Study On The Effect of Biogas With Focus On Gender Issues Bangladesh 2010

Study on Effect of Biogas in the
Biogas villages households with

focus on Gender issues

Final Report

Submitted To
National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme
(NDBMP)

by

Prokaushali Sangsad Ltd
House-4, Road-6, Block-C
Banani, Dhaka-1213

December 2010

Study on Effects of Biogas in the Households in
Biogas Villages with focus on Gender Issues

CONTENTS

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 2
Chapter 1 Background, Scope of the Study and Research Methodology ................................. 8
Chapter 2 Characteristics of Surveyed Households and Biogas Plants ...................................16
Chapter 3 Gender Aspects in Biogas Project .....................................................................24
Chapter 4 Results of Focus Group Discussions ...................................................................31
Chapter 5 Conclusions and recommendations .....................................................................36

List of Annexes:

Annex -1 A summary on status of Biogas projects
Annex -2 Information on Survey/Data processing
Annex -3 English Version of Biogas Household Survey Form
Annex -4 Bangla Version of Biogas Household Survey Form
Annex -5 Biogas photos
Annex -6 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) Participants list
Annex -7 Terms of Reference
Study on Effects of Biogas in the Households in Biogas Villages with focus on Gender Issues
Prokaushali Sangsad Ltd. Dec. 2010 2
Study on Effects of Biogas in the Households in Biogas Villages
with focus on Gender Issues
Executive Summary

Background:
Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) with the support of Netherlands
Development Organization (SNV) had started National Domestic Biogas and Manure
Program (NDBMP) in Bangladesh from 2006. Later with support from KFW more than
11,000 domestic biogas plants have been installed by the end of 2009 under the NDBMP,
with a target of construct 37,269 high quality domestic biogas plants by the end of 2012
throughout the country involving the partner organizations.

Prokaushali Sangsad Limited (PSL) in collaboration with GEN Bangladesh (GENB) was
assigned this study to evaluate the gender aspect of NDBMP, in particular on its impact on
rural Bangladeshi women. The study has been undertaken to assess the situation in gender
perspective through household surveys and Focus Group discussions to ensure adequate
gender equity in future project activities of NDBMP. These are expected to contribute better
in achieving millennium development goals set by the Government.

The research undertaken here provides feedback on the gender dimension of NDBMP
project of IDCOL, and can be used as a source of information by other organizations working
with biogas technology. The study investigates (a) womens access and involvement in the
biogas program of NDBMP and its impact on their lives, (b) identifies existing constraints
which inhibit accelerated exploitation of the potentials of biogas, from gender perspective,
and (c) the role of biogas in empowerment of women.

A multi-disciplinary professional team with background in Energy, Environment, Gender and
social issues, and Statistics has conducted the study. Methodological approaches such as
Desk study and Literature review, interviewers observation, Focus Group Discussion (FGD),
and questionnaire survey were carried out.
Surveys were conducted in selected 12 Biogas villages by defined by IDCOL. These
biogas villages are spread out around the country covering the 9 districts of Rangamati,
Khagrachhari, Kushtia, Mymensingh, Pabna, Thakurgaon, Gaibandha, Joypurhat and
Dinajpur. The three organizations involved in the study include Grameen Shakti, Subashati
and Rahman Biogas.
Socio-economic background of the surveyed households show that the average family size
is 5, with about 70 percent having 4 to 6 members with nearly equal number of male and
female members. The main source of income for most of the owners of biogas plants is
agriculture and other agro based occupations. Other major sources of income are business
and service, in addition to pisciculture, vegetable gardening, shop rent and hand loom.

Table E1. Types of cooking fuel used before Biogas Plant installation
Types of Cooking fuel Number of household %
Cow dung, rice husk, fuel wood, Jute
stick, agri. waste, leaves, twigs, etc.
93 87.08
Kerosene 27 12.92
Total 209 100.00
Traditional cooking fuels used by the rural households are typically agro based by products,
which are not purchased with cash. Similarly, other forms of bio fuel are collected by the
family members from the surrounding areas as shown in Table E1. As the fuels used for
cooking in rural areas are easily available around or within the household, there was
negligible expenditure for fuel for nearly 49 percent of the households. Average monthly
expenditure for cooking fuel for other households was found to be about Taka 400 prior to
installation of a biogas plant.

For the surveyed households biogas became the main cooking fuel replacing other forms of
traditional fuel after installation of a biogas plant. Domestic (small sized) biogas plants
supported by the NDBMP are appropriate for domestic use such as cooking and lighting.
Women have expressed great satisfaction, particularly with the hassle free cooking allowed
by biogas. However, improving indoor environment in the cooking area has the greatest
impact from the gender perspective. Time spent by women for collecting fuelwood can now
be used for income generating activities and household work. Those who had to purchase
fuelwood can spend the money on other requirements including investment in business, thus
promoting sustainable economic growth, poverty reduction and social development. Thus it
can be said that the main beneficiaries of biogas plants are the women users of the
technology.

Findings:

According to the study, prior to installation of biogas plants, collection of fuel wood for the
household was done by all the members of the family, though most of the burden was on the
female members.
Several factors contributed to the decision made by a household in selection of a biogas
plant. In addition to the economic wellbeing, the household has to own sufficient number of
cows or poultry to provide sufficient raw material for the plant to operate on a sustainable
manner. Table E2 shows distribution of the plant sizes in the surveyed households. The
most popular plant size is found to be 2 and 2.4 m
3
.

Table E2 Distributions of Biogas Plants by plant size

Table E3 shows that the households having biogas plants mostly own at least three cows.
However, some of them own fewer or none, and run their biogas plants using purchased
cow dung. This is a cause for future unsatisfactory performance.

Plant Size
(in m
3
)
No. of
Plants %
1.2 6 2.9
1.6 32 15.3
2 89 42.6
2.4 57 27.3
3.2 17 8.1
4.8 5 2.4
Others* 3 1.4
209 100
*owner not aware of size
45
124
31
9
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0-2 3-5. 6-8. 8+
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

f
a
m
i
l
y
Number of cows
Table E3 Distribution of Cows used for Biogas Plant
No. of Cows Number of Family %
0-2 45 21.5
3-5 124 59.3
6-8 31 14.8
8+ 9 4.3
Total 209 100.0
Average Number of Cows: 4

As shown in Table E4, for 99 percent of the households, the main reason for construction of
a biogas plant was to produce gas for cooking. Other major reasons include reduction of
cooking time and hygienic reason that would reduce smell and improve the environment of
household. It is also important to note that about 72 percent of the households expected
reduction of energy cost whereas 75 percent was interested in production of improved bio-
fertilizer from the slurry. Additional income from sale of biogas to neighbors, or production of
electricity from biogas, was not of consideration for most in their decision to install a biogas
plant.
Table E4 Reasons for constructing a Biogas Plant

Types of Reason No. of respondent %
Produce gas for cooking 207 99.00
Production of electricity 10 4.78
Reduce the cooking time 185 88.5
Production of improved Bio-fertilized 157 75.1
Reduction of smell from Environment 168 80.4
Reduce energy cost 151 72.3
To improve the environment of house 167 79.9
To earn additional money 16 7.66
Percentage does not add up to 100 due to multiple responses

Gender Aspects of Biogas Project:
The survey indicates limited involvement of rural women in households financial decision
making activities. As shown in Table E5, in nearly 90 percent of the surveyed households,
decision for installing a biogas plant was influenced only by the male members, whereas in
about 34 percent of the households, women had some role in the decision making process.
Similarly, selection of the size of biogas plant is also mostly influenced by the male members
of the household.

Table E5 Decision making about purchasing Biogas plant by gender

Decision Taken by No. of respondent %
Male 187 89.47
Female 72 34.45
Once installed, the household members are required to receive training on maintenance and
use of the biogas plants. Although women are more involved in using the biogas plants on a
daily basis, it is the male member of the household who is the primary contact person for the
installer, and hence the training is scheduled around his convenience. Often time women are
not consulted for her availability and hence excluded from formal trainings. As per survey
about 40 percent of the male and only about 17 percent of the female respondents received
training on operation and maintenance of biogas plants.
According to the survey, about 48 percent of the respondents participated in motivation,
awareness, seminars, workshops. Others joined the training on bio-gas maintenance or its
management.
Since the male member of the household manages overall household expenditure, the
survey indicated that in about 72 percent of the households the male member bears the
expenses of maintenance of the plant. In about 50 percent of the households both the male
and female members share the overall work behind operation and maintenance of a biogas
plant, which involves mixing and feeding of raw material, cleaning nozzles and the slurry
pool of their plants etc. In some families hired personnel are engaged to do the necessary
work for them.

According to the survey about 93 percent of the people prefer not to attach their biogas plant
to the toilet, whereas only about 7 percent are interested to do so. The respondents feel that
it will not be hygienic to make a connection between the toilet and the biogas plant. The
basic idea of this arrangement is not acceptable for most of the people since they are not
accustomed to it. About 35 percent of the households also felt that they have adequate
supply of cow dung needed for operating their biogas plants; hence it is not necessary to
connect their toilet with bio-gas plant. There is a cultural barrier that has to be overcome for
using human waste as a raw material to the biogas plant. The sanitation aspect of the
arrangement is not recognized by most people.
Women engaged in cooking with biogas enjoy cleaner kitchen and agree that there is
significant improvement in their environment from using a biogas plant. Table E6 shows
comments from the respondents on the level of improvement of their kitchen and various
benefits from using biogas from cooking as opposed to traditional bio-fuel.

Table E6 Comments of respondents on improvement of kitchen environment

Comments about indoor environment
after installation of biogas plant
No.
of respondents

%
Improved, no smoke, cleaner kitchen 159 76.08
Reduced smoke 14 6.70
Not improved 9 4.31
Slightly improved 27 12.92
Total 209 100.00

Various benefits are reported by households through using biogas plants and the
respondents feel that this technology can raise their standard of living. About 76 percent of
the respondents have expressed that biogas technology has saved time and reduced their
workload in cleaning utensils and other items of the kitchen. About 70 percent of the
respondents considered women could have an opportunity to use their spare time in
productive works with possibility of added income generation like sewing, small business
and child care. Therefore biogas technology reduces smoke, lessens labor, saves time, and
also provides health benefits from clean environment.

Open fire from traditional cooking poses risk of hazard for the women in the kitchen. Women
feel safer after installation of bio-gas plant compared to the past. Hence the biogas plant
ensures safety against fire hazard for women members and their children around them.
Nearly 82 percent of the respondents feel this is a significant gender specific social
contribution of the biogas plant installation.

A major economic benefit comes from the bio-slurry, the by-product of biogas, which is a
high grade fertilizer. Biogas plants thereby have a positive impact on agricultural production
of the households since bio-slurry increases soil nutrition. It is also used directly in ponds as
fish feed. About 80 percent of the survey respondents indicate positive impact of bio-slurry
utilization on increased agricultural and vegetable productivity.

Nearly 50 percent of the respondents indicated that both the male and female members of
the family are involved in bio slurry management for the households. In certain cases, the
female members have expressed reservation in handling bio-slurry and hence in 44 percent
of cases male members take the responsibilities by themselves.
Under the NDBMP biogas program, households are in close contact with the representatives
of the POs during all the stages of biogas plant installation. The process starts with initial
dialogues to financial commitment for purchase of biogas plant and its installation. The
respondents were asked to comment on their views towards experiencing gender
discrimination in the processes led by the POs which include primary discussion, decision
making, installation and maintenance of the biogas plant. According to Table E7, women
owners of biogas plants mentioned that they did not face any gender discrimination during
any phase of the project.

Table E7 Experience with gender discrimination while procuring biogas plant

It is observed during the study that, majority of the people prefer to use biogas for their own
cooking rather than selling to neighbours. Survey shows that only 6.2 percent people share
their gas with others and make some profit from there. However in 69 percent of the cases
the male members of the family take the profit. Therefore there is financial discrimination
against women when the household profit is divided.

Almost all the respondents expressed that credit was available to them without much
problem. Around 39 percent of the respondents think that any individual should be eligible
loan whereas 27 percent think the applicant should own some sort of properties like cow or
land in order to qualify for obtaining a loan for biogas plant. Almost 60 percent of the people
took the advantage of the loan from the PO whereas the remaining 40 percent did not.
Recommendations:
1. As a policy for the future projects of the NDBMP, gender focus should extend from the
early stage of project conceptualization and planning, and should then continue up to
Experienced gender
discrimination?
No. of
respondent
%
Yes 1 0.5
No 180 86.1
Not aware 23 11.0
Refused to answer
5 2.4
Total 209 100.0
project monitoring and evaluation. In order to implement such policy there should be
explicit guidelines that identify the difference between womens and mens ability to
participate in every stage of biogas project cycle. Among others, guidelines should be
inclusive of procedures for collection of gender disaggregated data during project
monitoring, which is essential for understanding the impact of energy interventions on
people in a gender sensitive manner.

2. NDBMP should build gender awareness among its team members. Such awareness can
be extended from management and professional staff to the partner organizations.
Gender awareness training should therefore be given to those staff of NDBMP engaged
in problem identification and interfacing the POs in the field.

3. Those staff of the POs engaged in project design and implementation should be briefed
on gender and energy. The POs should be encouraged to include women members from
the community to join their team of trainers, supervisors, and become active members in
project implementation.

4. NDBMP should assist in empowering women through capacity building. In order to
disseminate knowledge among rural women, it is suggested that a brief training on the
technology be given specifically to a group of women at the time of installation. This will
help in creating a pool of trained women who can eventually be the carriers of the
technology into the untapped areas. Through such intervention NDBMP can further
enhance their scope of participation with measurable empowerment.

5. In a national scale, NDBMP should extend their collaboration with the public programs
that operate at the district level. Such programs are already designed to train and create
self employment opportunities for women. Socioeconomic and health benefits of biogas
technology can be disseminated through these programs. Communication of NDBMP
with the Ministry of Women and Children Affair can identify the ongoing training
opportunities where biogas technology can be introduced to women from a gender
awareness perspective.


Study on Effect of Biogas in the Households in
Biogas Villages with focus on Gender Issues
Chapter 1 Background, Scope of the Study and Research Methodology

1.1 Background

Gender and energy related issues have hardly been discussed as an important topic in the
policy agenda of the government as well as among common people of Bangladesh. The
gender aspects of energy as a means of empowering women through using energy
productively is not understood even by the development programmers as seen from the lack
of incentives or access to finances for household energy projects. How far use of energy can
contribute to the well-being of women and improve their position in the society, both with
respect to economic condition and personal environment, will determine its usefulness and
relevance for women. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate gender and energy issue in the
policy agenda of the country.

It is often a problem in getting information and data dealing with women and energy when
addressing the issue of womens income generating role. Other than their daily household
works they play a vital role in the economy of the country. Now-a-days in rural areas women
are contributing to the family income by involving themselves in various types of income-
generating activities (IGAs). The three major activities in which women were highly involved
are poultry- rearing, livestock rearing, and handicrafts. These all activities need sufficient
energy use.

Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) with support from Netherlands
Development Organization (SNV) started the National Domestic Biogas and Manure
Program (NDBMP) in Bangladesh in 2006. Later on KFW also joined the program from mid
2009. More than 11,000 domestic biogas plants have been installed by the end of 2009
under the NDBMP. It aims to construct 37,269 high quality domestic biogas plants by the
end of 2012 throughout the country involving the partner organizations.

This study will establish a data bank to get an impression on how Biogas technology can
help in increasing access to energy for rural Bangladeshi women. The activities and
Research undertaken in this respect will provide inputs to future projects of IDCOL, and can
be used as an essential information bank by other organizations working in the energy
sector.


Picture-1: Bio-gas Stove.

1.2 Problem Formulation/Research Rationale

The pattern of rural fuel consumption with extremely high dependence on fuel wood is
raising environmental, health and productivity problems in the rural mainstream. Because of
energy shortage animal dung is being used as fuel depriving the soil of organic matter. As a
result farmers are dependent on chemical fertilizer. Use of biomass as fuel in traditional
stoves is responsible for in-door air pollution causing health hazards to the users.
Deforestation, declining soil fertility, use of chemical fertilizer, and declining agricultural
production is a common scenario.

Domestic (small sized) biogas plants supported by the NDBMP are appropriate for
household use such as cooking and lighting. Biogas provides multiple benefits at the rural
household as well as environment levels. Women have expressed great satisfaction,
particularly with the hassle free cooking allowed by biogas. However, improving indoor
environment in the cooking area has the greatest impact from the gender perspective.
Eliminating the workload and time lost for collecting fuelwood also contributes in positively
impacting womens health and livelihood. Time spent by women for collecting fuelwood can
now be used for income generating activities and household work. Those who had to
purchase fuelwood can spend the money on other requirements including investment in
business, thus promoting sustainable economic growth, poverty reduction and social
development. Thus it can be said that the main beneficiaries of biogas plants are the women
users of the technology.

The study has been undertaken to assess the situation in gender perspective through
household surveys and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) to ensure adequate gender equity
in future NDBMP activities. These are also expected to contribute better in achieving
millennium development goals set by the Government.

Aims and Objectives:

The aim of the study was to investigate womens access and involvement in installation of
biogas plants from a gender perspective. In this regard the study focused on the following
listed objectives

a. Investigate and assess womens access to and involvement in the biogas program
and its impact on their lives.
b. Identify existing constraints which inhibit accelerated exploitation of the potentials of
biogas, from gender perspective.
c. The role of biogas in empowerment of women

1.2.2 Scope of the study:

The study reviewed and analyzed the status of biogas users of selected biogas villages from
gender perspective. During investigation and analysis the study covered involvement,
access, impact and opportunity for empowerment of women in the research areas. For the
purpose of this research work the following issues were investigated as required by the
TOR:

Womens participation in decision making.
Management: Planning process, and implementation.
Construction: Skilled/unskilled labor participation, wage rate, difference and reason
Operations and maintenance: Number of breakdowns since installation, any
caretaker,
Technology: Lighting technology, Stoves, Location of Plants and need identification,
Women access to resources: Credit: specialized credit programs,
Technical aspects: Training, Skill development for operation and maintenance. ,
Ownership of resources: Land, livestock, Building, Equipment and Liquid assets.
Health and workload: Health and hygiene impacts, workload impacts, access to
information and awareness level impact.
Dietary Impacts: Increased number of cooked meals
Bio-slurry management and utilization: pit construction, making of pit boundaries,
composition and utilization of bio-slurry
Income generation and productive work: Income generating activities and productive
works.

1.2.3 Study Approach and Research Methodology
A multi-disciplinary professional team with background in Energy, Environment, Gender and
social issues, and Statistics conducted the study. Methodological approaches such as Desk
study and Literature review, interviewers observations, Focus Group Discussions (FGD),
and questionnaire survey were carried out. However, the research mainly followed the
inductive reasoning method of scientific explanation. The research team had experience in
the fields of bio-gas, socio-cultural studies of rural people with environmental and economic
perspective. Based on previous knowledge collected from the literature review and field
work, unsorted experiences were gathered to make a trans-disciplinary approach in the
study of bio-gas.

Desk study and Literature review:
Several studies were conducted by different organizations to assess the impacts of the
biogas project. These were reviewed to get an idea about the existing status in areas in and
outside the selected survey area. This component focused mainly on an interdisciplinary
review of secondary sources related to biogas and its interrelation with gender. The review
covered from gender perspective involvement, access and empowerment of women in the
various research areas. A summary on the status of Biogas projects as reported in other
reports
1
is given in Annex 1
Household Survey:
Key targeted respondents of this survey are primarily the beneficiaries of households using
biogas plants financed by NDBMP. In this regard, one individual (Male or Female) from each
of the sampled households were interviewed for the survey to gather relevant data and
information. Around 200 households from the 6 selected villages were covered through the
household survey. Random sampling was done as far as possible with the help of IDCOL
POs participating in the project. The database provided by NDBMP was used to arrive at a
representative sample including various sizes of plants using cow dung and poultry litter.

1
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Biogas pilot plant (2nd phase ) project, BCSIR. Evaluation of Biogas plant of BCSIR, 1st and 2nd phase June 2004. DPC group.
The Biogas technology in China, Chengdu Biogas Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture. P.R.C Dec.5. 1989, Agricultural publishing house.
Prokash C Ghimire Technical study of Biogas plants installed in Bangladesh. Oct. 2005.
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http://www.undp.org/energy/docs/WEAOU_full.pdf

Selection of study area:
As per TOR, the study was conducted in the villages defined by the project as Biogas
villages. The names of 12 Biogas villages were supplied by IDCOL which has been
presented in Table 1 below. The Table represents three organizations involved in the
activities, namely, Grameen Shakti, Subashati and Rahman Biogas. These Biogas Villages
are spread out around the country covering the 9 districts of Rangamati, Khagrachhari,
Kushtia, Mymensingh, Pabna, Thakurgaon, Gaibandha, Joypurhat and Dinajpur of 5 major
divisions (Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Rangpur and Khulna).

Table-1: Bio-gas villages from NDBMP Selected for Field Survey
Sl Organization Village Union Upzila Zila Division No. of
Plants
01 Grameen Shakti Gamaridhala Khagrachari Khagrrchari
Sadar
Khagrrchari Chittagong 26
02 Grameen Shakti Rangapani Pouroshava,
Ward No 6
Rangamati
Sadar
Rangamati Chittagong 25
03 Grameen Shakti Ranchandrapur Majpara Atgoria Pabna Rajshahi 52
04 Grameen Shakti Kajirhat Ekdanto Atgoria Pabna Rajshahi 25
05 Grameen Shakti Tikuria Dhara Haluaghat Mymenshing Dhaka 57
06 Grameen Shakti Dakatia Dakatia Bhaluka Mymenshing Dhaka 25
07 Grameen Shakti Argi Salandhar Salandhar Thakurgaon
Sadar
Thakurgaon Rajshahi 40
08 Grameen Shakti Khidir Malibari Gaibandha
Sadar
Gaibandha Rajshahi 26
09 Grameen Shakti Irshania Irshania Bochaganj Dinajpur Rajshahi 22
10 Rahman Biogas Boro Tajpur Puranapail Sadar Joypurhat Rajshahi 39
11 Subashati Khalishadaha Koya Kumarkhali Kushtia Khulna 26
12 Subashati Chandpur Dasuria Ishwardi Pabna Rajshahi 27

In view of the large area coverage, it was decided after discussion with the project officials
that 50% of the villages would be visited to conduct the survey on a total of 200 households.
These would be the major biogas villages which are representative of the other biogas
villages. For this purpose the following issues have been considered:

(a) Sample would cover households from all the three NGOs/POs working for this
study project, i.e., Grameen Shakti, Rahman bio-gas and Subasati.
(b) Representation of bio-gas villages with maximum number of biogas plants.
(c) Representation of a hilly region (Rangamati Sadar), Piedmont plain (Haluaghat of
Mymensingh), Marshy land (Atghoria of Pabna), Moribund delta (Kumarkhali of
Kushtia) and Northern Flood plain (Thakurgaon Sadar).
(e) Spatial distribution (south-eastern, north-central, west-central and northern part
of the country).
(f) Transportation and communication system.

Considering all the above, the following areas were selected for in-depth field survey.
Ward No. 6 of Rangamati Paurashava, Rangamati
Ramchandrapur of Atgharia, Pabna
Khalishadaha of Kumarkhali, Kushtia
Tegharia of Haluaghat, Mymensingh
Argi Salandar of Thakurgaon Sadar, Thakurgaon
Bara Tajpur of Joypurhat Sadar, Joypurhat.


Chapter 2 Characteristics of Surveyed Households and Biogas Plants

2.1 Socio-economic background and demographic information on surveyed
households in Biogas villages
A total of 209 households were surveyed under this study. Characteristics of the households
surveyed in the biogas villages and the biogas plants being used are presented in this
chapter.

2.1.1 Family size of surveyed households

Table 2.1 shows the distribution of family sizes within the surveyed households. The average
family size is 5, with about 70 percent having 4 to 6 members. The households have nearly
equal number of male and female members.

Table 2.1 distributions of HH by family size

Family size
Number of
household
%
1-3 24 11.5
4-6 147 70.3
6+ 38 18.2
Total 209 100.0
Average family size: 5

2.1.2 Income source and distribution of surveyed households

As shown in Table 2.2 average monthly income in the households owning biogas plants
surveyed under this project is 11,642 BDT. Distribution of average monthly income in the
rural areas of Bangladesh found from secondary sources
2
shows that the monthly income of
more than 61% of rural households is less than Tk.5,000. This indicates that most of the
owners of biogas plants belong to the more affluent part of the society.

2
Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2005
32
90
43
28
16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
<5,000 5,000-10,000 10,000-15,000 15,000-20,000 20,000+
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
s
Income Group
Table 2.2 Distribution of Monthly income for
surveyed household

Monthly Income
(in TK.)
Number of
households
%
<5,000 32 15.3
5,000-10,000 90 43.1
10,000-15,000 43 20.6
15,000-20,000 28 13.4
20,000+ 16 7.66
Total 209 100
Average monthly Income: 11,642 TK.

2.1.3 Source of income:

The main source of income for most of the owners of biogas plants is agriculture and other
agro based occupations. Table 2.3 and the accompanied chart show the income distribution
along with the main occupation of respondents. The other major sources are business and
service. However, many earning members are engaged in more than one occupation.
Surveyed households were also found to have other sources of income to complement their
major income sources. As shown in Table 2.4, pisciculture, vegetable gardening, shop rent
and hand loom constitutes some of the additional sources of income for the households.

Table 2.3 Distribution of Monthly income of households by Major source of income

M
o
n
t
h
l
y

I
n
c
o
m
e

(
i
n

T
K
.
)

All Sources
of Income
Labor Agriculture Business Service Rental Remittance Others
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

%
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

%
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

%
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

%
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

%
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

%
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

%
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d

%
<5000 86 30.28 1 100 54 34.84 21 26.25 7 18.42 1 33.33 2 40
5,000-
9,999
125 44.01 69 44.52 35 43.75 17 44.74 2 66.67 2 40
10,000-
14,999
52 18.31 21 13.55 18 22.50 12 31.58 1 20
15,000-
20,000
13 4.58 6 3.87 3 3.75 2 5.26 2 100
20,000+ 8 2.82 5 3.23 3 3.75
Total 284 100.00 1 100 155 100.00 80 100.00 38 100.00 3 100.00 2 100 5 100
[Total number of house hold under different occupation is more than 209 because of multiple sources of income for the household]

Table 2.4 Other sources of income
Sources of income other than
main occupation
No. of
respondents
%
Agriculture, Pisciculture,
Gardening, vegetables
49 66.22
Shop rent 7 9.46
Handloom 11 14.86
Others 7 9.46
Total 74 100.00

Biogas plant users are also found to own other assets that are indicative of financial
solvency of the households. As shown in Table 2.5, the type of assets include land,
livestock, building and other items with re-sale value, and hence a sign of prosperity.

Table 2.5 Distribution of ownership of the following valuable assets
Type of assets No. of Respondent
Land 185
Livestock 179
Building 166
Equipment 75
Pond 43

Biogas became the main cooking fuel for the surveyed households after installation of a
biogas plant, replacing other forms of traditional fuel. Table 2.6 shows the various types of
fuel, which are easily attainable from the surroundings of the homestead and agro-field.
These forms of natural resources were being used by the households prior to installation of
their biogas plant. About 13 percent of the households were found to replace kerosene with
biogas for cooking.

Table 2.6 Types of cooking fuel used before Biogas Plant installation
Types of Cooking fuel Number of household %
Cow dung, rice husk, fuel
wood
93 44.50
Jute stick, fuel wood, agri.
waste, leaves, twigs, etc.
89 42.58
Kerosene 27 12.92
Total 209 100.00

Traditional cooking fuels used by the rural households are typically agro based by-products,
which are usually not purchased with cash. Similarly, other forms of biomass fuels like cow-
dung or branches of trees are collected by the family members from the surrounding areas.
As the fuels used for cooking in rural areas are easily available around or within the
household, there was hardly any monetary expenditure for fuel for nearly 49 percent of the
households as shown in Table 2.7. Average monthly expenditure for cooking fuel for other
households was found to be about Taka 400 prior to installation of a biogas plant.

Table 2.7 Distribution of monthly expenditure on cooking fuel
Expenditure (in TK.) Number of household %
No cost 102 48.8
<250 8 3.8
251-500 37 17.7
501-750 12 5.7
751-1000 26 12.4
1000+ 24 11.5
Total 209 100.0
Average monthly Expenditure: 393.78 Taka

According to the survey, collection of fuel wood for the household is done by all the family
members as shown in Table 2.8a. Many of the respondents indicated that mostly female
members of the household were engaged in collection of fuel wood for cooking prior to biogas
plant installation.

Table 2.8a Collecting fuel wood for cooking
Family members No. of respondent
Male 108
Female 138
Children 25

2.2 Characteristics of Biogas plants installed by the households

2.2.1 Size of Biogas plants
Several factors contribute to the decision made by a household in selection of a biogas
plant. In addition to economic wellbeing, the household has to own sufficient number of
cattle or poultry to provide enough raw materials for the plant to operate on a sustainable
manner. The plant is typically located close to the kitchen which must also have suitable
space for installation of the various components of the plant. Table 2.9 shows distribution of
the plants by size in the surveyed households. The most popular size of plant is found to be
2 and 2.4 m
3
owned by 70 percent of the households.
45
124
31
9
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0-2 3-5. 6-8. 8+
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

f
a
m
i
l
y
Number of cows

Table 2.9 Distributions of Biogas Plants by plant size

2.2.2 Source of raw material for biogas plant

Biogas plants usually operate with cow dung and poultry droppings as the main raw material
in addition to water used for mixing. Households using biogas plants usually own at least
three cows, which provide the raw material needed for their plant. Few of the households
also run their biogas plant with additional purchased dung.

Table 2.10 Distribution of Cows used for Biogas
Plants
No. of Cows Number of Family %
0-2 45 21.5
3-5 124 59.3
6-8 31 14.8
8+ 9 4.3
Total 209 100.0
Average Number of Cows: 4

Although ideally a minimum of three cows is
needed to run a bio-gas plant efficiently,
more than 20 percent of the families do not
own as many, as shown in Table 2.10.
Hence with a shortage of raw material many
of the biogas plants are currently not in use
or are used with less than full load. Some
plants were never started for production or
never worked properly after being
established due to the lack of raw material.
It was revealed during FGDs that in some cases
people were misinformed that cows would be
given for free if they installed a biogas plant.
This has resulted in people installing biogas
plants using purchased or borrowed cow-dung.
This was a temporary solution for some which
ultimately ended up being unused because of
want of raw materials. The villages of
Rustampur, Tegharia and Kutura of Haluaghat
in Mymensing have 10 plants where households
do not own any cattle.
Plant Size
(in m
3
)
No. of
Plants %
1.2 6 2.9
1.6 32 15.3
2 89 42.6
2.4 57 27.3
3.2 17 8.1
4.8 5 2.4
Others* 3 1.4
209 100
*owner not aware of size

Poultry dropping is also another useful source of raw material for the biogas plants,
especially for poultry farms owners. At the household level most of the families have poultry
birds but they are of no use for bio-gas plants unless the droppings are well managed and
collected on daily basis. As shown in Table 2.11, many households own between 10 and 30
poultry, which currently contribute to the biogas plant operation used in addition to cow dung,
whereas about 84 percent of the biogas plant owners do not need to use poultry dropping for
plant operation.

Table 2.11 Distribution of Poultry birds used for Biogas Plant

No. of Poultry birds owned Number of Family %
0-9 10 4.8
10-19 8 3.8
20-29 4 1.9
30+ 11 5.3
Dont need poultry to run their biogas plant 176 84.2
Total 209 100.0

Householders choose plant sizes as per availability of cow-dung or poultry droppings. On
average 55-60 kg of cow-dung is used per day for operation of biogas plants as shown in
Table 2.12. This is based on the assumption of respondents and is not an actual
measurement.

Table 2.12 Distribution of quantity of Cow-dung used in Biogas plants

Plant Size No. of
Plants
% Av. Number of
Cattle/HH
Cow dung
fed, kg/day
1.2
6 2.9 3 34
1.6
32 15.3 4 60
2.0
89 42.6 4 43
2.4
57 27.3 5 66
3.2
17 8.1 5 62
4.8
5 2.4 6 98
others 3
1.4

Total 209
100.0

2.2.3 Labor used in Biogas plant construction

Construction of biogas plant requires skilled labor and masons with specialized training.
According to the survey, majority of the workers were male. Number of people engaged in
overall construction is a function of the biogas plant size. In general two to four people were
engaged in the work as shown in Table 2.13.
Table 2.13 Number of people engaged in construction of Biogas plant
Number No. of respondent %
2 94 44.98
3 36 17.22
4 48 22.97
5 or more 31 14.83
Total 209 100.00


2.3 Reasons for installing a biogas plant

Rural homes typically use wood and bio-residues from agriculture as their cooking fuel.
Unless fuel wood is bought through cash purchase, fuel for cooking is usually gathered by
the women and children of a household. The main reason for investing in a biogas plant is
production of gas for cooking. Table 2.14 shows the results from the survey indicating
various reasons behind a households decision to install a biogas plant.

Table 2.14 Reasons for constructing a Biogas Plant

Types of Reason No. of respondent %
Produce gas for cooking 207 99.00
Production of electricity 10 4.78
Reduce the cooking time 185 88.50
Production of improved Bio-fertilized 157 75.10
Reduction of smell from Environment 168 80.40
Reduce energy cost 151 72.30
To improve the environment of house 167 79.90
To earn additional money 16 7.66

According to the survey, for 99 percent of the households the main reason for construction of
a biogas plant was to produce gas for cooking. Other major reasons include reduction of
cooking time and improvement of the environment of household. It is also important to note
that about 72 percent of the households expected reduction of energy cost whereas 75
percent was interested in production of improved bio-fertilizer from the slurry. Additional
income from sale of biogas to neighbors, or production of electricity from biogas, was not of
consideration for most in their decision to install a biogas plant.

Respondents gave their opinion on the negative aspects of traditional cooking fuel on health
and hygiene. As shown in Table 2.15, most people consider inhalation of smoke damaging
to their health and makes the environment around the cooking area uncomfortable.

Table 2.15 Perception on Negative aspects of traditional cooking fuel on health and
hygiene
Major Causes No. of respondents %
Black smoke damaging to health 61 35.06
Difficult to collect, destroys wood/trees, not safe for health 34 19.54
Black smoke, costly and time consuming, makes clothes dirty 49 28.16
Unhygienic to collect, destroy trees, spend more time 23 13.22
Others 7 4.02
Total 174 100.00
Chapter 3 Gender Aspects in Biogas Project

3.1 Decision on Biogas Plant Installation

As shown in Table 3.1, in nearly 90 percent of the surveyed households, decision for
installing a biogas plant was influenced by the male members, which included father,
husband or son. In about 34 percent of the households, women had some input in the
decision making. This indicates limited involvement of rural women in households financial
decision making activities. Although selection of the size of biogas plant is a function of
number of cattle available and amount of gas required for cooking, the financial decision of
investing in installing one is mainly done by the male members of the family. It is significant
to note that the female members took sole decision for about 15 percent and joint decision in
about 25 percent of the surveyed households regarding the size of the biogas plant to be
installed.

Table 3.1 Decision making about purchasing Biogas plant by gender

Table 3.2 Taking decision about size of the Biogas plant by gender
Category No. of Respondent %
Male 117 55.98
Female 32 15.31
Both 53 25.36
Others 7 3.35
Total 209 100.00

3.2 Operation and maintenance of biogas plant

Although simple in logistics, a biogas plant requires regular maintenance for effective
operation. Survey indicates that both the male and female members of a family take care of
those plants in most of the cases, as seen in Table 3.3. In other households where only male
or only female takes care of the biogas plant, there is a possibility that a particular gender
feels choosy about the activities and is not interested in handling them. However, since the
male member of the household manages overall household expenditure, the survey
indicated that in about 72 percent of the households the male member bears the expenses
of maintenance of the plant.
Decision Taken by No. of respondent %
Male 187 89.47
Female 72 34.45

Table 3.3 Person responsible for taking care of the Biogas plant
Category
No. of
Respondent
%
Adult male 37 17.7
Adult female 38 18.2
Both 118 56.5
Children 2 1.0
All 14 6.7
Total 209 100

As shown in Table 3.4, in about 50 percent of the households both the male and female
members share the overall work behind operation and maintenance of a biogas plant, which
involves mixing and feeding of raw material, cleaning, and removal of the slurry. In some
families male or female hired personnel are engaged to do the necessary work.

Table 3.4 Involvement of family members in operating the biogas plant

The activities/involvement of family
members
Male Female Both
N % N % N %
Collecting of dung/wastage of poultry 59 28.2 49 23.4 117 56.0
Mixing and feeding of the plant 75 35.9 45 21.5 106 50.7
The cleaning of the nozzles 77 36.8 44 21.0 104 49.8
Water removal from the gas pipes 77 36.8 45 21.5 106 50.7
Cleaning of the slurry pool 68 32.7 51 24.5 108 51.9
The percentages do not add up to 100 due to multiple responses

3.3 Training on operation and maintenance of Biogas plant

Once installed the household members are required to receive training on maintenance and
use of the biogas plants. It is the male member of the household who is the primary contact
person for the installer, and hence the training is scheduled around his convenience. Often
time women are not consulted for her availability and hence excluded from formal trainings.
As shown in Table 3.5, about 40 percent of the male and only about 17 percent of the female
respondents received training on operation and maintenance of biogas plants.
Table 3.5 Information related to training on use and maintenance of Biogas Plant
Received formal training
on biogas plant use
No. of
respondents
Male Female
%
Yes 120 57.40% 85 (40.7%) 35 (16.7%)
No 89 42.60% 41 (19.6%) 48 (23.0%)
Total 209 100 126 (60.3%) 83(39.7%)


Table 3.6 shows the types of training provided by the POs to the members of households
which installed biogas plants. The survey results clearly indicate that majority of the
trainings were given to the male member of the families although the women are more
involved in using the biogas plant on a daily basis. According to the survey, about 48
percent of the respondents participated in motivation, awareness, seminars, workshops.
Others joined the training on bio-gas maintenance or its management.
Table 3.6 Training and capacity building of household members
Description of training Total No. of
respondent
Male Female
N % N % N %
Effective usage of the biogas plant 25 11.96 21 10.05 4 1.91
Training on management and maintenance of
the plant
35 16.75

29

13.88

6

2.87
Motivation, awareness, seminars, workshops 100 47.85 83 39.71 17 8.14
How to use of bio-slurry and cleanness, mixing,
and handling
45 21.53

37

17.70

8

3.83
Others 4 1.91 3 1.44 1 0.47
Total 209 100.00 173 82.8 36 17.2

3.4 Possibility of connecting biogas plant with the toilet

According to the survey about 93 percent of the people prefer not to attach their biogas plant
to the toilet, whereas only about 7 percent are interested to do so. The respondents feel that
it will not be hygienic to make the connection between the toilet and the biogas plant. Table
3.7 shows the reasons for not connecting their biogas plant to the toilet. The basic idea of
this arrangement is not acceptable for most of the people since they are not accustomed to
it. About 35 percent of the households also felt that they have adequate supply of cow dung
needed for operating their biogas plants; hence it is not necessary to connect their toilet with
bio-gas plant. Some people also feel very uneasy to cook and eat afterwards if the biogas
plant is attached to the toilet. Therefore it is a cultural barrier that has to be overcome for
using human waste as a raw material to the biogas plant.

Table 3.7 Reasons for not connecting biogas plant to toilet

The major reasons for not attaching biogas plant to toilet
No.
of respondents

%
Dont like the idea 101 51.79
Toilet was built earlier in a different location 15 7.69
Have enough cow dung 70 35.90
It is very uneasy to cook and eat close to a toilet 5 2.56
Other reasons 4 2.05
Total 195 100.00

Respondents seemed to be aware about their personal hygiene. According to the survey
65% used Pucca, 26% Kutcha and 9% Ring-slab/Semi-pucca toilets before biogas plant
installation took place, which is a very good sign of awareness about health and hygiene.
However, the aspect of installing biogas plants as a means of improving the environmental
sanitation of the household is not recognized by most people.

3.5 Impact of Biogas plant on kitchen environment

All respondents agreed to the fact that there is significant improvement in their environment
from using biogas plant on a daily basis. Table 3.8 shows the comments from respondents
on the level of improvement of their kitchen from using biogas for cooking as opposed to
traditional biomass fuel. Only about 4 percent of the respondents think that there was no
improvement in kitchen environments while rest of the people recognize various benefits
from using biogas for cooking. Women engaged in cooking with biogas enjoy cleaner kitchen
compared to others people who dont have biogas plant.

Table 3.8 Comments of respondents on improvement of kitchen environment

Comments about indoor environment
after installation of biogas plant
No.
of respondents

%
Improved, no smoke, cleaner kitchen 159 76.08
Reduced smoke 14 6.70
Not improved 9 4.31
Slightly improved 27 12.92
Total 209 100.00

Male members are not usually involved in the kitchen in Bangladesh. However, in about 32
percent of the cases male members expressed willingness to help in activities in the kitchen
to help their female partners during cooking. A cleaner kitchen with gas burning stove made
this possible.

Female members spend most of their time for preparing food and hence cannot give time to
other activities. Because of biogas now they dont have to spend time for collecting fuel
wood and may get some free time for rest. So its use will create a great opportunity for
women to be involved in other activities like childrens education, income generating
activities, social and other activities. About 75 percent of the respondents have expressed
that biogas technology has reduced their workload in cleaning utensils and other items of the
kitchen.

Open fire from traditional cooking poses hazard for the women in the kitchen and it is a
common scenario to see rural women to get burned or injured while cooking. Women feel
safer after installation of bio-gas plant compared to the past. Hence the biogas plant
ensures health and safety for women members and their children around them. Nearly 82
percent of the respondents feel this is a significant gender specific social contribution of the
biogas plant installation.

3.6 Benefits received from using Biogas plants

Various benefits are reported by households through using biogas plants and the
respondents feel that this technology can raise their standard of living. Biogas technology
reduces smoke, lessens labor, saves time, and also provides health benefits. In addition to
better health effects on women from clean environment, extra free time gives them scope to
explore other activities. About 70 percent of the respondents considered women could have
an opportunity to use their spare time in productive works with possibility of added income
generation like sewing, small business and child care.
A major economic benefit comes from the bio-slurry, another product of biogas plant, which
is a high grade fertilizer. Biogas plants thereby have a positive impact on agricultural
production of the households since bio-slurry increases soil nutrition. It is also used directly
in ponds as fish feed. Opinion of the respondents on the impact of bio-slurry utilization on
productivity is presented in Table 3.9. About 80 percent of the respondents reported that
bio-slurry as a high quality fertilizer had increased agricultural production.

Table 3.9 Opinion about productivity benefits from bio-slurry utilization

Issues
Response No. of
Respondent

%
Bio-slurry use increased agricultural production

Yes
No
167
42
79.9
20.1
Bio-slurry use increased vegetable production
Yes
No
174
35
83.3
16.7
After using bio-slurry, did family nutrition level improve because of
higher consumption of vegetables
Yes
No
151
58
72.2
27.8
Can women cook more food items than before?
Yes
No
146
63
69.9
30.1
Total
209 100.0
Nearly 50 percent of the respondents indicated that both the male and female members of
the family are involved in bio slurry management for the households. In other families either
men or women undertake the job indicating that a particular gender dislikes handling the bio
slurry. In about 44 percent of the cases female members have expressed reservation in
handling bio-slurry and hence male members had to take up the responsibility. Tables 3.10
and 3.11 show the opinion of some respondents on perceived advantages and
disadvantages of bio-slurry management for women members of the family.
Table 3.10 Benefits for women from using bio-slurry
Types No. of respondent %
Can produce more vegetables, gardening 26 12.4
Cleaner environment 12 5.74
Others 3 1.44
Table 3.11 Disadvantages faced by women in managing bio-slurry
Types No. of respondent %
Dislikes handling dirty slurry 27 12.92
More work in cleaning and disposal 14 6.70
Others 4 1.91

3.7 Opinion about gender discrimination related to Biogas project
Under the biogas program, households are in close contact with the representatives of the
POs during all the stages of biogas plant installation. The process starts with initial dialogues
to financial commitment for purchase of biogas plant and its installation. The respondents
were asked to comment on their views towards experiencing gender discrimination in the
processes led by the POs which include primary discussion, decision making, and
installation and maintenance of the biogas plant. The responses are given in Table 3.12.
Women owners of biogas plants mentioned that they did not face any gender discrimination
during any phase of the project. Respondents commented about the initial dialogue with PO
staff, utilization of biogas plant, maintenance of plant, installation of plant, for bank loan,
savings and credit related works, training and awareness program. Very few cases of gender
discrimination seemed to have occurred according to peoples opinion in the study area. On
the other hand, high levels of expectations and awareness about gender equity is also not
wide spread enough to influence their say in these respects.

Table 3.12: Opinion about gender equity during Biogas plant procurement
Gender equality experienced with biogas plant stages
No. of
Respondent

%
During the initial dialogue with PO staff Yes
No
207
2
99.0
1.0
During the utilization of Plant Yes
No
206
3
98.6
1.4
Decision making for purchasing the Plant Yes
No
203
6
97.1
2.9
During the installation of Plant Yes
No
203
6
97.1
2.9
During maintenance of the Plant Yes
No
205
4
98.1
1.9
For Bank loan, savings and credit related work Yes
No
200
9
95.7
4.3
In training and awareness program Yes
No
205
4
98.1
1.9
Total 209 100

Although gender discrimination prevails in many activities within the country, according to
Table 3.13, 86 percent of the respondents did not feel it during any stage of biogas
implementation process. One of the possible reasons may be that awareness about gender
equity is not prevalent and people tend to accept official responses without question. In fact,
the lone respondent in the following table who mentioned gender discrimination was a man
who thought mens concerns were not addressed adequately.

Table 3.13: Experience with gender discrimination while procuring biogas plant

Experienced gender discrimination No. of respondent %
Yes 1 0.5
No 180 86.1
Not aware 23 11.0
Refused to answer 5 2.4
Total 209 100.0

3.8 Other issues related to Biogas plant utilization

o Selling biogas to neighbor: It was observed during the study that, majority of the
people prefer to use biogas for their own cooking rather than selling to neighbors. Survey
shows that only 6.2 percent people (13 out of 209 HHs) share their gas with others and
make some profit from there. Out of that, in 69 percent of the cases (9 out of 13) the
male members of the family take the profit. Therefore there is financial discrimination
against women when the household profit is divided.

o By using bio slurry we can increase our agricultural productivity, which consequently
increase average income available for investment in small businesses. By using biogas
in cooking women can spend her extra time for education. About 69 percent of the
respondents expressed opinion that biogas plant can help to develop womens
education, small business etc.

o The ease of operation of a bio-gas plant is enjoyed by all the consumers. While many
people like environmental benefits and hygienic aspects, people also value production of
bio-fertilizer from the slurry.
o The survey shows that nearly 82 percent of the biogas plants are registered in the name
of male members of the families, which is indicative of male dominance in the society.
o Almost all the respondents expressed that loan was available to them without much
problem. Around 39 percent of the respondents think that anybody can have the loan
whereas 27 percent think the applicant should own some sort of properties like cow or
land in order to qualify for obtaining a loan for biogas plant. Almost 60 percent of the
people took the advantage of the loan from the PO whereas the remaining 40 percent
did not.


Chapter 4 Results of Focus Group Discussions

Focus group discussions were held at each of the selected biogas villages. The objective of
these sessions were to elaborate upon information collected in the field survey giving local
people the opportunity to discuss the issues. A summary of the discussion outputs is given
below.

Picture-2: FGD Participants in Rangamati.

Q.1 Ease of understanding of communication materials provided by POs
The communication materials developed by the project were in general understood by those who
participated in the training programs and/or the discussion sessions. However most of them did not
read these thoroughly themselves, but the rules and instructions were explained to them by the PO
personnel.
Q.2 Information required by potential owners before installation of Biogas plant
The most important information for many people was related to economic viability of installing
biogas plants. In most of the areas fuel wood is available free of cost from the surrounding areas. So
the economic benefit is not obvious because the time and energy spent in collecting them, especially
since it is done by the women and children, is not considered as a valuable resource.
The cost of the plant itself is an important issue. The monthly installments are considered as a
determining factor in making decisions about purchase.
People are interested to know about the advantages and disadvantages of installing a biogas plant.
The POs usually introduce the technology to potential clients. The TV ads are also a useful way of
information dissemination.


Q.3 Perceived benefits of bio-gas plant
Time saving because they can do other works besides cooking.
available throughout the year
Healthy because of smoke free kitchen and surrounding area
Save cost of fuel and carrying cost
reduced possibility of accident from fire
saving time wasted in collecting cooking fuel
Easily available loan and financial support from the companies when making a bio-gas plant.
The slurry can be used as manure/fertilizer and fish food.

Q.4 Opinion on how information on biogas was disseminated to women
In the biogas villages the residents learn about biogas through the POs. Their representatives go
from home to home to inform potential clients. On the other hand, neighbours know about it when
someone installs a plant.
Women biogas plant users share information on the advantages and disadvantages of biogas with
other women in the village. They discuss how this technology saves time, energy and money. Use of
the slurry as manure/fertilizer and fish food, reduced possibility of accident from fire, advantages
related to health issues, etc. were also discussed.
Information on activities related to operating the plants and their experiences in doing so are also
shared. These included mixing of raw materials, lighting of the stoves and their maintenance, looking
after the slurry tank to avoid breeding of mosquitoes, safety issues, etc.

Q.5 What kind of information would be useful for women?
The following information was thought to be useful for biogas plant users and potential clients
according to Focus Group members:
Economic benefits
How to apply for loan from PO or other financial institutions
Government incentives available
How to operate a plant efficiently
Possible uses of biogas
How to make manure
Proper procedure for mixing water
Various advantages of biogas
Health benefits
Use of slurry as fish feed in ponds
Safety issues

Q.6 Who are the people in your mohallah or village who would need special help in order to
take part in the Biogas Project and to benefit from it?
Many people in the village are interested in the biogas technology but complexity of getting loan
deters them. If repayment of loan is made easier than now, many more people would be interested
to install plants. They also requested for assistance in buying water pump since equivalent amount
of water and dung is required in a plant.
Small families which have none to collect fuel but have adequate number of cattle can be helped to
install bio-gas plants. Large families having cattle can also be helped to install bio-gas plants.
Q.7 When you go out, who looks after the plant?
In the absence of the head of the household others members of the family take care of the
plant.

Q.8 Do you think you would be able to take part in a masons training for a Biogas plant?
(would you want to? Would anyone object?)
Training on plant maintenance is necessary. If there is economic benefit, people would be interested
to take masons training. The groups did not think there was any problem in taking the training.
Q.9 Do you think that you or other women would be able to become a mobiliser for the
Biogas project? What would be necessary to make this possible for yourself? For other
women?
The members of the Focus Group agreed that women could be good organizers in biogas project.
They would however need support from all walks of the society including men and women from the
community, POs, government and non-government organizations. The owners of plants can
encourage others and help by sharing experience. But positive attitude and support from the
community is essential.
Q.10 In your opinion, what are the 2 or 3 most significant problems faced by women in your
village, that affect their ability to take part in projects like this one, or any other initiative?
Usually there is no problem for women in participating in biogas projects as users. However in many
cases the husbands or other male members of the family dont approve of the women going out
without escort.
Q.11 Which factors, if any (social, technical, financial, communication, literacy) would make it
easy or difficult for women to become involved in any aspect of the biogas technology?
Easy: Social, education, regular communication with the POs,
Hard: Technology, Economic, Transport/Communication, male members of the family
dont like the women to be involved in activities outside the home.
Q12. Do you think that this project can do anything to increase any aspect of womens and girls
empowerment (for example, increased ability to contribute to decisions). If No, why not?
If Yes, what would you suggest?
Yes, the project can help in increasing empowerment of women
Increased employment opportunity
Can become POs by taking training
Will get more time for education
Will enable to take decisions more easily
Work in handicraft organization
Make handicraft production
Interested to work in different organizations.
No, we dont think so
bio-gas has no use other than comfort in cooking
there is no relationship between biogas and income generation or empowerment
it is wrong to say that a bio-gas plant saves a lot of the time of women for doing household
chores

Observations related to conducting the survey:
It was difficult reaching households in various study areas like the hilly areas in
Rangamati and there were problems in communication with Partner Organizations.

Some participants were not interested in answering several questions.

It was not possible to collect information from some plants that do not have adequate
number of birds or animals to produce biogas or manure. The following plants were
found not to be working properly mostly because of lack of cow dung or other raw
materials.

List of bio-gas plants not in operation at the time of survey
Survey
ID Name Village Plant Size
17 Md. Yasin Ali Ramchandrapur 2.4
36 Hafijur Rahman Ramchandrapur 3.2
82 Tofael Mia Rangapani 2
87 Binoy Juti Chakma Rangapani 5
89 Sameer Kanti Barua Vedvedi 2
94 Nuruddin Miajilila 2
96 Bidesh Kanti Barua Rajmoni para 2.4
130 Abdul Rafiq Rustampur 2
140 Md. Suman Mia Rustampur 2
147 Md. Nazrul Islam Rustampur 2
153 Ripon Mia Rustampur 2
154 Ashraf Ali Rustampur 2
156 Abdul Barek Rustampur 2
169 Abu Bakar Siddik Tikuria 2
170 Hasan Mia Kutura 2
171 Abdul Kaiyam Kutura 2
174 Ruhul Amin Kutura 2
182 Abdul Kaiyum Karuapara 2

Since many people are illiterate and without much contact with media/information,
some of their views on issues like womens empowerment or climate change were not
clear or not available at all.

Many people in the study areas do not have much idea about environment, sanitation,
health and hygiene and so were unable to give information about their expectations.

Chapter 5 Conclusions and recommendations

Based on the field study and observation in the primary level, some main features of the
gender aspects of impact of the Biogas project on rural households has emerged. Direct
discussion with both male and female members of the bio-gas villages has helped in
highlighting the issues of concern as given below.
Women in decision making:
Installation of bio-gas plant has not significantly enhanced the rate of womens participation
in decision making though there are many cases of joint decision making. It can be expected
that in the long run women will speak out their preferences to a greater extent. With the
opportunity of using a modern technology like biogas, they are appreciating the time and
energy saved and understanding the value of their time.
Womens access to energy and technology:
Bio-gas is a new technology to most of the rural women. In a large number of cases it is the
first time they have access to a technology that is particularly useful for their everyday work.
It has given them access to energy that they can use any time without having to spend time
in collecting. This has have given them a sense of better and comfortable life that they never
experienced before.
Saving of time and effort:
Access to biogas has empowered women by bringing them close to a technology that
requires their creativeness in operating and managing the system. Since they are the ones
who use it they take responsibility for its proper maintenance. They are able to advise others
and make suggestions to the POs about their observations.
The technology frees up time for the women and other members of the household previously
spent on collecting cooking fuel. This time and effort can now be used for helping the
children with studies or upgrade their own education. The time can be used for various other
work around the house and outside, as well as taking care of the children.
Health of women:
Bio-gas has freed women users from physical hardship of collecting and carrying fuelwood.
They have the freedom of working at ease in their kitchen now. Collecting fuel and
preserving them was never the best of experiences to them because of the long hours of
work with heavy loads, during all seasons of the year. Even older women and children would
be engaged in this hard labour which can be totally avoided by using biogas. Cooking with
open fire using fuel wood was also a health and safety issue because of the indoor pollution
and dangerous flame it creates. Using biogas has also increased their consciousness about
physical health of the family members.
Increased possibility of entertainment, leisure and relaxation will also have positive impact
on their mental health.

Womens entrance into work force:
Attending training courses, workshops, etc. can increase womens ability to join constructive
work and can help them to enter workforce with the help of bio-gas. Today rural women are
experiencing a new opportunities. They can have access to loan from the POs to start their
own business in biogas dissemination. Training them in basic account keeping and
management will go a long way in womens empowerment.

Women on property issues:
In property issue women are still lagging behind. Most of the plants are registered in the
name of a male member of the family.

Womens involvement in income generating activities:
Women are utilizing time freed by using bio-gas in income generating activities. They are
attending village co-operatives, creating handicrafts, selling them in market, producing
vegetables in own vegetable garden for family use etc. These involvements of women in
income generating activities have a great effect on enhancing the value of their role in the
family.

Recommendations:
1. As a policy for the future projects of the NDBMP, gender focus should extend from the
early stage of project conceptualization and planning, and should then continue up to
project monitoring and evaluation. In order to implement such policy there should be
explicit guidelines that identify the difference between womens and mens ability to
participate in every stage of biogas project cycle. Among others, guidelines should be
inclusive of procedures for collection of gender disaggregated data during project
monitoring, which is essential for understanding the impact of energy interventions on
people in a gender sensitive manner.

2. NDBMP should build gender awareness among its team members. Such awareness can
be extended from management and professional staff to the partner organizations.
Gender awareness training should therefore be given to those staff of NDBMP engaged
in problem identification and interfacing the POs in the field.

3. Those staff of the POs engaged in project design and implementation should be briefed
on gender and energy. The POs should be encouraged to include women members from
the community to join their team of trainers, supervisors, and become active members in
project implementation.

4. NDBMP should assist in empowering women through capacity building. In order to
disseminate knowledge among rural women, it is suggested that a brief training on the
technology be given specifically to a group of women at the time of installation. This will
help in creating a pool of trained women who can eventually be the carriers of the
technology into the untapped areas. Through such intervention NDBMP can further
enhance their scope of participation with measurable empowerment.

5. In a national scale, NDBMP should extend their collaboration with the public programs
that operate at the district level. Such programs are already designed to train and create
self employment opportunities for women. Socioeconomic and health benefits of biogas
technology can be disseminated through these programs. Communication of NDBMP
with the Ministry of Women and Children Affairs can identify the ongoing training
opportunities where biogas technology can be introduced to women from a gender
awareness perspective.

Anx1- p1

Annex 1 A summary on status of Biogas projects

o Biogas, which is mainly composed of methane (60-70%) and carbon dioxide (30-40%) is
a combustible gas produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic materials by the action
of bacteria. Methane is odourless gas and burns with a clear blue flame without smoke. It
produces more heat than kerosene, fuel wood, charcoal and dung-cakes. When biogas is
used in suitable designed burners, it gives a clean, smokeless, blue flame, which is ideal
for cooking. If biogas is used in specially designed lamp it gives a light similar to the
kerosene pressure lamps. Biogas can be used for other purposes such as electricity
generation, refrigeration, space heating and running engines but higher amount gas will
be required for these purposes. Family size biogas plant is appropriate only for the
domestic use such as cooking and lighting.

o Alessandro Volta of Italy who made the unexpected discovery of combustible air on 14
November 1776 was the first who named it as Biogas. Humphrey Davey in 1800
discovered it from farmyard manure and in 1803-1806 his friend William Henry named it
as Methane. Due to their widespread research, utilization and dissemination of biogas
technology, the Peoples Republic of China is recognized today as the leading country in
biogas technology. The Biogas Research & Training Centre (BRTC) of Chinese
Hydraulic Biogas Digesters for Asia Pacific Region was established in 1979 at Chengdu
of Sichaung Province. India is the second leading country for its contribution of Floating
Top Cover and Fixed Dome Plant.

o The technology was first introduced in Bangladesh in 1972 by Prof. M A Karim at the
Bangladesh Agriculture University, Mymensingh and subsequently by the Bangladesh
Academy of Rural Development (BARD) at Comilla. The Bangladesh Council of Scientific
& Industrial Research (BCSIR) installed more than 25000 plants; the Local Government
& Engineering Department (LGED) installed about 1900 plants; and the Environment &
Pollution Control Department (EPCD) installed 220 plants. The Danish International
Development Assistance (DANIDA); Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation
(BSCIC); BRAC; BUET; some NGOs; Department of Youth & Sports and other
organizations are doing similar research & dissemination work throughout the country.

o In 1992, LGED constructed a Chinesetype fixed dome design plant in Karimpur village
of Begumgong, Noakhali and another biogas plant using only human excreta in Faridpur
Muslim Mission. LGED also constructed a biogas plant using water hyacinth at
Mandaripur. Similarly, in 1994, LGED constructed a biogas plant using poultry
droppings at Uttar Khan, Dhaka and city waste based plants in 10 towns. In this way
LGED had built about 200 biogas plants by 1994. A wider dissemination of biogas took
place while BCSIR implemented the Biogas Pilot Plant (1st phase) Project during the
period of July 1995 to June 2000. During this period, as many as 4,664 fixed dome plants
were put forth throughout the country. The biogas farmers received an investment subsidy
of Taka 5,000 under the framework of the project. Following the successful completion of
the first phase of the program and considering the huge potential of biogas in the country,
Anx1- p2

BCSIR implemented the 2nd phase of the Biogas Pilot Plant during the period July 2000
to June 2004. Out of the target of establishing 20,000 biogas plants for this phase, a total
of 17,194 plants were finally completed. The investment subsidy for the owner was
increased to Taka 7,500 per plant. In addition to the diploma civil engineers employed
and paid on a monthly basis by BCSIR, an agency system was introduced on incentive
basis. About 50 agencies were recognized and they were provided with a lump sum fee of
Taka 5,000 per plant as service charge. About 1,000 masons and youths were trained
under the project as well. In the period from October 1998 to June 2003, LGED also
implemented a parallel biogas project with the objective of constructing 1,900 domestic
plants. As the investment subsidy for this project amounted to Taka 5,000 only, it proved
to be rather difficult to motivate farmers during the implementation of the 2nd phase of
the Biogas Pilot Plant Project as BCSIR had been providing Taka 7,500 in the past.
Therefore, the LGED project was terminated prematurely, after having constructed 1,120
biogas plants. Under the Secondary Town Infrastructure Development Project-II, another
20 domestic plants were constructed using only the human excreta as feeding materials.
Recently, Grameen Shakti (GS) has started constructing biogas plants without subsidy.
Some 120 such plants were already been constructed by December 2005 and GS aims to
construct a total of 200,000 biogas plants within a period of five years. Since there is no
formal biogas programme at this moment, some 200 plants were constructed by
previously trained diploma engineers on individual basis.

o The Netherlands Development Organization (SNV), German Technical Co-operation
(GTZ), Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) and other organizations
are also implementing the biogas project activities throughout the country. SNV has
implemented a project in Nepal over the last few years. With the 95% success of the
project, SNV expanded the program to other Asian countries and started the mission in
Bangladesh in 2004. IDCOL with the support of SNV and financing by KfW of Germany
started the National Domestic Biogas and Manure Program in Bangladesh from mid
2006 and installed 1200 family size biogas plants out of 60000 high quality domestic
plants. The successful implementation of the program depends on the easy functioning of
the plants, direct and indirect benefits enjoyed by users, socio-economic impacts,
environmental issues, health & sanitation, womens involvements etc. The major
environmental benefit from using biogas as an energy resource is that there is no net
production of greenhouse gases. The carbon dioxide released during biogas combustion
originally was organic plant material and so is just completing a cycle from atmosphere
to plant, plant to animal and back to the atmosphere. Methane is a more severe
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide and capture of biogas as a fuel prevents the release
of methane into the atmosphere. The capture of methane for use as fuel would
significantly reduce the net greenhouse gas production.

Anx1- p3

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Md. Abdul Mottalib A study on Biogas generation from organic kitchen waste and domestic sewage M.Sc Engineering
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M.A Satianathan Biogas Achievements and Challenges,. Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development, New
Delhi, 1975.

Biogas pilot plant (2nd phase ) project, BCSIR. Evaluation of Biogas plant of BCSIR, 1st and 2nd phase June 2004. DPC
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The Biogas technology in China, Chengdu Biogas Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture. P.R.C Dec.5. 1989,
Agricultural publishing house.

Prokash C Ghimire Technical study of Biogas plants installed in Bangladesh. Oct. 2005.

Annecke, W., 2002. Climate change, energy-related activities and the likely social impacts on women in Africa.In
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GEF-UNDP Small Grants Programme, 1998. Women and Energy Project.Zimbabwe.

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Genanet. A Powerful Connection: Gender and Renewables. Gender Perspectives in Industrialized Countries.
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http://www.undp.org/energy/docs/WEAOU_full.pdf

Annex 2 Information on Survey/Data processing

A. Selection of sample size and distribution:
The sample size can be determined using a standard formula:

2
2
1 * *
c
p p z
ss

, where:
z = z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level), p = percentage picking a choice, expressed
as decimal (.5 used for sample size needed), c = confidence interval, expressed as decimal
(e.g., .04 = 4), but here we followed the guidelines from Infrastructure Development
Company Limited (IDCOL). More than 11,000 domestic biogas plants have been installed by
the end of 2009 under the NDBMP.
The organization IDCOL, proposed to carry out a quantitative study more or less 200
beneficiary households from their selected areas but due to some technical difficulties the
research team was restricted to the following areas though the number of beneficiary
households were more than the required number. The total sample and the allocation to the
different Districts, Upa-zilla, Unions, and Villages are displayed in Table-A:

Table-A: Distribution of respondent by their location of Biogas-Plant

Districts Upa-zilla Union Village No. of
respondent
Total

Mymensing

Haluaghat

Dara
Karuapara
Kutikura
Kutura
Rustampur
Tikuria
6
2
6
30
12

56

Kustia Kumarkhali Kaya Kaya Bazar
Kaya North
8
23

31

Pabna Atgaria Machupara Ramchandrapur 38 38

Joypurhat Joypurhat
Sadar
Purana Pail Bara Tajpur 28 28

Rangamati
Rangamati
Sadar
Rangamati
Sadar
Vedvedi 5

30 Rangapani Rangapani Alotila
Miajilila
Mongor
Rajmoni para
Rangapani
1
1
3
1
19

Tagurgao

Tagurgao
Sadar
Salander Arajee Salander
Chandipu
12
3

26
Jogonnathpur Arajee Chandipu
Bhalukhai
6
5
Total 209 209
Anx2 - p2

In this regard, one individual (male or female) from each of the sampled household was
contacted for this survey to gather relevant data and information. 209 households of the
selected villages were covered through the household survey. Random sampling was done
based on NDBMP database representing various sizes of plants using both cow dung and
poultry litter.

B. Selection of data collection instrument/questionnaire
The questionnaire used in the survey for data collection was made of a cover sheet and
several sections. The sections are briefly described below. The questionnaire is enclosed as
Appendix.
Cover Sheet-- Identification of Sample Households: was used to write address of
sample household and its interview status.
Section 1some basic information: was used to find out the socio-economic and
demographic characteristics of the respondent.
Section 2some general information: was used to obtain some general information
about biogas plant.
Section 3---gender based information: was used to identify the women participation in
decision making
Section 4--- PO involvement: was used to obtain the PO perception on gender issues
and their activities in development of biogas plant.
Section 5--- construction: was used to obtain information on skilled/unskilled labor
participation, wage rate, difference and reason.
Section 6--- Operations and maintenance: was used to obtain information on
Breakdowns since installation, caretaker service.
Section 7---technology: this section concentrates on the lighting technology, stoves,
location of the plants and identification.
Section 8---women access to recourses: was used to identify the credits, specialized
credit programs under taken by the households.
Section 9---health and workload: was used to find out the factors responsible for
health hygiene impacts, workload impacts, access to information and awareness level
impact.
Section 10---dietary impact: was used to access the increased number of cooked
foods in everyday meal and biogas impact on it.
Anx2 - p3

Section 11---bio-slurry management and utilization: was used to find out the
information on pit construction, making of pit boundaries, composition and utilization of
bio-slurry.
Section 12--- income generation and productive work: was used to obtain
information on income generation activity and productive works after installation of plant.
Section 13--- to produce manure: was used to obtain information on number of cows
or poultries used as plant and the quantity of manure produced
Section 14--- gender discrimination: was used to find out any discrimination about
gender on biogas related issues and others
The questionnaire was developed in consultation with IDCOL and other partner
organizations. The questionnaire prepared in English was translated into Bengali by
research team. The questionnaire was pre-tested before it was finally adopted.

C. Quality control and data collection
The questionnaire was pre-tested in a biogas plant area near Dhamrai. The pretest was
completed before finalizing the data collection schedule. The research team shared the
pretest experiences with the experts and made necessary correction to finalize the
questionnaire. A total of 8 members of research team carried out the pretest work.
Recruitment of field personnel:
The survey was conducted in two groups headed by two experts of the research team. They
included both male and female interviewers. Each group included one supervisor and one
quality control officer to monitor and maintain the quality of field data. The data collection
was done from 13 August to 28 August 2010.
Training:
Field personnel including interviewers, supervisors and quality control officers were given
two days training on the survey questionnaire and methodology from 9-10 August 2010. The
senior research team members imparted the training, ensuring that the field personnel
acquired the knowledge and skills they needed to successfully carry out their respective
responsibilities for the survey.
Fieldwork:
Field data collection was carried out over a period of 15 days from 13 August to 28 August
2010 and deployed two teams in different parts of the country where the biogas villages are
located area and maintained the quality of data as stated earlier.

Anx2 - p4

D. Data processing, tabulation, and Statistical Analysis
As soon as the questionnaires from the field were received at the office of research team,
they were reviewed by editors to see if they were successfully and correctly completed.
Where inconsistencies were observed in a questionnaire, they were resolved through
discussions with the interviewers, quality control officers and supervisors. The editors also
categorize and coded the responses to open ended questions.

Thereafter, data from the questionnaire were entered into computer, with double entries,
using the computer package programme MS Access and SPSS respectively. The double
entries were done in order to minimize the data entry errors. All data base files were then
compared to identify the entry errors. The system matches observations that were entered
identically in both databases. The observations that do not match were identified and
manually corrected. This is a useful and efficient method for data cleaning.
The data in the computer were also cleaned by checking of range and structure of the input
variables and by using other checks for internal consistencies. The tables contained in this
report were produced after cleaning of the data.

Five data entry operators were employed to enter data from the questionnaires into the
computer. In addition to the data entry operator, one data entry supervisor was employed to
oversee the work of the operators. The data entry work started from 1 September and
completed by 15 September, 2010.
Data were registered using Microsoft Access data entry and verified by SPSS. Descriptive
Statistics, univariate, and bi-variate, analysis were applied. Some graphs and maps also
conducted for better understanding and were done using Excel and Geographic Information
System (GIS).
The socio-economic and demographic situation and other programmatic variables were
assessed by simple percentages. Some bivariate analyses were done to identify the gender
based differences in biogas utilization, maintenance, trainings and other related variables as
mentioned in the questionnaire/instrument section.

E. GIS Tool:
Geographical Information System (GIS) is an important tool for planning and decision
making. For the purpose of this research work GIS has been used both in Planning and
design of the sample locations and with the distribution pattern of the biogas plants GIS
shows the zone of concentration of biogas plants in the biogas villages. During the planning
phase of sample biogas GIS helps to select the study sites. Using the Overlay analysis of
Anx2 - p5

GIS the Roads, Rivers and Settlements of the study sites are identified. This was very much
helpful to easily access the sites and calculation of study period with approximate time of
transport and the tentative available means of transportation. The road and settlement
database are collected from the published map from the Local Government and Engineering
Department (LGED), The River database are collected from the published maps of
Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). The boundary of the study sites are
collected from the small area atlas published by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS).

After the field visit the research team has identified the absolute location of the biogas plants
at each of the biogas villages and presented in the Map. The work was done using the GPS
technology. These types of maps can give information on concentrated zone along with the
spatial distribution of the biogas plant. The implementing organization can use these types of
maps for their planning which can help them to take decision where to establish new biogas
villages.

Anx3 p1

Annex-3 English Version Biogas Household Survey Form

For study of impact of Biogas in Biogas villages households with focus on gender issues

Instruction for Interviewer:
Conduct the interview in an informal, conversational manner, asking questions gently in a soft tone.
Put the respondent at ease. Do not proceed in an interrogative manner or intimidate the respondent in
any way. Give sufficient time to the respondent to reflect and answer the questions without feeling
rushed. If the respondent does not understand the question, repeat it slowly.
Initial Screen: Respondents must be Men and Women using or having the Biogas plant at
their home.

INFORMED CONSENT

Hello, My name is_________________________ and I am working with ___________, a private
research organization located in Dhaka. To assist in the implementation of new Biogas plants in the
country under NDBMP program, we are now conducting a survey about the impact of Biogas in
Biogas villages households with focus on gender issues. We would very much appreciate your
participation in this study. I would like to ask you about Biogas and gender issues. The information
will help to plan activities and policies taking into consideration of gender issues. The survey
usually takes between 20 and 30 minutes to complete. Whatever information you provide will be
kept strictly confidential and will not be shown to other persons.

Participation in this survey is completely voluntary. If we come to any question you dont want to
answer, just let me know and I will go to the next question; or you can stop the interview at any
time. However, we hope you will participate in the survey since your views are important.

At this time, do you want to ask me anything about the survey?
May I begin the interview now?

Signature of interviewer: __________________________ Date:________________________

Respondent agrees to be interviewed 1 Respondent does not agree to be interviewed.2
Respondent is not available 3 END
(N.B.: Please give check mark in the blank box and write your opinion in blank space)

IDENTIFICATION
1.1 Name of head of household:

District: Upazila:

Union: Village:
Plant ID Number: Plant Size:

Anx3 p2
Basic Information:

1.1 Name of the respondent: ________________________________________________

1.2 Age of the respondent:

__________________________________________________________________________________

*code: 1 - Service; 2 - Business (specify); 3 - Farmer; 4. Student, 5 - House wife
6- Day laborer; 7 - Fisherman; 8 -; Unemployed 9. Retired 10- Others (Gold smith, Potters,
Carpenter, Tailor, Village Doctor, Mason, Barber, Vendor, Van puller, Rickshaw puller, Boatman
etc. .................................specify in any)

1.7 Education**(code):

**code: 1- Illiterate; 2- Institutional education; 3- Primary or equivalent; 4- Class Eight or equivalent;
5- Class ten or equivalent 6- SSC passed or; equivalent 7- HSC passed or equivalent; 8- Graduation or
equivalent;

1.8 Number of Cattles to feed the Biogas Plant:
1.9 Number of poultry bird

2. General Data
2.1 Reasons for constructing a Biogas Plant (Multiple choices are possible)

Production of gas for cooking

Production of gas for cooking and lighting

Production of electricity

Reduction of cooking time
1.3 Religion: Islam ,Hindu Christian Buddhist , Others
1.4 Number of Family Member : Male Female Child

1.5 Sources of Household annual income (in Tk.):

a) Labor
b) Agriculture..
c) Business
d) Service..
e) Rent
f) Foreign money
g) Others

1.6 Interviewer Occupation*(code):

Anx3 p3

Availability of high quality Bio fertilizer

Reduction of smell

Reduction of fuel wood

Better home environment

For extra income

Others: (Specify) ______________________________________________

3. Data about Gender Issues

3.1 Decision making

3.1.1 Who decided to purchase the Biogas Technology?

Father Mother Husband Wife Others

3.1.2. a Before Biogas Plant for cooking what kind of fuel wood used to collect?

__________________________________________________________________________________

3.1.2.b Was it easy to collect? Yes No

3.1.2.c What kind of difficulties have you faced?

__________________________________________________________________________________

3.1.2.d. Who used to do that work?

Men Women Boys

Girls Domestic helps others

3.1.2. e What was the cost for fuel wood?

3.1.3 Do you think, collecting cooking fuel wood was time consuming and what impact it had on the
health and environment?
Yes No

Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________

Anx3 p4
3.1.4 For using Biogas Plant what kind of time are you saving now, at present how are you using that
time?

__________________________________________________________________________________

3.1.5 For that any extra income you can do? Yes No

3.1.6 How did you know about Biogas Plant for installation?

__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Participation of Women PO staff in management of Biogas Plant

4.1.1 Who from PO contacted you for installation of Biogas Plant?

Men Women Both

4.1.2 With who in the household is staff from PO contact and communicate?

Men Women Both

4.1.3 What was the reason for communication and contact?

__________________________________________________________________________________

4.1.4 Do you think women empowerment is the part of POs activities? Yes No

5. Construction

5.1 How many women/men are working during construction of Biogas Plant?

6. Operation and maintenance

6.1 Was there any breakdown of Biogas Plant since installation?

Yes No

6.1.1 If yes how much time was taken to fix the breakdown of Biogas Plant?

______________________________________________________________________________

6.1.2 Who is responsible mainly for operation and maintenance?

Men Women Both Children All

6.1.3 Who paid money for necessary maintenance?

_________________________________________________________________________________
Anx3 p5
6.1.4 Who takes care of the following?

No Subject Men Women Both Child
Boy
Child
Girl
Domestic
help ( Boy)
Domestic
help ( Girl)
1 Cowdung/Poultry
excreta collection

2 Mixing and Feeding
3 Cleaning nozzles

4 Water removal from
the gas pipes

5 Cleaning pools

6.1.5 To undertake potential tasks what constraints are they likely to face?

__________________________________________________________________________________

6.1.6 How to address them?

__________________________________________________________________________________

7. Technology

7.1 Who does the work and spends time for properly using the Biogas Plant?

______________________________________________________________________________

7.2 Who made the decision about the size of the Plant?

_______________________________________________________________________________

7.3 Who made the decision about the location for Biogas Plant installation?

_______________________________________________________________________________

7.4 Do you use Biogas for lighting? Yes No

7.5 Who paid/is paying for the Biogas technology?
_______________________________________________________________________________

7.6 Can you understand the instructions presented in the posters and other promotional and
instructional materials?

Yes No

7.7 If No, what areas should be improved?

Suggestions from Men (At least one)
_________________________________________________

Anx3 p6
Suggestions from Women (At least one)

7.8 For what purpose are you using Biogas?

Cooking For selling gas

Lighting Others

What are the features of Biogas Plants that user value?

____________________________________ _______________________________

___________________________________ _______________________________

____________________________________ _______________________________

_________________________________________ _____________________________

8. Women Access to resources

8.1 Is loan available for installation Biogas Plant? Yes No

If yes who can get loan?
__________________________________________________________

8.2 Do you take loan from credit programs? Yes No

_________________________________________________________________________

8.3 Do you have any income from informal sources? Yes No

If yes, please mention _______________________________________________________

8.4 Do you have any training or skills for operation and maintenance? Yes No

If yes please Mention___________________________________________________________

8.5 Who/whom attended training introduced by PO? Men Women

8.6 Please mention the training you have attended ________________________________

Anx3 p7
8.7 What are the main disadvantages of Biogas Plant?

a)_________________________________________________________________________________

b)_________________________________________________________________________________

c)_________________________________________________________________________________

d)_________________________________________________________________________________

8.8 Do you have any ownership of the following things?

Land Livestock Building Equipment Pond

8.9 Who was registered (by name) as the owner of the biogas technology?

__________________________________________________________________________________

9. Health and workload

9.1 Do you think Biogas Plant is a healthy technology? Yes No

If yes why?__________________________________________________________________

9.2 Have you attached toilet to the Biogas plant? Yes No

If No why?____________________________________________________________________

9.3 What was the status of toilet before biogas plant construction?

______________________________________________________________________________

9.4 Was there any air pollution in the kitchen by smoke? Yes No

9.5 Is there any change in the kitchen environment after the installation of the biogas?

9.6 Are their any changes in the support from men for the kitchen chores? Yes No

9.7 Due to less smoke in the kitchen what is the status of below things: More/Less/None/Same

Anx3 p8

Disease/Accident Present Status Previous Status
Male Female Children Male Female Children
Eye infection

Respiratory
infection

Gastro-intestinal
diseases

Tuberculosis

Diarrhea

Typhoid

mosquito/flies
induced diseases

Accidents due to
fire/burning

9.8 Do you feel that the workload is less than before? Yes No

9.9 If Yes! Why? _____________________________________________________________

9.10 Do you think Biogas plant bring good health, safety and well-being especially to women
members in household?
Yes No

Why? __________________________________________________________________________

9.11 What are the practical difficulties for men/women to participate in user training and how can
they be addressed?
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

9.12 How can we resolve the difficulties?

__________________________________________________________________________________

10. Dietary Impacts:

10.1 Are your family members eating more food items per meal than before?

Yes No

10.2 Is it contributing to the dietary needs of the family members? Yes No

11. Bio-slurry management and utilization:

11.1. Who manages and utilizes bio-slurry? Male Female Both

Anx3 p9

1.1.2 After using bio-slurry what are the advantages and non-advantages for women?

_______________________________________________________________________________

1.1.3 How do you benefit after using bio-slurry?

a) More agro production Yes No

b) More vegetable production Yes No

c) Others_____________________________________________________

12. Income Generation and productive work:

12.1 Do you think Biogas plant gives an opportunity for the women to engage in income generation
and productive work?

Yes No

12.2 Do you sublet to your neighbors? Yes No

12.3 Who keeps the profit?

12.4 Do you think using biogas contributes in education and professional /enterprise development
especially to women and girls?

Yes No

Why____________________________________________________________________________

13. Manure

14. Discriminatory Practice
14.1 Have you ever felt discriminated against during your association with Biogas Plant e.g. in initial
dialogue, decision making period, installation, utilization, management etc?
1. Yes 2. No 3. Refused 4. Don't know
What type of
Animal
Excreta using
Number of animal

Manure volume (kg/day)

Cow
Poultry/Duck
Goat
Anx3 p10
14.2 Do you think all women and men were fairly treated in the following steps and why? [Multiple
response]
Check Yes or No in the box
During the initial dialogue with PO staff.Yes No

Decision making for purchasing the plantYes No

During installation Yes No

During Utilization .Yes No

During Maintenance why? Yes No

During association with Bank for loan or saving and credit related work

Yes No

In training and awareness programs Yes No

Specify others_______________________________________________________________

Date: ______________________

Name: ______________________

Signature: ______________________

Information collecting persons name:__________________________________________

Anx4p1

Annex- 4 Bangla Version Biogas Household Survey Form
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Anx4p2
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Anx4p3
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__________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________

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6.1.3 ibvebi Rb K A_ eq Kib?_______________________________
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Anx4p4
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__________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

bvix (1 Rbi AwfgZ)___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________ _______________________________
_____________________________ _______________________________
_____________________________ _______________________________
_____________________________ _______________________________

Anx4p5
8. bvixì KvQ mì mnRjfZv

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Di nu v nj DjL Kib________________________________________________
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K._________________________________________________________________________
L.__________________________________________________________________________
M.__________________________________________________________________________
N. _________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Anx4p6
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__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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1) ewk cwigvb K wl cb Drcv`b nu v bv
2) ewk cwigvb mewR Drcv`b nu v bv
3) Abvb______________________________________________________________

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12.3 G jvfi Ask Kvi KvQ _vK ?
__________________________________________________________________________
12.4 Avcwb wK gb Kib evqvMvm gwnjv Ges gqì wkv Ges y` eemv cwZvb ZwiZ mvnvh Ki ?
nu v bv
Kb?_______________________________________________________________________

Anx4p7
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2. cvU eenvii mgq nu v bv
3. cvU qi wmv M nbi mgq nu v bv
4. cvU vcb Kivi mgq nu v bv
5. cvU ibveb Kivi mgq nu v bv
6. evsK _K Fb M nY, mq, mwgwZi FYMnb BZvw` welq nu v bv
7. cwkY Ges mPZbZv ew Abyvbi mgq nu v bv
8. Abvb nu v bv

ZvwiL: ______________________________

bvg: _______________________________

^vi: ______________________________

Z_ msM& nKvix ewi bvg_________________________
wK aibi Rxe Ri gj
eenvi Kiv nq
ci msLv
Mvei / wevi cwigvb
(KwR/w`b)
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gy iMx

nuvm

Anx5-p1
Annex-5

Biogas pipe line for cooking

A view of a Biogas plant

A Biogas plant in Kushtia

A view of a Biogas plant

Gas line connection

Bio slurry management and homestead
gardening

Anx5-p2
A Biogas Plant in Pabna Adding water in the Biogas Plant

Bio slurry management & organic fertilizer

Bio slurry pit and management

Biogas Plant in mixing condition

External pipe for gas supply

Biogas Plant mixing

Conducting Biogas survey

A Biogas Plant in Rangamati

A Biogas Plant in Pabna

Anx6-p1
Annex- 6 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) Participant list

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Version 1: 20/01/2010
TOR for Study on Effect of Biogas with focus on Gender issues Page 1 of 7

Annex 7

Terms of Reference for

Study on Effect of Biogas in the Biogas villages households
with focus on Gender issues

1. Background
Bangladesh is an agrarian country and because of increasing population growth, the
amount of per capita cultivable land is dwindling very fast. Bangladesh has been
facing a severe power crisis for about a decade and the power generation is almost
entirely dependent on natural gas about 84.5% of total electricity generation
installed capacity. The Renewable Energy policy of Bangladesh published in 2008,
stated that renewable energy could play a vital role for the provision of the rural
energy supplies.

There are indications that consumption of biomass energy has already exceeded the
regenerative limit and there prevails energy crisis in the rural areas of Bangladesh.
Because of energy shortage, more and more agricultural residues and animal dung
are being used as fuel depriving the soil of organic matter and essential
plantnutrients. As a result, soil fertility is declining and the farmers are becoming
more and more dependent on chemical fertilizer. Moreover, use of biomass, as fuel
in traditional stoves, is responsible for in-door air pollution causing health hazards
to the users. It is apprehended that, with the population growth, the energy crisis,
environmental degradation, indoor air pollution-related diseases, deforestation,
declining of soil fertility, use of chemical fertilizer and declining of agricultural yield
will sharpen further if things move as usual and no alternative measures are
undertaken. The patterns of rural fuel consumption with extremely high
dependence on fuel wood, agricultural residues and animal wastes give rise to
environmental, health, and productivity problems. Biogas plants provide multiple
benefits at the household, local, national and global level, with tangible impact on
gender, health, poverty, employment and environment and also offer a sustainable
solution, at least in part, to most of the abovementioned problems. The technology
is simple, proven and acceptable to the common people. Raw materials are
available easily and cheaply in the rural areas.

Considering the above scenario Infrastructure Development Company Limited
(IDCOL) with the support of Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) had
started National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme (NDBMP) in Bangladesh
from 2006 and later KfW also joined the programme from mid 2009. Some 10,000
domestic biogas plants have been installed by the end of 2009 under the NDBMP.
NDBMP aims to construct 37,269 high quality domestic biogas plants by the end of
2012 through out the country involving the partner organisations. NDBMP has plan
to include gender issues as spearhead and cross-cutting theme.

Version 1: 20/01/2010

During the Biogas Users Surveys and several visits by the officials of the
programme, women have expressed great satisfaction, particularly with the instant
cooking aspects allowed by biogas and the impacts of bio slurry utilisation. Not only
time and labor for the collection of traditional cooking fuels and cleaning of cooking
pots are greatly reduced, but also biogas is much quicker and easier for cooking.

For this purpose, NDBMP aims to select suitable consulting firm for conducting the
gender mainstreaming activities. The firm will submit the proposal with technical
and implementation methodology

2. Objectives
In view of above, IDCOL considers the need to assess the biogas development from
gender perspective. The study shall investigate and assess women's access to and
involvement in the biogas and its impact on their lives. At the same time the study
has to identify existing constraints, which inhibit fuller exploitation of the potentials
of biogas from gender perspective.

3. Scope of Study and Training Activities
The study shall review the status of biogas users of selected biogas villages from
gender perspective. While carrying out the investigation and analysis from gender
perspective the study shall encompass involvement, access and empowerment of
women in the following research areas before and after the introduction of the
technology:

Women Participation in:
Decision-Making: Gender's participation in decision-making
process in key issues
Management: Planning process; Resource mobilization;
Implementation, supervision and linkages
with the local line agencies.
Construction: Skilled/unskilled labor participation men/
women; Wage rate men/ women; any
difference in wage rate; and Reasons for the
differences.
Operation and maintenance: Number of breakdowns since installation;
Time taken to fix the breakdown; who are
the caretaker men/ women and from where
village/ outside. Daily feeding done by whom
Technology: Women/men users consulted about choice of
size of plant, lighting technology, stoves,
location of plants, need identification etc.

Version 1: 20/01/2010

Women Access to resources:
Credit: Specialized credit programs, informal
sources.
Technical know-how: Training, Skill development for operation and
maintenance.
Ownership of resources: Land, Livestock, Building, Equipment and
Liquid assets.

Health and workload: Health and hygiene impacts men/women;
Workload impacts men/ women; Access to
information men/ women; and Awareness
level impacts men/ women.

Dietary Impacts: Increased number of cooked meals, use of
more beans and eating of less processed
food.

Bio-slurry management and utilization: Pit construction, making of pit
boundaries and shade,
composting and utilisation of
bio-slurry

Income Generation and Productive work: Income Generating Activities
and Productive work
men/women due to use of
biogas and bio-slurry.

NDBMP aims to improve the equal participation of men and women in programme
level and household level. In this regard, programme related to gender
sensitization, capacity building and active participation in the programme will be
emphasized. 40 participants from POs will be oriented on gender and energy
concept by providing on gender sensitization (2 days) in relation to biogas. A TOT
training on gender mainstreaming will be conducted for the programme staff and
POs. In addition about 200 female biogas motivators will be trained in local level
and engaged in biogas promotion and demand collection. These female motivators
will be linked with the POs and will be paid as per the number of households
collected and plant constructed. A study on effect of Biogas in the Biogas villages
households will also be conducted. These activities will be sub-contracted to capable
institution.

Version 1: 20/01/2010

Tentative list of activities with estimated budget for the year 2010 is as follows:

4. Approach and Methodology
The Consulting firm should mention the detailed approaches and methodology for
carrying out this study. But methodology shall include the team composition, desk
study, review of all the relevant literature related to study and the statistical
process to select the samples. Based upon the review of the literatures, the
consulting firm shall formulate the tools of data collection such as structured
questionnaire, checklists for focus group discussions, observation sheets etc,
including quantitative and qualitative outputs planned through these surveys, and
areas of operation which shall be finalized in agreement with NDBMP/IDCOL.

It is aimed to have a minimum sample size of total 200 biogas households which
shall be distributed among the selected biogas villages, if possible, in different
socio-cultural settings so that proper representation will be possible.

Random sampling shall be done based on NDBMP database representing various
sizes both cow dung and poultry litters plants. Based upon the database available
from NDBMP, the consulting firm shall prepare a detailed list of randomly selected
200 households.

The consulting firm shall organize an intensive training for the members of field
survey team prior to the pre-testing of questionnaire and field mobilization. The
consulting firm shall prepare a detailed programme regarding the mobilization of
survey team for field studies and will submit a copy to NDBMP/IDCOL to enable it to
monitor the activity in the field.

5. Submission of Proposal
The proposal shall comprise of two parts: technical and financial. Both parts should
be submitted to IDCOL in separate sealed envelopes. The technical proposal should
contain a clear description of the objectives, working methodology, activities,
expected major output and a report layout, the CVs of the persons clearly indicating
the job title and responsibilities of each individual to be assigned in the study. In
addition to these, company profile including past experience of working in biogas,
surveys, financial and technical capability of the consulting firm, organizational
structure etc. should also be clearly reflected by the consulting firm.

In financial proposal, detail break down of the financial estimate such as cost of the
experts, field, stationery, photo copies etc. need to be submitted by the consulting
firm. The total project cost including tax should be written clearly both in figure and
in words.

The best two/three technical proposals will be selected and the corresponding
financial proposal will be opened. Based on the evaluation, IDCOL will select the
one of best proposals of the consulting firm and award the work.

Version 1: 20/01/2010

6. Work Schedule
The study shall commence tentatively from May 2010 and needs to be completed in
a period of three months. The Consulting firm should elaborate detail Work
Schedule to be carried out for implementation of the proposed programme.

7. Terms of Payment
Payment will be made according to the following schedule:

20% after signing the contract agreement
40% after submission of inception report & acceptance by IDCOL
20% after submission of the draft report & acceptance by IDCOL
20% after submission and acceptance of the final report by IDCOL

8. Reporting
The consulting firm should submit reports in three stages of the study:

8.1 Inception Report
Before proceeding to the fieldwork, the Consulting firm shall submit two copies of
inception report containing information collected from desk study and the detailed
work plan. The Consulting firm shall consult with IDCOL prior to preparing the
report, which contains detailed for the proposed work including methodology.

The inception report must be submitted within 2 weeks after signing of the
contract.

8.2 Draft Report
The data collected from the field shall be checked and verified thoroughly by the
Expert prior to processing. After incorporating the relevant data synthesized from
the study, the Consulting firm will submit 3 copies of the Draft Report to
NDBMP/IDCOL. The report shall include approach and methodology of the study,
discussions on major findings, implications and issues, and suggestions and
recommendations, etc.

The draft report must be submitted within 8 weeks after signing of the contract.

8.3 Final Report
After submission of the draft report, the Consulting firm shall organize a
consultative workshop to present the findings of the study among the stakeholders
and to get comments and suggestions, in consultation with IDCOL. In the final
report, the Consulting firm should clearly mention the methodology, output of the
study and recommendations based on the study by incorporating the comments
and suggestions received from the stakeholders. Five copies of final report and an
electronic copy (in CD word and excel files) must be submitted to IDCOL including
an executive summary in Bangla. The reports must be prepared and performed in a
professional way by adhering to strict quality standards

Version 1: 20/01/2010

9. Human Resources
The Consulting firm will have to involve experienced professionals (Gender Expert,
Socio-economist, Energy and Environment Expert, Statistician, Agriculturalist and
enumerators) who have contributed in carrying out the similar study in the past.
The Consulting firm shall submit the name(s) of the proposed human resources for
execution of the proposed project. The detailed CVs of the experts to be involved
for the conduction of this study must be submitted with their original signature and
their commitment to provide the full time for this study.

10. Budget
Based upon the aforesaid guidelines of the programme, the Consulting firm shall
submit a budget not exceeding Taka six hundred thousands including detailed
breakdown of the cost estimate.

11. Delays
In the event of failure to comply with the completion period, the consulting firm will
have to request IDCOL for extension giving reasonable cause for such delays. If
IDCOL does not find the causes reasonable, the consulting firm will have to pay
penalty at rate of 2% of the total contract value of the order for each weeks delay
up to first three weeks. If the delay is more than three weeks, IDCOL shall have
right to terminate the contract.

12. Force Majeure
In case of force majeure, the consulting firm is entitled to an extension of the
completion time. Force majeure is understood to be natural disasters, fires strikes,
Lockout sabotage, breakdowns and accidents of all kinds, war to like conditions,
riot, and civil commotion or due to circumstances beyond the control of consulting
firm. Apart from an extension of the time of completion, force majeure does not
entitle the consulting firm to any compensation for damage or loss suffered.

13. Termination of Contract
In the event that work progress or quality is not satisfactory, IDCOL shall have the
right of withdrawing the contract partly or wholly. Justification for such action will
be provided in writing. The portion of the contract value that has not been paid
when such action is taken will be retained in IDCOL as liquidated damages.

14. Acceptance of Proposal
All rights are reserved with IDCOL either to approve or disapprove the proposal
without giving any reasons whatsoever. If needed, the Consulting firm will be asked
for modifications in the proposal before approval.

15. Comments on ToR
The Consulting firm can comment on the ToR and provide the suggestions for the
improvement of the outcome of the study. Upon agreement by IDCOL the
consulting firm can improve the proposal accordingly.
Version 1: 20/01/2010

Basis for Evaluation of the proposals

The following will be the marking of the technical and financial proposals.

A. Technical Proposal and Implementation Methodology 100%

A. Technical Proposal

One hundred marks are considered as total mark for Technical Proposal. The basis
for the evaluation of the technical proposals will be as mentioned below.

1. Experience of firm ...... .......10
1.1 Relevant areas of works of the firm......3
1.2 General Experience of firm ...........2
1.3 Experience of firms particularly on purposed task.5

2. Methodology to carry out the proposed tasks and
effectiveness.....................................................................40
2.1 Methodology to carry out the tasks.......30
2.2 Innovative approaches and sincerity for tasks......5
2.3 Manning and work schedule..........5

3. Composition of team proposed studies......40
3.1 Qualification of the personnel ..........15
3.2 General Experiences of the personnel ......5
3.3 Experiences of the personnel in similar tasks.20

Only those firms whose marks of the technical proposal are above 60% would be
called for making a presentation.

4. Presentation.............................. 10
4.1 Clarity about the TOR...........................................5
4.2 Commitment from the team members ......................................5

Total 100

C. Selection

The marks are added and the firm obtaining highest score would be awarded the
contract.

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