HEAT INVOLVED IN PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION AND IONIZATION

Group 3 Divina, T.R., Dulatre, E.A., Geronimo, R., Go-oco, R, Guerrero, R.,

ABSTRACT:
Solvation, also sometimes called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with
molecules or ions of a solute. As ions dissolve in a solvent they spread out and become surrounded by solvent
molecules. In determining enthalpy changes experimentally, you must understand that the only thermal quantity that
can be observed directly is the heat q that flows into or out of a reaction vessel, and that q is numerically equal to H
only under the special condition of constant pressure. Moreover, q is equal to the standard enthalpy change only when
the reactants and products are both at the same temperature, normally 25C.
INTRODUCTION:
Exergonic describes any physical or chemical
process that releases (frees) energy to its surrounding.
Such reactions represent downhill process because of
a decline in free energy. Chemical reaction that store or
absorb energy are endergonic, these reaction represent
uphill processes and proceed with an increase in free
energy for biological work.
Exothermic and endothermic were used to
classify changed of state. Melting, sublimation and
evaporation are endothermic changed of state, and
freezing, condensation, and deposition are exothermic
changes of state. The terms exothermic and
endothermic are also used to classify chemical
reactions. An exothermic chemical reaction is a
chemical reaction in which energy is released as the
reaction occurs. An endothermic chemical reaction is a
chemical reaction in which a continuous input of energy
is needed for the reaction to occur.
A phase transition is the transformation of a
thermodynamic system from one phase or state of
matter to another one by heat transfer. The energy
required to change a gram of a substance from the solid
to the liquid state without changing its temperature is
commonly called "heat of fusion". This energy breaks
down the solid bonds, but leaves a significant amount
of energy associated with the intermolecular forces of
the liquid state. The energy required to change a gram
of a liquid into the gaseous state at the boiling point is
called the "heat of vaporization". This energy breaks
down the intermolecular attractive forces, and also
must provide the energy necessary to expand the gas.
When compounds are dissolved in solution and form
ions, the heat involve is called heat of ionization. Heat
of ionization is caused by the increase in the activity of
the ions as it is solvated in the solution.
Hesss Law of heat of summation stated that for
a chemical equation that can be written as the sum of
two or more steps, the enthalpy change for the overall
equation equals the sum of the enthalpy changes for
the individual steps. In other words, no matter how you
go from given reactants to products (whether in one
step or several), the enthalpy change for the overall
chemical change is the same.
The objective of the experiment is to determine
the amount of energy involved in phase transformation,
solvation or ionization and chemical action. To use
Hesss law to compute the heat of reaction.
METHODOLOGY:
A. Heat Fusion of Water

B. Heat of Ionization of Sodium Hydroxide



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
A. Heat of fusion of Ice
Mass of Calorimeter with water

Temperature of water

Temperature of ice

Mass of calorimeter with water
and ice

Mass of ice

Heat of fusion of Ice
(Experimental)

Heat of fusion of Ice
(theoretical)

% Error


B. Heat of Ionization of NaOH
Mass of Calorimeter with water

Temperature of water

Mass of calorimeter with NaOH

Mass of NaOH

Heat of ionization of NaOH
(Experimental)

Heat of Ionization of NaOH
(theoretical)

% Error



REFERENCE:
Cation, M.D., De Grano, R.R., Guevarra, L.A. (2014)
Laboratory Manual in Physical Chemistry I.

Ebbing, D.D., Gammon, S.D. (2013) General Chemistry,
Tenth Edition. USA: Cengage Learning

http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/phase2.html Retrieved:
10/25/2014

McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., Katch, V.L. (2010) Exercise
Physiology: Nutrition, Energy and Human Performance.
Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins
Stroker, H.S.. (2013) General, Organic and Biological
Chemistry, Sixth Edition. USA: Cengage Learning.










25.0ml of distilled water was
placed inside the calorimeter.
The mass of the calorimeter with
water and the temperature of the
water inside was measured
Temperature of the ice was
measured and placed inside
the calorimeter
After 5 mins, the mass of the
calorimeter with the water
and melted ice was measured.
The mass of the ice was
computed
Repeat for 3 trials
The heat of fusion of water
was computed
25.0ml of distilled water was
placed inside of the
calorimeter.
The mass of the calorimeter with
water and the temperature of the
water inside was measured
5 pellets of NaOH was placed
inside the calorimeter
After the pellets was completely
dissolved, the temperature of the
water was measured
The mass of the calorimeter
with NaOH solution was
measured.
The mass of NaOH was
computed
Repeat for 2 trials
The heat of ionization of
NaOH was computed