1.

CALIBRATION OF PRECISION MEASURING

INSTRUMENTS
Aim:
To study and calibrate the precision measuring instruments like Vernier caliper,
Micrometer, and Dial gauge.
Apparatus Required:
Surface plate, Vernier caliper, Micrometer, Dial gauge, and Slip gauges.
Spei!iati"#:
Vernier caliper Range: L. :
Micrometer Range: L. :
Dial gauge Range: L. :
Stud$:
1.% &er#ier a'iper:
The Vernier caliper has one !L" shaped frame #ith a fi$ed %a# on #hich Vernier
scale is attached. The principle of Vernier is that #hen t#o scale di&isions slightly
different in si'es can be used to measure the length &ery accurately.
Least ount is the smallest length that can be measured accurately and is e(ual to
the difference bet#een a main scale di&ision and a Vernier scale di&ision.
L)*ST +,-T . / Main scale di&ision 0 / Vernier scale di&ision
Uses:
1t is used to measure the e$ternal diameter, the internal diameter and the length of
the gi&en specimen.
(.% Mir"meter:
The micrometer has an accurate scre# ha&ing about /2 to 32 threads4cm and
re&ol&es in a fi$ed nut. The end of the scre# is one tip and the other is constructed by a
stationary an&il.

L)*ST +,-T . 5itch scale di&ision 4 -umber of threads
5itch scale di&ision . Distance mo&ed 4 number of rotation
Uses:
+utside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid cylinder.
1nside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of hollo# cylinders
and spheres.
).% *ia' +au+e:

The dial gauge has got 3 hands. The short hand reads in mm. +ne complete
re&olution of long hand reads one mm. The plunger of the dial gauge has to be placed on
the surface #hose dimension has to be read.
Least ount . +ne di&ision of the circular scale #ith long hand.
Uses:
1t is used as a mechanical comparator.
,.% S'ip +au+es:
They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabili'ed. The surfaces are
highly polished to enhance #ringing. 1t is used as a reference standard for transferring the
dimensions of unit of length from primary standard. 1t is generally made up of high
carbon, high chromium hardened steel.
Uses:
These are accurate and used as comparator.
-.% Sur!ae p'ate:
The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional
measurement in #orkshop is surface plate. 1t is a flat smooth surface sometimes #ith
le&eling scre#s at the bottom.
Uses:
1t is used as a base in all measurements.
Pr"edure F"r Ca'i.rati"#:
/.6 The range of the instruments is noted do#n.
3.6 7ithin that range, slip gauges are selected.
8.6 The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and set for 'ero and the
slip gauges are placed one by one bet#een the measuring points 9%a#s of the
instruments.6
:.6 The slip gauge 9actual6 readings and the corresponding 9obser&ed6 readings in the
measuring instruments are noted do#n and tabulated.
S.-o
Slip
;auge
Reading
0
9*ctual6
1n mm
5recision Measuring 1nstruments Reading 9+bser&edl6 in mm
Vernier aliper Micro Meter Dial ;auge
MSR
9mm
6
VSR
9di&6
TR
9mm
6
)rror
9mm
6
5SR
9mm
6
<SR
9di&6
TR
9mm
6
)rror
9mm
6
S<R
9mm
6
L<R
9di&6
TR
9mm
6
)rror
9mm6
/
3
.
.
/2
Resu't:
3
The precision measuring instruments are studied and calibrated.
alibration graphs are then dra#n for all measuring instruments bet#een
/.6 *ctual &alue and +bser&ed &alue.
3.6 *ctual &alue and *bsolute error.
(/a%. MEASUREMENT OF *IMENSIONS OF A GI&EN
SPECIMEN USING SLIP GAUGE
Aim:

To heck the Various Dimensions of a 5art ,sing Slip ;auge
Apparatus Required:
.
Surface 5late, Dial ;auge 7ith Stand, Slip ;auge, 5art9Specimen6
Spei!iati"#:
Dial ;auge : Range:======= L.. :========mm
Pr"edure:
/. The part #hose dimensions are to be measured is placed on the surface plate.
3. The spindle of the dial gauge is placed o&er the part and dial gauge is fi$ed on
the stand such that the short and long handoff the dial gauge so#s 'ero
readings.
8. Then the part is remo&ed and the slip gauges are placed one o&er another on
the surface plate belo# the spindle of the dial gauge until the hands of the dial
gauge deflect from 'ero reading.
:. This ensures that the dimensions achie&ed by slip gauges and the part is same.
>. The re(uired dimensions of the part is measured by finding out the total
<eight 9Thickness6 of the slip gauges.

?. Trial readings are noted do#n for &arious initial setup le&els of the dial gauge
+n the stand.
Resu't:
The &arious dimensions of the gi&en 5art measured are:
* : ==========mm
@ : ==========mm
: ==========mm
8
(/.%. C0EC1ING T0E S2UAREESS OF TR3 S2UARE USING SLIP GAUGE
Aim:
To test the s(uare ness of the gi&en tryA s(uare.
I#strume#ts Required:
Surface plate, *ngle plate, Try S(uare, Slip ;auge, Vernier <eight ;auge
Spei!iati"#:
Try s(uare : 2A/> m
Vernier <eight ;auge : 2A82 m
Least ount : 2.23 mm
F"rmu'a:
De&iated angle from s(uare ness
B . tan
A/
T3A T/
AAAAAAAAA in
Degree
<3A </
7here, T/ C T3 are thickness of the slip gauges and bottom and top le&els resp.in mm
</ C <3 are the height le&el of the slip gauges and bottom and top le&els resp.in
mm
Pr"edure:
/. The gi&en try s(uare and angle plate are placed on the surface as sho#n.
3. *t both ends of angle plate, slip gauge are rung so that they pro%ect to e(ual
thickness.
8. 1f try s(uare is #ith s(uare ness, then its &ertical limp #ith coAline #ith both
sets of slip gauges.
:. 1f there is any error in s(uare ness, then &ertical limp #ill not touch any one
set of the slip gauge.
>. 1f so, then thickness of set slip gauges is increased4 decreased so that try
s(uare is perfectly aligned.
?. Then thickness of slip gauge is measured t/ and t3.
:
D. The height le&el of the set of slip gauge are measured using Vernier height
gauges h/ and h3.
E. This procedure is repeated for different height le&el of the set of slip gauge.
Sl.no Thickness
at top t/
9mm6
Thickness
at @ottom
t3
9mm6
Difference
t3 A t/
9mm6
<eight
of
@ottom
h/ 9mm6
<eight
of toph3
9mm6
Difference
h3 A h/
9mm6
B
in Deg
/
3
8
:
>
Resu't:
Thus s(uare ness of try s(uare is tested.
>
)/a%. MEASUREMENT OF GEAR PARAMETERS USING GEAR TOOT0
&ERNIER
Aim:
To measure gear parameter by gear tooth Vernier.
Apparatus required:
;ear tooth Vernier, ;ear specimen.
Spei!iati"#:
;ear tooth Vernier: Range . <ori'ontal .2A:2 mm
Vertical . 2A32 mm
L. . 2.23 mm
F"rmu'a:
1. 7 . -M sin 9F24-6
3. d . -M
AAAAAAAAA
6 4 F2 cos9 4 3 / N N +
3
8. m . D
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
9-G36
7here 7 . hordal #idth of tooth in mm
D . hordal addendum of gear in mm
M . Module of gear in mm
- . -+. +f teeth
D . out side Dia in gear in mm
Pr"edure:
/. The -, D of the gi&en gear block are measured.
?
3. The module m" it then calculated.
8. Theoretical &alues of !7" and"d" are computed.
:. Theoretical &alues of !7" is set in hori'ontal Vernier scale of gear tooth
Vernier and corresponding actual !d" &alue scale.
>. Theoretical &alues of !c" is set and !7" is measured along
<ori'ontal scale.
?. This procedure is repeated for > teeth and &alue tabulated.
+utside Diameter of ;ear
TR1*L +,T S1D) D1*M)T)R !D" mm
/
3
8
:
>
Measurement of *ddendum and hordal 7idth
Trial hordal addendum" d" mm hordal #idth !#" mm
*ctual . Theoretical *ctual Theoretical
/
3
8
:
>
?
D
Resu't:
D
Thus the chordal thickness and addendum of gear are measured using gear tooth
Vernier.
The actual &alues are 7 .
D .
)/.%. MEASUREMENT OF FUN*AMENTAL *IMENSIONS OF A GEAR
SPECIMEN USING CONTOUR PRO4ECTOR
Aim:
To measure the fundamental dimensions of a gear using contour 9profile6
pro%ector.
Apparatus Required:
ontour pro%ector
;ear specimen
Vernier caliper.
Spei!iati"#s:
ontour pro%ector: Magnification accuracy for contour . H 2./ I
Micrometer head: 2 0 3> mm. L.: 2.2/mm.
ontour illuminator: />243>2 7 <alogen.
Magnification: /2J, 32J, >2J lenses.
Vernier caliper: Range: L.:
F"rmu'ae:
m . D4 9-G36 in mm
7here, m . module of fear in mm.
D . outside diameter in mm.
- . -o. of teeth.
dp . pitch circle diameter.
*ddendum . /m.
Dp . 9D436 0 *ddendum.
pr"edure:
/. The re(uired magnification adapter is fi$ed in the contour pro%ector.
3. The gear 9specimen6 is placed on the glass plate perfectly perpendicular to the
lens tube and perfectly focused on the screen.
8. The illumination can be impro&ed by ad%usting the height of the condenser
lens by shifting the knurled knob #ith pro&ided at the lamp assembly #ith a
helical cut.
:. The profile 9contour6 of the gear specimen is traced on a tracing paper fi$ed
on the screen using pencil.
>. Then the addendum and the pitch circle are marked on the image using the
theoretical &alues.
E
?. *gain, the image is fi$ed on the screen and the other dimensions are measured
using the table micrometers fi$ed on the table on the contour pro%ector.
Resu't:
The measured gear parameters using contour pro%ector are:
*ddendum . ====== mm 5itch . ========mm
Dedendum . ====== mm Ma%or Dia . =======mm
hordal #idth . ======mm Minor Dia . ========mm
5itch circle Dia . ======mm.
,. MEASURMENT OF TAPER ANGLE USING PROFILE PRO4ECTOR
Aim:
To measure taper angle and other dimension of a gi&en flat specimen using profile
pro%ector.
Apparatus required:
ontour pro%ector and flat specimen.
Spei!iati"#:
ontour pro%ector magnification accuracy . H2./I
Micrometer <ead . 2A3> mm L..2./ mm
olour illuminator . />243>2 7 <alogen
Magnification . /2$, 32$, >2$ lenses
Pr"edure:
/. The re(uired Magnification adapter is fi$ed in the center pro%ector.
3. The flat specimen is placed on the glass plate and perfectly focused on the
screen.
8. The profile of specimen is traced on a tracing paper is fi$ed on the screen
using pencil.
:. Then the angle bet#een the t#o reference surface and dimension are
measured using table micrometer and the Rota table screen circular scale and
are tabulated
Sl.no *ngle ircular Scale
reading
Taper
*ngle
Deg
Side Table
Micrometer
reading
Dimension
mm
1nitial Kinal 1nitial Kinal
/
L *
3
M @
F
8
N
Resu't:
Thus the taper angle and other dimension of the gi&en flat specimen is measured
-/a%. MEASUREMENT OF BORE *IAMETER B3 T5O SP0ERES MET0O*
Aim:
To measure the bore diameter using t#o spheres.
Apparatus Required:
Spheres
<eight gauge
Spei!iati"#s:
<eight gauge:
Range:======mm L.:======mm
F"rmu'a:
@ore diameter db . 9d/Gd3643 G Oh 9d/Gd36Ah
3
P
/43
7here d/. diameter of sphere /
d3. diameter of sphere 3
h . height from the surface plate to top point of the upper sphere.
Pr"edure:
/. <ere #e use t#o spheres of same or different diameter d/ and d3.
3. The t#o spheres are placed inside the gi&en bore so that one sphere stands
abo&e the other and the contact bet#een the bore and the sphere are also
ensured.
8. The height !h" from the surface plate le&el to the top point of higher sphere is
measured by using height gauge.
:. The bore diameter is calculated by using the abo&e formula.
>. Do a model calculation for the calculation for bore diameter.
*iameter "! sp6ere 1:77 *iameter "! sp6ere (:77
Sl.no Vernier caliper Reading
/
3
8
Measureme#t "! B"re diameter:
Sl.no Vernier caliper Reading
/
3
8
/2
Sl.no Vernier <eight ;auge
reading 9mm6
@ore diameter
/
3
8
Resu't:
Thus the bore diameter is measured by using t#o spheres.
The bore diameter of the gi&en specimen is ==========mm.
-/.%. MEASUREMENT OF RA*IUS OF CUR&ATURE OF CUR&E* SPECIMEN
Aim:
To determine radius of cur&ature of cur&ed specimen cylindrical bars,
depth gauge and &ernier height gauge.
Apparatus Required:
Vernier aliper, circular surface, conca&e surface, blunt corner, Supporting
press, <eight gauge, Depth gauge, Depth Micrometer, ircular rod.
F"rmu'a:
1. !"r iru'ar sur!ae:
R . 9l A d6
3
AAAAAAAAAAA
Ed
7here, d . diameter of circular rod
l . length of disc bet#een 3 rods.
Radius "! ur8ature "! iru'ar sur!ae:
Sl.no Dimension Vernier aliper Reading 9mm6
/
Diameter 9d6
3
Length 9l6
(. F"r .'u#t sur!ae:
7here, R . Radius of cur&ature of blunt surface.
< . height of blunt surface plate
d . diameter of circular rod
//
< . height of blunt surface #ith rod.
Radius "! ur8ature "! .'u#t sur!ae:
Sl.no Dimension MSR mm VSR mm Total
Reading9mm6
/ <eight 9<6
3 <eight 9h6
8 Dia of circular
rod
).F"r ur8ed sur!ae:
7here, R . Radius of cur&ature of conca&e surface
d . diameter of circular rod
h . depth micrometer reading.
Radius "! ur8ature "! "#a8e sur!ae:
Sl.no Dimension MSR mm VSR mm Total
Reading9mm6
/ <eight 9<6
3 Dimension 9d6
Pr"edure:
/. Kor circular surface is taken and re(uired setup in the arranged.
3. The diameter of roller is measured using Vernier caliper and length !l"
measured
8. Similarly, the blunt surface is also setup as sho# and re(uired &al&e of
height of the blunt surface !h" height !<"and the radius of blunt surface
!R"is also noted.
:. The cur&ed surface is arranged as sho# and diametrer"d" is measured
using Vernier caliper and the height !h" measured using micrometer
Resu't:
The radius of cur&ature for the follo#ing specimen is found.
/3
9/a%. TAPER ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR AN* SLIP GAUGE
Aim:
To measure the taper angle of the gi&en specimen using sine bar
Apparatus Required:
Surface plate, Dial gauge #ith stand, Sine bar, Slip gauge, @e&el protractor C
specimen.
Spei!iati"#:
Sine bar : Range:
F"rmu'a:
Taper angle !B" . SinA/ 9h4l6 in degrees
7here, h . the total height 9thickness6 of the slip gauges in mm
l . the standard length of the sine bar in mm . 322mm
Pr"edure:
/. The taper angle of the specimen is first found out appro$imately #ith the help of a
be&el protractor.
3. The sine bar is set at this angle on the surface plate #ith the help of the slip
gauges as sho#n in the figure.
8. The specimen is placed on the sine bar so that its top taper surface is parallel to
the surface plate.
:. The parallelism is checked and ad%usted by increasing or decreasing the height
le&el of the slip gauges, so that there should be no deflection in the long hand of
the digital gauge #hen the spindle of the dial gauge is mo&ed o&er the specimen
surface.
>. The total height 9thickness6 of the slip gauges is noted do#n.
?. Trial readings are taken by placing the specimen at different points of the sine bar
surface.
F"r Sma'' Speime#:
/8
Trial Total height of the slip
gauge Reading 9mm6
/
F"r Lar+e Speime#:
Trial h / 9mm6 h 3 9mm6 h 3A h /
9mm6
/
3
8
Resu't:
The taper angle of the gi&en specimen is
a. ,sing be&el protractor .========================= degrees
b. ,sing sine bar .========================= degrees
/:
9/.%. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE USING &ERNIER BE&EL PROTRACTOR
Aim:
To measure the angles of gi&en specimen using be&el protractor.
Apparatus Required:
Surface 5late, Dial ;auge, Slip ;auge, @e&el protractor, specimen
Pr"edure:
/. 1nitially be&el protractor is ad%usted as per re(uirements.
3. Specimen is placed bet#een the blades.
8. Reading noted directly from main scale and Vernier scale
:. Kor measuring, taper angle of sine bar, protractor is fi$ed to height
gauge.
>. The protractor is corresponding ad%usted.
?. -oted reading is tabulated.
Resu't:
Thus angle of gi&en specimens #as determined.
/>
:. MEASUREMENT OF &IBRATION PARAMETERS USING
&IBRATION SET UP
Aim:
To study the &arious parameters in&ol&ed in the &ibrations of a gi&en system.
To plot the characteristic cur&es of the gi&en specimen
Apparatus Required:
Vibration e$citer
Vibration pickAup
Vibration analy'er
5o#er amplifier
+scillator
*esripti"#:
The mechanical &ibration, if not #ithin limits may cause damage to the materials,
structures associated #ith it.
Vibration e$citer is an electrodynamic de&ice. 1t consists of a po#erful magnet
placed centrally surrounding #hich is suspended the e$citer coil. This assembly is
enclosed by a high permeability magnetic circuit.
7hen an electrical current is passed through the e$citer coil, a magnetic field is
created around the coil resulting in the up#ard or do#n#ard mo&ement of the suspended
coil depending upon the direction of the current flo# in the coil. Thus controlling the
fre(uency of the coil current, the fre(uency of &ibration is controlled.
5o#er amplifier is the control unit for the e$citer.
5ie'o 0 electric crystals produce an emf #hen they are deformed. This output emf
may be measured to kno# the &alue of applied force and hence the pressure.
/?
* pie'o 0 electric material is one in #hich an electric potential appears across
certain surfaces of a crystal of the dimensions of the crystal are charged by the
application of a mechanical force. The effect is re&ersible.
ommon pie'o 0 electric materials include (uart', Rochelle salt, lithium sulphate
etc.,
Cauti"#:
Do not remo&e the fuse cap #hile po#er chord is connected to 382V * mains
Pr"edure:
/. onnect po#er amplifier output to &ibration e$citer.
3. 5lace the &ibration pick up on &ibration e$citer spindle.
8. onnect &ibration pick up cable to &ibration analy'er sensor socket.
:. select the range 2A/22 by t#o #ay s#itch.
>. -ote do#n the displacement, &elocity and acceleration from &ibration
analy'er.
?. Similarly noted abo&e parameters in fre(uency range of 2A/222 <'.
S.-o Kre(uency 9<'6 Displacement 9mm6 Velocity 9cm4sec6
*cceleration
9m4sec
3
6
/
3
8
:
>
?
D
E
F
/2
Resu't:
Various parameters of &ibration such as displacement, &elocity and acceleration
are studied and the follo#ing characteristic cur&es #ere plotted.
/. Displacement Vs Kre(uency
3. Velocity Vs Kre(uency
8. *cceleration Vs Kre(uency
/D
;. MEASUREMENT OF *ISPLACEMENT USING L&*T
Aim:
To measure the displacement using LVDT.
Apparatus Required:

/. LVDT
3. Micrometer
Pr"edure:
/. 5lug the po#er chard to * main 382&4>2<$ C S#itch on the instrument.
3. 5late R)D4*L s#itch at read position.
8. @alance the amplifier #ith the help of 'ero knobs. 7ithout connecting
LVDT to instruments.
:. Replace the R)D4*L s#itch at *L position.
>. *d%ust the calibration point by rotating *L knob so display should read
/2.22 9i.e.6 ma$imum ranges.
?. *gain keep the R)D4*L s#itch at read position and connect the LVDT
cable to instruments.
D. Mechanical 'ero by rotating the micrometer. Display #ill read 'ero this is
full balancing.
E. ;i&e displacement #ith micrometer and obser&e the digital reading.
F. 5lot the graph of micrometer reading.
Sl.no
5ush side 5ull Side
Micrometer
Reading 9mm6
1ndicated Reading
9mm6
Micrometer
Reading 9mm6
1ndicated
Reading 9mm6
/
3
8
/E
:
>
Resu't:
Thus displacement has been measured using LVDT.
;raph:
1ndicated reading Vs Micrometer reading
<. MEASUREMENT OF *IMENTION OF GI&EN SPECIMEN USING
TOOL MA1ER=S MICROSCOPE
Aim:
To measure &arious dimension of a gi&en specimen using Tool maker"s
microscope.

Apparatus Required:
Tool maker"s microscope, Specimen, )yepiece.
Pr"edure:
/. To find the Ma%or and Minor diameter:
+ne end of scre# thread in made to coincide #ith cross #ire C fi$ed. Reading
is taken. The different bet#een readings gi&en linear measurement.

3. Measurement of pitch:
The contour is get so that the same it an screen. The reading of micrometer is
noted. The reading of are subtracted C different is noted.
8. Measurement of thread angle:
The scre# is rotated till linear cross #ire coincides #ith flank of thread profile.
The angle of scre# rotation and than the same line coincides #ith flank thread.
/F
Resu't:
The &arious parameters of the gi&en specimen are measured.
1>. MEASUREMENT OF STRAIG0TNESS AN* FLATNESS USING
T5O A?IS AUTO COLLIMATOR
Aim:
To measure the straightness and Klatness gi&en specimen using t#o a$is
auto collimator.
Apparatus required:
ollimator unit, @ase, plain reflector, optical Scanner
Pr"edure:
/. Testing s(uare #ith auto collimator.
3. Le&el auto collimator unit on a stand a table.
8. Straighten the light.
:. +bser&e measuring graphical through the eye belo#.
>. The smallest discussion of linear scale is measured.
?. @ring plain reflector in front of the auto collimator to get reflector.
D. Depending upon the &erification in surface.
E. ,sing micrometer pro&ided for eye piece #e can measure the
fre(uency up in lose.
F"rmu'ae:
De&iation . Sin B 9*A@6
7here angle B in rad C Distance *A@ in mm
Para''e' t" t6e A@is:
Sl.no Distance from
ref *A@ 9 mm6
MSR
9Min6
Micrometer
9Sec6
Result A B
degree
De&iations
9mm6
/
3
32
8
:
>
?
Perpe#diu'ar t" t6e A@is:
Sl.no Distance from
ref *A@ 9 mm6
MSR
9Min6
Micrometer
9Sec6
Result A B
Degree
De&iations
9mm6
/
3
8
:
>
?
Resu't:
3/
Thus the straightness and Klatness are determined using autocollimator.
;raph:
De&iation Vs Distance from reference
11. MEASUREMENT OF T0REA* PARAMETERS B3 USING
FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER
Aim:

To measure the ma%or diameter, minor diameter C )ffecti&e diameter by using
floating carriage micrometer.
Apparatus Required:
/. Kloating carriage micrometer.
3. Specimen
8. 5rism
:. 7ire
>. ylinder.
F"rmu'a:
/A% MaA"r *iameter Measureme#t:
+D . DG 9RS Q R6
7here D . Diameter of setting master.

RS . Micro meter reading o&er setting master.
R . . Micro meter reading o&er threaded 745 or gauges.

G +r 0 is determined by relati&e si'e of master C #ork piece.
/B% Mi#"r *iameter Measureme#t:
1D . DA 9R Q R+6
7here D . Diameter of setting master.
33
. ore or minor diameter of #ork piece.
R5 . Reading o&er master C prism
R . Reading o&er master C prism.
/E% Measureme#t "! e!!eti8e diameter .$ usi#+ ( Bire met6"d:
) . TG5
T. DG 9R7 Q R+76
7here ) . )ffecti&e or pitch diameter.
T . Measured dimension using cylinder.

R7. Reading measured o&er setting master #ith #ire.

R+7. Reading measured o&er #ork piece o&er #ire.
5 . 92.E??28 R p6 0 7

7 .Mean diameter of cylinder #ire used . /.8> mm
p . 5itch of thread . 3 mm
Pr"edure:
/. The setting master is held b4# center and taken the reading at the
diameter say RS
3. The master cylinder is then replaced by a threaded #ork piece and R is
taken.
8. Take the reading on micrometer and indicator in such a #ay that radius
portion of prism touches master.
:. The cylinder or #ire should be chosen so that #hen placed b4# the
threads, they should contact about half#ay do#n the flanks.
Resu't:
38
Thus, the thread parameters of a scre# thread are measured using floating
carriage micrometer.

1(. TOR2UE MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To measure the tor(ue using shear type load cell.
Apparatus Required:
/. Tor(ue measurement e(uipment
3. Stand
8. le&er
:. stain gauge
>. 7eight.
F"rmu'a Used:
alculated Tor(ue . Load $ Distance 9kgAm6
*esripti"#:
Tor(ue is the tangential force to set a body in rotation. 1t is represented as a
&ector of a force for a rigged body undergoing force rotation about a single a$is.
Tor(ue . DJ,
D . Moment of inertia of body about the a$is.
J . *ngular acceleration.

Thus tor(ue is the essential tensional t#isting about its a$is of rotation. 1n this
setup shear type load is used to measure the tor(ue a in&erse method of measuring the
load #ith the output immune to side load and bending moment is based on measurement
of shear components. The load cell is balancing a beam supported on both ends.
Pr"edure:
/. Ki$ the main frame of transducers rigidity.
3. onnect the cantile&er beam #ith #eight pan.
8. onnect transducer #ire socket to rear side of indicator.
3:
:. onnect digital indicator at 382V, * supply.
>. Set 'ero on indicator, by 'ero ad%ust pan pro&ides indicator.
?. -o# apply the load gradually and note do#n reading in up#ard C
do#n#ard trend.
*ista#e: 1 meter
Sl.no 7eight added 9Sg6
+bser&ed tor(ue
9SgAm6
alculated Tor(ue
9SgAm6
/
3
8
:
>
?
D
E
F
/2

*ista#e: >.- meter

Sl.no 7eight added 9Sg6
+bser&ed tor(ue
9SgAm6
alculated Tor(ue
9SgAm6
/
3
8
:
>
?
D
E
F
/2
M"de' Ca'u'ati"#:
alculated Tor(ue .Load $ Distance 9kgAm6
3>
Resu't:
Thus measurement of tor(ue using shear type load cell has been carried out.
;raph:
+bser&ed tor(ue Vs alculated tor(ue


1). FORCE MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To measure the force using load cell.
Apparatus Required:

/. 5ro&ing Ring
3. Load cell
8. Korce indicator
:. scre# %ack
>. Dial gauge.
apacity of pro&ing Ring .3.> S-.
*esripti"#:
Korce is one of the ma%or deri&ed parameter ha&ing fundamental dimension of
mass length and time. 1t is a &ector (uantity #hich, #hen applied result in a change of
momentum in a body. @asically mechanical force is created due to &ariation of started
potential energy.
This is different types of load cell like column type, shear type, sAtype, and
compression type. 1n this setup, sAtype load cell is pro&ided.
Pr"edure:
C )nsure that pro&ing ring along #ith load all is perfectly in &ertical position.
R heck and ensure that the a$is of scre# %acks perfectly aligned #ith load cell.
R )nsure that load cell #ith socket is connected to the rear side of the load
indicator.
R *pply a small load #ithout any slip in the system.
R -ote do#n the reading of dial gauge of force indicator.
Sl.no *ctual load applied 9kg6 Deflection 9di&6
/
3?
3
8
:
>
?
D
E
F
/2

/ di&ision . 2.223mm
Resu't:
Thus the force measurement has been measured using load cell.
;raph: Deflection Vs *pplied load
1,. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To measure the temperature using copper constantan thermo couple.
Apparatus Required:
/. Thermo couple
3. Temperature measuring setup.
8. 1ce cubes.
Pr"edure:

/. onnect the thermocouple supplied at the impute terminal if copper constantan
Thermocouple is used.
opper #ire must be connected to the terminal and constantan #ire to 0&e terminal.
3. 1mmerse the %unction of thermocouple in ice and ad%ust the meter reading at 2T
using potentiometer.
8. 1mmerse the %unction of thermocouple in boiling at FET by using potentiometer
marked ma$.
:. Repeat the procedure for 3 to 8 times.
Sl.no *ctual temperature T 1ndicated temperature T
/
3
8
:
>
?
D
E
3D
F
/2
Resu't:
Thus the temperature is measured using thermocouple.
;raph:
1ndicated Temperature Vs *ctual Temperature
3E