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Born Haber Cycle Part 2 (A2)
Born Haber Cycle Part 2 (A2)
Born Haber Cycle Part 2 (A2)
Steps
This
time
we
are
trying
to
get
to
Mg2+
and
2Cl-
before
we
can
do
the
lattice
enthalpy.
There
are
a
few
differences
with
this
cycle:
Calculation
Similarly
to
the
NaCl
example
we
can
write
out:
H2
+
H3
+
H4
+
H5
+
H6
+
H7
=
H1
Which
rearranges
to
(assuming
they
ask
for
lattice
enthalpy):
H7
=
H1
(H2
+
H3
+
H4
+
H5
+
H6)
Various
combinations
of
ions
We
have
looked
at
the
NaCl
and
MgCl2
examples.
It
is
worth
noting
the
other
possibilities
that
you
could
have
and
what
you
need
to
do.
You
shouldnt
get
an
example
where
the
charge
is
greater
than
+2
or
-2.
+1
on
the
metal,
-1
on
the
non-metal
e.g.
NaCl
+2
on
the
metal,
-1
on
the
non-metal
e.g.
MgCl2
+1
on
the
metal,
-2
on
the
non-metal
e.g.
Na2O
+2
on
the
metal,
-2
on
the
non-metal
e.g.
CaO
You
need
to
make
sure
that
you
know
when
to
multiply
by
2.
You
multiply
by
2
when
you
have
a
+2
and
-
1
or
+1
and
-2
combination.
For
example,
see
MgCl2
above.
If
you
have
Na2O,
you
will
have
2Na+
and
O2-
as
the
ions,
so
the
Na
atomisation
and
1st
ionisation
must
be
multiplied
by
2.
And
you
need
the
first
and
second
electron
affinities
of
oxygen.
the
smaller
the
cation
and
the
higher
the
charge
more
polarisation.
the
larger
the
anion
more
polarisation
(dont
worry
about
charge
on
the
anion,
there
appears
to
be
some
debate
as
to
the
rule
for
this).
So
the
closer
that
the
experimental
and
theoretical
values
match,
then
the
less
polarisation
that
occurs
i.e.
the
compound
has
a
very
high
degree
of
ionic
character.
What
affects
lattice
enthalpy?
Another
favourite
is
to
compare
two
ionic
compounds
and
ask
which
will
have
the
higher
lattice
enthalpy.
So
you
need
to
know
what
affects
lattice
enthalpy.
Remember
that
lattice
enthalpies
are
exothermic
(bond
making),
so
a
high
lattice
enthalpy
means
a
highly
exothermic
value.
It
all
comes
down
to
size
and
charge
on
the
ions:
Both
of
these
factors
result
in
a
stronger
electrostatic
attraction
between
the
positive
and
negative
ion,
therefore
forming
a
stronger
lattice
and
more
energy
is
released.
For
example:
MgO
has
a
lattice
enthalpy
of
-3791
kJ
mol-1.
Here
we
have
Mg2+
and
O2-.
MgCl2
has
a
lattice
enthalpy
of
-2526
kJ
mol-1.
The
ions
are
Mg2+
and
Cl-.
NaCl
is
only
-780
kJ
mol-1.
This
time
we
have
Na+
and
Cl-.
You
can
see
that
the
highest
enthalpy
(MgO)
occurs
for
the
ions
with
2+
and
2-
charges.
Also,
Mg
is
slightly
smaller
than
Na
and
O2-
is
smaller
than
Cl-.
AQA:
they
talk
about
the
perfect
ionic
model.
This
just
means
that
the
two
ions
are
perfect
spheres
when
100%
ionic.