Conclusions: Thromboembolism

You might also like

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 2

The nature of the planned procedure, the risk of bleeding, and the risk of thromboembolism

during a period without anticoagulation should be considered when choosing a preoperative


management strategy for patients receiving long-term anticoagulation. If it is necessary to
normalize the INR before a procedure, removing warfarin 4 days before surgery with rapid
reinstitution after surgery is often a safe option.
[64]
However, many dental procedures such as
extractions, root canal filling, and abscess drainage can be done without discontinuing warfarin
therapy, since the risk of uncontrollable bleeding is low in patients with therapeutic levels.
[65,66]

The risk of death is estimated to be 1:200,000 to 1:400,000 during outpatient dental procedures
in which general anesthesia is used and has been shown to be lower when local anesthetic alone
is used.
[67]
Small studies have shown that even high-risk patients in the perimyocardial infarction
period can undergo dental procedures safely.
[68]
Although it is rarely necessary to postpone
dental procedures because of medical illness, it is prudent to optimize cardiac and pulmonary
status and to delay elective procedures in patients with uncontrolled ischemia, congestive heart
failure, and other high-ris
Conclusions
Dental disease has an enormous social and economic impact in the United States and is
responsible for 189 million missed hours of work each year and expenditures of approximately
$60 billion in 2000.
[10,69]
Many persons will not receive any oral health care except that received
from a physician, and new research suggests that tooth and periodontal diseases may have
important systemic consequences. Therefore, physicians have an important role in the
management of these conditions by identifying dental and oral disease, encouraging proper
dental hygiene, counseling on the effects of tobacco and alcohol, and initiating referrals to dental
professionals as needed. The best treatment of tooth and periodontal disease remains prevention,
and with further knowledge and experience, physicians may be able to help reduce the incidence
and associated health care costs of these conditions.
When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand the old man around.
When I got to 21, I was amazed to see how much he had learned in 7 years.
Mark Twain
Key Points
Tooth and periodontal disease are preventable conditions that affect almost all
individuals.
Many persons in the United States do not receive regular dental care.
Physicians are often called upon to manage acute dental conditions such as pulpitis and
dental abscess.
Dental and periodontal disease may have important systemic consequences.
Published guidelines should be followed when using perioperative antibiotics in patients
undergoing dental procedures.
Sifat prosedur yang direncanakan, risiko perdarahan, dan risiko tromboemboli selama periode
tanpa antikoagulan harus dipertimbangkan ketika memilih strategi manajemen pra operasi untuk
pasien yang menerima antikoagulan jangka panjang. Jika diperlukan untuk menormalkan INR
sebelum prosedur, menghapus warfarin 4 hari sebelum operasi dengan reinstitution cepat setelah
operasi sering pilihan yang aman. [64] Namun, banyak prosedur gigi seperti ekstraksi, pengisi
saluran akar, dan abses drainase dapat dilakukan tanpa menghentikan terapi warfarin, karena
risiko perdarahan yang tidak terkendali rendah pada pasien dengan kadar terapeutik. [65,66]
Risiko kematian diperkirakan 1: 200.000 sampai 1:. 400.000 selama rawat jalan prosedur gigi
yang digunakan anestesi umum dan telah terbukti lebih rendah ketika anestesi lokal saja
digunakan [67] Penelitian kecil telah menunjukkan bahwa bahkan tinggi pasien berisiko pada
periode infark perimyocardial dapat menjalani prosedur gigi dengan aman. [68] Meskipun jarang
diperlukan untuk menunda prosedur gigi karena penyakit medis, adalah bijaksana untuk
mengoptimalkan jantung dan status paru dan untuk menunda prosedur elektif pada pasien dengan
iskemia yang tidak terkendali, gagal jantung kongestif, dan tinggi-ris lain
kesimpulan
Penyakit gigi memiliki dampak sosial dan ekonomi yang sangat besar di Amerika Serikat dan
bertanggung jawab atas 189 juta jam kerja tidak terjawab setiap tahun dan pengeluaran sekitar $
60 miliar tahun 2000 [10,69] Banyak orang tidak akan menerima perawatan kesehatan mulut
kecuali bahwa diterima dari dokter, dan penelitian baru menunjukkan bahwa gigi dan penyakit
periodontal mungkin memiliki konsekuensi sistemik penting. Oleh karena itu, dokter memiliki
peran penting dalam pengelolaan kondisi ini dengan mengidentifikasi penyakit gigi dan mulut,
mendorong kebersihan gigi yang tepat, konseling tentang efek tembakau dan alkohol, dan
memulai rujukan ke dokter gigi sesuai kebutuhan. Pengobatan terbaik gigi dan penyakit
periodontal tetap pencegahan, dan dengan pengetahuan dan pengalaman lebih lanjut, dokter
mungkin dapat membantu mengurangi kejadian dan terkait biaya perawatan kesehatan kondisi
ini.
Ketika saya masih kecil dari 14, ayah saya begitu bodoh saya hampir tidak bisa berdiri orang
tua di sekitar. Ketika aku sampai ke 21, saya kagum melihat betapa dia telah belajar dalam 7
tahun.
Mark Twain
Poin Kunci
Gigi dan penyakit periodontal adalah kondisi yang dapat dicegah yang mempengaruhi hampir
semua orang.
Banyak orang di Amerika Serikat tidak menerima perawatan gigi rutin.
Dokter sering diminta untuk mengelola kondisi gigi akut seperti pulpitis dan abses gigi.
Gigi dan penyakit periodontal mungkin memiliki konsekuensi sistemik penting.
pedoman Diterbitkan harus diikuti ketika menggunakan antibiotik perioperatif pada pasien
yang menjalani prosedur gigi.

You might also like