CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview
The following relevant literatures on base isolation have been reviewed from
various available journals, text books and teaching resources. These contain analytical
work and experimental work on base isolated structure.
2.2 eview of previous work
Jangid, R.S. and Datta, T.K., (1995)
!angid and "atta presented an updated state#of#the#art review of the seismic
behavior of base#isolated buildings. The paper describes in detail the analytical and
experimental work going on base isolation. $ parametric study on behavior of base
isolated buildings is presented in a lucid manner. "ifferent types of base isolation devices
%&solation bearings' used in practice are described briefly. $ list of implementation and
application of base isolation system in !apan, (ew )ealand and *.+. is presented.
Hang J. S., C!i"# J. $., (199%)
!. +. ,wang and !. -. .hiou prepare an e/uivalent linear model for the seismic
analysis of base#isolated bridges with lead#rubber bearings %01' is established in this
paper using an identification method. ecogni2ing that the inelastic displacement spectra
with constant ductility ratios of an earth/uake ground motion can be approximated by the
e/uivalent elastic spectra with appropriate effective period shifts %or effective stiffness'
and e/uivalent damping ratios, the effective stiffness and e/uivalent damping ratio of
lead#rubber isolation bearings are determined based on the identification of the inelastic
displacement response spectra of 23 earth/uake ground motions. &n the identification
formulation, a nominal strain hardening ratio of the 01 is used. The proposed
e/uivalent linear model is characteri2ed as a modification of the current e/uivalent linear
model provided by the $$+,TO isolation guide specifications so that the proposed
model can be readily applied to the practical analysis and design. (umerical comparisons
indicate that the proposed model in general can predict comparably accurately with the
current practical methods.
Jangid R S, (199%)
!angid investigates the Optimum isolation damping for minimum acceleration of a base
isolated structure subjected to earth/uake ground excitation is. The stochastic model of
the 4l.entro earth/uake which preserves the non stationary evolution of amplitude and
fre/uency content of ground motion is used as an earth/uake excitation. The base isolated
structure consists of a linear flexible shear type multi storey building supported on a base
isolation system. The resilient friction base isolator #51& is considered as an isolation
system. The non stationary stochastic response of the system is obtained by the time
dependent e/uivalent lineari2ation techni/ue as the force deformation behavior of the #
51& system is nonlinear. The optimum damping of the #51& system is obtained under
important parametric variations6 i.e. the coefficient of friction of the #51& system the
period and damping of the superstructure7 the effective period of base isolation. The
criterion selected for optimality is the minimi2ation of the top floor root mean s/uare
%r.m.s' acceleration. &t is shown that the above parameters have significant effects on
optimum isolation damping.
Jangid R. S., (2&&&)
.+. !angid study the stochastic response to earth/uake motion of flexible multi#
storey shear type buildings isolated by rolling rods with a recentering device is
investigated. The re#centering device in the form of a spring or cantilever beam attached
to the base of the structure reduces the rolling base displacement and returns the system
to its original position after the earth/uake. The stochastic model of the 4l#.entro 1893
earth/uake which preserves the non#stationary evolution of amplitude and fre/uency
content is considered as an earth/uake excitation. The non#stationary response of the
isolated structural system is obtained using a time#dependent e/uivalent lineari2ation
techni/ue since the force:deformation behavior of the rolling rods is highly non#linear.
The responses of the isolated structure are compared with the corresponding fixed base
system in order to investigate the effectiveness of the rolling rods. The effectiveness of
rolling rods in isolating the structure is investigated under important parametric
variations. The parameters included are; the time period of the superstructure %as a fixed
base', the period of isolation and the friction coefficient of the rolling rods. &t is shown
that the rolling rods are /uite effective in reducing the stochastic response of the structure
against earth/uake excitation. The presence of the re#centering device significantly
reduces the relative base displacement without transmitting additional accelerations into
the superstructure. &n addition, there exists an optimum value of the friction coefficient of
the rolling rods for which the acceleration response of the superstructure attains the
minimum value. The effects of system parameters on the variation of optimum friction
coefficient of the rolling rods are also investigated.
't!(an A. )., (2&&1)
$lias 1in Othman studied the laminated rubber bearings consist of alternate
layers of rubber and metal plates. "uring production, the time taken to mould the bearing
is usually longer than the cure time of rubber as obtained from the rheometer test. $
longer time is needed to allow the heat to reach the interior part of the bearing because of
the poor conductivity of rubber. <rolonged exposure to heat may affect the physical
properties of rubber. $ study carried out on thick rubber bearings showed that prolonged
exposure to heat during molding created a property profile across the thickness of the
bearing. ubber properties such as modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break,
hardness and compression set showed an improvement toward the interior parts of the
bearing while the strength of rubber#to#metal bond did not show any significant
difference. ,owever, the variation in those properties did not make any significant
changes to the compression and shear stiffness of the rubber bearing.
Ra(a**" J. C., J"!n+"n E. A. and S,-n.- ). /, (2&&2)
amallo, !ohnson and. +pencer proposed a ==smart>> base isolation strategy and
shown to effectively protect structures against extreme earth/uakes without sacrificing
performance during the more fre/uent, moderate seismic events. The proposed smart base
isolation system is composed of conventional low#damping elastomeric bearings and
==smart>> controllable semi active dampers, such as magnetorheological fluid dampers. To
demonstrate the advantages of this approach, the smart isolation system is compared to
lead#rubber bearing isolation systems. The effectiveness of the isolation approaches are
judged based on computed responses to several historical earth/uakes scaled to various
magnitudes. The limited performance of passive systems is revealed and the potential
advantages of smart dampers are demonstrated. Two# and six#degree#of#freedom models
of a base#isolated building are used as a test bed in this study. +mart isolation is shown to
achieve notable decreases in base drifts over comparable passive systems with no
accompanying increase in base shears or in accelerations imparted to the superstructure.
&n contrast to passive lead#rubber bearing systems, the adaptable nature of the smart
damper isolation system provides good protection to both the structure and its contents
over a wide range of ground motions and magnitudes.
K#nd- $.C. , Jangid R.S., (2&&0)
$n updated state#of#the#art review on response#triggered structural control system
is presented. The review mainly focuses on the active control of structures for earth/uake
excitations, and covers theoretical backgrounds of different active control schemes,
important parametric observations on active structural control, limitations and difficulties
of their practical implementation, and brief descriptions of three actively controlled tall
buildings in !apan. $ brief introduction of more promising semi#active control of
structures is also presented.
$at+aga1 V. A., Jangid R.S., (2&&2)
?asant $. -atsagar, .+. !angid investigates the influence of isolator
characteristics on the seismic response of multi#story base#isolated. The isolated building
is modeled as a shear type structure with lateral degree#of#freedom at each floor. The
isolators are modeled by using two different mathematical models depicted by bi#linear
hysteretic and e/uivalent linear elastic:viscous behaviors. The coupled differential
e/uations of motion for the isolated system are derived and solved in the incremental
form using (ewmark>s step#by#step method of integration. The variation of top floor
absolute acceleration and bearing displacement for various bi#linear systems under
different earth/uakes is computed to study the effects of the shape of the isolator
hysteresis loop. The influence of the shape of isolator force#deformation loop on the
response of isolated structure is studied under the variation of important system
parameters such as isolator yield displacement, superstructure flexibility, isolation time
period and number of story of the base#isolated structure. &t is observed that the code
specified e/uivalent linear elastic:viscous damping model of a bi#linear hysteretic system
overestimates the design bearing displacement and underestimates the superstructure
acceleration. The response of base#isolated structure is significantly influenced by the
shape of hysteresis loop of isolator. The low value of yield displacement of isolator %i.e.
sliding type isolation systems' tends to increase the superstructure accelerations
associated with high fre/uencies. 5urther, the superstructure acceleration also increases
with the increase of the superstructure flexibility.
C"*#nga A., J. L. E. C1#3, (2&&4)
$.T. .olunga, and !. 0. 4scamill done parametric study where the torsional
response of base#isolated structures when eccentricities are set in the superstructure is
presented. (onlinear dynamic analyses were used to study peak responses for different
ratios of the static eccentricities %es' between the centers of mass and the centers of
rigidity in the superstructure due to asymmetries; %a' related to the lateral stiffness of the
resisting frame elements, and %b' related to the position of the centers
of mass. &n order to assess the impact of the relation between the fixed#based period of
the superstructure %Ts' and the effective period for the base#isolated structure %T&' in
torsional amplifications, four fixed#based periods were considered for the symmetric
benchmark structure of reference. *nidirectional and bidirectional actions of selected
ground motions typical of firm soils of the -exican <acific .oast were used. $ range of
effective periods between 1.@ s and A.3 s for the base#isolated structures was considered
in the present study. 1ilinear isolator systems were considered. <eak dynamic responses
such as maximum isolator displacements and peak displacement ductility demands were
studied and compared with those obtained for symmetric systems of reference for the
different ground motions under consideration, assessing the importance of the relative
value of es on those response /uantities. &n addition, amplifications due to static
eccentricities related to the differences in the lateral stiffness of the resisting elements
were compared directly with those due to the positions of the centers of mass. $mong
other relevant issues, it may be concluded from the study that eccentricities related to the
positions of the centers of mass in the superstructure lead to higher torsional
amplifications for the displacements of the isolation system than eccentricities related to
differences in the lateral stiffness of the resisting elements. $lso, it can be concluded that
torsional amplifications in the isolation system are higher as the T& BTs ratio diminishes,
particularly for systems with stiffness eccentricities in the superstructure.
Jangid R.S, (2&&4)
.+. !angid %investigate the seismic response of multi#storey buildings isolated by
lead:rubber bearings %01' under near#fault motions. The superstructure is ideali2ed as a
linear shear type flexible building. The force:deformation behavior of the 01 is
modelled as bilinear with viscous damping. The governing e/uations of motion of the
isolated structural system are derived and the response of the system to normal
component of six recorded near#fault motions is evaluated by step#by#step numerical
method. The variation of top floor absolute acceleration and bearing displacement of the
isolated building is plotted under different system parameters such as superstructure
flexibility, isolation period and bearing yield strength. The comparison of results
indicated that for low bearing yield strength there is significant
displacement in the bearing under near#fault motions. &n addition, there also exists a
particular value of the yield strength of the 01 for which the top floor absolute
acceleration of the building attains the minimum value. 5urther, the optimum bearing
yield strength is derived for different system parameters under near#fault motions. The
criteria selected for optimality are the minimi2ation of both the top floor acceleration and
the bearing displacement. The optimum yield strength of the 01 is found to be in the
range of 13C:1@C of the total weight of the building under near#fault motions. &n
addition, the response of bridge seismically isolated by the 01 is also investigated and
found that there exists a particular value of the bearing yield strength for which the pier
base shear and deck acceleration attain the minimum value under near#fault motions.
2.0 C"n.*#ding R-(a15+
&n this chapter many papers are reviewed and from all above 0iterature eview it
can be broadly concluded that the behavior and effectiveness of isolator influence with
.. structure need further investigation