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ME3122 Handbook of Heat Transfer Equations 2014
ME3122 Handbook of Heat Transfer Equations 2014
Interfaces:
Heat wave speed:
Two semi-infinite solids touch:
4
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
All symbols have their usual meaning.
Constants
Gravitational acceleration: g = 9.81 m/s
2
Specific gas constant for air: R = 287 J/kgK
Definitions
Kinematic viscosity, v /
Thermal diffusivity, /
p
c k o
Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient,
T T
p
1 1
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
=
=
u c
h
Pr Re
Nu
St
Pr Gr Ra
L T T g
Gr
k / hL Nu
/ Pr
/ VL / VL Re
p
x
x
x
x
L L
s
L
L
L
v
|
o v
v
Number, Stanton
Number, Rayleigh
Number, Grashof
Number, Nusselt
Number, Prandtl
Number, Reynolds
2
3
( )
T c m
y
u
V A m
RT pv
T T h q
p
c
s
=
c
c
=
=
=
= ' '
section a gh flux throu energy Thermal
stress, Shear
rate, flow Mass
: law gas Ideal
Cooling, of Law s Newton'
t
5
2D Continuity Equation:
2D x-Momentum Equation:
2D Energy Equation:
where viscous dissipation,
2D Boundary Layer Equations:
x-Momentum Equation:
Energy Equation:
Integral Momentum Equation:
Integral Energy Equation:
Forced Convection Over External Surfaces
Generally,
n m
Pr Re C Nu =
Forced Convection Over a Flat Plate:
For constant , .
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
y
v
x
u
X
y
u
x
u
x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
q
y
T
x
T
k
y
T
v
x
T
u c
p
+ u +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= u
2
2
2
2
y
v
x
u
x
v
y
u
2
2
y
u
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
v
2
2
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
o
0
0
) (
=
c
c
=
}
y
y
u
dy u u u
dx
d
o
( )
0
0
=
c
c
=
(
}
y
y
T
dy T T u
dx
d t
o
o
6
Uniform Surface Temperature (Isothermal):
1 1
0
} }
= =
L
x
A
x
dx h
L
dA h
A
h
For laminar flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
s ):
; 5
3 1 2 1
= = Pr Re x
t x
o o o
For turbulent flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
> ):
Pr 0296 0 ; 0592 0 ; 37 0
3
1
5
1
5 4 5 1
x x x x , f x turb
Re . Nu Re . C Re x . = = =
o
For mixed boundary layer conditions (
5
10 5 >
L
Re ):
Uniform Surface Heat Flux (Isoflux):
For laminar flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
s ):
For turbulent flow (
5
Re 5 10
x
> ):
3
1
Pr 0308 0
5 4
x x
Re . Nu =
For Unheated Starting Length, x
o
, with laminar flow for both isothermal and isoflux
conditions:
Forced Convection Across Long Cylinders:
where C and m are given by
Re
D
C m
0.4-4 0.989 0.330
4-40 0.911 0.385
40-4000 0.683 0.466
4000-40,000 0.193 0.618
40,000-400,000 0.027 0.805
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
664 0 ; 332 0 Pr Re .
k
L h
Nu Pr Re . Nu
L L x x
= =
) 871 037 0 ( ; 1742 074 0
8 0 1 5 1
3
1
= =
.
L L L L L , f
Re . Pr
k
L h
Nu Re Re . C
3
1
2
1
453 0 Pr Re . Nu
x x
=
2
1
2
1
328 1 ; 664 0
2
2
= =
x L , f x
x , s
x , f
Re . C Re .
/ u
C
t
( ) | |
3 1
4 3
0
1
=
= x / x Nu Nu
o
x
x x
o
3 1
Pr Re C
k
D h
Nu
m
D
D =
7
Forced Convection Across Spheres:
where all properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature, except
s
, which is
evaluated at the surface temperature of the sphere.
Forced Convection Across Non-Circular Cylinders
where C and m are given by
Forced Convection Across Tube Banks
where all properties, except Pr
s
, are evaluated at the average of the fluid inlet and outlet
temperatures, Re
D,max
is based on the maximum fluid velocity, and C
1
and m are given in the
table below for number of tube rows for various aligned and staggered arrangements
of tubes.
( )
4 1
4 0 3 2 2 1
06 0 4 0 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = =
s
.
D D D
Pr Re . Re .
k
D h
Nu
3 1
Pr Re C
k
D h
Nu
m
D
D =
4 1
36 0
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
s
. m
max , D D
Pr
Pr
Pr Re C Nu
8
(a) Aligned tube rows (b) Staggered tube rows
For : where C
2
for various is given in the table
below:
( )
( )
( )
( ) 20 2 20 > <
=
L L
N D N D
Nu C Nu
9
Forced Convection in Tubes and Ducts
Friction factor,
Perimeter Wetted
Area sectional - Cross 4
Diameter, Hydraulic
h
D
For thermally fully-developed condition:
Laminar Flow (Re
D
s 2300):
Fully developed velocity profile:
where mean fluid velocity,
Friction factor, f = 64/Re
D
Nu and f for Fully-Developed Laminar Flow in Tubes of Various Cross-Sections
dx
dp r
r
m
u
m
t 8
2
0
2
0
= =
(
=
2
0
2
1 2
) (
r
r
u
r u
m
( )
2
or
2
2
2
m
m
u
D
L
f p
/ u
D dx / dp
f =
0
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
=
(
c
c
x T x T
x , r T x T
x
m s
s
10
Turbulent Flow (Re
D
> 2300):
For smooth tubes and ducts, the Dittus-Boelter equation:
with n = 0.4 for heating of fluid, and n = 0.3 for cooling of fluid
Friction factor for smooth tubes: ( )
2
64 1 790 0
= . Re ln . f
D
Friction factor for rough tubes of roughness e : ( ) | |
2
9 0
74 5 7 3 325 1
+ =
.
D
Re / . D . / e ln . f
Reynolds-Colburn Analogy
For flow over a flat plate:
For flow in a tube or duct:
FREE CONVECTION
Generally,
( ) ( ) flow. ent for turbul 3 1 and flow, laminar for 4 1 with = = = = m m Ra C Pr Gr C Nu
m
L
m
L L
Laminar Free Convection on an Isothermal Vertical Plate:
Boundary layer momentum equation:
Integral Momentum Equation for Free Convection BL:
Boundary layer thickness,
Critical Ra = 10
9
.
Free Convection from an Isothermal Sphere
n
D D
Pr Re . Nu
h h
5 4
023 0 =
2 ; 2
3 2 3 2
/ C Pr . St / C Pr . St
L , f L x , f x
= =
8
3 2
/ f Pr . St =
( )
2
2
y
u
T T g
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
v |
( )
} }
+
c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
o o
|
0 0
2
dy T T g
y
u
dy u
dx
d
s
( )
4 1 4 1 2 1
952 0 93 3
+ =
x
Gr Pr . Pr x . o
( )
5 4 1
10 1 for 43 0 2 < < + =
D
/
D D
Gr Pr Gr .
k
D h
Nu
11
Free Convection from Isothermal Planes and Cylinders
Free Convection from a Vertical Plate with Constant Surface Heat Flux
where
( ) ( )
m
L
m
L L
Ra C Pr Gr C Nu = =
Geometry Gr
L
Pr C m
Characteristic
Length
Vertical plane and cylinder
10
4
10
9
0.59 1/4
Height
10
9
10
13
0.10 1/3
Horizontal cylinder
10
-10
10
-2
0.68 0.058
Diameter
10
-2
10
2
1.02 0.148
10
2
10
4
0.85 0.188
10
4
10
9
0.53 1/4
10
9
10
12
0.13 1/3
Hot surface facing up or
cold surface facing down
10
4
10
7
0.54 1/4
Area/Perimeter
10
7
10
11
0.15 1/3
Hot surface facing down or
cold surface facing up
10
5
10
11
0.27 1/4 Area/Perimeter
( )
( )
16 13
4
1
11 5
5
1
10 10 2 for 17 0 : Turbulent
10 10 for 60 0 : Laminar
< < =
< < =
Pr * Gr Pr * Gr . Nu
Pr * Gr Pr *. Gr .
k
x h
Nu
x x x
x x
x
x
2
4
k
x q g
.Nu Gr * Gr
s
x x x
' '
= =
|
12
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
Solid angle:
2
/ r A
n
= e , | u u e d d sin = d
Radiation: where
-4 -2 8
K Wm 10 67 5
= . o
( )
( )( )
sur s sur s r
sur s r
"
rad
T T T T h
T T h q
+ + =
=
2 2
co
Spectral directional Intensity:
Diffuse emitter:
Blackbody:
4
) ( T T E
b
o =
Spectral black body emissive power
| |
) .
) T / C exp(
C
) T , ( E
b ,
m (W/m
1
2
2
5
1
=
m.K 10 439 1 and /m m W. 10 742 3 where
4
2
2 4 8
1
= = . C . C
Weins displacement law: m.K 2898
max
= T
Emissivity of real surfaces:
4
) ( ) ( ) ( T T E T T E
b
co c = =
Absorptivity of surface:
G G
abs
o =
Semitransparent medium: 1 = + + t o
13
Black Body Radiation Functions
14
View factors:
( )
3 2
1 3 3 1 2 2
1 3 2
A A
F A F A
F
,
+
+
=
Radiation exchange between black-body surfaces:
Radiation network approach:
( )
( )
resistance spatial 1 re whe
1
resistance surface 1 where
1
12 1
12 1
2 1
12
=
=
=
=
F A /
F A /
J J
q
A /
A /
J E
q
b
c c
c c
Radiation Exchange Network for a Two-Surface Enclosure
( )
2 2
2
2 1 1 1 1
1
4
2
4
1
12
1 1 1
A F A A
T T
q
,
c
c
c
c
o
+ +
=
15
View factor for aligned parallel rectangles
View factor for coaxial parallel disks
16
View factor for perpendicular rectangles with common edge
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Log Mean Temperature Difference,
( )
i o
i o
lm
T / T ln
T T
T
A A
A A
= A
where
fi
R' ' and
fi
R' ' are fouling factors.
Capacity rate,
p
c m C , is infinite for a condensing or boiling fluid.
o o o
fo
w
i
fi
i i
B A
A h A
R
R
A
R
A h
T T
q
1 1
+
' '
+ +
' '
+
=
exchanger heat in difference ature Max temper
fluid) (minimum
rate fer heat trans possible Max
rate fer heat trans Actual
ess, Effectiven
T
= c
( )
( )
max
min
max
min
Ratio, Rate Capacity
C
C
c m
c m
C
r
= =