Solution to Exercise 1 Complex Numbers

Question 1
(a)
(3 + 2 ) + (7

3 ) = (3 + 7) + (2

3) = 10

(b)
(1 + )

(2

3 ) = (1
=

2) + (1

( 3))

1+4

(c)
(3

)(4 + ) = 3 4

( 1) 1 + (( 1) 4 + 3 1)

= 13
(d)
(4

7 ) (1 + 3 ) = 4 1

( 7) 3 + (( 7) 1 + 4 3)

(e)
12 + 7 = 12
(f)
2

1
2

= ( + 2) = 2

(g)
2+3
1 5

=
=
=
=
=

2+3 1+5

1 5 1+5
(2 + 3 ) (1 + 5 )
12 + 52
2 1 3 5 + (2 5 + 3 1)
26
13 + 13
26
1 1
+
2 2

(h)
5
3+4

5
3 4

3+4 3 4
(5
) (3 4 )
=
2
3 + 42
5 3 ( 1) ( 4) + (( 1) 3 + 5 ( 4))
=
32 + 42
11 23
=
25 25
=

(i)
1
1
1
=

1+
1+ 1

1
1
=
2
2
1 +1
2

1
2

(j)
3
4

3
4

4+3
12 + 9
9
12
= 2
+
=
4+3
4 + 32
25 25

(k)
4
22

4
=
1

(l)
3

(m)
100

(n)

4 25

25 = 5

= 125 = 1

1=5

(o)
3

12 =

3 2 3 =6 2 =

Question 2
(a)
+
Hence

11
10

and

2+5
2+5 3
=

3+
3+
3

11 + 13
10

13
10

(b)
(3 + 4 )2 + 2 (
7 + 24 + 2

) =

+3

7 + 24

Hence
=
3

=7

= 24

=8

(c)

1+
1

1
+
1
+
1
+

1+

= 1+
= 1+
= 2+
1
2+
2 1
=
5 5

+
Hence
2
5

1
5

=
(d)
(3
(3 + 2 )

2 )( +

) = 2(

(2 + 3 )

1) + (2

4 )

(3 + 2 ) = (2

1)

+2 =

(2 + 3 ) = (2

4 )

2 +
=

= (2

+2

Hence

2 )+2

= 2

=0

Question 3

2 + =2

(a) Let

and

= +
+

= ( + )+( +

= ( + )+( + )
= ( + )+( + )
= ( +
=
(b) Let

and

(c) Let

and

)=

)( + ) =

and

= +

( + ) = ( + ) [( +
= [ ( + )

= +

= ( + )( +
= ( +

)+( + )

)+( +

)] = ( + ) [( + ) + ( + ) ]

( + )] + [ ( + ) + ( + )]

) + ( + )( +

= (

)+(

)+(
+

= [ ( + )
=

= +

= ( + )( +

= (

) +(
)+(

( + )] + [ ( + ) + ( + )]

( + )

Question 4
= 2 + 3 nd the values of | | ||

+ and

= 2+3 =2 3
q
(2)2 + (3)2 = 13
| | =
q
|| =
(2)2 + ( 3)2 = 13

+ = (2 + 3 ) + (2

3)=4

3 ) = 22

= (2 + 3 ) (2

(3 )2 = 13

Question 5
1
3 4
1
1
1
=

= 2
(3
(3 4 ) =
2
3+4
3+4 3 4
3 +4
25
1
1
(3 4 ) =
(3 + 4 )
=
25
25s

2 2 r

1
1
3
1
4
=
| | = (3 4 ) =
+
=
25
25
25
25
5

4)

Question 6(a)
+

+ +

=( + )+( + ) =( + )

( + ) =(

)+(

) = +

Question 6(b)
= ( + )( +
= (

)=(

)(

)+(

) =(

)=

=(

) =

Question 6(c)
= ( + ) =

=
1

= (

) =

2 2

2 2

+
3

3 3

3 3

+ =

3 + 2)

3 3

2 2

+

3

Question 7(a)
If
= (2 + )

3(1 + )

2(1

) = (2

2) + (

is real, then the imaginary part is zero, i.e.,

2

or

3 +2=0

= 1 or 2

Question 7(b)
If
= (2 + )

3(1 + )

2(1

) = (2

2) + (

is purely imaginary, then the real part is zero, i.e.,

2

or

2=0
5

1
or 2
2

3 + 2)

Question 7(c)
If
2

= (2

2) + (

2=0

and

1
or 2
2

and

3 + 2) = 0

then
2

Hence,

In other words,

3 +2=0

[ = 1 or 2]

= 2.

Question 8
17 = |

2|

4=|

3|

17 = | +
16 = | +

16 = |(

3|

17 = |(

2|

1 = (

2)2

1 = 2

2) +
3) +

3)2

= 6
= 3

Since 16 = (

3)2 +

2
2

Hence

= 4

= 16

=34

Question 9
(a)
3+4

= 3

4
32 + 42 = 5

|3 + 4 | =
(b)
3

= r3 +

=
3 + ( 1)2 = 2

17 = (
16 = (

2)2 +
3)2 +

(c)
4

= 4
q
( 4)2 = 4
| 4| =
Question 10

arg
The polar form of

3+

= tan

1
=
6
3

=2

or 2 cos

+ sin

3 + is
=

Question 11

2
3 + (1)2 = 2

3 + is
=

The polar form of

= | |=

= 2

= 21

or

12

2 cos

12

+ sin

(a)
q
( 3)2 + 32 = 3 2
3
3
+ =
arg ( 3 + 3 ) = tan 1
3
4

3
3
3 + 3 = 3 2 cos
+ sin
4
4
| 3+3 | =

(b)

arg 1
1
(c)

3 =
12 +

= tan

3 = 2 cos

+ sin

2
3 =2
=

1
3

32 + 42 = 5
4
arg (3 + 4 ) = tan 1 = 0 9273 rad
3
|3 + 4 | =

12

3 + 4 = 5 (cos (0 9273) + sin (0 9273))

(d)
02 + 82 = 8

|8 | =
arg (8 ) =

8 = 8 cos

Question 12

To prove or disprove the statements set

+ sin

+ ,

and substitute in the equation.

= +

Then compare left and right hand sides.

(a) Re( ) + Re( ) = Re( + ) TRUE, because:
Re( + ) = Re( +

+ +

) = Re[( + ) + ( + ) ] =

Re( ) + Re( ) = Re( + ) + Re( +

+ and

)= +

The other proofs go along the same lines.

(b)

= + TRUE. Proof: if
Re( ) =

and

= +

Re( ) =

= +

with , , ,

Re( ) + Re( ) =

+ +( + )

real numbers, then

Re( + ) = +

So you see that Re( ) + Re( ) and Re( + ) are equal.

(c) Im( ) + Im( ) = Im( + ) TRUE. Proof: if

and

= +

with , , ,

real

numbers, then
Im( ) = , Im( ) =
+

= + +( + )

Im( ) + Im( ) = +
Im( + ) = +

So you see that Im( ) + Im( ) and Im( + ) are equal.

(d)

= ()( ) TRUE See Question 6(b)

(e) Re( ) Re( ) = Re(

0 0 = 0, but Re(
(f)

) FALSE. Counter example: Let

) = Re( ) = Re( 1) =

= () ( ) TRUE Write

=1

= and

= . Then Re( ) Re( ) =

1.
=
8

= = 1

= 1 = () ( )

(g) Re( ) = Im( ) FALSE (almost true though, only o by a minus sign)
(h) Re( ) = Re( ) FALSE. The left hand side is a real number, the right hand side is an
imaginary number: they can never be equal (except when
(i) Re( ) = Im( ) TRUE Let

= +

= (

= 0.)
)= +

Hence Im( ) = = Re ( )

(j) Re( ) = Im( ) FALSE The left hand side is a real number, the right hand side is an
imaginary number: they can never be equal (except when
(k) Im( ) = Re( ) TRUE Let
(l) Re() = Re( ) TRUE Let

=
=

then

= 0.)

then =

Hence Im( ) =

Hence Re() =

Question 13(a)
r

| | =

1
= tan 1
=
6
3

= 2 cos + sin
6
6
r

arg

12 +

| | =

arg (

=2

| = | || | = 2 2 = 4
) = arg + arg = + =
6 3
2

= 4 cos + sin
2
2
| =

arg (

3
=
= tan 1
1
3

= 2 cos + sin
3
3

arg

2
3 + 12 = 2

2
| |
= =1
| |
2

) = arg
arg =
=
3
6

6

= 1 cos
+ sin
6
6
|1

| =

arg (1

) =

1
| |

1
2

arg =
3

1
=
cos
+ sin
2
3
3
9

= Re( )

= Re( )

Question 13(b)
r
2
4 3 + ( 4)2 = 8
| | =

4
= tan 1
=
6
4 3

= 8 cos
+ sin
6
6

arg

02 + 82 = 8

| | =
arg

2
= 8 cos

+ sin

| = | | | | = 8 8 = 64
+ =
) = arg + arg =
6 2
3

= 64 cos + sin
3
3

arg (

| =

8
| |
= =1
| |
8

2
=
) = arg
arg =
2
3
6

2
2
+ sin
= 1 cos
3
3

arg (

|1

| =

arg (1

) =

1
| |

1
8

arg =
2

1
cos
+ sin
=
8
2
2

Question 13(c)
=2 3

1+
r
2
| | =
2 3 + ( 2)2 = 4

arg

2
= tan 1
=
6
2 3

= 4 cos
+ sin
6
6
10

q
| | =
( 1)2 + 12 = 2
1
3
+ =
+ =
arg
= tan 1
4
4
1
3
3
=
+ sin
2 cos
4
4
|

| = | || | = 4

2=4 2

3
7
+
=
) = arg + arg =
4 12

6
7
7
+ sin
= 4 2 cos
12
12

arg (

| =

| |
4
=
=2 2
| |
2

11
arg =
=
6
12

11
11
+ sin
= 2 2 cos
12
12

arg (

) = arg

3
4

1
1
2
=
| |
2
2

3
3
arg (1 ) =
arg =
=
4
4

3
3
1
+ sin
2 cos
1
=
2
4
4
|1

Question 13(d)

=
=4 3+

| =

3
r
2
| | =
4 3 + (4)2 = 8

arg

4
= tan 1
=
6
4 3

= 8 cos + sin
6
6

q
| | =
( 3)2 + ( 3)2 = 3 2
3
3
=
arg
= tan 1
4

3
3
3
= 3 2 cos
+ sin
4
4
11

|
arg (

|
arg (

| = | | | | = 8 3 2 = 24 2

3
7
=
) = arg + arg = +
6
4
12

7
7
+ sin
= 24 2 cos
12
12
8
| |
4
=
2
=
| |
3
3 2

| =

) = arg

arg

3
11
=
4
12

11
11
4
2 cos
+ sin
=
3
12
12

1
=
2
| |
6
3 2

3
3
arg (1 ) =
arg =
=
4
4

3
3
1
+ sin
2 cos
1
=
6
4
4
|1

| =

Question 14
(a) arg(1 + tan ) = + 2
(b)

=1

(c) arg(

tan tan

any integer.

+ (tan + tan )

) = arg + arg

(d) tan(arg

, with

(+ a multiple of 2 .)

= +

) = tan ( + ) on one hand, and tan (arg

)=

The conclusion is that

tan ( + ) =

tan + tan
1 tan tan

Question 15
Let

+2
| +2 | = 4
2

+4

= 4

= 16r
=

The number is either

4
5

8
5

or

4
5

8
5

Question 16
12

16
4
=
5
5

tan +tan
1 tan tan

on the other hand.

Let the unknown number be

= +
| + | = 2
2

+1 = 2

+1 = 4
3

Hence

=1

3 or

3 (rejected

=| | 2

= 1
0) The number is

Question 17(a)

Question 17(b)

13

1
3

Question 17(c)

Question 18(a)&(b)

Question 18(c)

= 2

( 1

= 2+2 +1+3
= 3+5
14

3)

Question 19

Question 20

Question 21

Question 22

15

Question 23

Question 24

16

Question 25(a)
|1 + | =
arg (1 + ) =
(1 + ) =
(1 + )20 =
=
=

12 + 12 = 2
1
tan 1 =
4

1
2 cos + sin
4
4
20
20
2
cos + sin
4
4

+ sin 20
1024 cos 20
4
4
1024 (cos 5 + sin 5 )

= 1024 (cos + sin )

=

1024

Question 25(b)

arg 1

3 =
12 +

3
= tan 1
3 =
5
3
=
=
=

2
3 =2
!
3
=

1
3

2 cos
+ sin
3
3

5

5
+ sin
2 cos
3h
i
i
h 3
+ sin 5
32 cos 5
3

3

5
5
+ sin
32 cos
3
3

= 16 + 16 3

17

Question 23(c)
r

2 3 + ( 2)2 = 4
2 3 2 =

2
5
1
arg
2 3 2
= tan
=
6
2 3

5
5
2 3 2
+ sin
= 4 cos
6
6

6
5
5
6
2 3 2
+ sin
= 4 cos
6
6

5
5
= 4096 cos 6
+ sin 6
6
6
= 4096 (cos ( 5 ) + sin ( 5 ))
= 4096 (cos (
=

) + sin (

))

4096

Question 25(d)
q
( 1)2 + 12 = 2
| 1+ | =
3
1
+ =
arg ( 1 + ) = tan 1
4
1
3
3
( 1+ ) =
+ sin
2 cos
4
4
8
8
3
3
8
( 1+ ) =
cos
2
+ sin
4
4

3
3
= 16 cos 8
+ sin 8
4
4
= 16 (cos 6 + sin 6 )
= 16 (cos 0 + sin 0)
= 16
Question 26(a)
8

+2
cos

= 1 = cos 0 + sin 0

+ sin

+2

18

=0 1 2

0
0
cos + sin
=1
8
8

0+2
0+2
1 1
8
cos
+ sin
=
+
8
8
2 2

0+4
0+4
8
cos
+ sin
=
8
8

0+6
0+6
1
8
cos
+ sin
=
8
8
2

0+8
0+8
8
cos
+ sin
= 1
8
8

0 + 10
0 + 10
1
8
cos
+ sin
=
8
8
2

0 + 12
0 + 12
8
cos
+ sin
=
8
8

0 + 14
0 + 14
1
8
cos
+ sin
=
8
8
2

1 8

= (1)

= (1)

= (1)1
1

= (1)

= (1)1
1

= (1)

= (1)1
1

= (1)

1
2

1
+
2

1
2

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

-0.2

0.8

1
x

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

Question 26(b)

3
= 2 and arg 3

=
3

+2
cos

= 2 cos
+ sin

+2

19

+ sin

=0 1 2

1 5
6
6
cos
+ sin
=2
cos
5
5
30

+2
+2
5
cos 6
+ sin 6
= 21
5
5

+4
+4
5
6
6
cos
+ sin
= 21
5
5

+6
+6
5
6
6
cos
+ sin
= 21
5
5

+8
+8
5
6
6
cos
+ sin
= 21
5
5

1 5

= (2)

= (2)1

= (2)1

= (2)1

= (2)1

sin
30

11
11
5
cos
+ sin
30
30

7
7
5
cos
+ sin
30
30

7
7
5
cos
+ sin
6
6

13
13
5
cos
sin
30
30

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-0.2

1
x

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

Question 26(c)

1 + 3 = 2 and arg 1 +
6

+2
cos

1+

2
3

2
2
+ sin
3 = 2 cos
3
3

+ sin

+2

20

=0 1 2

2
2
1
1
1 6
3
3
cos
+ sin
=2
cos
+ sin
6
6
9
9

2
2
+2
+2
4
4
6
1 6
3
3
cos
cos
+ sin
=2
+ sin
6
6
9
9

2
2
+4
+4
2
2
6
1 6
3
3
cos
cos
+ sin
=2
+ sin
6
6
9
9

2
2
+6
+6
1
1
6
1 6
3
3
cos
+ sin
=2
cos
sin
6
6
9
9

2
2
+8
+8
4
4
6
1 6
3
3
cos
cos
+ sin
=2
sin
6
6
9
9

2
2
+ 10
+ 10
2
2
6
1 6
3
3
cos
cos
+ sin
=2
sin
6
6
9
9

1 6

= (2)

= (2)1

= (2)1

= (2)1

= (2)1

= (2)1

y
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
x

-0.25
-0.5
-0.75
-1

Question 26(d)

2
2 = 2 and arg
6

2
1+

+2
cos

= 34

3
3
3 = 2 cos
+ sin
4
4
2

+ sin

+2

21

=0 1 2

3
3
1
1 3
4
4
cos
+ sin
=2
cos
+ sin
= (2)
3
3
4

3
3
+2
+2
5
1 3
1 3
4
4
cos
cos
+ sin
=2
+
= (2)
3
3
12

3
3
+4
+4
11
1 3
1 3
4
4
cos
cos
+ sin
=2
= (2)
3
3
12

1
4

1 3

1.2

5
sin
12

11
+ sin
12

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.2

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-0.2

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

Question 27(a)
2

+ 6 + 10 = ( + 3)2 + 1 = 0 has solutions

3 .

Question 27(b)
3

+8 = 0

Setting

8. Since

+2

8=8

= 81

we nd that

+ 23

( any integer).

= 0 1 2 gives you all solutions, namely

= 0:

=2

= 1:

=2

+ 23

= 2:

=2

+ 43

=1

=1+

3
2
3

Question 27(c)
3

125 = 0

= 125. Since 125 = 53

we nd that

22

=5

2
3

( any integer). Setting

= 0 1 2 gives you all solutions, namely

= 0:

=5

= 1:

=5

= 2:

=2

0
2
3

4
3

=5
=
=

5 5
+
2 2
5 5
2 2

3
3

Question 27(d)
2

+4 +4=0:
p
42 4 (2) (4)
2 (2)
16
4
4
1
4

=
=
=
Question 27(e)
4

+2

3=0:
2

p
22 4 (1) (3)
2
2 16
2
24
2
2

=
=
=

= 1 or

3, so the four solutions are 1

3.

Question 27(f)
6

+2:3

2=0
3

=
=

= 1 or

For

q
( 1) ( 1)2

4 (3 ( 2))

2 (3)

25
6

2
.
3

= 1 since 1 =

we nd that

2
3

( any integer). Setting

all solutions, namely

= 0:

= 1:

= 2:

=1

2
3

4
3

23

=
=

1
3
+
2 2
1
31
2 2

= 0 1 2 gives you

For

2
3

2
3

since

2
3

+2

we nd that

2
3

+ 23

( any integer). Setting

=0 1 2

gives you all solutions, namely

= 0:

= 1:

= 2:

r
3

2
3

2
3
r
3 2
=
3
3

1
3 2
+
=
3
3 2 2
r
2
3 2
+3
=
3
r

1
3 2
+ 43
=
3
3 2 2

The six solutions are therefore

1
3 1
from

2
2
r r

1
3 2
3 2
3

3
3 2 2

=1

from

2
3

Question 27(g)
5

32 = 0

= 32. Since 32 = 25

we nd that

=2

2
5

( any integer). Setting

= 0 1 2 3 4 gives you all solutions, namely

= 0:

=2

= 1:

=2

= 2:

=2

= 3:

=2

= 4:

=2

Note that 2 cos 65 + 2 sin 65 = 2 cos 45

2 sin 25

0
2
5

4
5

6
5

8
5

=2
2
2
+ 2 sin
5
5
4
4
+ 2 sin
= 2 cos
5
5
4
4
2 sin
= 2 cos
5
5
2
2
= 2 cos
2 sin
5
5
= 2 cos

2 sin 45

and likewise, 2 cos 85 +2 sin 85 = 2 cos 25

(Make a drawing of these numbers to see why).

Question 27(h)
5

16
4) (

= 0 : Clearly

= 0 is a solution. Factor out

to nd the equation

+ 4) = 0 whose solutions are 2, 2 . So the ve solutions are 0, 2, and 2

Question 28
4

1=

(1+2 )
4

24

for

=0 1 2 3

16 =

Hence
4

+ sin

= cos

4
4
3
3
+ sin
= cos
4
4
5
5
+ sin
= cos
4
4
7
7
= cos
+ sin
4
4

2
(1 + ) ;
2
2
=
( 1 + );
2
2
=
(1 + ) = 1 ;
2
2
=
(1
) = 0
2

Thus,
4

+1 = (

0) (
2

0 ) (

2 +1

1) (

1 )

2 +1

Question 29
Let

then we have
2

2 cos 4 + 1 = 0

Hence
4

4 cos2 4
4
p2
4 sin2 4
2 cos 4
=
2
= cos 4 sin 4
=

2 cos 4

When
4

= cos 4 + sin 4 =

we have
4
= (

+2
4

) = cos

4 +2
4

+ sin

4 +2
4

where

=0 1 2 3

When
4

= cos 4

sin 4 = cos ( 4 ) + sin ( 4 ) =

we have
= (

4 +2
4

) = cos

4 +2
4

Question 30
3

=8

8 =2

+ sin

2 cos
25

4 +2
4

+ sin

where

=0 1 2 3

Hence,
7 6

cos

= 27

=2
where

+2
3

+ sin

+2
3

=0 1 2

+ sin
cos
12
12

7
7
7 6
cos
+ sin
= 2
12
12

15
15
7 6
cos
+ sin
= 2
12
12
6

y
1.75
1.5
1.25
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
-1.25 -1

-0.75 -0.5

-0.25
-0.25

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

1.75
x

-0.5
-0.75
-1
-1.25

Question 31
Let

2
2

2 3 +4=0

Therefore,

For the case

q
2
2 3
2 3

44

3+
2

3 + = 2 cos + sin
6
6

+
2
+2
= 21 2 cos 6
+ sin 6
2
2
=

26

where

=0 1
0

For the case

3
2

where

cos
+ sin
12
12

13
13
1 2
cos
= 2
+ sin
12
12
= 21

=
3
= 2 cos
+ sin
6

6
+
2
+2
6
6
= 21 2 cos
+ sin
2
2

=0 1
0

+ sin
= 2
cos
12
12
11
11
+ sin
= 21 2 cos
12
12
1 2

Question 32
2

By De Movires Theorem, the solution of equation

= cos

2
2

= cos
where

=0 1 2 3

+ sin

=1
2
2

+ sin

So
2

1 =

2Y1

cos

=0

= ( + 1) (

=
=
=
=

1)

Y1

=1
Y1

+ sin

Y1
=1

=1
Y1

=1
Y1
=1

cos

cos

cos

cos
2

2 cos

2Y1

+ sin

+ sin

Y1
=1

+ sin

Y1
=1

+ sin

+1

27

= +1

(2
cos

cos
)

cos

cos

+ sin

+ sin

sin
sin

(2

Hence
Y1
1
=
1
=1
Y1
1)
=

2
2

1+
Put

2(

+ +

2 cos
2 cos

=1

+1

+1

= 1 we have
Y1 2
(1)
=

2 cos

=1

Y1
2 1
=
=1

= 2

cos

Y1
1

cos

=1

+1

2 (1) cos

=1

Y1
2
=

Put

1 we have
Y1
( 1)2
=

2 ( 1) cos

=1
Y1

2 + 2 cos

=1
Y1

=1

2 1 + cos

= 2

+1

Y1
1 + cos

=1

Hence,

= 2

Y1
1

cos

=1

= 2

= 2

= 2

Y1

=1
Y1

cos
2

sin

=1

Y1
1 + cos
=1

1 + cos

cos

=1
Y1

28

Therefore,
Y1
sin2
=1

Y1

sin

=1

Y1
=1
Y1

!2

22

2
2

sin

sin

=1

22
r

2
2

22

Question 33
(ln 2)(1+ )

ln 2+ ln 2

ln 2

(cos ln 2 + sin ln 2) so the real part is 2 cos ln 2 and the imaginary

part is 2 sin ln 2.

arg
Question 34(a)

(ln 2)(1+ )

(ln 2)(1+ )

= 2
= ln 2

can be negative, or any other complex number except zero.

Question 34(b)
If

and arg

then

(cos + sin ), so the absolute value and argument of

are | | =

= . Therefore the argument can be anything, and the absolute value can be any positive

real number, but not 0.

Question 35
1

1
cos
1
=
cos + sin
cos + sin cos

sin
cos
sin
=
= cos
2
sin
cos + sin2

Question 36(a)
2

= cos

+ sin

Question 36(b)
2

= cos 2 + sin 2 = 1

Question 36(c)
3

= cos

3
3
+ sin
=
4
4

29

2
2
+
2
2

sin = cos (

)+ sin (

)=

Question 36(d)
= cos (

) + sin (

)=

Question 36(e)
2+

(cos + sin ) =

Question 36(f)
1+2

= (cos 2 + sin 2) =

1 1312 + 2 4717

Question 37(a)

ln (4 + 4 ) = ln 4 2

The principal value is

Question 37(b)

Question 37(c)

= ln 2

= ln 2 +

= ln 2

= ln 4 +

Question 37(d)
Let

= tan

+2

= ln 4
ln 2 + 2 3
The principal value is

4
= ln 4 2 + ln

= ln 4 2 +
+2
4

(4 + 4 ) = ln 4 2 + 4

ln

The principal value is

2 + 2 3 = ln 4 +

+2

1 4
3

ln (3 + 4 ) = ln 5

= ln 5 + ( + 2

The principal value is

(3 + 4 ) = ln 5 +

where

30

= tan

1 4
3

Question 38(a)
=
ln

ln

+2

1
2

1
2

=
The principal value of

1
2

is

Question 38(b)
=
ln

= (1

The principal value of

is

1
2

+2

1
+2
+
+2
2
2
1
+2 +( 2 +2
)
2

= (1

=
=

) ln

Question 38(c)
2
1+
=
2
1+
= 2 ln
2
4
= 2 ln

= 2
+2
4
1
4
=
2
1
4
2
=

ln
ln

The principal value of

is

1
2

31

Question 38(d)
=
ln

!1+

3+
2

= (1 + ) ln
= (1 + ) ln

3+
2
3+
2

6
= (1 + ) ln

= (1 + )
+2
6

+2
+2
=
6
6
= ( 6 +2 ) ( 6 +2 )

=
The principal value of

is

Question 39
cos 5 + sin 5

= (cos + sin )5
= cos5 + 5 cos4 ( sin ) + 10 cos3 ( sin )2 + 10 cos2 ( sin )3
+5 cos ( sin )4 + ( sin )5

Therefore,

= cos5
10 cos3 sin2 + 5 cos sin4

10 cos2 sin3 + sin5

+ 5 cos4 sin
cos 5

= cos5

10 cos3 sin2 + 5 cos sin4

sin 5

= 5 cos4 sin

10 cos2 sin3 + sin5

is undecidable.
Question 40
cos 4 = real part of (cos + sin )4 = cos4 +sin4

4 cos sin3 +4 cos3 sin

6 cos2 sin2 .

Hence
cos 4 = cos4
sin 4 = 4 cos3 sin

6 cos2 sin2 + sin4

4 cos sin3 = imaginary part of

(cos + sin )4 = cos4 + sin4

4 cos sin3 + 4 cos3 sin

32

6 cos2 sin2

cos 5 = cos5

10 cos3 sin2 + 5 cos sin4 = real part of

(cos + sin )5 = cos5 + sin5 + 5 cos sin4 + 5 cos4 sin

10 cos2 sin3

10 cos3 sin2

20 cos3 sin3 + 6 cos sin5 = imaginary part of

sin 6 = 6 cos5 sin

(cos + sin )6 = cos6

sin6 +6 cos sin5 +6 cos5 sin +15 cos2 sin4

20 cos3 sin3

15 cos4 sin2

Question 41
Let

then

= cos + sin
+

= (cos

(2 sin )
16 sin

+ sin
4

) + (cos

+6
4

+6

1
4
+ 4 4

2
1

4
1

) = 2 cos

3
1

2
2

sin

+6

Since
+

= (cos

+ sin

) + (cos

sin

) = 2 cos

thus
16 sin4 = 2 cos 4

8 cos 2 + 6

Question 42
Use the hint:
Z

(cos 2 )

1
=
16

The fourth line of Pascals triangle says ( + )4 =

=

=
Z

+
2
2

+
3

+4

+6

2 2

+4

+ 4 . Apply this with

and you get

4

(cos 2 )

1
=
16

1 1
=
16 8

+4
4
+
4

+6+4
4

33

4
+6 +
4

1
+
8

We could leave this as the answer since were done with the integral. However, we are asked to
simplify our answer, and since we know ahead of time that the answer is a real function we should
rewrite this as a real function. There are several ways of doing this, one of which is to carefully
match complex exponential terms with their complex conjugates (e.g.

us

1
=
16

(cos 2 )

Finally, we use the formula sin =

+6

with

.) This gives

to remove the complex exponentials. We end up with

the answer
Z

(cos 2 )

1 1
sin 8 + 2 sin 4 + 6 +
=
16 4
1
3
1
sin 8 + sin 4 +
+
=
64
8
8

Question 43
Use sin =

(sin

1
2
2
2
2
+
(2 )2
Z

1 ( 2+2 )
2 2 + ( 2 2 )
=
4
( 2+2 )

( 2 2 )
1
2
=
+
+
+
4
2+2
2 2
=

We are done with integrating. The answer must be a real function (being the integral of a real
function), so we have to be able to write our answer in a real form. To get this real form we must
expand the complex exponentials above, and do the division by

2+2

and

2 . This is still

a fair amount of work, but we can cut the amount of work in half by noting that the terms

and

are complex conjugates of each other, i.e. they are the same, except for the sign in front of : you
get

from

by changing all s to

We compute
=
=

s. So once we have simplied

as follows
2
( 2
( 2

2 +2

2 )( 2 + 2 )
2 ) 2 (cos 2 + sin 2
( 2)2 + ( 2 )2

we immediately know

4+4

2
2

( 2 cos 2

+ 2 sin 2

)+
34

4+4

( 2 cos 2

2 sin 2

Hence
2

4+4

( 2 cos 2

+ 2 sin 2

4+4

( 2 cos 2

2 sin 2

and
+

2 2
4+4

( 2 cos 2

+ 2 sin 2

1+

( cos 2

+ sin 2

Substitute this in () and you get the real form of the integral
Z
2
1
2
(sin )2
=
( cos 2 + sin 2
41+ 2

Question 44(a)
This one can be done with the double angle formula, but if you had forgotten that, complex
exponentials work just as well:
Z
cos2

=
=
=
=
=
=

+
2

1 2
+2+ 2
4

1
1 1 2
2
+
+2 +
4 2
2
2

2
1
+2 +
4
2
1
(sin 2 + 2 ) +
4
1
sin 2 + +
4
2

Question 44(b)
Z

cos

=
=
=
=
=

+
2

Z
1 3
+3 +3
+
8
3
3
3
1
+
+
+
8 3
3
3
3(
1
+
8
3

1 2 sin 3
+ 6 sin
+
8
3
35

3
3

3
)

+
+

Question 44(c)
Use (

)( + ) =

to compute

cos2 sin2

1
( 2
16
1 4
16

=
=
First variation: The integral is
Z
cos2 sin2

+
22

)2 (

2+

)2
(2 )2
)2
4

Z
4

1
2+ 4
16
4

4
1
2 +
+
16 4
4
4

4
1
2
+
16
4

1
sin 4
2 +
16
2
1
1
sin 4 +
+
32
8

=
=
=
=
=

Second variation: Get rid of the complex exponentials before integrating:

1
16

2+

=
=
=

1 4
+ 4
2
16
1
(2 cos 4
2)
16
1
1
cos 4 +
8
8

If you integrate this you get the same answer as above.

Question 44(d)
Z

sin

=
=
=
=
=

2
6

1
6 4 + 15 2
20 + 15 2
6 4 + 6
64
6

6
1
6 4
15 2
15 2
6 4
+
20 +
+
+
64 6
4
2
2
4
6
6

6
4
2
) 15 ( 2
)
6( 4
1
+
20 +
64
6
4
2

1 sin 6
3 sin 4 + 15 sin 2
20
+
64
3
36

Question 44(e)
Z

sin (2 ) cos(3 )

2
1
8

1
+
8

56

1
4

56

12

12

sin 3
+
6

1
4

56

sin 7
sin
+
28
4

+ 3
2
1
1
+
+ 7
8
8
3

12

+
+

Question 45(a)
Z

sin(

=
=

4
4

1
4
= 0
=

Question 45(b)
Z 2
sin(

) cos(

2
1
4

1
4

) cos(

1
=
2

)
)

)
2

1
4

sin 2

1
cos 2
4

37

2
0

( + )
2

2
1
4

( + )

( + )

( + )

+ )

2 cos (
(

(
(

+
( + )

1
+
4

( + )

( + )

2 cos ( + )
( + )

( + )

( + )

1
4

+
2

2
0

=0

+
2

Question 45(c)
Z

cos(

=
=
=
=
=
=

) cos(
+
2

+
2

Z
1 2 ( + )
)
+ ( + ) + (
+ (
4 0
Z
1 2 ( + )
)
+ ( + ) + (
+ (
4 0
( + )
( + )
(
)
1
+
+
+
4
( + )
( + )
(
)
( + )
( + )
(
)
(
1
+
4
( + )
(
)

2
2 sin ( + )
2 sin (
)
1
+
4
( + )
(
)
0
0

Question 45(d)
Z
cos(

) cos(

+
=
2
0

1
2 sin ( + )
=
4
( + )
= 0

(
2

2
0

+
2
2 sin (
+
(

Question 45(e)
Z

sin(
Z 2
0

=
=
=
=
=
= 0

) sin(
2

1
+
4 0
Z
1 2 ( + )
+ ( + )
4 0
( + )
( + )
1
+
4
( + )
( + )
( + )
( + )
1
4
( + )

2 sin (
2 sin ( + )
1
4
( + )
(
2

38

(
(

)
)

(
)
)

2
0

(
2
0

2
0

Question 45(f)

sin( ) sin( )

2 sin ( + )
1
=
4
( + )
= 0
0

2 sin (
(

)
)

Question 46(a)
cos + sin

= Re

= Re (1
)

2
= Re

2
= Re

2 cos
=
Z

cos + sin

=
=
=

Question 46(b)

2 cos
Z

1
sec
2

1
ln sec
2

(cos + sin )2

Question 46(c)
cos
=

+
+

sin
2

= Re ((

= tan

=
=
=

) = Re

+ tan

= Re

sin

cos (

sec (

ln |sec (

2 cos2
4
Z

1
=
sec2
2
4

1
=
tan
+
2
4

cos +
Z

) + tan (
39

)| +

cos (

) where

Question 47

=
=

sin

sin

sin

sin
Z

sin

( + +
( +

( +

( +

( +

)
( +

( +

( +

+
2

If + + is even, we let + +
Z
1
sin sin sin
=
8 (
0

Since

( +

( ++ )

( ++ )
( ++ )

)
)

( +

( ++ )

sin

0
( +

1
8 (

2
( ++ )

( +

( ++ )

( + +

=2
(2

2 )

)
(2

(2

1 = 0 thus
Z
sin

( + +

2 )

(2

2)

sin

2 )

(2

)
(2

( +

sin

2 )

( +

2 )

+
2

( + +

=0

Question 48
| + 4| means the distance between

and ( 4 0) while |

4| means the distance between

and (4 0). Thus the equation denotes that the sum of the two distances is 10. It shows that the
curve is the ellipse with foci ( 4 0) and (4 0).
We may derive the result by the following detailed computation. From
| + 4| + |

40

4| = 10

we get that
| +4+ |+|
4 + | = 10
q
q
( + 4)2 + 2 + (
4)2 + 2 = 10
q
( + 4)2 + 2 = 10
( + 4)2 +

+8 +

25

= 100

q
(

q
20 (
q
20 (

+ 16 = 100

q
20 (
q
5 (

25 (

4)2 +

= 100

4)2 +

= 25

4)2 +

200 + 25

4)2 +

+ 400 = 16

= 225 or

4)2 +

+(

4)2 +

4)2 +
2

8 +

2
2

+ 16

16
4
4 )2

= (25

200 + 625

Thus
2

+ 25

25

=1

Question 49(a)
Write

+
| | = |
| +
2

|2 = |(
2

= (

0 = 8

4|
4) +
4)2 +

|2
2

16

= 2
it is a perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the origin to the point 4 + 0

41

Question 49(b)

| +

|+|
q
2+ 2+
(
(

5
5

| = 6

4+
4)2 +

4)2 +

8 + 16 + 2
p
2+ 2
12
p
2+ 2
3

9 2+ 2

= 6

= 6
= 36

20 + 9

= 25

2)2 + 9
2)2
+

= 45

= 25 + 20 + 4
= 25

p
12

= 5+2

5(
(

= 20 + 8

20 + 9

20 + 4

= 1

This is an ellipse.

42

2
2

Question 49(c)
| | = 2|

4|

4 + |2
|2 = 4 |

2
+ 2 = 4 + 2 8 + 16 +

| +

0 = 3 2+3
64
32
2
+
= 0
+ 2
3
3
!
2
2
16
32
64
16
+ 2+
+
= 0
3
3
3
3

2
16
64
+ 2 =
3
9

It is a circle with center

16
3

+ 0 and radius

32 + 64

8
3

Question 49(d)
The locus is a half-line starting at the origin making an angle

43

5
6

with the real axis.

Question 49(e)
The half-line to be considered here is one which starts at the point 2
4

below the real axis as shown below.

Question 49(f)
We may use the fact that
arg
One possible solution for

1
+1

= arg (

1)

is shown the diagram below.

44

arg ( + 1)

3 It makes an angle of

We can see that the locus of

is the major arc of a circle passing through 1 + 0 and

1+0

Since the angle at the center of the circle is twice that on the circumference, it can be seen that the
center of the circle is at 0 + and hence the radius of the circle is

The problem can be tackled algebraically but there are di culties that can creep in by assuming
arg ( +

) = tan

Nevertheless, we can obtain the Cartesian equation of the full circle of which the locus is only part.
Let

+
arg

1
+1

1+
= arg
+1+

1
1+

= arg
+1+
+1

2
2
1+ )+2
(
=
= arg
4
( + 1)2 + 2

Taking tangents of both sides

2
= 1
(
1 + 2)
2
+ 2 2 = 1

2
+ 2 2 +1 = 2
2

It is a circle with center 0 + and radius

1)2 = 2

+(

45

Question 50
Put

Then
+
+

( )=
(a)

which is a line with -intercept

+ )+ ( +
( + )2 + 2

or

=0

and -intercept

If ( ) is purely imaginary, then

2

or

which is a circle with centre at

Question 51
Let

If ( ) is real, then

(b)

= cos + sin

2 2

and radius of

=0

=
1
2

1
4
2

Then
1+

= (1 + cos ) + sin
= 2 cos2

+ 2 sin cos
2
2
2
= 2 cos
cos + sin
2
2
2
46

=1

and
1

= (1

cos )

sin

= 2 sin2

2 sin cos
2
2
2
sin
cos
= 2 sin
2
2
2

= 2 sin ( ) cos + sin

2
2
2

cos + sin
=
2 sin
2
2
2
Hence
1+
1

2 cos 2 cos 2 + sin 2

2 sin 2 cos 2 + sin 2

cot

cos 2
sin 2
2

which is purely imaginary.

Question 52
+

= cos + sin + (cos

= 2 cos
+
=
2

cos

= cos + sin
+

= 2 sin
sin

47

(cos

sin )

sin )

Question 53
( )

cos

+ ( )
2
+
2
+
= cosh
2

=
=
=

sin

( )

( )

2
= sinh

Question 54(a)
sinh cosh

=
cosh sinh

2
+

+
4

cosh sinh
+
4

2
(

+
2

+
2

=
sinh cosh
+

= sinh (

Question 54(b)
cosh cosh

=
sinh sinh

+
2
+

+
4

48

+
2

=
=
=
=

cosh cosh + sinh sinh

+
+
+
4
+
2
+
+ (+)
2
cosh ( + )

Question 55(a)
tanh 4 4
(4 )
= 4 sech 2 4

tanh 4

Question 55(b)
sinh ( ) ( )
( )
= (cosh ) ( )

sinh ( )

Question 55(c)
cosh3

Question 55(d)
tanh (sin )

cosh3
cosh
cosh

= 3 cosh2 (sinh )
=

tanh (sin ) sin

(sin )
= (cos ) sech 2 (sin )

Question 55(e)
cosh 5 sinh 3

cosh 5

sinh 3

sinh 3 + cosh 5

= 5 sin 5 sinh 3 + 3 cosh 5 cosh 3

Question 55(f)
coth 4

=
=

(coth 4 )1
1
(coth 4 )
2
49

1 2

4 csch 2 4

Question 56(a)
Z
sinh 4

1
=
4

+
2

1
cosh 4 +
4

Question 56(b)
Z

cosh 3

=
=

+
2

1
4

1
+
4

1
+
2

1 6
6
+ 12
+
24

6
6
1
+ +
=
12
2
2
sinh 6
=
+ +
12
2
=

Question 56(c)

Question 56(d)
Z
cosh 2 sinh 3

sech2 7

=
=

1
4

1
tanh 7 +
7

+
2

1
4

2
1
5

1
+
4

1
+5 + 5 + 5 +
5
20

1
+
+ 5
1
+
+
=
2
2
10
2
cosh
cosh 5
=
+
+
2
10
=

Question 57

50

= sech

sech

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

2
+
2
sech
2
csch
1
1
+
sech
csch
1
+ sinh
sech
p
1
1
+ cosh2
sech
s
1
1
1
+
sech
sech2
r
1
1
1
+
2
!

r
1
1
+
1
ln
2

Question 58
1

tanh

2
1
2 tanh
+1
"

2 !#
1 + +1
1
2
2
ln
2
1
+1

+1+
2
ln
+1
+2

2
1
ln
3
3
2
1
3
3
2
3

51

1
2

1+
ln
1

= ln 2
= ln 2
= ln 2
= ln 2
= 2
7
3
= 35
=

Question 59(a)
1

cosh

cosh 1 (4 + 3) (4 + 3)
(4 + 3)
1
4
= q
2
(4 + 3)
1
4
= q
(4 + 3)2 1

(4 + 3) =

Question 59(b)
sinh

(
sinh 1 ( )

( )
1
1
= q

2
2
( ) +1
1
=
2
+1

Question 59(c)
tanh

(3 + 1)
tanh 1 (3 + 1)

(3 + 1)
1
3
=
1 (3 + 1)2
3
=
1 (3 + 1)2

(3 + 1) =

Question 59(d)
2

sinh

(2 ) =

sinh

(2 ) +

sinh

(2 ) + 2

= 2 sinh

(2 ) +

2 2
1+4

Question 59(e)
cosh

1
cosh 1 1
1
=

1
1

= q
2
1 2
+1
1
q
=
1 2
2
+1
52

(2 )

1
q
1 + (2 )2

= 2 sinh

1
1

Question 59(f)
sinh

sinh 1 (cosh 2 )
(cosh 2 )

(cosh 2 ) =
(cosh 2 )
1
2 sinh 2
= q
2
1 + (cosh 2 )
2 sinh 2
= p
1 + cosh2 2

Question 59(g)
1

= sech

= sech

1
cosh

1
cosh

cosh2
sinh

1
1

sech

1
| | 1

Question 59(h)
= coth

sinh
cosh2

1
| | 1

= coth
coth

=
coth

=
=

csch2 = 1

coth2 = 1

1
2

1
2

Question 60
+

(cos

= ( +
So

equations for

= 2 cos
and

we get

) cos

3
2

=1+

53

)+

+ (

holds if

+ 3 sin
=1

+ sin

+
3
2

(cos

sin

) sin
= 2, (

) = 3. Solving these two

Question 61
Re

= Re
= Re

= Re ( (cos (

) + sin (

= Re ( cos (
=

cos (

)+

)))

sin (

))

Question 62
Re

= Re
= Re

= Re (

(cos (

= Re ( sin (
=

sin (

) + sin (

)))

cos (

))

Question 63

2 cos( ) + 2 cos

2
3

= Re 2 + 2 2 3


= Re 2 1 + 2 3

= Re 2 5 3

= Re 2 +5 3

5
= 2 cos +
3

Question 64
12 cos(

1
) + 12 sin
6

1
3

54

= Re 12

= Re 12

= Re 12 (

= Re 12

= 12 cos

6
6

)
2

12
3

Question 65
12 cos(

1
) + 12 cos
6

1
3

= Re 12

= Re 12

= Re 12

+ 12

3
3

3+1
2

!
3+1
= Re 12
2

3 + 1 cos
= 6 2

1
2

1
2
!

Question 66
cos(

1
)+
6

3 cos

2
3

= Re
= Re
= Re

= Re 2

= 2 cos

55

1
2

3
3