SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS

I. OBJECTIVES
a) The adjustment of the value of the forward transmission a in order to fulfill
the Barkhausen criterion in Wien bridge oscillators.
b) Understanding the amplitude stabilization mechanism of the oscillations,
using amplitude stabilization circuits with diodes or with a !T used as
voltage controlled linear resistance.
II. COMPONENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
or the e"periments, we use the e"perimental assembl# e$uipped with%
a &'( operational amplifier, two ()'('* diodes, a B+,( !T, resistors and
capacitors. -n order to suppl# the e"perimental assembl#, we use a dc voltage
source. We will also need a sine wave signal generator. To visualize the ac
voltages we use a dual channel oscilloscope.
III. PREPARATIONS
P.1. The Wien bridge sinusid!" s#i""!$r
The oscillator circuit is presented in ig.(.
Which is the fre$uenc# of the sine wave signal generated b# the oscillator.
What is the value of |r| at the fre$uenc# of oscillation. What about the
phase of r.
What should be the value of the forward transmission /basic amplifier0s
gain) a in order to ensure the oscillation. What happens with the output
signal v
1
if a decreases under this value. What if a increases over this
value.
2s #ou can see from the scheme in ig. (, the circuit doesn0t have an input
signal, onl# the power suppl#. 3espite this, we will obtain a sine wave
signal at the output of the circuit. !"plain the mechanism b# which the sine
wave signal v
1
at the output of the oscillator is generated.
-n order to obtain at the output of the oscillator a sine wave signal in the
absence of an e"ternal input signal, is it sufficient to set a at the value
specified in the Barkhausen criterion, a
0
. 4ow must the value a be with
respect to a
0
after powering up the suppl#. Wh#. 4ow does the waveform
v
1
/t) look like if a takes this value different from a
0
. 4ow must the value a
be modified after the oscillations have appeared in order to obtain at the
output a sine wave signal.
The condition for oscillation start5up and then for maintaining the
oscillation after start5up implies the achievement of a%
6 7onstant and infinite gain in the circuit.
6 7onstant and finite gain, given b# the Barkhausen criterion.
6 8arger gain than the one from the Barkhausen criterion, at start5up
/after power up), followed b# the decrease of the gain until it reaches
the value from the Barkhausen criterion.
P.%. The !&'"i$ude s$!bi"i(!$in in Wien bridge s#i""!$rs
1n the oscillator with Wien Bridge from ig.(, we will stud# now the
amplitude stabilization mechanism.
-n a sinusoidal oscillator with 1p2mp there is no input signal, and the
sinusoidal oscillation is generated when the circuit is powered up.
or the circuit in ig. (, plot the waveform of the differential input signal
v
1UT W-!)
/t) after the circuit0s power up. 2lso plot the output signal, if the
basic amplifier0s gain is a>a
0
, where a
0
is the basic amplifier0s gain that
fulfils the Barkhausen criterion.
8et0s anal#ze two practical oscillator circuits with 1p2mp and Wien
Bridge, in which the amplitude stabilization circuit consists of%
(. 3iodes 9. !T
P.%.1. A&'"i$ude s$!bi"i(!$in )i$h dides
The oscillator circuit with 1p2mp and Wien Bridge, for which the
amplitude stabilization is done using two anti5parallel diodes, is presented
in ig. 9.
-n what state /on or off) are the diodes 3
(
and 3
9
during the transient
regime, just after the power up. 7ompute the gain of the basic amplifier a,
in this case. :lot v
1
/t) and v
1UT W-!)
/t) in this case.
-n permanent regime, when we alread# have at the output a sine wave
signal v
1
/t), are 3
(
and 3
9
on. Which is the condition for 3
(
and 3
9
to be
on. 7ompute the basic amplifier0s gain a in this case.
Wh# is it necessar# the use of two anti5parallel diodes in the circuit from
ig. 9.
What is the role of the resistor ;
<
in parallel with 3
(
and 3
9
in the circuit.
P.%.%. A&'"i$ude s$!bi"i(!$in )i$h *ET
The Wien Bridge oscillator circuit with 1p2mp, for which the amplitude
stabilization is done using !T, is presented in ig. =.
The depletion mode !T is biased as a voltage controlled resistance, r
ds
controlled b# v
>?
, for small signal.
What should be the value of the resistance r
ds
of the !T to maintain
constant amplitude of the oscillation. Which circuit elements ensure the
gate control of the !T in order to obtain a constant r
ds
, at the value
computed before.
What order of magnitude must the capacitor 7
=
and the potentiometer :1T
have. Wh#.
What are the roles of the diode 3
=
and resistance ;
&
. 4ow would the
circuit0s operation change in the absence of the diode 3
=
.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the amplitude stabilization
circuit with !T with respect to the one with anti5parallel diodes.
IV. E+PLORATIONS AND RESULTS
1. The Wien Bridge sinusid!" s#i""!$r
E,'"r!$ins
2s e"perimental assembl# #ou will use the circuit from ig. (. 7onnect J3
with J4,, J9 with J10, and J19 with J20 /i.e. open the : loop on the
output).
?uppl# the assembl# with (<@ dc between J1 and J2.
2ppl# between terminal -) W-!) and ground a sine wave signal v
-
/t) from
the signal generator, v
-
/t)A+sin9
B
t C@D, where
B
A(.,E4z, fre$uenc#
where the absolute value of the Wien Bridge transfer function is ma"imum
/(F=).
Using the oscilloscope visualize the signals v
-
/t) and v
1
/t) /between 1UT
and the ground).
Using potentiometer :
1T
from right side, adjust the value of the forward
transmission a until the amplitude of the signal v
1
/t),

1
@
, e$uals the
amplitude of the signal v
-
/t),
@
-

.
3isconnect the sine wave from -) W-!) and close the feedback loop b#
connecting J7 with J8.
Godif# the position of the cursor of :1T in order to obtain at the output a
sine wave signal v
1
/t), visualizing simultaneousl# v
1
/t) and v
1UT W-!)
/t) on
the oscilloscope.
:lot the signals v
1
/t) and v
1UT W-!)
/t). Geasure and write down%
5 the amplitude and fre$uenc# of v
1
/t)H
5 the amplitude and fre$uenc# of v
1UT W-!)
/t).
Resu"$s
3etermine r from the plots of v
1UT W-!)
/t) and v
1
/t).
3etermine the value of the phase shift between v
1UT W-!)
/t) and v
1
/t).
Using #our measurements, check the fulfillment of the Barkhausen
criterion.
%. The !&'"i$ude s$!bi"i(!$in in Wien Bridge s#i""!$rs
%.1. A&'"i$ude s$!bi"i(!$in )i$h dides
E,'"r!$ins
Use the circuit in ig. 9 b# adding new connections% J11 with J12 and J13
with J14.
?uppl# the circuit with (<@ dc.
@
1
/t)
1UT
21
;
'
I;
<

(Bk


-
@
outwien
/t)
>)3

7
(
(Bn
7
9
(Bn
;
(
(Bk
;
9
(Bk
:1T
9.<E
;
=

<k
ig.(. Wien Bridge sinusoidal oscillator
@isualize v
1
/t) on the oscilloscope. -f needed, modif# the cursor position of
:ot until #ou obtain a sine wave on the output. :lot v
1
/t) and measure the
amplitude and fre$uenc# of v
1
/t)H
@isualize and plot v
1UT W-!)
/t). Geasure its amplitude and fre$uenc#.
)ow visualize v
1
/t) while #ou decrease the value of :ot, and notice the
change in v
1
/t). :lot v
1
/t) for a randoml# selected position of the cursor of
:1T, other than the one in the previous e"ploration step.
-ncrease the value of :1T and notice the change in v
1
/t). ;edraw v
1
/t) for
a randoml# selected value of :ot, other than the ones in the previous
e"ploration steps.
@isualize the voltage across the group 3
(
, 3
9
, ;<, and 5v
1
/t) with the
oscilloscope and plot them.
Resu"$s
7ompare the fre$uenc#
B
of the signal v
1
/t) in this Wien Bridge oscillator
with amplitude stabilization with the fre$uenc# of v
1
/t) in the basic Wien
bridge oscillator measured before.
4ow can #ou modif# v
1
/t) amplitude,
@
1

at the oscillator output. >ive an

appro"imate e"pression of
@
1

.
-s v
1
/t) a JcleanK sine wave /without an# distortions). Wh#.

@
1

;
<

1UT
21
;
'
<E


-
>)3
7
(
(Bn
7
9
(Bn
;
(
(Bk
;
9
(Bk
:ot

9.<E
;
=

<k
3
(

3
9

<E
ig. 9. Wien bridge oscillator% amplitude stabilization with diodes
ind the value of the phase shift between v
1UT W-!)
/t) and v
1
/t).
4ow could #ou determine, using onl# the plots of v
1
/t) and v
1UT W-!)
/t), the
value of the forward transmission a of the circuit. 7ompute it.
What process takes place in the circuit if the value of :ot decreases and how
does it influence the output v
1
/t). 2nswer the same $uestion if the value of
:1T increases.
%.%. A&'"i$ude s$!bi"i(!$in )i$h *ET
E,'"r!$ins

Lou will use the assembl# from ig. =. To realize this circuit #ou need to
disconnect J3 5 J4, J11 5 J12, J19 5 J20 and J13 5 J14

and also #ou need
to connect J15 with J16, J18 with J19 and J20 with J21.

7onnect J16 with J17

to realize a short circuit between 3rain and >round.

?uppl# the circuit with (<@ dc.

@isualize on the oscilloscope v

1
/t) and v
1UT W-!)
/t) and plot them.

3isconnect J16 from J17

.

@isualize on the oscilloscope v

1
/t). -f needed, adjust :ot from left side until
a sine wave is obtained. :lot v
1
/t). Using the oscilloscope, measure the
amplitude and fre$uenc# of v
1
/t).

@isualize v
1UT W-!)
/t) and measure its amplitude and fre$uenc#.

@isualize on the oscilloscope the voltage between > and ground />)3).

@isualize on the oscilloscope v

1
/t), and decrease the value of :ot. or a
randoml# selected value of :1T, plot again v
1
/t). 3o the same thing
increasing the value of :ot.
Resu"$s

What is the value of the forward transmittance a for the circuit in ig. =.
-s there a significant $ualitative difference between the Wien Bridge circuit
with diodes and the Wien Bridge circuit with !T.

3etermine, as in section 9.(, the forward transmittance a of the circuit.

7ompare it with the value obtained in 9.(.

4ow does the waveform v

1
/t) modif# if :ot increases. What if :ot
decreases.

Based on the measured @

>?
, verif# the on state of the !T using the data5
book, and estimate the value of its resistance r
ds.
RE*ERENCES
(. 1ltean, >., 7ircuite !lectronice, UT :res, 7luj5)apoca, 9BB&, -?B) +&*5
+&=5,,95=BB5'
9. ?edra, 2. ?., ?mith, E. 7., Gicroelectronic 7ircuits, ifth !dition, 1"ford
Universit# :ress, -?B)% B5(+5<('9<95&, 9BB'
=. http%FFwww.bel.utcluj.roFdceFdidacticFfecFfec.htm
ig. '. !"perimental assembl#

@
1
/t)
1UT
21
;
'
I;
<
I;
*

9BE


-
@
1UTW-!)
/t)
>)3

7
(
(Bn
7
9
(Bn
;
(
(BE
;
9
(BE
;
=
I;
,
(BE
3
=
7
=
==Bn
:ot

<BBE

;
&
(E
T
>
:ot

9.<E
B+,B
ig. =. Wien Bridge oscillator circuit% amplitude stabilization
with !T