2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION

Thermochemistry
Heat of precipitation

- precipitate is unsoluble salt
- precipitate must be prepare throu!h ouble bon
ecomposition or precipitation metho

"o you still remember #hat is meant by ouble bon
ecomposition$
%please refer to salts notes&

'eneral e(uation ouble bon ecomposition)precipitation*

Ionic e(uation for precipitation reaction+
Salt Solubility in water
,i
-
. Na
-
. /
-
. NH
0
-
All salt issol1e in #ater
Nitrate. NO
2
-
All nitrate salt issol1e in #ater
Chlorie All chlorie salt issol1e issol1e in #ater e3cept*
PbCl2 - lea4II5 chlorie 4issol1e in hot #ater5
A!Cl - ar!entums)sil1er chlorie
6
The heat of precipitation is the heat chan!e
#hen one mole of a precipitate is forme from their
ions in a(ueous solution
- t#o a(ueous solution of a substances)soluble salt #as mi3
to!ether+
- one of the solution contain cation. #hile another one
contain anion for insoluble salt)precipitate that nee
to be prepare+
- both of the a(ueous solution e3chan!in! their ions to
prouce 2 substances. #hich is unsoluble salt 4precipitate5
an one soluble salt
78 4a(5 - N9 4a(5 : 79 4s5 - N8 4a(5

7- 4a(5 - 9- 4a(5 : 79 4s5
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
H!Cl - hyroar!entum chlorie. mercury chlorie
;ulphate
All sulphate salt issol1e in #ater e3cept*
Pb;O0 . <a;O0 . Ca;O0
Carbonate
All carbonate salt not issol1e in #ater e3cept*
,i2CO2 Na2CO2 . /2CO2 . 4NH052CO2
O3ie
All o3ie not issol1e in #ater e3cept*
Na2O . /2O . CaO
Hyro3ie
All hyro3ie not issol1e in #ater e3cept*
NaOH. /OH. Ca4OH52 . <a4OH52
Formula to etermine the heat chan!e*
Heat release)absorbe. H = mc %unit = > or ?>&
Symbo
l
Description Unit
m mass of solution 6cm
2
= 6 !
c specific heat capacity of solution 0+2 > !
-6

o
C
-6
@ temperature chan!e
o
C
To etermine precipitation heat of sil1er chlorie. A!Cl
2
Method to determine the heat of precipitation
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
In this e3periment you must ha1e the follo#in! ata*
"ata tabulation
Initial temperature of soium chlorie NaCl 3
o
C
A
B
Thermometer
Polystyrene
cup
Proceure
2C cm2 soium chlorie solution D+C mol m-2 is measure #ith measurin!
cyliner CDml. an poure into polystyrene cup. recor the temperature #ith
termometer 4D-66D5
o
C+
2C cm2 sil1er nitrate solution D+C mol m-2 is measure #ith measurin!
cyliner CDml. an poure into another polystyrene cup. recor the
temperature #ith termometer 4D-66D5
o
C+
;oium chlorie solution is ae to sil1er nitrate solution
(uic?ly+
The reactin! mi3ture is stirre usin! thermometer+
Hi!hest temperature obtaine is recore+
Repeat all the step by usin! ifferent substance+
Precaution steps*
Ese polystyrene cup+ 4polystyrene cup is insulator. to a1oi loss of heat5
;tir the mi3ture+
2C cm
2
soium
chlorie solution
D+C mol m
-2

A
Thermometer
Polystyrene
cup
2C cm
2
sil1er
nitrate solution
D+C mol m
-2

B
2
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
)
o
C
Initial temperature of sil1er nitrate. A!NO-
2
)
o
C
y
o
C
A1era!e initial temperature for both
solution
Hi!hest temperature for the solution F
o
C
Temperature chan!e
F G 43 - y5
o
C = @
o
C
2
Chemical e(uation for the reaction*
A!NO
2
4a(5 - NaCl 4a(5 : A!Cl 4s5 - NaNO
2
4a(5
Ionic e(uation for the reaction*
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) A!Cl (s)
Calculation of heat of precipitation for A!Cl;
6+ Calculate the number of mole of precipitate forme
No+ of mol NaCl = = = D+D62C mol
No+ of mol A!NO
2
= = = D+D62C mol
F<CE*
No. of mol AgCl = D+D62C mol
2+ Calculate the heat release)!i1en out
%From the e3periment&
0
43 - y5
o
C
2
7H
6DDD
D+C 8 2C
6DDD
7H
6DDD
D+C 8 2C
6DDD
Formula of mole
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
Total 1olume of the mi3ture = 2C cm
2
A!NO
2
- 2C cm
2
NaCl
= CD cm2
7ass of solution = CD !
Temperature chan!e = @ oC
Heat !i1en out. H =
= CD I 0+2 I @ >
= ?>
Therefore. heat !i1en out urin! the e3periment is ?>
2+ Calculate the heat of precipitation
D+D62C mol of A!Cl prouces ?>
Therefore*
6 mol of A!Cl prouces = ?> mol
-6


= I ?> mol
-6
JH = ?> mol
-6
Thus*
The heat of precipitation of sil1er chlorie. A!Cl*
JH = G ?> mol
-6
C
CD I 0+2 I @
6DDD
6 +
D+D62C
m = mass of solution
4 6cm
2
= 6 !5
c = specific heat
capacity of solution
40+2 > !
-6

o
C
-6
5
@ = temperature chan!e
4
o
C5
Heat !i1en out
No+ of mole
CD I 0+2 I @
6DDD
CD I 0+2 I @
62+C
CD I 0+2 I @
62+C
CD I 0+2 I @
6DDD
mc@
6
st
formula
2
n
formula
CD I 0+2 I @
6DDD
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
E3ample 6K Precipitation for lea4II5 sulphate
Chemical e(uation*
Pb4NO252 - /2;O0 : Pb;O0 - 2/NO2
JH = -CD ?>mol-6
Ionic e(uation*
Pb2- - ;O02- : Pb;O0 JH = -CD ?>mol-6
CD ?> heat release #hen 6 mol of lea4II5 ions react #ith 6 mol of sulphate ions to form 6 mol precipitate
of lea4II5 sulphate+
The heat of precipitation for Pb;O0 = G CD ?>mol-6
E3ample 2K Precipitation for sil1er chlorie
Chemical e(uation *
A!NO2 - /Cl : A!Cl - /NO2
JH = G LC+C ?>mol-6
Ionic e(uation*
A!- + Cl- A!Cl JH = G LC+C ?>mol
-6
Ener!y
Pb2- - ;O02-
Pb;O0

J H = - CD ?>mol
-6

Ener!y le1el ia!ram
L
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION

LC+C ?> heat release #hen 6 mol of sil1er ions react #ith 6 mol of chlorie ions to form 6 mol precipitate
of sil1er chlorie+
The heat of precipitation for A!Cl = G LC+C ?>mol-6
E3ample 2K Precipitation for copper4II5 hyro3ie
Chemical e(uation*
CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH Cu4OH52 + Na
2
SO
4

H = -60 kmol
-!
Ionic e(uation*
Cu2- - 2OH- Cu4OH52 H = -60 kmol
-!
Ener!y
A!- + Cl-
A!Cl
J H = G LC+C ?>mol
-6

Ener!y le1el ia!ram
M
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
LD ?> heat release #hen 6 mol of copper4II5 ion react #ith 2 mol of hyro3ie ion to form 6 mol
precipitate of copper4II5 hyro3ie+
The heat of precipitation for Cu4OH52 = G LD ?>mol-6
Calculation for heat of precipitate
E3ample 6
Nhen CD cm
2
calcium nitrate solution. Ca4NO252 2 mol m
-2

is ae to CD cm
2
soium carbonate solution. Na2CO2
2+D mol m
-2
. precipitate of calcium carbonate. CaCO2 is
prouce+Temperature of the mi3ture solution ecrease 2+D
o
C+
Calculate the heat of precipitation of calcium carbonate+
%;pecific heat capacity of solutionK 0+2 > !
-6

o
C
-6
+
"ensity of solutionK 6 ! cm
-2
&
Chemical e(uation*
Ca4NO
2
5
2
- Na
2
CO2 : CaCO2 - 2NaNO
2

Ener!y
Cu2- - 2OH-
Cu4OH52

J H = G LD ?>mol
-6

Ener!y le1el ia!ram
O
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
Ionic e(uationK
Ca2- - CO2G : CaCO2
;tep 6K Calculate the number of mole of precipitate forme
No+ of mol Ca4NO
2
5
2
= = =
No+ of mol Na
2
CO
2
= = =
F<CE*
6 mol Ca
2-
react #ith 6 mol CO
2
2-
. prouce 6 mol calcium carbonat
Therefore*
D+6 mol Ca
2-
react #ith D+6 mol CO
2
2-

. prouce D+6 mol CaCO2
Thus*
No. of mol CaCO
"
= D+6 mol
;tep 2 K Calculate the total heat absorb in e3p+
%From the e3periment&
Total 1olume of the mi3ture = CD cm
2
Ca4NO252 - CD cm
2
Na2CO2
= 6DD cm2
7ass of solution = 6DD !
Temperature chan!e = 2 oC
Heat absorbs. H =
= 6DD I 0+2 I 2 >
= 62LD >
Therefore. heat !i1en out urin! the e3periment is 6+2L ?>
;tep 2 K Calculate the heat of precipitstion
D+6 mol CaCO2 absorb at 62LD > of heat+
Therefore*
P
7H
6DDD
2 8 CD
6DDD
D+6 mol
7H
6DDD
2 8 CD
6DDD
D+6 mol
62LD
D+6
m = mass of solution
4 6cm
2
= 6 !5
c = specific heat
capacity of solution
40+2 > !
-6

o
C
-6
5
@ = temperature chan!e
4
o
C5
mc@
6
st
formula
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
6 mol CaCO2 absorb heat = > mol
-6
= 62LDD > mol
-6
= 62+L ?> mol
-6
Thus
The heat of precipitation CaCO
2
. JH = - 62+L ?> mol-6
;tep 0 K "ra# ener!y le1el ia!ram
E3ample 2K
Thermochemical e(uation for precipitate of ma!nesium carbonate.
7!4NO252+
7!4NO
2
5
2
4a?5 - Na
2
CO2 : 7!CO2 4p5 - 2NaNO
2
4a?5

JH = -2C ?>mol
-6

Calculate the chan!es of temperature #hen CD cm
2
ma!nesium nitrate
solution . 7!4NO252 2+D mol m
-2
is ae to CD cm
2
soium carbonate
solution. Na2CO2 2+D mol m
-2
)

Chemical e(uation has been !i1en the (uestion+
Ionic e(uationK 7!
2-
- CO
2
2-
7!CO
2

;tep 6K Calculate the number of mole of precipitate forme
No+ of mol 7!4NO252 = = =
Ener!y
Ca2- - CO22-
CaCO2
J H = -62+L ?> mol
-6
6D
7H
6DDD
2+D 8 CD
6DDD
D+6 mol
6 ?> = 6DDD >
si!n 4-5 must #rite
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
No+ of mol Na2CO2 = = =
F<CE*
6 mol 7!
2-
react #ith 6 mol CO
2
2-

. to prouce D+6 mol 7!CO2
Therefore*
D+6 mol 7!
2-
react #ith D+6 mol CO
2
2-

. to prouce D+6 mol 7!CO2
Thus*
No of mole 7!CO
2
= D+6 mol
;tep 2 K Calculate the total heat absorb in e3p+
Heat absorb = mc@
4enothermic5 = 4CD - CD5 3 0+2 3 @ >
= 6DD 3 0+2 3 @ >
= 02D @ >

%from chemical e(uation. 4JH = -2C ?>5&
The heat of precipitation for ma!nesium carbonate is -2C ?>.
Therefore*
6 mol precipitate of 7!CO
2
absorbs heat 2C ?>.
Thus*
D+6 mol precipitate 7!CO
2
absorb heat.
= D+6 3 2C ?>.
= 2+C ?>
= 2+C 3 6DDD >
= 2CDD >
Thus*
The heat absorbs in e3periment is 2CDD >
66
7H
6DDD
2+D 8 CD
6DDD
D+6 mol
m = solution mass
4 6cm
2
= 6 !5
c = specific heat
capacity
40+2 > !
-6

o
C
-6
5
Q = temperature
6 ?> = 6DDD >
Chan!e to R>S. #e #ant
substitute it into formula
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
;tep 2 K etermine the 1alue of @. temperature chan!e in e3p+
In e3periment.
Total heat absorb = mc@
02D Q > = 2CDD >
Q =
Q = C+PC
o
C
The reaction is enothermic. temperature ecrease C+PC
o
C
Ener!y le1el ia!ram of precipitate of 7!CO2

2+ thermochemical e(uation for precipitate of copper4II5hyro3ie.
Cu4OH5
2
!i1en belo#.
Cu2- 4a?5 - 2OH- 4a?5 : Cu4OH52 4p5 JH = -LD ?>
Ho# many its 1olume solution for copper4II5sulphate. Cu;O
0
6+D
mol m
-2
that nee to mi3ture #ith CD cm
-2
soium hyro3ie
solution. NaOH 2+D mol m
-2
to increase temperature of the solution
mi3ture to L+2oC$
;tep 6K #rite the chemical e(uation for this reaction
Ener!y
7!2- - CO22-
7!CO2

J H = -2C ?> mol
-6
62
2CDD >
02D >
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
Chemical e(uation has been state at the (uestion+
;tep 2 K calculate no+ of mol for the substance
No+ of mol Cu;O0)Cu2- = = =
No+ of mol NaOH )OH- = = =
;tep 2 K ratio for no+ of mol
F<CE*
2 mol NaOH )OH- react #ith 6 mol Cu;O0)Cu2- . to prouce6 mol Cu4OH5
2.
copper4II5 hyro3ie.
so *
D+6 mol NaOH )OH- react #ith mol Cu;O0)Cu2-. to prouce mol
Cu4OH5
2
+
;o *
D+6 mol NaOH )OH- react #ith D+DC mol Cu;O0)Cu2-. to prouce D+DC mol Cu4OH52+
T carefull to calculate 1alue of RHS. #e must inclue the 1alue of
temperature chan!es. Q 4L+2
o
C5 from the (uestion that !i1e abo1e+
;tep 0 K calculate the total heat release)absorb in this e3p+
Total heat release = mcQ
4t)b e3othermic5 = 4CD - H5 3 0+2 3 L+2 >
= 4CD - H5 3 2L+0L >
= 4CD - H5 2L+0L >

4H not yet ?no#n5
62
7H
6DDD
6+D 8 H
6DDD
D+DD6 H mol
7H
6DDD
2+D 8 CD
6DDD
D+6 mol
Q = L+2
o
C
4substitute in
e(uation5
D+6
2
D+6
2
"onSt calculate the 1olume of Cu;O0 from
this 1alue
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
%from chemical e(uation&. 4JH = -LD ?>mol-6 5&
Heat of precipitate for copper4II5hyro3ie is -LD ?>. 4from (uestion5
6 mol precipitate of Cu4OH5
2
releasein! heat LD ?>.
;o *
D+DC mol precipitate of Cu4OH5
2
releasin! heat.
= D+DC 3 LD ?>.
= 2 ?>
= 2 3 6DDD >
= 2DDD >
;o *
Total heat release by D+DC mol precipitate of Cu4OH52 in e3periment is 2DDD >
;tep C K etermine the 1alue of H. solution 1olume of Cu;O0. in e3p
In e3periment.
Total heat release = mcQ >
4CD - H5 2L+0L > = 2DDD >
4CD - H5 =
4CD - H5 = 662+2O cm
2

H = 4662+2O G CD5 cm
2

H = L2+2O cm
2
Ener!y le1el ia!ram for precipitate of Cu4OH52
60
2DDD >
2L+0L >
6 ?> = 6DDD >
Chan!e to R>S. #e #ant
substitute it into e(uation
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
0+ #hen solution of CDD cm
2
7
2-
2+D mol m
-2
is mi3ture #ith
CDD cm
2
solution of ion Cl
-
. heat of solution increase to Q
o
C+
Calculate the heat of precipitate for the reacte ion 7
2-
an ion Cl
-

to precipitate the formula substance 7Cl
2
+
;tep 6K #rite the chemical e(uation
Ionic e(uation
72- 4a?5 - 2Cl- 4a?5 : 7Cl2 4p5
;tep 2 K calculate no+ of mol for the substance
No+ of mol 72- = = =
No+ of mol Cl- = = =
;tep 2 K ratio for no+ of mol
"P/9;*
6 mol 72- react #ith 2 mol Cl- to prouce
6 mol precipitate 7Cl2
so*
6 mol 72- reacte #ith 2 mol Cl- to prouce
6 mol precipitate 7Cl2
ener!y
Cu2- 4a?5 - 2OH- 4a?5
Cu4OH52 4p5
J H = -LD ?> mol
-6
6C
7H
6DDD
2+D 8 CDD
6DDD
6 mol
7H
6DDD
7 8 CDD
6DDD
D+C 7 mol
"onSt use this no+ of mol because the
actual no+ of mol #e onSt ?no# yet
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
;tep 0 K calculate the total heat release)absorb in this e3p+
Total heat release = mcQ
4t)b e3othermic5 = 4CDD - CDD5 3 0+2 3 Q >
= 6DDD 3 0+2 3 Q >
= 0+2 3 Q ?>
;o *
Total heat release by 6 mol precipitate of 7Cl2 in e3periment is 0+2 3 Q ?>.
;tep C etermine the heat of precipitate of 7Cl2
<ecause the total heat release by 6 mol precipitate of
7Cl
2
in this e3periment is 2 3 Q ?> .
;o *
Heat of precipitate for 7Cl
2
is -0+2 3 Q ?> mol-6
JH = -0+2 3 Q ?> mol-6
ener!y le1el ia!ram for heat of precipitate of 7Cl2
C+ In one e3periment to etermine the heat of precipitate bet#een ion
7
2-
an ion ;O
0
2-
. foun that #hen 2CD cm
2

of 7
2-
2 mol m
2
solution is mi3 #ith 2CD cm
2
solution of
Ener!y
72- 4a?5 - Cl- 4a?5
7Cl2 4p5
J H = -0+2 3 Q ?> mol
-6
6L
6 ?> = 6DDD >
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
ion ;O
0
2-
. temperature of the solution increase at 2D
o
C+
Calculate heat of precipitation for the reaction bet#een
ion 7
2-
an ion ;O
0
2-

;tep 6K #rite the chemical e(uation for this reaction
Ionic e(uation
7
2-
4a?5 - ;O
0
2-
4a?5 : 7;O
0
4p5
;tep 2 K calculate no+ of mol for the substance
No+ of mol 72- = = =
No+ of mol ;O02- = = =
;tep 2 K ratio for no+ of mol
"P/9;*
6 mol of 72- react #ith 6 mol ;O02- to prouce
6 mol precipitate of 7;O0
;o *
D+C mol 72- react #ith D+C mol ;O02- to prouce
D+C mol precipitate of 7;O0
;tep 0 K calculate the total heat release)absorb in this e3p+
Total heat release = mcQ
4t)b e3othermic5 = 42CD - 2CD5 3 0+2 3 2D >
= L2DDD >
= L2 ?>
;o *
6M
7H
6DDD
2+D 8 2CD
6DDD
D+C mol
7H
6DDD
7 8 2CD
6DDD
D+2C 7 mol
6 ?> = 6DDD >
"onSt use this no+ of mol because the
actual no+ of mol #e onSt ?no# yet
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
Total heat release by D+C mol precipitate of 7;O0 in e3periment is
L2 ?>
;tep C etermine the heat of precipitate of 7;O0
In e3periment*
D+C mol precipitate of 7;O0 release heat L2 ?>
;o *
6 mol precipitate of 7;O0 releasin! heat *

=
= 62L ?> mol
-6

;o *
Heat of precipitation of 7;O
0
is -62L ?> mol
-6
JH = -62L ?> mol
-6
Ener!y le1el ia!ram for heat of precipitation of 7;O0
Ener!y
72- 4a?5 - ;O02- 4a?5
7;O0 4p5
J H = -62L ?> mol
-6
6O
L2 ?>
D+C
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
L+ mi3ture bet#een MC cm
2
hyrochloric aci solution D+6C mol m
-2

an MC cm
2
sil1er nitrate solution D+6C mol m
-2
has increase the
temperature at 6+P
o
C+
i+ ho# much the (uantity of heat of ener!y that release in this
e3periment$
ii+ heat of precipitate for this reaction
iii+ ra# ener!y le1el ia!ram for this reaction+
;tep 6K #rite the chemical e(uation for this reaction
Chemical e(uation*
A!NO
2
4a?5 - HCl 4a?5 : A!Cl 4p5 - HNO
2
4a?5
Ionic e(uation*
A!
-
4a?5 - Cl
-
4a?5 : A!Cl 4p5
;tep 2 K calculate no+ of mol for the substance
No+ of mol HCl = = =
No+ of mol A!NO2 = = =
;tep 2 K ratio for no+ of mol
"P/9;*
6 mol HCl react #ith 6 mol A!NO2 to prouce
6 mol precipitate of A!Cl
;o *
D+D662C mol HCl react #ith D+D662C mol A!NO2 to prouce
D+D662C mol precipitate of A!Cl
;tep 0 K calculate the total heat release)absorb in this e3p+
Total heat release = mcQ
6P
7H
6DDD
D+6C 8 MC
6DDD
D+D662C mol
7H
6DDD
D+6C 8 MC
6DDD
D+D662C mol
2 HEAT OF PRICIPITATION
4t)b e3othermic5 = 4MC - MC5 3 0+2 3 6+P >
= 66PM >
= 6+6PM ?>
;o *
Total heat release by D+D662C mol precipitate of A!Cl in e3periment is 6+6PM ?>
;tep C etermine the heat of precipitate of 7;O0
In e3periment*
D+D662C mol precipitate of releasin! heat at 6+6PM ?>
;o *
6 mol precipitate of A!Cl releasin! heat*

=
= 6DL+0 ?> mol
-6

;o *
Heat of precipitate of A!Cl is -6DL+0 ?> mol
-6
JH = -6DL+0 ?> mol
-6
Ener!y le1el ia!ram for heat of precipitation of A!Cl
Ener!y
A!- 4a?5 - Cl- 4a?5
A!Cl 4p5
J H = -6DL+0 ?> mol
-6
2D
6 ?> = 6DDD >
6+6PM ?> mol
-6

D+D662C