nd #as appropriated .y la# or
ordinance. 3eco'rse6 +ile t)e proper information.
Article 6!3
-AILURE O- ACCOUNTABLE O--ICER TO REN'ER ACCOUNTS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer, whether in the service or separated
therefrom.
b. That he m$st be an acco$ntable officer for p$blic f$nds propert!.
c. That he is re5$ired b! law or reg$lation to render acco$nts to the commission on
a$dit, or to a provincial a$ditor.
d. That he fails to do so for a period of two months after s$ch acco$nts sho$ld be
rendered.
The /u(lic oicers who are (oun) to ren)er accounts are the ollowing#
1. cas)iers
2. storeHeepers
3. #are)o'semen and
4. t)ose #)o .y t)e nat're of t)eir position .ecome c'stodian or p'.lic f'nds or property.
Note# 2emand and misappropriation are not necessary
"t is s'fficient t)at t)ere is a la# or re'lation re@'irin )im to render an acco'nt. "t is t)e fail're
to follo# t)e re@'irement of t)e la# t)at is made p'nis)a.le. "t is not necessary t)at t)e offender
pre$ent t)e sit'ation of t)e crime .ein committed .eca'se of t)e fail're of t)e acco'nta.le
officer to render an acco'nt.
Article 6!5
-AILURE O- A RES+ONSIBLE +UBLIC O--ICER TO REN'ER ACCOUNTS BE-ORE LEA4ING T8E
COUNTRY
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That he m$st be an acco$ntable officer for p$blic f$nds or propert!.
c. That he m$st have $nlawf$ll! left 1or be on the point of leaving) the Philippines
witho$t sec$ring from the #ommission on A$dit a certificate showing that his
acco$nts have been finall! settled.
'ho can commit this crimeQ
A responsi.le p'.lic officer1 not necessarily an acco'nta.le one1 #)o lea$es t)e co'ntry #it)o't
first sec'rin clearance from t)e Commission on A'dit.
115
Note# T)e act of lea$in t)e -)ilippines m'st .e 'na't)oriIed or not permitted .y la#
$ere leaving without securing clearance constitutes violation of the #evised *enal Code% t is
not necessary that they really misappropriated pu&lic funds%
Article 667
ILLEGAL USE O- +UBLIC -UN'S OR +RO+ERTY <technical mal%ersation=
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That there is p$blic f$nd or propert! $nder his administration.
c. That s$ch p$blic f$nd or propert! has been appropriated b! law or ordinance
1without this( it is simple malversation even if applied to other pu&lic purpose).
d. That he applies the same to a p$blic $se other than for which s$ch f$nd or
propert! has been appropriated b! law or ordinance.
T)e term technical malversation is 'sed .eca'se in t)is crime1 the fund or property involved is
already appropriated or earmar0ed for a certain pu&lic purpose%
T)e offender is entr'sted #it) s'c) f'nd or property only to administer or apply t)e same to t)e
p'.lic p'rpose for #)ic) it #as appropriated .y la# or ordinance. nstead of applying it to the
pu&lic purpose to which the fund or property was already appropriated &y law( the pu&lic officer
applied it to another purpose%
To distinguish this article with Art ,7K1 /'st remem.er t)at in illeal 'se of p'.lic f'nds or
property1 t)e offender does not deri$e any personal ain1 t)e f'nds are merely de$oted to
some ot)er p'.lic 'se
A&sence of damage is only a mitiatin circ'mstance
Since damage is not an element of malversation1 e$en t)o') t)e application made pro$ed to .e
more .eneficial to p'.lic interest t)an t)e oriinal p'rpose for #)ic) t)e amo'nt or property #as
appropriated .y la#1 t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed is still lia.le for tec)nical mal$ersation.
f pu&lic funds were not yet appropriated &y law or ordinance( and this was applied to a pu&lic
purpose &y the custodian thereof1 t)e crime is plain and simple mal$ersation1 not tec)nical
mal$ersation. f the funds had &een appropriated for a particular pu&lic purpose( &ut the same
was applied to private purpose1 t)e crime committed is simple mal$ersation only.
"ll'stration6
T)e office lacHed .ond papers. 5)at t)e o$ernment cas)ier did #as to send t)e /anitor1 et
some money from )is collection1 told t)e /anitor to .'y .ond paper so t)at t)e office #ill )a$e
somet)in to 'se. T)e amo'nt in$ol$ed may.e immaterial .'t t)e cas)ier commits mal$ersation
p're and simple.
This crime can also &e committed &y a private person%
"ll'stration6
A certain road is to .e cemented. ?as of cement #ere already .ein 'nloaded at t)e side. ?'t
t)en1 rain .ean to fall so t)e s'per$isor of t)e road .'ildin #ent to a certain )o'se #it) a
arae1 asHed t)e o#ner if )e co'ld possi.ly deposit t)e .as of cement in )is arae to pre$ent
t)e same from .ein #et. T)e o#ner of t)e )o'se1 >li$e1 areed. Ao t)e .as of cement #ere
transferred to t)e arae of t)e pri$ate person. After t)e p'.lic officer )ad left1 and t)e #orHers
)ad left .eca'se it is not possi.le to do t)e cementin1 t)e o#ner of t)e arae started 'sin
some of t)e cement in pa$in )is o#n arae. T)e crime of tec)nical mal$ersation is also
committed.
116
Note that when a private person is constituted as the custodian in whatever capacity( of pu&lic
funds or property( and he misappropriates the same( the crime of malversation is also
committed% See Article ,,,%
"ll'stration6
T)e payroll money for a o$ernment infrastr'ct're pro/ect on t)e #ay to t)e site of t)e pro/ect1
t)e officers .rinin t)e money #ere am.'s)ed. T)ey #ere all #o'nded. >ne of t)em1 )o#e$er1
#as a.le to et a#ay from t)e scene of t)e am.'s) 'ntil )e reac)ed a certain )o'se. 0e told t)e
occ'pant of t)e )o'se to safe'ard t)e amo'nt .eca'se it is t)e payroll money of t)e o$ernment
la.orers of a partic'lar pro/ect. T)e occ'pant of t)e )o'se accepted t)e money for )is o#n 'se.
T)e crime is not t)eft .'t mal$ersation as lon as )e Hne# t)at #)at #as entr'sted in )is c'stody
is p'.lic f'nd or property.
Article 66!
-AILURE TO MAGE 'ELI4ERY O- +UBLIC -UN'S OR +RO+ERTY
ELEMENTS#
a. &ffender has govCt f$nds or propert! in his possession
b. 6e is $nder obligation to either"
1. ma0e pa!ment from s$ch f$nds
2. to deliver propert! in his c$stod! or administration when ordered b!
competent a$thorit!
c. 6e malicio$sl! fails or ref$ses to do so
Note# -enalty is .ased on $al'e of f'ndsLproperty to .e deli$ered
Article 666
+ERSONS 28O MAY BE 8EL' LIABLE UN'ER ARTS 6!. TO 66!
a. Private individ$al who, in an! capacit!, have charge of an! national, provincial or
m$nicipal f$nds, reven$e, or propert!
b. Administrator or depositar! of f$nds or propert! that has been attached, sei'ed
or deposited b! p$blic a$thorit!, even if owned b! a private individ$al
A)eriffs and recei$ers fall 'nder t)e term EadministratorG
A /'dicial administrator in c)are of settlin t)e estate of t)e deceased is not co$ered .y t)e
article
0ere1 t)e f'nds or property .elon to pri$ate indi$id'als1 .'t t)ey are considered p'.lic f'nds or
property if t)ey come to t)e possession of t)e p'.lic officer .eca'se of 1) a #rit of attac)ment;
or 2) if t)ey are seiIed .y $irt'e of a searc) #arrant. >r 3) if t)ey are ordered deposited pendin
determination of o#ners)ip in t)e administrati$e or /'dicial proceedins.
-ri$ate indi$id'als may also .e lia.le for mal$ersation if t)ey act as conspirators in t)e
commission of t)e crime.
IN-I'ELITY O- +UBLIC O--ICERS
Article 66:
CONNI4ING 2IT8 OR CONSENTING TO E4ASION
117
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer 1on d$t!).
b. That he is charged with the conve!ance or c$stod! of a prisoner, either detention
prisoner or prisoner b! final 7$dgment.
c. That s$ch prisoner escaped from his c$stod!
d. That he was in connivance with the prisoner in the latterCs escape
Aetention prisoner" refers to a person in leal c'stody1 arrested for and c)ared #it) some
crime or p'.lic offense
T)e release of a detention prisoner #)o co'ld not .e deli$ered to /'dicial a't)orities #it)in
t)e time fi2ed .y la# is not infidelity in t)e c'stody of a prisoner. =eit)er is mere leniency or
la2ity in t)e performance of d'ty constit'ti$e of infidelity
T)ere is real and act'al e$asion of ser$ice of sentence #)en t)e c'stodian permits t)e
prisoner to o.tain a rela2ation of )is imprisonment
A m'nicipal mayor #)o 'tiliIed t)e prisonerFs ser$ices for domestic c)ores in )is )o'se1 incl'din
'sin )im as a cooH is lia.le for fait)lessness in t)e c'stody of prisoner (Art. 223) e$en t)o') t)e
con$ict may not )a$e fled1 in as m'c) as t)e prisonerFs lea$in t)e prison #as effected t)ro')
)im. <People vs. )vangelista, #.A. 4: &.G. 18:=&
Article 66"
E4ASION T8ROUG8 NEGLIGENCE
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That he is charged with the conve!ance or c$stod! of a prisoner, either detention
prisoner or prisoner b! final 7$dgment.
c. That s$ch prisoner escapes thro$gh his negligence.
d. Penalt! based on nat$re of imprisonment
T)e article p'nis)es a definite la2ity #)ic) amo'nts to deli.erate non4performance of a d'ty
=ot e$ery error is nelience 'nder t)is article. To &e lia&le( the negligence must &e notorious
and apparent% T)e la2ity m'st .e definite and m'st serio'sly s'est a deli.erate non4
performance of a d'ty.
T)e nelience #)ic) is p'nis)a.le )o#e$er is not s'c) definite la2ity at all .'t t)at #)ic)
amo'nts to deli.erate non4performance of t)e /ailer or t)e 'ard. Ao t)at if a policemen on
'ard d'ty 'nlocHed t)e door of t)e /ail to let a detention prisoner o o't so )e can clean t)e
premises1 .'t on t)e latterFs t)ird trip to a near.y fa'cet1 )e #alHed .e)ind t)e police
)ead@'arters clim.ed o$er t)e #all and escape1 t)e crime is not committed. <People vs. +olis,
#.A. 94 &.G. 8:@=&
T)e fact t)at t)e p'.lic officer recapt'red t)e prisoner #)o )ad escaped from )is c'stody
does not afford complete e2c'lpation
The lia(ility o an esca/ing /risoner#
a. if he is a prisoner &y final 6udgment1 )e is lia.le for e$asion of ser$ice (art 15!)
.. if he is a detention prisoner1 )e does not inc'r criminal lia.ility ('nless cooperatin
#it) t)e offender).
Article 66*
ESCA+E O- +RISONERS UN'ER T8E CUSTO'Y O- A +ERSON NOT A +UBLIC O--ICER
ELEMENTS#
118
a. That the offender is a private person 1note: must &e on duty)
b. That the conve!ance or c$stod! of a prisoner or person $nder arrest is confined to
him.
c. That the prisoner or person $nder arrest escapes.
d. That the offender consents to the escape of the prisoner or person $nder arrest,
or that the escape ta0es place thro$gh his negligence
%ote" T)is article is not applica.le if a pri$ate person made t)e arrest and )e consented to
t)e escape of t)e person )e arrested
T)e offender 'nder t)is article is not t)e one #)o arrested t)e escapin prisoner .'t one
#)o areed to )a$e t)e c'stody or c)are of t)e prisoner or person 'nder arrest.
ORTEGA NOTES#
T)e crime is infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners if t)e offender in$ol$ed is t)e c'stodian of t)e
prisoner.
"f t)e offender #)o aided or consented to t)e prisonerFs escapin from confinement1 #)et)er t)e
prisoner is a con$ict or a detention prisoner1 is not t)e c'stodian1 t)e crime is deli$erin prisoners
from /ail 'nder Article156.
T)e crime of infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners can .e committed only .y t)e c'stodian of t)e
prisoner.
"f t)e /ail 'ard #)o allo#ed t)e prisoner to escape is already off4d'ty at t)at time and )e is no
loner t)e c'stodian of t)e prisoner1 t)e crime committed .y )im is deli$erin prisoners from /ail.
=ote t)at yo' do not apply )ere t)e principle of conspiracy t)at t)e act of one is t)e act of all.
T)e party #)o is not t)e c'stodian #)o conspired #it) t)e c'stodian in allo#in t)e prisoner to
escape does not commit infidelity in t)e c'stody of t)e prisoner. 0e commits t)e crime of
deli$erin prisoners from /ail.
;uestion A Answer
f a private person approached the custodian of the prisoner and for a certain
consideration( told the custodian to leave the door of the cell unloc0ed for the prisoner to
escape% 'hat crime had &een committedQ
"t is not infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners .eca'se as far as t)e pri$ate person is
concerned1 t)is crime is deli$erin prisoners from /ail. T)e infidelity is only committed .y t)e
c'stodian.
T)is crime can .e committed also .y a pri$ate person if t)e c'stody of t)e prisoner )as .een
confided to a pri$ate person.
"ll'stration6
A policeman escorted a prisoner to court% After the court hearing( this policeman was shot at
with a view to li&erate the prisoner from his custody% The policeman fought the attac0er &ut he
was fatally wounded% 'hen he could no longer control the prisoner( he went to a near&y house(
tal0ed to the head of the family of that house and as0ed him if he could give the custody of the
prisoner to him% ;e said yes% After the prisoner was handcuffed in his hands( the policeman
expired% Thereafter( the head of the family of that private house as0ed the prisoner if he could
afford to give something so that he would allow him to go% The prisoner said( /@es( if you would
allow me to leave( you can come with me and will give the money to you%1 This private persons
went with the prisoner and when the money was given( he allowed him to go% 'hat crimeCs had
&een committedQ
9nder Article 2251 t)e crime can .e committed .y a pri$ate person to #)om t)e c'stody of a
prisoner )as .een confided.

119
5)ere s'c) pri$ate person1 #)ile performin a pri$ate f'nction .y $irt'e of a pro$ision of la#1
s)all accept any consideration or ift for t)e non4performance of a d'ty confided to )im1 ?ri.ery
is also committed. Ao t)e crime committed .y )im is infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoners and
.ri.ery.
"f t)e crime is deli$erin prisoners from /ail1 .ri.ery is /'st a means1 'nder Article 1561 t)at #o'ld
call for t)e imposition of a )ea$ier penalty1 .'t not a separate c)are of .ri.ery 'nder Article
156.
?'t 'nder Article 225 in infidelity1 #)at is .asically p'nis)ed is t)e .reac) of tr'st .eca'se t)e
offender is t)e c'stodian. +or t)at1 t)e crime is infidelity. "f )e $iolates t)e tr'st .eca'se of
some consideration1 .ri.ery is also committed.
A )i)er deree of $iilance is re@'ired. +ail're to do so #ill render t)e c'stodian lia.le. T)e
pre$ailin r'lin is aainst la2ity in t)e )andlin of prisoners.
"ll'stration6
A prison guard accompanied the prisoner in the toilet% 'hile answering the call of nature( police
officer waiting there( until the prisoner escaped% *olice officer was accused of infidelity%
T)ere is no criminal lia.ility .eca'se it does not constit'te nelience. =elience contemplated
)ere refers to deli.erate a.andonment of d'ty.
=ote1 )o#e$er1 t)at accordin to a recent A'preme Co'rt r'lin1 fail're to accompany lady
prisoner in t)e comfort room is a case of nelience and t)erefore t)e c'stodian is lia.le for
infidelity in t)e c'stody of prisoner.
-rison 'ard s)o'ld not o to any ot)er place not officially called for. T)is is a case of infidelity in
t)e c'stody of prisoner t)ro') nelience 'nder Article 224.
IN-I'ELITY IN CUSTO'Y O- 'OCUMENTS
Article 66,
REMO4AL0 CONCEALMENT0 OR 'ESTRUCTION O- 'OCUMENTS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender be a p$blic officer.
b. That he abstracts, destro!s or conceals a doc$ment or papers.
c. That the said doc$ment or paper sho$ld have been entr$sted to s$ch p$blic officer
b! reason of his office.
d. That damage, whether serio$s or not, to a third part! or to the p$blic interest
sho$ld have been ca$sed.
T)e act of o.str'ction1 destr'ction or concealment m'st ca'se damae to a t)ird party or to t)e
p'.lic interest. Damae to a t)ird party is 's'ally pec'niary; .'t damae to p'.lic interest may
consist in mere alarm to t)e p'.lic or t)e alienation of its confidence on any .ranc) of t)e
o$ernment ser$ice.
T)e doc$ment m'st .e complete and one .y #)ic) a ri)t co'ld .e esta.lis)ed or an
o.liation co'ld .e e2tin'is)ed
?ooHs1 periodicals1 pamp)lets etc are not doc'ments
=Papers? #o'ld incl'de c)ecHs1 promissory notes and paper money
-emoval of a doc$ment pres'pposes 'nla#f'l appropriation of t)e official doc'ment.
Aestr$ction means to render t)e doc'ment 'seless. "ts nat're to pro$e t)e e2istence of a fact is
lost s'c) t)at it cannot anymore pro$e t)e pro.a.ility or impro.a.ility of a fact in iss'e.
#oncealment on t)e ot)er )and means to maHe it appear t)at t)e doc'ment is not a$aila.le.
120
A post office official #)o retained t)e mail #it)o't for#ardin t)e letters to t)eir destination
is 'ilty of infidelity in t)e c'stody of papers
#emoval of a document or paper must &e for an illicit purpose.
"f t)e remo$al of t)e doc'ment is for a la#f'l p'rpose and t)at is1 to sec're t)e same from
imminent daner or loss1 t)ere is no crime committed 'nder t)e la#1 <Hataniag vs. People, 39
Phil. 98).
There is illicit p$rpose when the intention of the offender is to"
a. tamper #it) it
.. to profit .y it
c. to commit any act constit'tin a .reec) of tr'st in t)e official t)ereof
T)e act of remo$al1 destr'ction or concealment s)o'ld .e co'pled #it) criminal intent or malice
1*an'anaris vs. +andiganba!an, et al., G.-. %o. <938@, Lan. 4@, 1B:9).
3emo$al is cons'mmated 'pon remo$al or secretin a#ay of t)e doc'ment from its 's'al
place. "t is immaterial #)et)er or not t)e illicit p'rpose of t)e offender )as .een
accomplis)ed
#emoval of pu&lic records &y the custodian does not re+uire that the record &e &rought out of
the premises where it is 0ept. "t is eno') t)at t)e record .e remo$ed from t)e place #)ere it
s)o'ld .e and transferred to anot)er place #)ere it is not s'pposed to .e Hept. "f damae is
ca'sed to t)e p'.lic ser$ice1 t)e p'.lic officer is criminally lia.le for infidelity in t)e c'stody of
official doc'ments.
"nfidelity in t)e c'stody of doc'ments t)ro') destr'ction or concealment does not re@'ire
proof of an illicit p'rpose
5)ere in case for .ri.ery or corr'ption1 t)e monetary considerations #as marHed as e2)i.its1 s'c)
considerations ac@'ires t)e nat're of a doc'ment s'c) t)at if t)e same #o'ld .e spent .y t)e
c'stodian t)e crime is not mal$ersation .'t "nfidelity in t)e c'stody of p'.lic records1 .eca'se
t)e money add'ced as e2)i.its partaHe t)e nat're of a doc'ment and not as money. Alt)o')
s'c) monetary consideration ac@'ires t)e nat're of a doc'ment1 t)e .est e$idence r'le does not
apply )ere. E2ample1 p)otocopies may .e presented in e$idence.
Deli$erin t)e doc'ment to t)e #ron party is infidelity in t)e c'stody t)ereof
T)e damae may eit)er .e reat or small
Damae to p'.lic interest is necessary. 0o#e$er1 material damae is not necessary.
Alt)o') t)ere is no material damae ca'sed1 mere delay in renderin p'.lic ser$ice is considered
damae.
T)e offender m'st .e in c'stody of s'c) doc'ments
Aistinction between infidelit! in the c$stod! of p$blic doc$ment, estafa and malicio$s
mischief
n infidelity in the custody of pu&lic document( t)e offender is t)e c'stodian of t)e official
doc'ment remo$ed or concealed.
n estafa1 t)e offender is not t)e c'stodian of t)e doc'ment remo$ed or concealed.
n malicious mischief( t)e offender p'rposely destroyed and damaed t)e propertyLdoc'ment.
Article 66.
O--ICER BREAGING SEAL
ELEMENTS #
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
121
b. That he is charged with the c$stod! of papers or propert!.
c. That these papers or propert! are sealed b! proper a$thorit!.
d. That he brea0s the seals or permits them to be bro0en.
"t is t)e .reaHin of t)e seals and not t)e openin of a closed en$elope #)ic) is p'nis)ed
Damae or intent to ca'se damae is not necessary; damae is pres'med
"f t)e official doc'ment is sealed or ot)er#ise placed in an official en$elope1 t)e element of
damae is not re@'ired. T)e mere .reaHin of t)e seal or t)e mere openin of t)e doc'ment
#o'ld already .rin a.o't infidelity e$en t)o') no damae )as .een s'ffered .y anyone or .y
t)e p'.lic at lare. T)e offender does not )a$e to misappropriate t)e same. K'st tryin to
disco$er or looH #)at is inside is infidelity already.
A crime is already committed regardless of whether the contents of the document are secret or
private. "t is eno') t)at it is entr'sted to )im in a sealed form or in a closed en$elope and )e
.roHe t)e seal or opened t)e en$elop. -'.lic tr'st is already $iolated if )e manaed to looH into
t)e contents of t)e doc'ment.
'istinction (etween ini)elity an) thet
T)ere is infidelity if t)e offender opened t)e letter .'t did not taHe t)e same.
T)ere is theft if t)ere is intent to ain #)en t)e offender tooH t)e money.
=ote t)at t)e document must &e complete in legal sense. "f t)e #ritins are mere form1 t)ere is
no crime.
"ll'stration6
As reard t)e payroll1 #)ic) )as not .een sined .y t)e Mayor1 no infidelity is committed .eca'se
t)e doc'ment is not yet a payroll in t)e leal sense since t)e doc'ment )as not .een sined yet.
"n N&rea0ing of sealN1 t)e #ord N.reaHinN s)o'ld not .e i$en a literal meanin. E$en if act'ally1
t)e seal #as not .roHen1 .eca'se t)e c'stodian manaed to open t)e parcel #it)o't .reaHin t)e
seal.
Article 663
O+ENING O- CLOSE' 'OCUMENTS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That an! closed papers, doc$ments, or ob7ects are entr$sted to his c$stod!.
c. That he opens or permits to be opened said closed papers, doc$ments or ob7ects.
d. That he does not have proper a$thorit!.
%ote" Damae also not necessary
"n Article 2231 t)e mere .reaHin of t)e seal is #)at is made p'nis)a.le #)ile in Article 22:1 t)e
mere openin of closed doc'ments is eno') to )old t)e offender criminally lia.le. T)e .reaHin
of t)e seal or t)e openin of t)e closed doc'ment m'st .e done #it)o't la#f'l a't)ority or order
from competent a't)ority. n &oth offenses( damae to t)e p'.lic interest is not re@'ired.
RE4ELATION O- SECRETS
Article 665
RE4ELATION O- SECRET BY AN O--ICER
122
ELEMENTS O- +AR&!# BY REASON O- 8IS O--ICIAL CA+ACITY
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That he 0nows of a secret b! reason of his official capacit!.
c. That he reveals s$ch secret witho$t a$thorit! or 7$stifiable reasons.
d. That damage, great or small, be ca$sed to the p$blic interest.
(damae is essential)
%otes"
a. Aecret m'st affect p'.lic interest
T)e secrets referred to in t)is article are t)ose #)ic) )a$e an official or p'.lic c)aracter. "t does
not incl'de secret information reardin pri$ate indi$id'als. =or does it incl'de military or Atate
secrets in as m'c) as t)e re$elation of t)e same is classified as espionage( a crime in $iolation of
t)e national sec'rity of t)e Atate.
.. Aecrets of a pri$ate indi$id'al is not incl'ded
c. Espionae for t)e .enefit of anot)er Atate is not contemplated .y t)e article. "f
reardin military secrets or secrets affectin state sec'rity1 t)e crime may .e
espionae.
ELEMENTS O- +AR 6 1 'ELI4ERING 2RONG-ULLY +A+ERS OR CO+IES O- +A+ERS O- 28IC8
8E MAY 8A4E C8ARGE AN' 28IC8 S8OUL' NOT BE +UBLIS8E'#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That he has charge of papers.
c. That those papers sho$ld not be p$blished.
d. That he delivers those papers or copies thereof to a third person.
e. That the deliver! is wrongf$l.
f. That damage be ca$sed to p$blic interest.
=otes6
a. KChargeL# means c'stody or control. "f )e is merely entr'sted #it) t)e papers and not
#it) t)e c'stody t)ereof1 )e is not lia.le 'nder t)is article
.. "f t)e papers contain secrets #)ic) s)o'ld not .e p'.lis)ed1 and t)e p'.lic officer
)a$in c)are t)ereof remo$es and deli$ers t)em #ronf'lly to a t)ird person1 t)e
crime is revelation of secrets. >n t)e ot)er )and1 if t)e papers do not contain secrets1
t)eir remo$al for an illicit p'rpose is infidelity in the custody of documents
c. Damae is essential to t)e act committed
Article 6:7
+UBLIC O--ICER RE4EALING SECRETS O- +RI4ATE IN'I4I'UAL
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer
b. That he 0nows of the secret of a private individ$al b! reason of his office.
c. That he reveals s$ch secrets witho$t a$thorit! or 7$stification reason.
3e$elation to one person is s'fficient
"f t)e offender is an attorney1 )e is properly lia.le 'nder Art 2*( (.etrayal of tr'st .y an
attorney)
123
Damae to pri$ate indi$id'al is not necessary
OT8ER O--ENSES OR IRREGULARITIES BY +UBLIC O--ICERS
Article 6:!
O+EN 'ISOBE'IENCE
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a 7$dicial or e.ec$tive officer.
b. That there is a 7$dgment, decision or order of s$perior a$thorit!.
c. That s$ch 7$dgment, decision or order was made within the scope of the
7$risdiction of the s$perior a$thorit! and iss$ed with all the legal formalities.
d. that the offender witho$t an! legal 7$stification openl! ref$ses to e.ec$te the
said 7$dgment, decision or order which he is d$t! bo$nd to obe!.
T)e ra$amen of t)e offense is t)e open ref'sal of t)e offender to e2ec'te t)e order #it)o't
/'stifia.le reason.
%ote" K'dment s)o'ld )a$e .een rendered in a )earin and iss'ed #it)in proper /'risdiction
#it) all leal solemnities re@'ired
T)e term Ee2ec'teG as fo'nd in t)e la# does not only means performance of an act since t)e
/'dment1 decision or order may also direct t)e non4performance of an act.
T)e article does not apply to t)e mem.ers of Conress.
Article 6:6
'ISOBE'IENCE TO OR'ER O- SU+ERIOR O--ICER 28EN SAI' OR'ER 2AS SUS+EN'E' BY
IN-ERIOR O--ICER
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That an order is iss$ed b! his s$perior for e.ec$tion.
c. That he has for an! reason s$spended the e.ec$tion of s$ch order.
d. That his s$perior disapproves the s$spension of the e.ec$tion of the order.
e. That the offender disobe!s his s$perior despite the disapproval of the s$spension.
%ote" A p'.lic officer is not lia.le if t)e order of t)e s'perior is illeal
5)at is contemplated )ere is a sit'ation #)ere t)e s'.ordinate )as some do'.ts reardin t)e
leality of t)e order. 0ence1 )e is afforded an opport'nity to s'spend t)e e2ec'tion of t)e order1
so as to i$e )im time to f'rt)er st'dy t)e same. 0e commits no crime for doin t)is act.
0o#e$er1 if )e contin'es to s'spend t)e e2ec'tion of t)e order not#it)standin t)e disappro$al .y
)is s'perior of t)e stay of t)e e2ec'tion1 s'c) ref'sal on )is part already constit'tes a crime
p'nis)a.le 'nder t)is article.
Article 6::
RE-USAL O- ASSISTANCE
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That a competent a$thorit! demands from the offender that he lend his
cooperation towards the administration of 7$stice or other p$blic service.
c. That the offender fails to do so malicio$sl!.
124
"n$ol$es a re@'est from one p'.lic officer to anot)er
Damae to t)e p'.lic interest or t)ird party is essential
Damae is essential #)et)er reat or small. ?'t t)e penalty is affected .y t)e serio'sness of t)e
damae. =ote t)at t)e ref'sal m'st .e done #it) malice.
Demand is necessary
T)e sit'ation contemplated )erein may refer to t)e administration of /'stice .efore t)e case is
filed in co'rt. Competent a't)ority may refer to persons in a't)ority #)o are c)ared .y t)e la#
to )elp in t)e administration of /'stice. T)e term may refer to police a't)orities. 0o#e$er1 #)en
a case 'nder in$estiation reac)es t)e co'rt1 t)e remedy may not .e limited to inc'rrin criminal
lia.ility 'nder t)is article .eca'se t)e ref'sal may already .e p'nis)ed as direct or indirect
contempt of co'rt.
T)is is a crime1 #)ic) a policeman may commit #)en1 .ein s'.poenaed to appear in co'rt in
connection #it) a crime in$estiated .y )im .'t .eca'se of some arranement #it) t)e
offenders1 t)e policeman does not appear in co'rt anymore to testify aainst t)e offenders. 0e
tried to assail t)e s'.poena so t)at 'ltimately t)e case #o'ld .e dismissed. "t #as already )eld
t)at t)e policeman co'ld .e prosec'ted 'nder t)is crime of ref'sal of assistance and not t)at of
dereliction of d'ty.
Article 6:"
RE-USAL TO 'ISC8ARGE ELECTI4E O--ICE
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is elected b! pop$lar election to a p$blic office.
b. That he ref$ses to be sworn in or discharge the d$ties of said office.
c. That there is no legal motive for s$ch ref$sal to be sworn in or to discharge the
d$ties of said office.
After proclamation of a candidate to a p'.lic office1 it .ecomes )is d'ty to render p'.lic ser$ice.
Aince it is )is d'ty1 t)en )is ref'sal to perform s'c) d'ty is p'nis)a.le 'nder t)e la#.
%ote" E$en if t)e person did not r'n for t)e office on )is o#n #ill as t)e Constit'tion pro$ides
t)at e$ery citiIen may .e re@'ired to render ser$ice
Article 6:*
MALTREATMENT O- +RISONERS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee.
b. That he has $nder charge a prisoner or detention prisoner 1otherwise the crime is
physical in6uries)
c. That he maltreats s$ch prisoner in either of the following manners"
1. >! overdoing himself in the correction or handling of a prisoner or detention
prisoner $nder his charge either
b! the imposition of p$nishments not a$thori'ed b! the reg$lations, or
b! inflicting s$ch p$nishments 1those a$thori'ed) in a cr$el and h$miliating
manner, or
2. b! maltreating s$ch prisoner to e.tort a confession or to obtain some
information from the prisoner.
T)e maltreatment does not really re@'ire p)ysical in/'ries. Any Hind of p'nis)ment not
a't)oriIed or t)o') a't)oriIed if e2ec'ted in e2cess of t)e prescri.ed deree.
125
But if as a result of the maltreatment( physical in6uries were caused to the prisoner1 a separate
crime for t)e p)ysical in/'ries s)all .e filed. @ou do not complex the crime of physical in6uries
with the maltreatment &ecause the way Article ,43 is worded( it prohi&its the complexing of the
crime%
f the maltreatment was done in order to extort confession1 t)erefore1 t)e constit'tional ri)t of
t)e prisoner is f'rt)er $iolated. T)e penalty is @'alified to t)e ne2t )i)er deree.
T)e p'.lic officer m'st )a$e act'al c)are of t)e prisoner in order to .e )eld lia.le
"f t)e p'.lic officer is not t)e c'stodian of t)e prisoner1 and )e man)andles t)e latter1 the crime
is physical in6uries%
"f a ?aranay Captain maltreats a person after t)e latterFs arrest .'t .efore confinement1 t)e
offense is not maltreatment .'t p)ysical in/'ries. The victim must actually &e confined either as
a convict or a detention prisoner for Art% ,43 to apply. <People vs. >aring, et al., 43 &.G.
14<<=&
To .e considered a detention prisoner1 t)e person arrested m'st .e placed in /ail e$en for /'st
a s)ort #)ile
The offended party here must &e a prisoner in the legal sense. T)e mere fact t)at a pri$ate
citiIen )ad .een appre)ended or arrested .y a la# enforcer does not constit'te )im a prisoner.
To .e a prisoner1 )e m'st )a$e .een .ooHed and incarcerated no matter )o# s)ort it is.
"ll'stration6
A certain snatcher was arrested &y a law enforcer( &rought to the police precinct( turned over to
the custodian of that police precinct% Every time a policeman entered the police precinct( he
would as0( /'hat is this fellow doing hereQ 'hat crime has he committedQ1% The other
policeman would then tell( /This fellow is a snatcher%1 So every time a policeman would come
in( he would inflict in6ury to him% T)is is not maltreatment of prisoner .eca'se t)e offender is
not t)e c'stodian. T)e crime is only p)ysical in/'ries.
But if the custodian is present there and he allowed it1 t)en )e #ill .e lia.le also for t)e p)ysical
in/'ries inflicted1 .'t not for maltreatment .eca'se it #as not t)e c'stodian #)o inflicted t)e
in/'ry.
But if it is the custodian who effected the maltreatment1 t)e crime #ill .e maltreatment of
prisoners pl's a separate c)are for p)ysical in/'ries.
>ffender may also .e )eld lia.le for p)ysical in/'ries or damae ca'sed
Article 6:,
ANTICI+ATION O- 'UTIES O- A +UBLIC O--ICE
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is entitled to hold a p$blic office or emplo!ment, either b!
election or appointment.
b. That the law re5$ires that he sho$ld first be sworn in and/or sho$ld first give a
bond.
c. That he ass$mes the performance of the d$ties and powers of s$ch office.
d. That he has not ta0en his oath of office and /or given the bond re5$ired b! law.
Article 6:.
+ROLONGING +ER-ORMANCE O- 'UTIES AN' +O2ERS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is holding a p$blic office.
b. That the period provided b! law, reg$lations or special provisions for holding s$ch
office has alread! e.pired.
126
c. That he contin$es to e.ercise the d$ties and powers of s$ch office.
%ote" T)e article contemplates officers #)o )a$e .een s'spended1 separated or declared
o$er4aed or dismissed
T)e crime is committed only if t)e p'.lic officer )as lost e$ery ri)t to t)e office .eca'se t)ere
are offices #)ic) re@'ire t)e officer to contin'e ser$in as s'c) properly relie$ed. T)e law is
intended to put an end to the /principle of hold = over1.
Article 6:3
ABAN'ONMENT O- O--ICE OR +OSITION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That he formall! resigns from his position.
c. That his resignation has not !et been accepted.
d. That he abandons his office to the detriment of the p$blic service.
T)ere m'st .e formal or #ritten resination
Oral resignation is not allowed. T)e resination m'st .e in #ritin and directed to t)e appointin
po#er #)o )as t)e a't)ority to accept or disappro$e t)e same. T)is re@'irement is indispensa.le
.eca'se t)e letter of resination oes into a process.
T)e offense is @'alified if t)e p'rpose .e)ind t)e a.andonment is to e$ade t)e disc)are of
d'ties consistin of pre$entin1 prosec'tin or p'nis)in any of t)e crimes aainst national
sec'rity. T)e penalty is )i)er ( one deree ). T)is in$ol$es t)e follo#in crimes6
a. treason
.. conspiracy and proposal to commit conspiracy
c. misprision of treason
d. espionae
e. incitin to #ar or i$in moti$es to reprisals
f. $iolation of ne'trality
. correspondence #it) )ostile co'ntry
). fli)t to enemy co'ntry
i. piracy and m'tiny on t)e )i) seas
/. re.ellion
H. conspiracy and proposal to commit re.ellion
l. disloyalty to p'.lic officers
m. incitin to re.ellion
n. sedition
o. conspiracy to commit sedition
p. incitin to sedition
A(an)onment o Oice or +osition
<6:3=
'ereliction o 'uty <673=
T)ere is act'al a.andonment t)ro')
resination to e$ade t)e disc)are of
d'ties.
-'.lic officer does not a.andon )is office
.'t merely fails to prosec'te a $iolation
of t)e la#.
Article 6:5
USUR+ATION O- LEGISLATI4E +O2ERS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is an e.ec$tive or 7$dicial officer.
b. That he 1a.) ma0es general r$les or reg$lations be!ond the scope of his a$thorit! or
1b.) attempts to repeal a law or 1c.) s$spends the e.ec$tion thereof.
127
Article 6"7
USUR+ATION O- EDECUTI4E -UNCTIONS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a 7$dge.
b. That he 1a.) ass$mes a power pertaining to the e.ec$tive a$thorities, or 1b.)
obstr$cts e.ec$tive a$thorities in the lawf$l e.ercise of their powers.
%ote" 8eislati$e officers are not lia.le for 's'rpation of e2ec'ti$e f'nctions
Article 6"!
USUR+ATION O- ?U'ICIAL -UNCTIONS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is an officer of the e.ec$tive branch of the government.
b. That he 1a.) ass$mes 7$dicial powers, or 1b.) obstr$ct the e.ec$tion of an! order
decision rendered b! an! 7$dge within his 7$risdiction.
%ote" A mayor is 'ilty 'nder t)is article #)en )e in$estiates a case #)ile a /'stice of t)e
peace is in t)e m'nicipality
Article 6"6
'ISOBEYING RE;UEST -OR 'IS;UALI-ICATION
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That a proceeding is pending before s$ch p$blic officer.
c. That there is a 5$estion bro$ght before the proper a$thorit! regarding his
7$risdiction, which is not !et decided.
d. That he has been lawf$ll! re5$ired to refrain from contin$ing the proceeding.
e. That he contin$es the proceeding.
E$en if t)e /'risdiction of t)e offender is later 'p)eld or s'stained1 )e is still lia.le .eca'se #)at
is in iss'e is not t)e leality of )is /'risdiction1 .'t #)et)er )e o.eyed or diso.eyed t)e
temporary restrainin order iss'ed .y t)e )i)er a't)ority.
Article 6":
OR'ERS OR RE;UESTS BY EDECUTI4E O--ICER TO ANY ?U'ICIAL AUT8ORITY
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is an e.ec$tive officer.
b. That he addresses an! order or s$ggestion to an! 7$dicial a$thorit!.
c. That the order or s$ggestion relates to an! case or b$siness coming within the
e.cl$sive 7$risdiction of the co$rts of 7$stice.
%ote" 8eislati$e or /'dicial officers are not lia.le 'nder t)is article
Article 6""
UNLA2-UL A++OINTMENTS
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That he nominates or appoints a person to a p$blic office.
128
c. That s$ch person lac0s the legal 5$alification therefor.
d. That the offender 0nows that his nominee or appointee lac0s the 5$alification at
the time he made the nomination or appointment.
-ecommending, Hno#in t)at t)e person recommended is not @'alified is not a crime
T)e #ord EnominateG is not t)e same as Erecommend.G To nominate is to 'arantee to t)e
appointin po#er t)at t)e person nominated )as all t)e @'alifications to t)e office.
#ecommendation on t)e ot)er )and does not maHe any 'arantee as to t)e leal fitness of t)e
candidate to p'.lic office.
T)ere m'st .e a la# pro$idin for t)e @'alifications of a person to .e nominated or appointed
to a p'.lic office
Article 6"*
ABUSES AGAINST C8ASTITY
ELEMENTS#
a. That the offender is a p$blic officer.
b. That he solicits or ma0es immoral or indecent advances to a woman.
c. That s$ch woman m$st be
1. interested in matters pending before the offender for decision, or with respect to
which he is re5$ired to s$bmit a report to or cons$lt with a s$perior officer, or
2. $nder the c$stod! of the offender who is a warden or other p$blic officer directl!
charged with care and c$stod! of prisoners or person $nder arrest, or
4. the wife, da$ghter, sister or relative within the same degree b! affinit! of the
person in the c$stod! of the offender
>nly a lady can .e a complainant )ere so t)at a ay 'ard or #arden #)o maHes immoral
proposals or indecent ad$ances to a male prisoner is not lia.le 'nder t)is la#.
$ere indecent solicitation or advances of a #oman o$er #)om t)e p'.lic officer e2ercises a
certain infl'ence .eca'se t)e #oman is in$ol$ed in a case #)ere t)e offender is to maHe a report
of res'lt #it) s'periors or ot)er#ise a case #)ic) t)e offender #as in$estiatin.
T)is crime is also committed if t)e woman is a prisoner and t)e offender is )er /ail #arden or
c'stodian1 or even if the prisoner may &e a man if t)e /ail #arden #o'ld maHe t)e immoral
solicitations 'pon t)e #ife1 sister1 da')ter1 or relati$e .y affinity #it)in t)e same deree of t)e
prisoner in$ol$ed.
T)e mot)er of t)e person in t)e c'stody of t)e p'.lic officer is not incl'ded
T)is crime cannot .e committed if t)e #arden is a #oman and t)e prisoner is a man. Men )a$e no
c)astity.
"f t)e #arden is also a #oman .'t is a les.ian1 it is s'.mitted t)at t)is crime co'ld .e committed1
as t)e la# does not re@'ire t)at t)e c'stodian .e a man .'t re@'ires t)at t)e offended .e a
#oman.
Solicit# means to propose earnestly and persistently somet)in 'nc)aste and immoral to a
#oman
T)e #ord EsolicitG means to demand earnestly. "n t)is case1 t)e demand is for se2'al fa$or. "t
m'st .e immoral or indecent and done .y t)e p'.lic officer taHin ad$antae of )is position as
one #)o can )elp .y renderin a fa$ora.le decision or 'n#arranted .enefits1 ad$antae or
preference to a person 'nder )is c'stody.
T)e crime is cons'mmated .y mere proposal
129
"t is not necessarily for t)e offended party to s'rrender )er $irt'e to cons'mmate t)e crime. Mere
proposal is s'fficient to cons'mmate t)e crime.
E$en if t)e #oman may )a$e lied #it) t)e )earin officer or to t)e p'.lic officer and acceded to
)im1 t)at does not c)ane t)e crime .eca'se t)e crime seeHs to penaliIe t)e taHin ad$antae of
official d'ties.
"t is immaterial #)et)er t)e #oman did not aree or areed to t)e solicitation. "f t)e #oman did
not aree and t)e p'.lic officer in$ol$ed p's)ed t)ro') #it) t)e ad$ances1 attempted rape may
)a$e .een committed.
8eally1 a prisoner is an acco'nta.ility of t)e o$ernment. Ao t)e c'stodian is not s'pposed to
interfere. E$en if t)e prisoner may liHe it1 )e is not s'pposed to do t)at. >t)er#ise1 a.'se
aainst c)astity is committed.
f he forced himself against the will of the woman( another crime is committed( that is( rape
aside from a&use against chastity%
@ou cannot consider the a&use against chastity as a&sor&ed in the rape &ecause the &asis of
penali)ing the acts is different from each other%
-roof of solicitation is not necessary #)en t)ere is se2'al interco'rse
Re/u(lic Act No& .3.. <Anti>SeFual 8arassment Act=
Committed .y any person )a$in a't)ority1 infl'ence or moral ascendancy o$er anot)er in a #orH1
trainin or ed'cation en$ironment #)en )e or s)e demands1 re@'ests1 or ot)er#ise re@'ires any
se2'al fa$or from t)e ot)er reardless of #)et)er t)e demand1 re@'est or re@'irement for
s'.mission is accepted .y t)e o./ect of t)e said act (for a passin rade1 or rantin of
sc)olars)ip or )onors1 or payment of a stipend1 allo#ances1 .enefits1 considerations; fa$ora.le
compensation terms1 conditions1 promotions or #)en t)e ref'sal to do so res'lts in a detrimental
conse@'ence for t)e $ictim).
Also )olds lia.le any person #)o directs or ind'ces anot)er to commit any act of se2'al
)arassment1 or #)o cooperates in t)e commission1 t)e )ead of t)e office1 ed'cational or trainin
instit'tion solidarily.
Complaints to .e )andled .y a committee on decor'm1 #)ic) s)all .e determined .y r'les and
re'lations on s'c).
Administrati$e sanctions s)all not .e a .ar to prosec'tion in t)e proper co'rts for 'nla#f'l acts of
se2'al )arassment.
130
TITLE EIG8T
CRIMES AGAINST +ERSONS
Crimes against /ersons
1. -arricide (Art. 246);
2. M'rder (Art. 24%);
3. 0omicide (Art. 24();
4. Deat) ca'sed in a t'm'lt'o's affray (Art. 251);
5. -)ysical in/'ries inflicted in a t'm'lt'o's affray (Art. 252);
6. Ji$in assistance to s'icide (Art. 253);
!. Disc)are of firearms (Art. 254);
%. "nfanticide (Art. 255);
(. "ntentional a.ortion (Art. 256);
1*. 9nintentional a.ortion (Art. 25!);
11. A.ortion practiced .y t)e #oman )erself or .y )er parents (Art. 25%);
12. A.ortion practiced .y a p)ysician or mid#ife and dispensin of a.orti$es (Art. 25();
13. D'el (Art. 26*);
14. C)allenin to a d'el (Art. 261);
15. M'tilation (Art. 262);
16. Aerio's p)ysical in/'ries (Art. 263);
1!. Administerin in/'rio's s'.stances or .e$eraes (Art. 264);
1%. 8ess serio's p)ysical in/'ries (Art. 265);
131
1(. Ali)t p)ysical in/'ries and maltreatment (Art. 266); and
2*. 3ape (Art. 2664A).
'ESTRUCTION O- LI-E
Article 6",
+ARRICI'E
ELEMENTS#
1. That a person is 0illed.
2. That the deceased is 0illed b! the acc$sed.
4. That the deceased is the father, mother, or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or a
legitimate other ascendant or other descendant, or the legitimate spo$se of the acc$sed.
%otes"
1. T)e relations)ip of t)e offender #it) t)e $ictim is t)e essential element of t)e felony
T)e relations)ip m'st .e in t)e direct line and not in t)e collateral line.
T)e relations)ip .et#een t)e offender and t)e offended party m'st .e leitimate1 e2cept #)en
t)e offender and t)e offended party are related as parent and c)ild.
E2cept .et#een )'s.and and #ife1 t)e offender m'st .e related to t)e offended party .y .lood.
2. -arents and c)ildren are not incl'ded in t)e term EascendantsG or EdescendantsG
3. T)e ot)er ascendant or descendant m'st .e leitimate. >n t)e ot)er )and1 t)e fat)er1
mot)er or c)ild may .e leitimate or illeitimate
f the offender and the offended party( although related &y &lood and in the direct line( are
separated &y an intervening illegitimate relationship( parricide can no longer &e committed% T)e
illeitimate relations)ip .et#een t)e c)ild and t)e parent renders all relati$es after t)e c)ild in
t)e direct line to .e illeitimate too.
T)e only illeitimate relations)ip t)at can .rin a.o't parricide is t)at .et#een parents and
illeitimate c)ildren as t)e offender and t)e offended parties.
"ll'stration6
A is the parent of B( the illegitimate daughter% B married C and they &egot a legitimate child 2%
f 2( daughter of B and C( would 0ill A( the grandmother( the crime cannot &e parricide anymore
&ecause of the intervening illegitimacy% T)e relations)ip .et#een A and D is no loner leitimate.
0ence1 t)e crime committed is )omicide or m'rder.
132
A1 an illeitimate son of ?1 #)o Hilled t)e leitimate fat)er of t)e latter1 is not 'ilty of -arricide
.eca'se in case of ot)er ascendants (randparents1 reat randparents1 etc.)1 t)e relations)ip
#it) t)e Hiller m'st .e leitimate. T)e same is tr'e #it) ot)er descendants B t)at is1
randc)ildren1 reat randc)ildren1 etc.
4. T)e c)ild s)o'ld not .e less t)an 3 days old. >t)er#ise1 t)e offense is infanticide
That the mother 0illed her child in order to conceal her dishonor is not mitigating. T)is is
immaterial to t)e crime of parricide1 'nliHe in t)e case of infanticide. "f t)e c)ild is less t)an
t)ree days old #)en Hilled1 t)e crime is infanticide and intent to conceal )er dis)onor is
considered mitiatin.
5. 3elations)ip m'st .e alleed
n 0illing a spouse( there must &e a valid su&sisting marriage at the time of the 0illing% Also( the
information should allege the fact of such valid marriage &etween the accused and the victim%
"n a r'lin .y t)e A'preme Co'rt1 it #as )eld t)at if the information did not allege that the
accused was legally married to the victim( he could not &e convicted of parricide even if the
marriage was esta&lished during the trial% "n s'c) cases1 relations)ip s)all .e appreciated as
eneric ara$atin circ'mstance.
T)e A'preme Co'rt )as also r'led t)at $uslim hus&ands with several wives can &e convicted of
parricide only in case the first wife is 0illed. T)ere is no parricide if t)e ot)er #i$es are Hilled
alt)o') t)eir marriae is reconiIed as $alid. T)is is so .eca'se a Cat)olic man can commit t)e
crime only once. "f a M'slim )'s.and co'ld commit t)is crime more t)an once1 in effect1 )e is
.ein p'nis)ed for t)e marriae #)ic) t)e la# itself a't)oriIed )im to contract.
6. A straner #)o cooperates in committin parricide is lia.le for m'rder or )omicide
Aince parricide is a crime of relations)ip1 if a stranger conspired in the commission of the crime(
he cannot &e held lia&le for parricide. 0is participation #o'ld maHe )im lia.le for m'rder or for
)omicide1 as t)e case may .e. The rule of conspiracy that the act of one is the act of all does
not apply here &ecause of the personal relationship of the offender to the offended party.
"ll'stration6
A spo'se of ? conspires #it) C to Hill ?. C is t)e straner in t)e relations)ip. C Hilled ? #it)
treac)ery. T)e means employed is made Hno#n to A and A areed t)at t)e Hillin #ill .e done .y
poisonin.
As far as A is concerned1 t)e crime is .ased on )is relations)ip #it) ?. "t is t)erefore parricide.
T)e treac)ery t)at #as employed in Hillin ?on #ill only .e eneric ara$atin circ'mstance in
t)e crime of parricide .eca'se t)is is not one crime t)at re@'ires a @'alifyin circ'mstance.
?'t t)at same treac)ery1 insofar as C is concerned1 as a straner #)o cooperated in t)e Hillin1
maHes t)e crime m'rder; treac)ery .ecomes a @'alifyin circ'mstance.
7. E$en if t)e offender did not Hno# t)at t)e person )e )ad Hilled is )is son1 )e is still lia.le
for parricide .eca'se t)e law does not re+uire 0nowledge of the relationship
Article 365 e2pressly pro$ides t)at parricide can &e committed through rec0less imprudence. T)e
penalty #ill not .e 'nder Article 246 .'t 'nder Article 365.
Aimilarly1 parricide can &e committed &y mista0e. T)is is demonstrated in a sit'ation #)ere a
person #antin to Hill a straner1 Hills )is o#n fat)er .y mistaHe. Alt)o') t)e crime committed is
parricide1 t)e offender #ill not .e p'nis)ed 'nder Article 246 .'t 'nder Article 4(1 #)ic)
prescri.es a penalty m'c) lo#er t)an t)at pro$ided 'nder Article 246.
Article 6".
'EAT8 OR +8YSICAL IN?URIES UN'ER EDCE+TIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Re$uisites#
133
1. A legall! married person or parent s$rprises his spo$se or da$ghter 1the latter must &e
under 7H and living with them) in the act of committing se.$al interco$rse with another
person
2. 6e/she 0ills an! or both of them or inflicts $pon an! or both of them an! serio$s ph!sical
in7$r! in the act or immediatel! thereafter
4. 6e has not promoted or facilitated the prostit$tion of his wife or da$ghter, or that he
has not consented to the infidelit! of the other spo$se.
=otes6
1. Article does not define or penaliIe a felony
Article 24!1 far from definin a felony merely rants a pri$ilee or .enefit1 more of an e2emptin
circ'mstance as t)e penalty is intended more for t)e protection of t)e acc'sed t)an a
p'nis)ment. 2eath under exceptional character can not &e +ualified &y either aggravating or
mitigating circumstances%
"f t)e acc'sed fails to esta.lis) t)e circ'mstances called for in Article 24!1 )eLs)e #ill .e 'ilty of
-arricide and M'rder or 0omicide if t)e $ictims #ere Hilled.
2. =ot necessary t)at t)e parent .e leitimate
3. Article applies only #)en t)e da')ter is sinle
4. Sur/rise# means to come 'pon s'ddenly or 'ne2pectedly
5. Art 24! is applica.le #)en t)e acc'sed did not see )is spo'se in t)e act se2'al interco'rse
#it) anot)er person. 0o#e$er1 it is eno') t)at circ'mstances reasona.ly s)o# t)at t)e
carnal act is .ein committed or )as .een committed
"t is not necessary t)at t)e spo'se act'ally sa# t)e se2'al interco'rse .ein committed. "t is
eno') t)at )eLs)e s'rprised t)em 'nder s'c) circ'mstances t)at no ot)er reasona.le concl'sion
can .e inferred .'t t)at a carnal act #as .ein performed or )as /'st .een committed.
T)e article does not apply #)ere t)e #ife #as not s'rprised in flarant ad'ltery .'t #as .ein
a.'sed .y a man as in t)is case t)ere #ill .e defense of relation.
"f t)e offender s'rprised a co'ple in se2'al interco'rse1 and .elie$in t)e #oman to .e )is #ife1
Hilled t)em1 t)is article may .e applied if t)e mistaHe of facts is pro$ed.
T)e .enefits of t)is article do not apply to t)e person #)o consented to t)e infidelity of )is
spo'se or #)o facilitated t)e prostit'tion of )is #ife.
6. Ae2'al interco'rse does not incl'de preparatory acts
Ao if t)e s'rprisin tooH place .efore any act'al se2'al interco'rse co'ld .e done .eca'se t)e
parties are only in t)eir preliminaries1 t)e article cannot .e in$oHed anymore.
!. Imme)iately thereater# means t)at t)e disco$ery1 escape1 p'rs'it and t)e Hillin m'st all
form parts of one contin'o's act
T)e p)rase Eimmediately t)ereafterG )as .een interpreted to mean t)at .et#een t)e s'rprisin
and t)e Hillin of t)e inflictin of t)e p)ysical in/'ry1 t)ere s)o'ld .e no .reaH of time.
"n ot)er #ords1 it m'st .e a contin'o's process.
"f t)ere #as already a .reaH of time .et#een t)e se2'al act and t)e Hillin or inflictin of t)e
in/'ry1 t)e la# pres'pposes t)at t)e offender reained )is reason and t)erefore1 t)e article #ill
not apply anymore.
%. T)e Hillin m'st .e t)e direct .y4prod'ct of t)e rae of t)e acc'sed
Article 24! does not pro$ide t)at t)e $ictim is to .e Hilled instantly .y t)e acc'sed after s'rprisin
)is spo'se in t)e act of interco'rse. 5)at is re@'ired is t)at t)e Hillin is t)e pro2imate res'lt of
t)e o'trae o$er#)elmin t)e acc'sed 'pon t)e disco$ery of t)e infidelity of )is spo'se. T)e
Hillin s)o'ld )a$e .een act'ally moti$ated .y t)e same .lind imp'lse.
134
(. =o criminal lia.ility is inc'rred #)en less serio's or sli)t p)ysical in/'ries are inflicted.
Moreo$er1 in case t)ird persons ca')t in t)e crossfire s'ffer p)ysical in/'ries1 t)e acc'sed
is not lia.le. T)e principle t)at one is lia.le for t)e conse@'ences of )is felonio's act is not
applica.le .eca'se )e is not committin a felony
"n t)e case of +eo/le %& A(arca0 !*: SCRA .:*0 t#o persons s'ffered p)ysical in/'ries as t)ey
#ere ca')t in t)e crossfire #)en t)e acc'sed s)ot t)e $ictim. A comple2 crime of do'.le
fr'strated m'rder #as not committed as t)e acc'sed did not )a$e t)e intent to Hill t)e t#o
$ictims. 0ere1 t)e acc'sed did not commit m'rder #)en )e fired at t)e paramo'r of )is #ife.
"nflictin deat) 'nder e2ceptional circ'mstances is not m'rder. T)e acc'sed #as )eld lia.le for
nelience 'nder t)e first part1 second pararap) of Article 3651 t)at is1 less serio's p)ysical
in/'ries t)ro') simple nelience. =o a.erratio ict's .eca'se )e #as actin la#f'lly.
A person #)o acts 'nder Article 24! is not committin a crime. Aince t)is is merely an e2emptin
circ'mstance1 t)e accused must first &e charged with:
(1) -arricide B if t)e spo'se is Hilled;
(2) M'rder or )omicide B dependin on )o# t)e Hillin #as done insofar as t)e paramo'r or t)e
mistress is concerned;
(3) 0omicide B t)ro') simple nelience1 if a t)ird party is Hilled;
(4) -)ysical in/'ries B t)ro') recHless impr'dence1 if a t)ird party is in/'red.
"f deat) res'lts or t)e p)ysical in/'ries are serio's1 t)ere is criminal lia.ility alt)o') t)e penalty
is only destierro. T)e .anis)ment is intended more for t)e protection of t)e offender rat)er t)an
a penalty.
"f t)e crime committed is less serio's p)ysical in/'ries or sli)t p)ysical in/'ries1 t)ere is no
criminal lia.ility.
Article 6"3
MUR'ER
ELEMENTS #
1. That a person was 0illed.
2. That the acc$sed 0illed him.
4. That the 0illing was attended b! an! of the following 5$alif!ing circ$mstances
a. with treacher!, ta0ing advantage of s$perior strength, with the aid or armed men,
or emplo!ing means to wea0en the defense or of means or persons to ins$re or
afford imp$nit!
b. in consideration of price, reward or promise
c. b! means of in$ndation, fire, poison, e.plosion, shipwrec0, stranding of vessel,
derailment or assa$lt $pon a street car or locomotive, fall of airship, b! means of
motor vehicles or with the $se of an! other means involving great waste or r$in
d. on occasion of an! of the calamities en$merated in the preceding paragraph, or of
an earth5$a0e, er$ption of a volcano, destr$ctive c!clone, epidemic or an! other
p$blic calamit!
e. with evident premeditation
f. with cr$elt!, b! deliberatel! and inh$manel! a$gmenting the s$ffering of the
victim or o$traging or scoffing at his person or corpse
9. The 0illing is not parricide or infanticide.
Notes#
135
5)ile t)e circ'mstance of /&y a &and1 is not amon t)ose en'merated t)at co'ld @'alify Hillin to
m'rder1 it #o'ld seem t)at if t)e Hillers constit'ted a .and1 t)e crime is m'rder .eca'se t)e
circ'mstance of /with the aid of armed men1 is incl'ded in t)e @'alifyin circ'mstances.
1. T)e $ictim m'st .e Hilled in order to cons'mmate t)e offense. >t)er#ise1 it #o'ld .e
attempted or fr'strated m'rder
Cillin a person #it) treac)ery is m'rder e$en if t)ere is no intent to Hill. 1People vs. #agoco, 8:
Phil. 84@)
2. Any of t)e @'alifyin circ'mstances m'st .e alleed in t)e information. >t)er#ise1 t)ey
#ill only .e considered as eneric ara$atin circ'mstances
5)en t)e ot)er circ'mstances are a.sor.ed or incl'ded in one @'alifyin circ'mstance1 t)ey
cannot .e treated or separated as eneric ara$atin circ'mstances. 1People vs. -emalante, B2
Phil. 9:)
3. Treac)ery and premeditation are in)erent in m'rder #it) t)e 'se of poison
Ortega Notes#
In mur)er0 any o the ollowing $ualiying circumstances is /resent#
(1) Treachery( ta0ing advantage of superior strength( aid or armed men( or employing means
to wa0en the defense( or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity.
T)ere is treac)ery #)en t)e offender commits any of t)e crimes aainst t)e person
employin means1 met)ods or forms in t)e e2ec'tion t)ereof t)at tend directly and
especially to ins're its e2ec'tion #it)o't risH to )imself arisin from t)e defense #)ic) t)e
offended party mi)t maHe.
T)is circ'mstance in$ol$es means1 met)ods1 form in t)e e2ec'tion of t)e Hillin #)ic) may
act'ally .e an ara$atin circ'mstance also1 in #)ic) case1 t)e treac)ery a.sor.s t)e
same.
"ll'stration6
A person #)o is determined to Hill resorted to t)e co$er of darHness at ni)ttime to ins're
t)e Hillin. =oct'rnity .ecomes a means t)at constit'tes treac)ery and t)e Hillin #o'ld
.e m'rder. ?'t if t)e ara$atin circ'mstance of noct'rnity is considered .y itself1 it is
not one of t)ose #)ic) @'alify a )omicide to m'rder. >ne mi)t t)inH t)e Hillin is
)omicide 'nless noct'rnity is considered as constit'tin treac)ery1 in #)ic) case t)e crime
is m'rder.
T)e essence of treachery is t)at t)e offended party #as denied t)e c)ance to defend
)imself .eca'se of t)e means1 met)ods1 form in e2ec'tin t)e crime deli.erately adopted
.y t)e offender. "t is a matter of #)et)er or not t)e offended party #as denied t)e
c)ance of defendin )imself.
"f t)e offended #as denied t)e c)ance to defend )imself1 treac)ery @'alifies t)e Hillin to
m'rder. "f despite t)e means resorted to .y t)e offender1 t)e offended #as a.le to p't 'p
a defense1 alt)o') 'ns'ccessf'l1 treac)ery is not a$aila.le. "nstead1 some ot)er
circ'mstance may .e present. Consider no# #)et)er s'c) ot)er circ'mstance @'alifies
t)e Hillin or not.
"ll'stration6
f the offender used superior strength and the victim was denied the chance to defend
himself( there is treachery. T)e treac)ery m'st .e alleed in t)e information% But if the
victim was a&le to put up an unsuccessful resistance1 t)ere is no more treac)ery .'t t)e
'se of s'perior strent) can .e alleed and it also @'alifies t)e Hillin to m'rder.
136
One attendant +ualifying circumstance is enough% "f t)ere are more t)an one @'alifyin
circ'mstance alleed in t)e information for m'rder1 only one circ'mstance #ill @'alify t)e
Hillin to m'rder and t)e ot)er circ'mstances #ill .e taHen as eneric.
To &e considered +ualifying( the particular circumstance must &e alleged in the
information. "f #)at #as alleed #as not pro$en and instead anot)er circ'mstance1 not
alleed1 #as esta.lis)ed d'rin t)e trial1 e$en if t)e latter constit'tes a @'alifyin
circ'mstance 'nder Article 24%1 t)e same can not @'alify t)e Hillin to m'rder. T)e
acc'sed can only .e con$icted of )omicide.
Jenerally1 murder cannot &e committed if at the &eginning( the offended had no intent to
0ill &ecause the +ualifying circumstances must &e resorted to with a view of 0illing the
offended party% Ao if t)e Hillin #ere at t)e Esp'r of t)e momentG1 e$en t)o') t)e $ictim
#as denied t)e c)ance to defend )imself .eca'se of t)e s'ddenness of t)e attacH1 t)e
crime #o'ld only .e )omicide. Treac)ery contemplates t)at t)e means1 met)ods and form
in t)e e2ec'tion #ere conscio'sly adopted and deli.erately resorted to .y t)e offender1
and #ere not merely incidental to t)e Hillin.
f the offender may have not intended to 0ill the victim &ut he only wanted to commit a
crime against him in the &eginning( he will still &e lia&le for murder if in the manner of
committing the felony there was treachery and as a conse+uence thereof the victim died%
T)is is .ased on t)e r'le t)at a person committin a felony s)all .e lia.le for t)e
conse@'ences t)ereof alt)o') different from t)at #)ic) )e intended.
"ll'stration6
The accused( three young men( resented the fact that the victim continued to visit a girl
in their neigh&orhood despite the warning they gave him% So one evening( after the
victim had visited the girl( they sei)ed and tied him to a tree( with &oth arms and legs
around the tree% They thought they would give him a lesson &y whipping him with
&ranches of gumamela until the victim fell unconscious% The accused left not 0nowing
that the victim died%
T)e crime committed #as m'rder. T)e acc'sed depri$ed t)e $ictim of t)e c)ance to
defend )imself #)en t)e latter #as tied to a tree. Treac)ery is a circ'mstance referrin
to t)e manner of committin t)e crime. T)ere #as no risH to t)e acc'sed arisin from t)e
defense .y t)e $ictim.
Alt)o') #)at #as initially intended #as p)ysical in/'ry1 t)e manner adopted .y t)e
acc'sed #as treac)ero's and since t)e $ictim died as a conse@'ence t)ereof1 t)e crime is
m'rder 44 alt)o') oriinally1 t)ere #as no intent to Hill.
'hen the victim is already dead( intent to 0ill &ecomes irrelevant. "t is important only if
t)e $ictim did not die to determine if t)e felony is p)ysical in/'ry or attempted or
fr'strated )omicide.
Ao lon as t)e means1 met)ods and form in t)e e2ec'tion is deli.erately adopted1 e$en if
t)ere #as no intent to Hill1 t)ere is treac)ery.
(2) n consideration of price( reward or promises.
(3) nundation( fire( poison( explosion( shipwrec0( stranding of a vessel( derailment or assault
upon a street car or locomotive( fall of an airship( &y means of a motor vehicle( or with
the use of other means involving great waste and ruin.
T)e only pro.lem insofar as t)e Hillin .y fire is concerned is #)et)er it #o'ld .e arson
#it) )omicide1 or m'rder.
5)en a person is Hilled .y fire1 t)e primordial criminal intent of t)e offender is
considered. f the primordial criminal intent of the offender is to 0ill and fire was only
used as a means to do so( the crime is only murder% f the primordial criminal intent of
the offender is to destroy property with the use of pyrotechnics and incidentally(
some&ody within the premises is 0illed( the crime is arson with homicide. ?'t t)is is not a
comple2 crime 'nder Article 4%. T)is is sinle indi$isi.le crime penaliIed 'nder Article 3261
137
#)ic) is deat) as a conse@'ence of arson. T)at some.ody died d'rin s'c) fire #o'ld not
.rin a.o't m'rder .eca'se t)ere is no intent to Hill in t)e mind of t)e offender. 0e
intended only to destroy property. 0o#e$er1 a )i)er penalty #ill .e applied.
5)en Hillin #as accomplis)ed E.y means of fireG alleed in t)e information1 it does not @'alify
Hillin to M'rder 'nless t)e 'se of fire #as employed to Hill t)e $ictim.
"n +eo/le %& +ugay an) Samson0 !,. SCRA ":50 t)ere #as a to#n fiesta and t)e t#o
acc'sed #ere at t)e to#n plaIa #it) t)eir companions. All #ere 'proario'sly )appy1
apparently drenc)ed #it) drinH. T)en1 t)e ro'p sa# t)e $ictim1 a 25 year old retard
#alHin near.y and t)ey made )im dance .y ticHlin )is sides #it) a piece of #ood. T)e
$ictim and t)e acc'sed -'ay #ere friends and1 at times1 slept in t)e same place toet)er.
0a$in otten .ored #it) t)eir form of entertainment1 acc'sed -'ay #ent and ot a can
of asoline and po'red it all o$er t)e retard. T)en1 t)e acc'sed Aamson lit )im 'p1 maHin
)im a frenIied1 s)rieHin )'man torc). T)e retard died.
"t #as )eld t)at -'ay #as 'ilty of )omicide t)ro') recHless impr'dence. Aamson only
'ilty of )omicide1 #it) t)e mitiatin circ'mstance of no intention to commit so ra$e a
#ron. T)ere #as no animosity .et#een t)e t#o acc'sed and t)e $ictim s'c) t)at it
cannot .e said t)at t)ey resort to fire to Hill )im. "t #as merely a part of t)eir f'n maHin
.'t .eca'se t)eir acts #ere felonio's1 t)ey are criminally lia.le.
(4) On occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the preceding paragraph c( or an
earth+ua0e( eruption of volcano( destructive cyclone( epidemic or any other pu&lic
calamity.
(5) Evident premeditation; and
5)en t)e act'al $ictim t'rns o't to .e different from t)e intended $ictim1 premeditation is not
ara$atin. 1People vs. G$illen, :8 Phil. 4@3)
(6) Cruelty( &y deli&erately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim( or
outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse%
Cr'elty incl'des t)e sit'ation #)ere t)e $ictim is already dead and yet1 acts #ere
committed #)ic) #o'ld decry or scoff t)e corpse of t)e $ictim. T)e crime .ecomes
m'rder.
0ence1 t)is is not act'ally limited to cr'elty. "t oes .eyond t)at .eca'se e$en if t)e
$ictim is already a corpse #)en t)e acts deli.erately a'mentin t)e #ron done to )im
#ere committed1 t)e Hillin is still @'alified to m'rder alt)o') t)e acts done no loner
amo'nt to cr'elty.
!nder Article 7:( the generic aggravating circumstance of cruelty re+uires that the victim
&e alive( when the cruel wounds were inflicted and( therefore( must &e evidence to that
effect% @et( in murder( aside from cruelty( any act that would amount to scoffing or
decrying the corpse of the victim will +ualify the 0illing to murder%
"ll'stration6
T#o people enaed in a @'arrel and t)ey )acHed eac) ot)er1 one Hillin t)e ot)er. 9p to
t)at point1 t)e crime is )omicide. 0o#e$er1 if t)e Hiller tried to dismem.er t)e different
parts of t)e .ody of t)e $ictim1 indicati$e of an intention to scoff at or decry or )'miliate
t)e corpse of t)e $ictim1 t)en #)at #o'ld )a$e m'rder .eca'se t)is circ'mstance is
reconiIed 'nder Article 24%1 e$en t)o') it #as inflicted or #as committed #)en t)e
$ictim #as already dead.
The following are holdings of the +$preme #o$rt with respect to the crime of m$rder"
(1) Cillin of a c)ild of tender ae is m'rder @'alified .y treac)ery .eca'se t)e #eaHness of
t)e c)ild d'e to )is tender ae res'lts in t)e a.sence of any daner to t)e aressor.
(2) E$ident premeditation is a.sor.ed in price1 re#ard or promise1 if #it)o't t)e
premeditation t)e ind'ctor #o'ld not )a$e ind'ced t)e ot)er to commit t)e act .'t not as
reards t)e one ind'ced.
138
(3 A.'se of s'perior strent) is in)erent in and compre)ended .y t)e circ'mstance of
treac)ery or forms part of treac)ery.
(4) Treac)ery is in)erent in poison.
(5) 5)ere one of t)e acc'sed1 #)o #ere c)ared #it) m'rder1 #as t)e #ife of t)e deceased
.'t )ere relations)ip to t)e deceased #as not alleed in t)e information1 s)e also s)o'ld
.e con$icted of m'rder .'t t)e relations)ip s)o'ld .e appreciated as ara$atin.
(6) Cillin of t)e $ictims )it .y )and renade t)ro#n at t)em is m'rder @'alified .y e2plosion
not .y treac)ery.
(!) 5)ere t)e acc'sed )o'semaid aed a t)ree year old .oy1 son of )er master1 #it)
stocHins1 placed )im in a .o2 #it) )ead do#n and les 'p#ard and co$ered t)e .o2 #it)
some sacHs and ot)er .o2es1 and t)e c)ild instantly died .eca'se of s'ffocation1 and t)en
t)e acc'sed demanded ransom from t)e parents1 s'c) did not con$ert t)e offense into
Hidnappin #it) m'rder. T)e acc'sed #as #ell a#are t)at t)e c)ild co'ld .e s'ffocated to
deat) in a fe# min'tes after s)e left. 3ansom #as only a part of t)e dia.olical sc)eme to
m'rder t)e c)ild1 to conceal )is .ody and t)en demand money .efore disco$ery of t)e
.ody.
T)e essence of Hidnappin or serio's illeal detention is t)e act'al confinement or restraint of t)e
$ictim or depri$ation of )is li.erty. f there is no showing that the accused intended to deprive
their victims of their li&erty for some time and there &eing no apprecia&le interval &etween
their &eing ta0en and their &eing shot( murder and not 0idnapping with murder is committed%
Article 6"5
8OMICI'E
ELEMENTS#
1. That a person was 0illed.
2. That the acc$sed 0illed him witho$t an! 7$stif!ing circ$mstances.
4. That the acc$sed had the intention to 0ill, which is pres$med.
9. That the 0illing was not attended b! an! of the 5$alif!ing circ$mstances of m$rder, or b!
that of parricide or infanticide.
Notes#
0omicide is t)e 'nla#f'l Hillin of a person not constit'tin m'rder1 parricide or infanticide.
1. "ntent to Hill is concl'si$ely pres'med #)en deat) res'lted. 0ence1 e$idence of intent to
Hill is re@'ired only in attempted or fr'strated )omicide
2. "n all crimes aainst persons in #)ic) t)e deat) of t)e $ictim is an element1 t)ere m'st .e
satisfactory e$idence of (1) t)e fact of deat) and (2) t)e identity of t)e $ictim
Distinction .et#een )omicide and p)ysical in/'ries6
n attempted or frustrated homicide1 t)ere is intent to Hill.
n physical in6uries1 t)ere is none. ;owever1 if as a res'lt of t)e p)ysical in/'ries inflicted1 t)e
$ictim died1 t)e crime #ill .e )omicide .eca'se t)e la# p'nis)es t)e res'lt1 and not t)e intent of
t)e act.
The ollowing are hol)ings o the Su/reme Court with res/ect to the crime o homici)e#
(1) -)ysical in/'ries are incl'ded as one of t)e essential elements of fr'strated )omicide.
(2) "f t)e deceased recei$ed t#o #o'nds from t#o persons actin independently of eac) ot)er
and t)e #o'nd inflicted .y eit)er co'ld )a$e ca'sed deat)1 .ot) of t)em are lia.le for t)e
deat) of t)e $ictim and eac) of t)em is 'ilty of )omicide.
139
(3) "f t)e in/'ries #ere mortal .'t #ere only d'e to nelience1 t)e crime committed #ill .e
serio's p)ysical in/'ries t)ro') recHless impr'dence as t)e element of intent to Hill in
fr'strated )omicide is incompati.le #it) nelience or impr'dence.
(4) 5)ere t)e intent to Hill is not manifest1 t)e crime committed )as .een enerally
considered as p)ysical in/'ries and not attempted or fr'strated m'rder or )omicide.
(5) 5)en se$eral assailants not actin in conspiracy inflicted #o'nds on a $ictim .'t it cannot
.e determined #)o inflicted #)ic) #o'ld #)ic) ca'sed t)e deat) of t)e $ictim1 all are
lia.le for t)e $ictimFs deat).
=ote t)at #)ile it is possi.le to )a$e a crime of )omicide t)ro') recHless impr'dence1 it is not
possi.le to )a$e a crime of fr'strated )omicide t)ro') recHless impr'dence.
"f a .o2er Hilled )is opponent in a .o2in .o't d'ly licensed .y t)e Jo$ernment #it)o't any
$iolation of t)e o$ernin r'les and re'lations1 t)ere is no 0omicide to speaH of. "f )e )it )is
opponent .elo# t)e .elt #it)o't any intention to do so1 it is 0omicide T)ro') 3ecHless
"mpr'dence if t)e latter died as a res'lt. "f )e intentionally )it )is opponent on t)at part of )is
.ody ca'sin t)e deat)1 t)e crime is 0omicide.
T)e s)ootin of a peace officer #)o #as f'lly a#are of t)e risHs in p'rs'in t)e malefactors #)en
done in a sp'r of t)e moment is only 0omicide. 1People vs. Porras, 288 +#-A 819=&
#ommon misconception on the meaning of corp$s delicti.
Corpus delicti means &ody of the crime% "t does not refer to t)e .ody of t)e m'rdered person. "n
all crimes aainst persons in #)ic) t)e deat) of t)e $ictim is an element of t)e crime1 t)ere m'st
.e proof of t)e fact of deat) and identity of t)e $ictim. 1#orte' vs. #o$rt of Appeals, 1<2 +#-A
14B)
Article 6*7
+ENALTY -OR -RUSTRATE' +ARRICI'E0 MUR'ER OR 8OMICI'E
Article 6*!
'EAT8 IN A TUMULTOUS A--RAY
ELEMENTS#
1. That there be several persons.
2. That the! did not compose gro$ps organi'ed for the common p$rpose of assa$lting and
attac0ing each other reciprocall!.
4. That these several persons 5$arreled and assa$lted one another in a conf$sed and
t$m$lt$o$s manner.
9. That someone was 0illed in the co$rse of the affra!.
8. That it cannot be ascertained who act$all! 0illed the deceased.
<. That the person or persons who inflicted serio$s ph!sical in7$ries or who $sed violence
can be identified.
=otes6
1. T'm'lt'o's affray e2ists #)en at least 4 persons taHe part in it
2. 5)en t)ere are 2 identified ro'ps of men #)o assa'lted eac) ot)er1 t)ere is no
t'm'lt'o's affray
4. Persons liable are"
a. personLs #)o inflicted serio's p)ysical in/'ries
.. if it is not Hno#n #)o inflicted serio's p)ysical in/'ries on t)e deceased1 all persons
#)o 'sed $iolence 'pon t)e person of t)e $ictim
140
"f t)ose #)o act'ally Hilled t)e $ictim can .e determined1 t)ey #ill .e t)e ones to .e )eld lia.le1
and t)ose #)o inflicted serio's or less serio's or sli)t p)ysical in/'ries s)all .e p'nis)ed for said
correspondin offenses pro$ided no conspiracy is esta.lis)ed #it) t)e Hillers.
T$m$lt$o$s affra! simply means a commotion in a t'm'lt'o's and conf'sed manner1 to s'c) an
e2tent t)at it #o'ld not .e possi.le to identify #)o t)e Hiller is if deat) res'lts1 or #)o
inflicted t)e serio's p)ysical in/'ry1 .'t t)e person or persons #)o 'sed $iolence are
Hno#n.
"t is not a t'm'lt'o's affray #)ic) .rins a.o't t)e crime; it is t)e ina.ility to ascertain act'al
perpetrator. "t is necessary t)at t)e $ery person #)o ca'sed t)e deat) can not .e Hno#n1 not
t)at )e can not .e identified. ?eca'se if )e is Hno#n .'t only )is identity is not Hno#n1 t)en )e
#ill .e c)ared for t)e crime of )omicide or m'rder 'nder a fictitio's name and not deat) in a
t'm'lt'o's affray. "f t)ere is a conspiracy1 t)is crime is not committed.
To be considered death in a t$m$lt$o$s affra!, there m$st be"
(1) a @'arrel1 a free4for4all1 #)ic) s)o'ld not in$ol$e oraniIed ro'p; and
(2) someone #)o is in/'red or Hilled .eca'se of t)e fi)t.
T)e person Hilled in t)e affray need not .e one of t)e participants.
As lon as it cannot .e determined #)o Hilled t)e $ictim1 all of t)ose persons #)o inflicted serio's
p)ysical in/'ries #ill .e collecti$ely ans#era.le for t)e deat) of t)at fello#.
The -evised Penal #ode sets priorities as to who ma! be liable for the death or ph!sical
in7$r! in t$m$lt$o$s affra!"
(1) T)e persons #)o inflicted serio's p)ysical in/'ry 'pon t)e $ictim;
(2) "f t)ey co'ld not .e Hno#n1 t)en anyone #)o may )a$e employed $iolence on t)at person
#ill ans#er for )is deat).
(3) "f no.ody co'ld still .e traced to )a$e employed $iolence 'pon t)e $ictim1 no.ody #ill
ans#er. T)e crimes committed mi)t .e dist'r.ance of p'.lic order1 or if participants are
armed1 it co'ld .e t'm'lt'o's dist'r.ance1 or if property #as destroyed1 it co'ld .e
malicio's misc)ief.
Article 6*6
+8YSICAL IN?URIES IN-LICTE' IN A TUMULTOUS A--RAY
ELEMENTS#
1. that there is a t$m$lt$o$s affra! as referred to in the preceding article.
2. That a participant or some participants thereof s$ffer serio$s ph!sical in7$ries or
ph!sical in7$ries of a less serio$s nat$re onl!.
4. that the person responsible therefor cannot be identified.
9. That all those who appear to have $sed violence $pon the person of the offended part!
are 0nown.
9nliHe in Article 2511 #)ere t)e $ictim need not .e one of t)e participants( the in6ured party in
the crime of physical in6uries inflicted in tumultuous affray must &e one or some of those
involved in the +uarrel%
n physical in6uries caused in a tumultuous affray1 t)e conditions are also t)e same. But you do
not have a crime of physical in6uries resulting from a tumultuous affray if the physical in6ury is
only slight% T)e p)ysical in/'ry s)o'ld .e serio's or less serio's and res'ltin from a t'm'lt'o's
affray. Ao anyone #)o may )a$e employed $iolence #ill ans#er for s'c) serio's or less serio's
p)ysical in/'ry.
141
"f t)e p)ysical in/'ry s'stained is only sli)t1 t)is is considered as in)erent in a t'm'lt'o's affray.
T)e offended party cannot complain if )e cannot identify #)o inflicted t)e sli)t p)ysical in/'ries
on )im.
=ote t)at in sli)t p)ysical in/'ries is inflicted in t)e t'm'lt'o's affray and the identity of the
offender is esta&lished1 t)e pro$isions of t)is article #ill not .e o.ser$ed. "nstead1 t)e offender
s)all .e prosec'ted in t)e ordinary co'rse of la#.
Article 6*:
GI4ING ASSISTANCE TO SUICI'E
Acts /unisha(le#
1. Assisting another to commit s$icide, whether the s$icide is cons$mmated or not
2. Lending his assistance to another to commit s$icide to the e.tent of doing the 0illing
himself
Notes#
Ji$in assistance to s'icide means i$in means (arms1 poison1 etc.) or #)ate$er manner of
positi$e and direct cooperation (intellect'al aid1 s'estions reardin t)e mode of committin
s'icide1 etc.).
1. A person #)o attempts to commit s'icide is not criminally lia.le
"n t)is crime1 t)e intention m'st .e for t)e person #)o is asHin t)e assistance of anot)er to
commit s'icide.
"f t)e intention is not to commit s'icide1 as #)en )e /'st #anted to )a$e a pict're taHen of )im to
impress 'pon t)e #orld t)at )e is committin s'icide .eca'se )e is not satisfied #it) t)e
o$ernment1 t)e crime is )eld to .e inciting to sedition%
0e .ecomes a co4conspirator in t)e crime of incitin to sedition1 .'t not of i$in assistance to
s'icide .eca'se t)e assistance m'st .e i$en to one #)o is really determined to commit s'icide.
2. A prenant #oman #)o tried to commit s'icide .y means of poison .'t instead of dyin1
t)e fet's in )er #om. #as e2pelled1 is not lia.le for a.ortion
3. Assistance to suicide is different from mercy50illing. E't)anasiaLmercy4Hillin is t)e
practice of painlessly p'ttin to deat) a person s'fferin from some inc'ra.le disease. "n
t)is case1 t)e person does not #ant to die. A doctor who resorts to euthanasia may &e
held lia&le for murder
"f t)e person does t)e Hillin )imself1 t)e penalty is similar to t)at of )omicide1 #)ic) is recl'sion
temporal. T)ere can .e no @'alifyin circ'mstance .eca'se t)e determination to die m'st come
from t)e $ictim. T)is does not contemplate e't)anasia or mercy Hillin #)ere t)e crime is
m'rder1 if #it)o't consent; if #it) consent1 co$ered .y Article 253.
"n mercy Hillin1 t)e $ictim is not in a position to commit s'icide. 5)oe$er #o'ld )eed )is ad$ice
is not really i$in assistance to s'icide .'t doin t)e Hillin )imself. "n i$in assistance to
s'icide1 t)e principal actor is t)e person committin t)e s'icide.
?ot) in e't)anasia and s'icide1 t)e intention to t)e end life comes from t)e $ictim )imself;
ot)er#ise t)e article does not apply. T)e $ictim m'st persistently ind'ce t)e offender to end )is
life.
4. -enalty is mitiated if s'icide is not s'ccessf'l
E$en if t)e s'icide did not materialiIe1 t)e person i$in assistance to s'icide is also lia.le .'t t)e
penalty s)all .e one or t#o derees lo#er dependin on #)et)er it is fr'strated or attempted
s'icide.
The following are holdings of the +$preme #o$rt with respect to this crime"
(1) T)e crime is fr'strated if t)e offender i$es t)e assistance .y doin t)e Hillin )imself as
firin 'pon t)e )ead of t)e $ictim .'t #)o did not die d'e to medical assistance.
142
(2) T)e person attemptin to commit s'icide is not lia.le if )e s'r$i$es. T)e acc'sed is lia.le
if )e Hills t)e $ictim1 )is s#eet)eart1 .eca'se of a s'icide pact.
Article 6*"
'ISC8ARGE O- -IREARMS
ELEMENTS#
1. that the offender discharges a firearm against or at another person.
2. That the offender has no intention to 0ill that person.
Notes#
T)is crime cannot .e committed t)ro') impr'dence .eca'se it re@'ires t)at t)e disc)are m'st
.e directed at anot)er.
1. T)e offender m'st s)oot at anot)er #it) any firearm #it)o't intention of Hillin )im. f
the firearm is not discharged at a person1 t)e act is not p'nis)ed 'nder t)is article
"f t)e firearm is directed at a person and t)e trier #as pressed .'t did not fire1 t)e crime is
fr'strated disc)are of firearm.
"f t)e disc)are is not directed at a person1 t)e crime may constit'te alarm and scandal.
2. A disc)are to#ards t)e )o'se of t)e $ictim is not disc)are of firearm. >n t)e ot)er )and1
firin a 'n aainst t)e )o'se of t)e offended party at random1 not Hno#in in #)at part
of t)e )o'se t)e people #ere1 it is only alarm 'nder art 155.
3. 9s'ally1 t)e p'rpose of t)e offender is only to intimidate or fri)ten t)e offended party
4. "ntent to Hill is neated .y t)e fact t)at t)e distance .et#een t)e $ictim and t)e offender
is 2** yards
5. A person can .e )eld lia.le for disc)are e$en if t)e 'n #as not pointed at t)e offended
party #)en it fired for as lon as it #as initially aimed at or aainst t)e offended party
The following are holdings of the +$preme #o$rt with respect to this crime"
(1) "f serio's p)ysical in/'ries res'lted from disc)are1 t)e crime committed is t)e comple2
crime of serio's p)ysical in/'ry #it) illeal disc)are of firearm1 or if less serio's p)ysical
in/'ry1 t)e comple2 crime of less serio's p)ysical in/'ry #it) illeal disc)are of firearm
#ill apply.
(2) +irin a 'n at a person e$en if merely to fri)ten )im constit'tes illeal disc)are of
firearm.
T)e 'n 'sed in t)e crime m'st .e licensed1 or t)e person 'sin t)e firearm m'st .e a't)oriIed to
carry t)e same1 ot)er#ise1 in addition to t)e crime p'nis)ed 'nder t)is article1 acc'sed may also
.e )eld lia.le for illeal possession of firearm 'nder 3ep'.lic Act =o. 1%66 as amended .y
3ep'.lic Act =o. %2(4.
Article 6**
IN-ANTICI'E
ELEMENTS#
1. That a child was 0illed.
2. That the deceased child was less than three da!s 132 ho$rs) of age.
4. That the acc$sed 0illed the said child.
Notes#
143
1. 5)en t)e offender is t)e fat)er1 mot)er or leitimate ascendant1 )e s)all s'ffer t)e
penalty prescri.ed for parricide. "f t)e offender is any ot)er person1 t)e penalty is t)at for
m'rder. "n eit)er case1 t)e proper @'alification for t)e offense is infanticide
E$en if t)e Hiller is t)e mot)er or t)e fat)er or t)e leitimate randparents1 t)e crime is still
"nfanticide and not -arricide. T)e penalty )o#e$er1 is t)at for -arricide.
"ll'stration6
An unmarried woman( A( gave &irth to a child( B% To conceal her dishonor( A conspired with C to
dispose of the child% C agreed and 0illed the child B &y &urying the child somewhere%
f the child was 0illed when the age of the child was three days old and a&ove already1 t)e crime
of A is parricide. T)e fact t)at t)e Hillin #as done to conceal )er dis)onor #ill not mitiate t)e
criminal lia.ility anymore .eca'se concealment of dis)onor in Hillin t)e c)ild is not mitiatin in
parricide.
f the crime committed &y A is parricide &ecause the age of the child is three days old or a&ove(
t)e crime of t)e co4conspirator C is m'rder. "t is not parricide .eca'se )e is not related to t)e
$ictim.
f the child is less than three days old when 0illed1 .ot) t)e mot)er and t)e straner commits
infanticide .eca'se infanticide is not predicated on t)e relation of t)e offender to t)e offended
party .'t on t)e ae of t)e c)ild. "n s'c) a case1 concealment of dis)onor as a moti$e for t)e
mot)er to )a$e t)e c)ild Hilled is mitiatin.
2. 5)en infanticide is committed .y t)e mot)er or maternal randmot)er in order to conceal
t)e dis)onor1 s'c) fact is only mitiatin
3. T)e delin@'ent mot)er #)o claims t)at s)e committed t)e offense to conceal t)e dis)onor
m'st .e of ood rep'tation. 0ence1 if s)e is a prostit'te1 s)e is not entitled to a lesser
penalty .eca'se s)e )as no )onor to conceal
Concealment of dishonor is not an element of infanticide. "t merely lo#ers t)e penalty. "f t)e
c)ild is a.andoned #it)o't any intent to Hill and deat) res'lts as a conse@'ence1 t)e crime
committed is not infanticide .'t a.andonment 'nder Article 2!6.
"f t)e p'rpose of t)e mot)er is to conceal )er dis)onor1 infanticide t)ro') impr'dence is not
committed .eca'se t)e p'rpose of concealin t)e dis)onor is incompati.le #it) t)e a.sence of
malice in c'lpa.le felonies.
4. T)ere is no infanticide #)en t)e c)ild #as .orn dead1 or alt)o') .orn ali$e it co'ld not
s'stain an independent life #)en it #as Hilled
"n o'r st'dy of persons and family relations1 #e )a$e learned t)at .irt) determines personality. Ao
fet's .ecomes a person .y t)e leal fact of .irt). T)e Ci$il Code pro$ides t)at1 if t)e fet's )ad an
intra4'terine life of less t)an se$en (!) mont)s1 it #ill .e considered .orn only if it s'r$i$es 24
)o'rs after t)e 'm.ilical cord is c't. "f s'c) fet's is Hilled #it)in t)e 244)o'r period1 #e )a$e to
determine if it #o'ld )a$e s'r$i$ed or it #o'ld )a$e died nonet)eless1 )ad it not .een Hilled.
A leal pro.lem occ'rs #)en a fet's )a$in an intra4'terine life of less t)an ! mont)s1 .orn ali$e1
is Hilled #it)in 24 )o'rs from t)e time t)e 'm.ilical cord is c't. T)is is so .eca'se t)ere is
diffic'lty of determinin #)et)er t)e crime committed is infanticide or a.ortion. "n s'c) a
sit'ation1 t)e co'rt may a$ail of e2pert testimony in order to )elp it arri$e at a concl'sion. Ao1 if
it is s)o#n t)at t)e infant cannot s'r$i$e #it)in 24 )o'rs1 t)e crime committed is a&ortion;
ot)er#ise if it can s'r$i$e1 t)e crime #o'ld .e infanticide%
Article 6*,
INTENTIONAL ABORTION
ELEMENTS#
1. That there is a pregnant woman.
2. That violence is e.erted, or dr$gs or beverages administered, or that the acc$sed
otherwise acts $pon s$ch pregnant woman.
144
4. That as a res$lt of the $se of violence or dr$gs or beverages $pon her, or an! other act
of the acc$sed, the fet$s dies, either in the womb or after having been e.pelled
therefrom.
9. That the abortion is intended.
Ortega Notes#
Acts /unishe)
1. 9sin any $iolence 'pon t)e person of t)e prenant #oman;
2. Actin1 .'t #it)o't 'sin $iolence1 #it)o't t)e consent of t)e #oman. (?y administerin
dr's or .e$eraes 'pon s'c) prenant #oman #it)o't )er consent.)
3. Actin (.y administerin dr's or .e$eraes)1 #it) t)e consent of t)e prenant #oman.
A&ortion is the violent expulsion of a fetus from the maternal wom&. "f t)e fet's )as .een
deli$ered .'t it co'ld not s'.sist .y itself1 it is still a fet's and not a person. T)'s1 if it is Hilled1
t)e crime committed is a.ortion not infanticide.
Distinction .et#een infanticide and a.ortion
"t is infanticide if t)e $ictim is already a person less t)at t)ree days old or !2 )o'rs and is $ia.le
or capa.le of li$in separately from t)e mot)erFs #om..
"t is a&ortion if t)e $ictim is not $ia.le .'t remains to .e a fet's.
A&ortion is not a crime against the woman &ut against the fetus. "f mot)er as a conse@'ence of
a.ortion s'ffers deat) or p)ysical in/'ries1 yo' )a$e a comple2 crime of m'rder or p)ysical
in/'ries and a.ortion.
n intentional a&ortion1 t)e offender m'st Hno# of t)e prenancy .eca'se t)e partic'lar criminal
intention is to ca'se an a.ortion. T)erefore1 t)e offender m'st )a$e Hno#n of t)e prenancy for
ot)er#ise1 )e #o'ld not try an a.ortion.
"f t)e #oman t'rns o't not to .e prenant and someone performs an a.ortion 'pon )er1 )e is
lia.le for an impossi.le crime if t)e #oman s'ffers no p)ysical in/'ry. "f s)e does1 t)e crime #ill
.e )omicide1 serio's p)ysical in/'ries1 etc.
9nder t)e Article 4* of t)e Ci$il Code1 &irth determines personality. A person is considered .orn
at t)e time #)en t)e 'm.ilical cord is c't. 0e t)en ac@'ires a personality separate from t)e
mot)er.
?'t e$en t)o') t)e 'm.ilical cord )as .een c't1 Article 41 of t)e Ci$il Code pro$ides t)at if t)e
fet's )ad an intra4'terine life of less t)an se$en mont)s1 it m'st s'r$i$e at least 24 )o'rs after
t)e 'm.ilical cord is c't for it to .e considered .orn.
"ll'stration6
A mot)er deli$ered an offsprin #)ic) )ad an intra4'terine life of se$en mont)s. ?efore t)e
'm.ilical cord is c't1 t)e c)ild #as Hilled.
"f it co'ld .e s)o#n t)at )ad t)e 'm.ilical cord .een c't1 t)at c)ild1 if not Hilled1 #o'ld )a$e
s'r$i$ed .eyond 24 )o'rs1 t)e crime is infanticide .eca'se t)at concei$ed c)ild is already
considered .orn.
"f it co'ld .e s)o#n t)at t)e c)ild1 if not Hilled1 #o'ld not )a$e s'r$i$ed .eyond 24 )o'rs1 t)e
crime is a.ortion .eca'se #)at #as Hilled #as a fet's only.
"n a.ortion1 the concealment of dishonor as a motive of the mother to commit the a&ortion upon
herself is mitigating. "t #ill also mitiate t)e lia.ility of t)e maternal randparent of t)e $ictim B
t)e mot)er of t)e prenant #oman B if t)e a.ortion #as done #it) t)e consent of t)e prenant
#oman.
145
f the a&ortion was done &y the mother of the pregnant woman without the consent of the
woman herself1 e$en if it #as done to conceal dis)onor1 t)at circ'mstance #ill not mitiate )er
criminal lia.ility.
But if those who performed the a&ortion are the parents of the pregnant woman( or either of
them( and the pregnant woman consented for the purpose of concealing her dishonor1 t)e
penalty is t)e same as t)at imposed 'pon t)e #oman #)o practiced t)e a.ortion 'pon )erself .
>rustrated a&ortion is committed if t)e fet's t)at is e2pelled is $ia.le and1 t)erefore1 not dead as
a.ortion did not res'lt despite t)e employment of ade@'ate and s'fficient means to maHe t)e
prenant #oman a.ort. "f t)e means are not s'fficient or ade@'ate1 t)e crime #o'ld .e an
impossi&le crime of a&ortion. "n cons'mmated a.ortion1 t)e fet's m'st .e dead.
>ne #)o pers'ades )er sister to a.ort is a co4principal1 and one #)o looHs for a p)ysician to maHe
)is s#eet)eart a.ort is an accomplice. T)e p)ysician #ill .e p'nis)ed 'nder Article 25( of t)e
3e$ised -enal Code.
Article 6*.
UNINTENTIONAL ABORTION
ELEMENTS#
1. That there is a pregnant woman.
2. That violence is $sed $pon s$ch pregnant woman witho$t intending an abortion.
4. That the violence is intentionall! e.erted.
9. That as a res$lt of the violence that fet$s dies, either in the womb or after having been
e.pelled therefrom.
Notes#
9nintentional a.ortion re@'ires p)ysical $iolence inflicted deli.erately and $ol'ntarily .y a t)ird
person 'pon t)e person of t)e prenant #oman. Mere intimidation is not eno') 'nless t)e
deree of intimidation already appro2imates $iolence.
"f t)e prenant #oman a.orted .eca'se of intimidation1 t)e crime committed is not 'nintentional
a.ortion .eca'se t)ere is no $iolence; t)e crime committed is li)t t)reats.
"f t)e prenant #oman #as Hilled .y $iolence .y )er )'s.and1 t)e crime committed is t)e
comple2 crime of parricide #it) 'nla#f'l a.ortion.
5)ile t)ere is no intention on t)e part of t)e acc'sed to ca'se an a.ortion1 nonet)eless1 t)e
$iolence t)at )e employs on t)e prenant #oman m'st .e intentional. "n ot)er #ords1 only t)e
a.ortion is 'nintended.
1. 9nintentional a.ortion can also .e committed t)ro') nelience
9nintentional a.ortion may .e committed t)ro') nelience as it is eno') t)at t)e 'se of
$iolence .e $ol'ntary.
"ll'stration6
A @'arrel ens'ed .et#een A1 )'s.and1 and ?1 #ife. A .ecame so anry t)at )e str'cH ?1 #)o #as
t)en prenant1 #it) a soft drinH .ottle on t)e )ip. A.ortion res'lted and ? died.
146
TaHe note t)at #)ile 'nintentional a.ortion appears to .e a crime t)at s)o'ld .e committed #it)
deli.erate intent .eca'se of t)e re@'irement t)at t)e $iolence employed on t)e $ictim m'st .e
intentional1 ne$ert)eless1 if t)e circ'mstances of t)e case /'stifies t)e application of t)e ot)er
means of committin a felony (liHe culpa)1 t)en t)e same s)o'ld .e applied .'t t)e penalty #ill
not .e t)e penalty pro$ided 'nder Article 25!. "nstead1 t)e offender s)all .e s'./ect to t)e
penalty prescri.ed for simple or recHless impr'dence 'nder Article 365.
2. T)e acc'sed can only .e )eld lia.le if )e Hne# t)at t)e #oman #as prenant
5 DE?ATA?8E
"n US %& ?ery0 !* +hil& :5!0 t)e A'preme Co'rt said t)at Hno#lede of prenancy of t)e
offended party is not necessary. "n +eo/le %& Carnaso0 )eci)e) on A/ril .0 !5,"0 )o#e$er1 t)e
A'preme Co'rt )eld t)at Hno#lede of prenancy is re@'ired in 'nintentional a.ortion.
Criticism#
9nder Article 41 pararap) 1 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code1 any person committing a felony is
criminally lia&le for all the direct( natural( and logical conse+uences of his felonious acts
although it may &e different from that which is intended% T)e act of employin $iolence or
p)ysical force 'pon t)e #oman is already a felony. t is not material if offender 0new a&out the
woman &eing pregnant or not%
"f t)e act of $iolence is not felonio's1 t)at is1 act of self4defense1 and t)ere is no Hno#lede of
t)e #omanFs prenancy1 t)ere is no lia.ility. "f t)e act of $iolence is not felonio's1 .'t t)ere is
Hno#lede of t)e #omanFs prenancy1 t)e offender is lia.le for 'nintentional a.ortion.
"ll'stration6
T)e act of p's)in anot)er ca'sin )er to fall is a felonio's act and co'ld res'lt in p)ysical
in/'ries. Correspondinly1 if not only p)ysical in/'ries #ere s'stained .'t a.ortion also res'lted1
t)e felonio's act of p's)in is t)e pro2imate ca'se of t)e 'nintentional a.ortion.
3. "f t)ere is no intention to ca'se a.ortion and neit)er #as $iolence e2erted1 arts 256 and
25! does not apply
;uestions A Answers
1. A pregnant woman decided to commit suicide% She 6umped out of a window of a
&uilding &ut she landed on a passer&y% She did not die &ut an a&ortion followed% s she lia&le for
unintentional a&ortionQ
=o. 5)at is contemplated in 'nintentional a.ortion is t)at t)e force or $iolence m'st come
from anot)er. "f it #as t)e #oman doin t)e $iolence 'pon )erself1 it m'st .e to .rin a.o't
an a.ortion1 and t)erefore1 t)e crime #ill .e intentional a.ortion. "n t)is case1 #)ere t)e
#oman tried to commit s'icide1 t)e act of tryin to commit s'icide is not a felony 'nder t)e
3e$ised -enal Code. T)e one penaliIed in s'icide is t)e one i$in assistance and not t)e
person tryin to commit s'icide.
2. f the a&ortive drug used in a&ortion is a prohi&ited drug or regulated drug under
*residential 2ecree No% <:,3 8The 2angerous 2rugs Act of 7GK,9( as amended( what are the
crimes committedQ
T)e crimes committed are (1) intentional a.ortion; and (2) $iolation of t)e Danero's
Dr's Act of 1(!2.
Article 6*3
ABORTION +RACTICE' BY T8E 2OMAN 8ERSEL- OR BY 8ER +ARENTS
ELEMENTS #
1. That there is a pregnant woman who has s$ffered an abortion.
2. That the abortion is intended.
4. That the abortion is ca$sed b!
147
a. the pregnant woman herself
b. an! other person, with her consent, or
c. an! of her parents, with her consent for the p$rpose of concealing her dishonor.
Notes#
1. 8ia.ility of t)e prenant #oman is mitiated if t)e p'rpose is to conceal )er dis)onor.
0o#e$er1 t)ere is no Mitiation for t)e parents of t)e prenant #omen e$en if t)eir
p'rpose is to conceal t)eir da')terFs dis)onor
2. "n infanticide1 parents can a$ail of t)e mitiatin circ'mstance of concealin t)e dis)onor
of t)eir da')ter. T)is is not so for art 25%
Article 6*5
ABORTION +RACTICE' BY A +8YSICIAN OR MI'2I-E AN' 'IS+ENSING O- ABORTI4ES
ELEMENTS#
1. That there is a pregnant woman who has s$ffered an abortion.
2. That the abortion is intended.
4. That the offender, who m$st be a ph!sician or midwife, ca$ses or assists in ca$sing the
abortion.
9. That said ph!sician or midwife ta0es advantage of his or her scientific 0nowledge or
s0ill.
Notes#
1. "t is not necessary t)at t)e p)armacist Hne# t)at t)e a.orti$e #o'ld .e 'sed to ca'se
a.ortion. 'hat is punished is the act of dispensing an a&ortive without the proper
prescription. "t is not necessary t)at t)e a.orti$e .e act'ally 'sed
2. "f t)e p)armacist Hne# t)at t)e a.orti$e #o'ld .e 'sed to ca'se a.ortion and a.ortion
res'lts1 )e is lia.le as an accomplice
"f t)e a.ortion is prod'ced .y a p)ysician to sa$e t)e life of t)e mot)er1 t)ere is no lia.ility. T)is
is Hno#n as a therape$tic abortion. ?'t a.ortion #it)o't medical necessity to #arrant it is
p'nis)a.le e$en #it) t)e consent of t)e #oman or )er )'s.and.
"ll'stration6
A woman who is pregnant got sic0% The doctor administered a medicine which resulted in
A&ortion% T)e crime committed #as 'nintentional a.ortion t)ro') nelience or impr'dence.
;uestion A Answer
'hat is the lia&ility of a physician who a&orts the fetus to save the life of the motherQ
=one. T)is is a case of t)erape'tic a.ortion #)ic) is done o't of a state of necessity.
T)erefore1 t)e re@'isites 'nder Article 111 pararap) 41 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code m'st .e
present. T)ere m'st .e no ot)er practical or less )armf'l means of sa$in t)e life of t)e mot)er
to maHe t)e Hillin /'stified.
Article 6,7
RES+ONSIBILITY O- +ARTICI+ANTS IN A 'UEL
Acts /unishe)#
1. Hilling oneCs adversar! in a d$el
2. (nflicting $pon the adversar! serio$s ph!sical in7$ries
4. *a0ing a combat altho$gh no ph!sical in7$ries have been inflicted
148
+ersons lia(le#
1. Principals B person #)o Hilled or inflicted p)ysical in/'ries 'pon )is ad$ersary1 or .ot)
com.atants in any ot)er cases
2. Accomplices B as seconds
T)e person #)o Hilled or in/'red )is ad$ersary. "f .ot) s'r$i$e1 .ot) #ill .e lia.le for t)e crime of
d'el as principals .y direct participation. T)e seconds #ill .e )eld lia.le as accomplices.
Notes#
1. 'uel# a formal or re'lar com.at pre$io'sly concerted .et#een 2 parties in t)e presence
of 2 or more seconds of la#f'l ae on eac) side1 #)o maHe t)e selection of arms and fi2 all
t)e ot)er conditions of t)e fi)t
2. f death results1 t)e penalty is t)e same as t)at for )omicide
5)ile t)e areement is to fi)t to t)e deat)1 the law will disregard the /intent to 0ill(1 if only
physical in6uries is inflicted% T)e crime #ill not .e classified as attempted or fr'strated
)omicide.
"f t)e acc'sed and t)e deceased1 after a $er.al )eated ar'ment in a .ar1 left t)e place at t)e
same time and p'rs'ant to t)eir areement1 #ent to t)e plaIa to fi)t eac) ot)er to deat) #it)
Hni$es #)ic) t)ey .o')t on t)e #ay1 t)e facts do not constitute the crime of dueling since there
were no seconds who fixed the conditions of the fight in a more or less formal manner. "f one
#as Hilled1 t)e crime committed #o'ld .e 0omicide.
T)ere is no s'c) crime no#adays .eca'se people )it eac) ot)er e$en #it)o't enterin into any
pre4concei$ed areement. T)is is an o.solete pro$ision.
Article 6,!
C8ALLENGING TO A 'UEL
Acts /unisha(le#
1. #hallenging another to a d$el
2. (nciting another to give or accept a challenge to a d$el
4. +coffing at or decr!ing another p$blicl! for having ref$sed to accept a challenge to
fight a d$el
+ersons lia(le#
1. C)allener
2. "nstiators
"f t)e c)allene is only to fi)t1 #it)o't t)e c)allener )a$in in mind a formal com.at to .e
areed 'pon #it) t)e assistance of seconds as contemplated 'nder t)e la#1 t)e crime committed
#ill only .e ra$e or li)t t)reat as t)e case may .e.
"ll'stration6
f one challenges another to a duel &y shouting /Come down( Olympia( let us measure your
prowess% 'e will see whose intestines will come out% @ou are a coward if you do not come down1(
the crime of challenging to a duel is not committed. 5)at is committed is t)e crime of li)t
t)reats 'nder Article 2%51 pararap) 1 of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code.
+8YSICAL IN?URIES
Article 6,6
MUTILATION
Gin)s o Mutilation
149
1. "ntentionally m'tilatin anot)er .y depri$in )im1 totally or partially1 of some essential
oran for reprod'ction
2. "ntentionally maHin anot)er m'tilation1 i.e. loppin1 clippin off any part of t)e .ody of
t)e offended party1 ot)er t)an t)e essential oran for reprod'ction1 to depri$e )im of t)at
part of t)e .ody
Elements#
1. There be a castration i.e. m$tilation of organs necessar! for generation
2. *$tilation is ca$sed p$rposel! and deliberatel!
Notes#
*$tilation is t)e loppin or clippin off of some part of t)e .ody.
T)e intent to deli.erately c't off t)e partic'lar part of t)e .ody t)at #as remo$ed from t)e
offended party m'st .e esta.lis)ed. f there is no intent to deprive victim of particular part of
&ody( the crime is only serious physical in6ury.
T)e common mistaHe is to associate t)is #it) t)e reprod'cti$e orans only. $utilation includes
any part of the human &ody that is not suscepti&le to grow again%
"f #)at #as c't off #as a reprod'cti$e oran1 t)e penalty is m'c) )i)er t)an t)at for )omicide.
T)is cannot .e committed t)ro') criminal nelience.

1. "n t)e first Hind of m'tilation1 t)e castration m'st .e made p'rposely. >t)er#ise1 it #ill .e
considered as m'tilation of t)e second Hind
2. Mayhem# refers to any ot)er intentional m'tilation
Article 6,:
SERIOUS +8YSICAL IN?URIES
8ow Committe)
1. o$nding
2. >eating
4. Assa$lting
9. Administering in7$rio$s s$bstances
"n one case1 t)e acc'sed1 #)ile con$ersin #it) t)e offended party1 dre# t)e latterFs .olo from its
sca..ard. T)e offended party ca')t )old of t)e ede of t)e .lade of )is .olo and #o'nded
)imself. "t #as )eld t)at since t)e acc'sed did not #o'nd1 .eat or assa'lt t)e offended party1 )e
can not .e 'ilty of serio's p)ysical in/'ries.
2hat are serious /hysical inIuries#
1. (n7$red person becomes insane, imbecile, impotent or blind
2. (n7$red person
a. loses the $se of speech or the power to hear or to smell, loses an e!e, a hand,
foot, arm or leg
b. loses the $se of an! s$ch member
c. becomes incapacitated for the wor0 in which he had been habit$all! engaged
4. (n7$red person
150
a. becomes deformed
b. loses an! other member of his bod!
c. loses the $se thereof
d. becomes ill or incapacitated for the performance of the wor0 in which he had been
habit$all! engaged in for more than B@ da!s
9. (n7$red person becomes ill or incapacitated for labor for more than 4@ da!s 1b$t not
more than B@ da!s)
Notes#
T)e crime of p)ysical in/'ries is a crime of res'lt .eca'se 'nder o'r la#s t)e crime of p)ysical
in/'ries is .ased on t)e ra$ity of t)e in/'ry s'stained. Ao t)is crime is al#ays cons'mmated.
T)e reason #)y t)ere is no attempted or fr'strated p)ysical in/'ries is .eca'se t)e crime of
p)ysical in/'ries is determined on t)e ra$ity of t)e in/'ry. As lon as t)e in/'ry is not t)ere1
t)ere can .e no attempted or fr'strated stae t)ereof.
1. Aerio's p)ysical in/'ries may .e committed t)ro') recHless impr'dence or simple
impr'dence
2. T)ere m'st .e no intent to 0ill
3. (mpotent s)o'ld incl'de ina.ility to cop'late and sterility
4. >lindness re@'ires lost of $ision in .ot) eyes. Mere #eaHness in $ision is not contemplated
5. Loss of power to hear m'st in$ol$e .ot) ears. >t)er#ise1 it #ill .e considered as serio's
p)ysical in/'ries 'nder par 3
6. Loss of $se of hand or incapacit! of $s$al wor0 in par 2 m'st .e permanent
!. -ar 2 refers to principal mem.ers of t)e .ody. -ar 3 on t)e ot)er )and1 co$ers any ot)er
mem.er #)ic) is not a principal part of t)e .ody. "n t)is respect1 a front toot) is
considered as a mem.er of t)e .ody1 ot)er t)an a principal mem.er
%. 'eormity# means p)ysical 'liness1 permanent and definite a.normality. =ot c'ra.le .y
nat'ral means or .y nat're. "t m'st .e conspic'o's and $isi.le. T)'s1 if t)e scar is 's'ally
co$ered .y a dress1 it #o'ld not .e conspic'o's and $isi.le
(. T)e loss of 3 incisors is a $isi.le deformity. 8oss of one incisor is not. 0o#e$er1 loss of one
toot) #)ic) impaired appearance is a deformity
1*. Deformity .y loss of teet) refers to in/'ry #)ic) cannot .e impaired .y t)e action of t)e
nat're
11. 8oss of .ot) o'ter ears constit'tes deformity and also loss of t)e po#er to )ear.
Mean#)ile1 loss of t)e lo.'le of t)e ear is only a deformity
12. 8oss of t)e inde2 and middle finers is eit)er a deformity or loss of a mem.er1 not a
principal one of )is .ody or 'se of t)e same
13. 8oss of t)e po#er to )ear in t)e ri)t ear is considered as merely loss of 'se of some ot)er
part of t)e .ody
14. "f t)e in/'ry #o'ld re@'ire medical attendance for more t)an 3* days1 t)e illness of t)e
offended party may .e considered as lastin more t)an 3* days. T)e fact t)at t)ere #as
medical attendance for t)at period of time s)o#s t)at t)e in/'ries #ere not c'red for t)at
lent) of time
15. 9nder par 41 all t)at is re@'ired is illness or incapacity1 not medical attendance
16. (n determining incapacit!1 t)e in/'red party m'st )a$e an a$ocation at t)e time of t)e
in/'ry. 5orH6 incl'des st'dies or preparation for a profession
151
1!. 5)en t)e cateory of t)e offense of serio's p)ysical in/'ries depends on t)e period of t)e
illness or incapacity for la.or1 t)ere m'st .e e$idence of t)e lent) of t)at period.
>t)er#ise1 t)e offense #ill only .e considered as sli)t p)ysical in/'ries
1%. T)ere is no incapacity if t)e in/'red party co'ld still enae in )is #orH alt)o') less
effecti$ely t)an .efore
1(. +erio$s ph!sical in7$ries is 5$alified #)en t)e crime is committed aainst t)e same
persons en'merated in t)e article on parricide or #)en it is attended .y any of t)e
circ'mstances definin t)e crime of m'rder. ;owever1 serio's p)ysical in/'ries res'ltin
from e2cessi$e c)astisement .y parents is not @'alified serio's p)ysical in/'ries
Ortega Notes#
Classiication o /hysical inIuries#
(1) Between slight physical in6uries and less serious physical in6uries1 yo' )a$e a d'ration of
one to nine days if sli)t p)ysical in/'ries; or 1* days to 2* days if less serio's p)ysical
in/'ries. Consider t)e d'ration of )ealin and treatment.
T)e sinificant part )ere is .et#een sli)t p)ysical in/'ries and less serio's p)ysical
in/'ries. :o' #ill consider not only t)e )ealin d'ration of t)e in/'ry .'t also t)e medical
attendance re@'ired to treat t)e in/'ry. Ao t)e )ealin d'ration may .e one to nine days1
.'t if t)e medical treatment contin'es .eyond nine days1 t)e p)ysical in/'ries #o'ld
already @'alify as less serio's p)ysical in/'ries. T)e medical treatment may )a$e lasted
for nine days1 .'t if t)e offended party is still incapacitated for la.or .eyond nine days1
t)e p)ysical in/'ries are already considered less serio's p)ysical in/'ries.
(2) Between less serious physical in6uries and serious physical in6uries1 yo' do not consider
t)e period of medical treatment. :o' only consider t)e period #)en t)e offended party is
rendered incapacitated for la.or.
"f t)e offended party is incapacitated to #orH for less t)an 3* days1 e$en t)o') t)e
treatment contin'ed .eyond 3* days1 t)e p)ysical in/'ries are only considered less serio's
.eca'se for p'rposes of classifyin t)e p)ysical in/'ries as serio's1 yo' do not consider t)e
period of medical treatment. :o' only consider t)e period of incapacity from #orH.
(3) 'hen the in6ury created a deformity upon the offended party( you disregard the healing
duration or the period of medical treatment involved. At once1 it is considered serio's
p)ysical in/'ries.
Ao e$en t)o') t)e deformity may not )a$e incapacitated t)e offended party from #orH1
or e$en t)o') t)e medical treatment did not o .eyond nine days1 t)at deformity #ill
.rin a.o't t)e crime of serio's p)ysical in/'ries.
2eformity re+uires the concurrence of the following conditions:
(1) T)e in/'ry m'st prod'ce 'liness;
(2) "t m'st .e $isi.le;
(3) T)e 'liness #ill not disappear t)ro') nat'ral )ealin process.
"ll'stration6
8oss of molar toot) B T)is is not deformity as it is not $isi.le.
8oss of permanent front toot) B T)is is deformity as it is $isi.le and permanent.
8oss of milH front toot) B T)is is not deformity as it is $isi.le .'t #ill .e nat'rally replaced.
;uestion A Answer
The offender threw acid on the face of the offended party% 'ere it not for timely
medical attention( a deformity would have &een produced on the face of the victim% After the
152
plastic surgery( the offended party was more handsome than &efore the in6ury% 'hat crime was
committedQ n what stage was it committedQ
T)e crime is serio's p)ysical in/'ries .eca'se t)e pro.lem itself states t)at t)e in/'ry #o'ld
)a$e prod'ced a deformity. T)e fact t)at t)e plastic s'rery remo$ed t)e deformity is
immaterial .eca'se in la# what is considered is not the artificial treatment &ut the natural
healing process%
n a case decided &y the Supreme Court( accused was charged with serious physical in6uries
&ecause the in6uries produced a scar% ;e was convicted under Article ,<4 8:9% ;e appealed
&ecause( in the course of the trial( the scar disappeared. "t #as )eld t)at acc'sed can not .e
con$icted of serio's p)ysical in/'ries. 0e is lia.le only for sli)t p)ysical in/'ries .eca'se t)e
$ictim #as not incapacitated1 and t)ere #as no e$idence t)at t)e medical treatment lasted
for more t)an nine days.
+erio$s ph!sical in7$ries is p$nished with higher penalties in the following cases"
(1) "f it is committed aainst any of t)e persons referred to in t)e crime of parricide 'nder
Article 246;
(2) "f any of t)e circ'mstances @'alifyin m'rder attended its commission.
T)'s1 a fat)er #)o inflicts serio's p)ysical in/'ries 'pon )is son #ill .e lia.le for @'alified serio's
p)ysical in/'ries.
Re/u(lic Act No& 37"5 <The Anti>8aCing Law=
8aCing 44 T)is is any initiation rite or practice #)ic) is a prere@'isite for admission into
mem.ers)ip in a fraternity or sorority or any oraniIation #)ic) places t)e neop)yte or applicant
in some em.arrassin or )'miliatin sit'ations or ot)er#ise s'./ectin )im to p)ysical or
psyc)oloical s'fferin of in/'ry. T)ese do not incl'de any p)ysical1 mental1 psyc)oloical testin
and trainin proced're and practice to determine and en)ance t)e p)ysical and psyc)oloical
fitness of t)e prospecti$e re'lar mem.ers of t)e .elo#.
>raniIations incl'de any cl'. or A+-1 -=-1 -MA or officer or cadet corps of t)e CMT or CAT.

Aection 2 re@'ires a written notice to school authorities from the head of the organi)ation seven
days prior to the rites and should not exceed three days in duration%
Aection 3 re@'ires supervision &y head of the school or the organi)ation of the rites%

Aection 4 +ualifies the crime if rape1 sodomy or m'tilation res'lts t)erefrom1 if t)e person
.ecomes insane1 an im.ecile1 or impotent or .lind .eca'se of s'c)1 if t)e person loses t)e 'se of
speec) or t)e po#er to )ear or smell or an eye1 a foot1 an arm or a le1 or t)e 'se of any s'c)
mem.er or any of t)e serio's p)ysical in/'ries or t)e less serio's p)ysical in/'ries. Also if t)e
$ictim is .elo# 121 or .ecomes incapacitated for t)e #orH )e )a.it'ally enaes in for 3*1 1*1 14(
days.
"t )olds t)e parents1 sc)ool a't)orities #)o consented or #)o )ad act'al Hno#lede if t)ey did
not)in to pre$ent it1 officers and mem.ers #)o planned1 Hno#inly cooperated or #ere present1
present al'mni of t)e oraniIation1 o#ner of t)e place #)ere s'c) occ'rred lia.le.
$a0es presence a prima facie presumption of guilt for such%
Article 6,"
A'MINISTERING IN?URIOUS SUBSTANCES OR BE4ERAGES
ELEMENTS#
1. That the offender inflicted $pon another person an! serio$s ph!sical in7$r!
2. That it was done 0nowingl! administering to him an! in7$rio$s s$bstances or
beverages or b! ta0ing advantage of his wea0ness of mind of cred$lit!
4. 6e had no intent to 0ill
153
Notes#
T)e article 'nder consideration does not deal #it) a crime. "t refers to means of committin
serio's p)ysical in/'ries.
1. "t is fr'strated m'rder #)en t)ere is intent to Hill
2. Administering means introd'cin into t)e .ody t)e s'.stance1 t)'s t)ro#in of t)e acid
in t)e face is not contemplated
Article 6,*
LESS SERIOUS +8YSICAL IN?URIES
ELEMENTS#
1. That the offended part! is incapacitated for labor for 1@ da!s or more 1b$t not more
than 4@ da!s), or needs medical attendance for the same period of time
2. That the ph!sical in7$ries m$st not be those described in the preceding articles
Notes#
!& Circumstances $ualiying the oense#
a. #)en t)ere is manifest intent to ins'lt or offend t)e in/'red person
.. #)en t)ere are circ'mstances addin inominy to t)e offense
c. #)en t)e $ictim is eit)er t)e offenderFs parents1 ascendants1 'ardians1 c'rators or
teac)ers
d. #)en t)e $ictim is a person of ranH or person in a't)ority1 pro$ided t)e crime is not
direct assa'lt
2. "t falls 'nder t)is article e$en if t)ere #as no incapacity .'t t)e medical treatment #as for
13 days
"n t)is article1 t)e offended party is incapacitated from #orH for ten (1*) days or more .'t not
more t)an t)irty (3*) days. "f t)e in/'ry ca'ses t)e illness of t)e $ictim1 t)e )ealin d'ration m'st
.e more t)an nine (() days .'t not more t)an t)irty (3*) days.
Article 265 is an e2ception to Article 4% in relation to comple2 crimes as t)e latter only taHes
place in cases #)ere t)e 3e$ised -enal Code )as no specific pro$ision penaliIin t)e same #it) a
definite1 specific penalty. 0ence1 t)ere is no comple2 crime of slander .y deed #it) less serio's
p)ysical in/'ries .'t only less serio's p)ysical in/'ries if t)e act #)ic) #as committed prod'ced
t)e less serio's p)ysical in/'ries #it) t)e manifest intent to ins'lt or offend t)e offended party1 or
'nder circ'mstances addin inominy to t)e offense.
Article 6,,
SLIG8T +8YSICAL IN?URIES
: Gin)s#
1. That which incapacitated the offended part! for labor from 1;B da!s or re5$ired
medical attendance d$ring the same period
2. That which did not prevent the offended part! from engaging in his habit$al wor0 or
which did not re5$ire medical attendance 1e.. >lac0;e!e)
4. (ll;treatment of another b! deed witho$t ca$sing an! in7$r! 1e.. slapping b$t witho$t
ca$sing dishonor)
T)is in$ol$es e$en ill4treatment #)ere t)ere is no sin of in/'ry re@'irin medical treatment.
154
Alappin t)e offended party is a form of ill4treatment #)ic) is a form of sli)t p)ysical in/'ries.
?'t if t)e slappin is done to cast dis)onor 'pon t)e person slapped1 t)e crime is slander .y deed.
"f t)e slappin #as done #it)o't t)e intention of castin dis)onor1 or to )'miliate or em.arrass
t)e offended party o't of a @'arrel or aner1 t)e crime is still ill4treatment or sli)t p)ysical
in/'ries.
T)e crime is sli)t p)ysical in/'ry if t)ere is no proof as to t)e period of t)e offended partyFs
incapacity for la.or or of t)e re@'ired medical attendance.
Re/u(lic Act No& .,!7 <S/ecial +rotection o Chil)ren against Chil) A(use0 EF/loitation an)
'iscrimination Act=0 in relation to m'rder1 m'tilation or in/'ries to a c)ild
T)e last pararap) of Article &" of 3ep'.lic Act =o. !61*1 pro$ides6
E+or p'rposes of t)is Act1 t)e penalty for t)e commission of acts p'nis)a.le 'nder Articles 24%1
24(1 262 (2) and 263 (1) of Act =o 3%151 as amended of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code for t)e crimes of
m'rder1 )omicide1 ot)er intentional m'tilation1 and serio's p)ysical in/'ries1 respecti$ely1 s)all .e
recl'sion perpet'a #)en t)e $ictim is 'nder t#el$e years of ae.G
T)e pro$isions of 3ep'.lic Act =o. !16* modified t)e pro$isions of t)e 3e$ised -enal Code in so far
as t)e $ictim of t)e felonies referred to is 'nder 12 years of ae. T)e clear intention is to p'nis)
t)e said crimes #it) a )i)er penalty #)en t)e $ictim is a c)ild of tender ae. "ncidentally1 t)e
reference to Article 24( of t)e Code #)ic) defines and penaliIes t)e crime of )omicide #ere t)e
$ictim is 'nder 12 years old is an error. Cillin a c)ild 'nder 12 is m'rder1 not )omicide1 .eca'se
t)e $ictim is 'nder no position to defend )imself as )eld in t)e case of People v. Ganohon, 1B<
+#-A 941.

+or m'rder1 t)e penalty pro$ided .y t)e Code1 as amended .y 3ep'.lic Act =o. !65(1 is recl'sion
perpet'a to deat) B )i)er t)an #)at 3ep'.lic Act no. !61* pro$ides. Accordinly1 insofar as t)e
crime is m'rder1 Article 24% of t)e Code1 as amended1 s)all o$ern e$en if t)e $ictim #as 'nder 12
years of ae. "t is only in respect of t)e crimes of intentional m'tilation in pararap) 2 of Article
262 and of serio's p)ysical in/'ries in pararap) 1 of Article 263 of t)e Code t)at t)e @'oted
pro$ision of 3ep'.lic Act =o. !16* may .e applied for t)e )i)er penalty #)en t)e $ictim is 'nder
12 years old.
RA+E
ART 6,,>A
RA+E
The Anti;-ape Law of 1BB3 1-A :484) now classified the crime of rape as #rime Against
Persons incorporated into Title : of the -P# to be 0nown as #hapter 4
ELEMENTS#
Ra/e is committe)
1. >! a man who have carnal 0nowledge of a woman $nder an! of the following
circ$mstances"
a. thro$gh force, threat or intimidation
b. when the offended part! is deprived of reason or otherwise $nconscio$s
c. b! means of fra$d$lent machination or grave ab$se of a$thorit!
d. when the offended part! is $nder 12 !ears of age or is demented, even tho$gh
none of the circ$mstances mentioned above be present
2. >! an! person who, $nder an! of the circ$mstances mentioned in par 1 hereof, shall
commit an act of se.$al assa$lt b! inserting
a. his penis into another personCs mo$th or anal orifice, or
b. an! instr$ment or ob7ect, into the genital or anal orifice of another person
Ra/e committe) un)er /ar ! is /unisha(le (y#
155
1. recl$sion perpet$a
6& reclusion /er/etua to 'EAT8 when
a. $ictim .ecame insane .y reason or on t)e occasion of rape
&% the rape is attempted and a homicide is committed &y reason or on the occasion thereof
4. A)AT6 when
a. )omicide is committed
.. $ictim 'nder 1% years and offender is6
i. parent
ii. ascendant
iii. step4parent
i$. 'ardian
$. relati$e .y consan'inity or affinity #it) t)e 3
rd
ci$il deree or
$i. common la# spo'se of parent of $ictim
c. 'nder t)e c'stody of t)e police or military authorities or any law enforcement or penal
institution
d. committed in f'll $ie# of t)e spouse1 parent or any of t)e c)ildren or ot)er relati$es
#it)in t)e 3
rd
deree of consan'inity
e. $ictim is a reliio's engaged in legitimate religious vocation or calling and is personally
0nown to &e such &y the offender &efore or at the time of the commission of the crime
f. a c)ild .elo# ! years old
. offender Hno#s )e is afflicted #it) ;A or A"DA or any other sexually transmissi&le disease
and the virus is transmitted to the victim
). offender; mem.er of t)e A+-1 or para5military units thereof1 or t)e -=-1 or any la#
enforcement aency or penal institution( when the offender too0 advantage of his
position to facilitate the commission of the crime
i. $ictim s'ffered permanent p)ysical m'tilation or disa&ility
6% the offender 0new of the pregnancy of the offended party at the time of the commission
of the crime. and
0% when the offender 0new of the mental disa&ility( emotional disorder andCor physical
handicap or the offended party at the time of the commission of the crime
Ra/e committe) un)er /ar 6 is /unisha(le (y#
1. prision ma!or
2. prision ma!or to recl$sion temporal
a. 'se of deadly #eapon or
.. .y t#o or more persons
3. recl$sion temporal B #)en t)e $ictim )as .ecome insane
4. recl$sion temporal to recl$sion pepet$a B rape is attempted and )omicide is committed
5. recl$sion perpet$a B )omicide is committed .y reason or on occasion of rape
6. recl$sion temporal B committed #it) any of t)e 1* ara$atin circ'mstances mentioned
a.o$e
Notes#
!& 'i%i)ing age in ra/e#
a. less t)an ! yrs old1 mandatory deat)
.. less t)an 12 yrs old1 stat'tory rape
156
c. less t)an 1% yrs old and t)ere is relations)ip (e.. parent etc); mandatory deat)
?eca'se of t)is amendment #)ic) reclassified rape as a crime aainst persons1 an impossi&le
crime may now &e committed in case of rape; t)at is1 if t)ere is in)erent impossi.ility of its
accomplis)ment or on acco'nt of t)e employment of inade@'ate or ineffect'al means.
T)e case of People vs. &rita (J.3. =o. %%!241 April 31 1((*)1 laid a ne# doctrine in -)ilippine
penal la# insofar as t)e crime of rape is concerned1 as it finally did away with frustrated rape
and allowed only attempted rape and consummated rape to remain in our statute &oo0s%
T)e act of Etouching1 s)o'ld .e 'nderstood as in)erently part of t)e entry of t)e penis into t)e
la.ia of t)e female oran and not t)e mere to'c)in alone of t)e mons pu&is or t)e p'dend'm.
K'rispr'dence dictates t)at t)e la&ia ma6ora (or )e o'ter lips of t)e female oran) m'st .e
entered for rape to .e cons'mmated1 and not merely for t)e penis to stroHe t)e s'rface of t)e
female oran. T)'s( gra)ing of the surface of the female organ or touching the mons pu&is of the
pudendum is not sufficient to constitute rape. 1 Pp vs. #amp$han)
Classiication o ra/e
(1) Traditional concept $nder Article 448 B carnal Hno#lede #it) a #oman aainst )er #ill.
T)e offended party is al#ays a #oman and t)e offender is al#ays a man.
(2) +e.$al assa$lt 4 committed #it) an instr'ment or an o./ect or 'se of t)e penis #it)
penetration of mo't) or anal orifice. T)e offended party or t)e offender can eit)er .e
man or #oman1 t)at is1 if a #oman or a man 'ses an instr'ment on anal orifice of male1
s)e or )e can .e lia.le for rape.
Aince rape is not a pri$ate crime anymore1 it can &e prosecuted even if the woman does not file a
complaint%
f carnal 0nowledge was made possi&le &ecause of fraudulent machinations and grave a&use of
authority( the crime is rape% T)is a.sor.s t)e crime of @'alified and simple sed'ction #)en no
force or $iolence #as 'sed1 .'t t)e offender a.'sed )is a't)ority to rape t)e $ictim.
9nder Article 2664C1 the offended woman may pardon the offender through a su&se+uent valid
marriage( the effect of which would &e the extinction of the offenderBs lia&ility. Aimilarly1 t)e
leal )'s.and may .e pardoned .y fori$eness of t)e #ife pro$ided t)at t)e marriae is not $oid
a. initio. >.$io'sly1 'nder t)e ne# la#1 t)e )'s.and may .e lia.le for rape if )is #ife does not
#ant to )a$e se2 #it) )im. "t is eno') t)at t)ere is indication of any amo'nt of resistance as to
maHe it rape.
(ncest$o$s rape #as coined in A'preme Co'rt decisions. "t refers to rape committed &y an
ascendant of the offended woman% "n s'c) cases1 t)e force and intimidation need not .e of s'c)
nat're as #o'ld .e re@'ired in rape cases )ad t)e acc'sed .een a straner. Con$ersely1 t)e
A'preme Co'rt e2pected t)at if the offender is not 0nown to the woman1 it is necessary t)at
t)ere .e e$idence of affirmati$e resistance p't 'p .y t)e offended #oman. Mere Eno1 noG is not
eno') if t)e offender is a straner1 alt)o') if t)e rape is incest'o's1 t)is is eno').
T)e new rape law also re+uires that there &e a physical overt act manifesting resistance1 if t)e
offended party #as in a sit'ation #)ere )e or s)e is incapa.le of i$in $alid consent1 t)is is
admissi.le in e$idence to s)o# t)at carnal Hno#lede #as aainst )is or )er #ill.
5)en t)e victim is &elow 7, years old( mere sexual intercourse with her is already rape. E$en if
it #as s)e #)o #anted t)e se2'al interco'rse1 t)e crime #ill .e rape. T)is is referred to as
stat$tor! rape.
"f t)e $ictim )o#e$er is e2actly t#el$e (12) years old (s)e #as raped on )er .irt)day) or more1
and there is consent1 t)ere is no rape. 0o#e$er1 3ep'.lic Act =o. !61*1 Aec. 5 (.) pro$ides t)at6
E$en if t)e $ictim is o$er t#el$e (12) year old and t)e carnal act #as #it) )er consent as lon as
s)e falls 'nder t)e classification of a c)ild e2ploited in prostit'tion and ot)er se2'al a.'se1 t)e
crime is rape.
"n ot)er cases1 there must &e force( intimidation( or violence proven to have &een exerted to
&ring a&out carnal 0nowledge or the woman must have &een deprived of reason or otherwise
unconscious%
157
"t is not necessary t)at t)e force or intimidation employed .e so reat or of s'c) c)aracter as
co'ld not .e resisted B it is only necessary t)at it .e s'fficient to cons'mmate t)e p'rpose #)ic)
t)e acc'sed )ad in mind. <People vs. #anada, 284 +#-A 233).
Carnal Hno#lede #it) a #oman #)o is asleep constit'tes 3ape since s)e #as eit)er depri$ed of
reason or ot)er#ise 'nconscio's at t)at time. <People vs. #aballero, <1 Phil. B@@).
Ae2'al interco'rse #it) an insane1 deraned or mentally deficient1 fee.le4minded or idiotic
#oman is 3ape p're and simple. T)e depri$ation of reason contemplated .y la# need not .e
complete; mental a.normality or deficiency is s'fficient.
5)ere t)e victim is over 7, years old1 it m'st .e s)o#n t)at t)e carnal Hno#lede #it) )er #as
o.tained aainst )er #ill. "t is necessary t)at t)ere .e e$idence of some resistance p't 'p .y t)e
offended #oman. "t is not1 )o#e$er1 necessary t)at t)e offended party s)o'ld e2ert all )er
efforts to pre$ent t)e carnal interco'rse. "t is eno') t)at from )er resistance1 it #o'ld appear
t)at t)e carnal interco'rse is aainst )er #ill.
Mere initial resistance1 #)ic) does not indicate ref'sal on t)e part of t)e offended party to t)e
se2'al interco'rse1 #ill not .e eno') to .rin a.o't t)e crime of rape.
=ote t)at it )as .een )eld t)at in t)e crime of rape1 conviction does not re+uire medico5legal
finding of any penetration on the part of the woman% A medico4leal certificate is not necessary
or indispensa.le to con$ict t)e acc'sed of t)e crime of rape.
"t )as also .een )eld t)at alt)o') t)e offended #oman #)o is t)e $ictim of t)e rape failed to
add'ce e$idence reardin t)e damaes to )er .y reason of t)e rape1 t)e co'rt may taHe /'dicial
notice t)at t)ere is s'c) damae in crimes aainst c)astity. T)e standard amount given now is *
3-(---%--( with or without evidence of any moral damage%
An accused may &e convicted of rape on the sole testimony of the offended woman. "t does not
re@'ire t)at testimony .e corro.orated .efore a con$iction may stand. T)is is partic'larly tr'e if
t)e commission of t)e rape is s'c) t)at t)e narration of t)e offended #oman #o'ld lead to no
ot)er concl'sion e2cept t)at t)e rape #as committed.
"ll'stration6
Da')ter acc'ses )er o#n fat)er of )a$in raped )er.
Alleation of se$eral acc'sed t)at t)e #oman consented to t)eir se2'al interco'rse #it) )er is a
proposition #)ic) is re$oltin to reason t)at a #oman #o'ld allo# more t)an one man to )a$e
se2'al interco'rse #it) )er in t)e presence of t)e ot)ers.
"t )as also .een r'led t)at rape can .e committed in a standin position .eca'se complete
penetration is not necessary. The slightest penetration = contact with the la&ia = will
consummate the rape%
>n t)e ot)er )and1 as long as there is an intent to effect sexual cohesion( although unsuccessful(
the crime &ecomes attempted rape% ;owever( if that intention is not proven( the offender can
only &e convicted of acts of lasciviousness%
The main distinction &etween the crime of attempted rape and acts of lasciviousness is the
intent to lie with the offended woman%
"n a case #)ere t)e acc'sed /'mped 'pon a #oman and t)re# )er to t)e ro'nd1 alt)o') t)e
acc'sed raised )er sHirts1 t)e acc'sed did not maHe any effort to remo$e )er 'nder#ear. "nstead1
)e remo$ed )is o#n 'nder#ear and placed )imself on top of t)e #oman and started performin
se2'al mo$ements. T)ereafter1 #)en )e #as finis)ed1 )e stood 'p and left. T)e crime
committed is only acts of lasci$io'sness and not attempted rape. T)e fact t)at )e did not remo$e
t)e 'nder#ear of t)e $ictim indicates t)at )e does not )a$e a real intention to effect a
penetration. "t #as only to satisfy a le#d desin.
T)e ne# la#1 3.A. %3531 added ne# circ'mstance B t)at is1 when carnal 0nowledge was had &y
means of fraudulent machinations or grave a&use of authority% "t #o'ld seem t)at if a #oman of
ma/ority ae )ad se2'al interco'rse #it) a man t)ro') t)e latterFs sc)eme of pretendin to
marry )er #)ic) is t)e condition 'pon #)ic) t)e #oman areed to )a$e se2 #it) )im1
manip'latin a s)am marriae1 t)e man #o'ld .e 'ilty of 3ape 'nder t)is Aection. Ao also1 a
prostit'te #)o #illinly )ad se2'al conress #it) a man 'pon t)e latterFs ass'rance t)at s)e
#o'ld .e paid )andsomely1 may .e 'ilty of 3ape if later on )e ref'ses to pay t)e said amo'nt.
158
A person in a't)ority #)o mane'$ered a sc)eme #)ere a #oman landed in /ail1 and #)o
'pon promise of .ein released after )a$in se2 #it) t)e officer1 #illinly consented to t)e se2'al
act1 may also .e fo'nd 'ilty of 3ape 'nder t)is ne# section.
(n -ape cases, co$rt m$st alwa!s be g$ided b! the following principles"
1. An acc'sation of rape can .e made #it) facility; it is diffic'lt to pro$e1 .'t more diffic'lt for
t)e person acc'sed1 t)o') innocent1 to dispro$e;
2. "n $ie# of t)e intrinsic nat're of t)e crime #)ere only t#o persons are 's'ally in$ol$ed1 t)e
testimony of t)e complainant m'st .e scr'tiniIed #it) e2treme ca'tion; and
3. T)e e$idence for t)e prosec'tion m'st stand or fall on its o#n merits1 and cannot .e allo#ed
to dra# strent) from t)e #eaHness of t)e e$idence for t)e defense. 1People vs. -icafort)
159