Metrology & Quality Control Laboratory

Experiment No: 8

Date:

Determination of Geometry by using Profile Projector

Part -8A
Aim: Determination of geometry & dimensions of given composite object using
profile projector.
Apparatus: Profile Projector, Test piece.
Specifications:
Screen diameter: 200mm,
Acrylic Screen with 90 cross line,
Standard magnification-10x, 20x.
Dimensions:Height x Depth x Width = 800mm x 420mm x 370 mm
Theory:
A profile projector is an optical measurement tool that magnifies a samples
surface features to allow measurement on a linear/circular scale. A profile
Projector is also referred to as an optical comparator, or even known as a
shadowgraph. A profile projector projects a magnified profile image of an area
or feature of a work piece onto a screen most commonly using diascopic
illumination. Dimensions can be measured directly on the screen or compared
to a standard reference at the correct magnification. For accuracy, it is
important that the magnification does not change with perspective, i.e. its
position or the view point of the operator. Telecentric lenses are, therefore,
highly desirable. The screen often has a grid and this grid can often be rotated
through 360 degrees to align with an edge as displayed on the screen. Point
positions, measurements, and calculations may also be performed using a
simple digital read out device. A computer may be added to a profile projector
system for edge detection, thereby eliminating some human error.
Applications:
Profile projectors are robust measuring tools commonly used in machine shops,
quality assurance departments and occasionally on assembly shop floors. They
are suitable for measuring and quality control for a wide range of size and
weights of objects. The most basic use of a profile projector is to identify a point
or edge on the shadow and from this point to calculate a length. By magnifying
the image, the operator is less likely to make a mistake when deciding where
the edge or point starts. Profile images can also be used to make simple stop /
go decision by, for example, matching an image against a standard to determine
whether a part has been made correctly.

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Fig 8.1 Profile Projector

Preparing for Work:
There are three basic requirements for perfect working of Profile Projector is
A clean optical system
Accurately centered lighting
Careful focusing of the image
All optical parts must be perfectly clean otherwise the projected image will
appear dull without sharpness. Never touch the glass of episcopic lighting
mirror with the fingers as they are extremely sensitive.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the optical profile projector.
2. Place the clean workpiece on the glass of the profile projector table.
3. Focus it properly by moving the housing wheel and moving the work table
to obtain the correct magnified image of the object.
4. Horizontal (X-axis) measurement can be taken on right hand side
micrometer and the vertical measurement from side micrometer.
5. To measure pitch take the distance between similar points on adjacent
flank or crest to or root on another adjacent threads parallel to the axis
of the screw threads. For achieving this adjust the reference line of the
profile projector to corresponding point and note the micrometer readings
between points.
6. Adapt similar procedure for the measurement of the depth of screw.
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7. For measurement of thread angle match the reference line between flanks
and note down the angle.
8. Image of component can be compared with master template or chart.
Observation Table:
For Measurement

Sr. No.

Initial
Reading

Final
Reading

Difference

1
2
1
2
1
2

Results:
1) Pitch of Given Specimen
2) Angle of Given Screw Thread
3) Depth of Given Specimen

=
=
=

Conclusion:
Hence by using profile projector we have measured various parameters of screw
thread such as Pitch, Depth and Angle of screw thread. The results are given
above.

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Metrology & Quality Control Laboratory

Experiment No: 8

Date:

Measurement of Single Point Cutting Tool angles using

Tool Makers Microscope
Part 8B
Aim: To measure of various angles of single point cutting tool using tool
makers microscope.
Apparatus: Tool makers microscope, specimen.
Theory:
The tool makers microscope is a versatile instrument that measure by optical
means with no pressure being involved, thus very useful for measurement on
small and delicate parts.
It is designed for:
a. Measurement on parts of complex form e.g. - profile of external
thread, tool, templates, gauges, etc.
b. Measuring centre to centre distance of holes in any plane.
c. A variety of linear measurements.
d. Accurate angular measurements.

Fig. 8.2 Tool Makers Microscope.

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Tool makers microscope is shown in fig. The optical head can be moved up or
down the vertical column and can be clamped at any height by means of
clamping screw. The table which is mounted on the base of the instrument can
be moved in two mutually perpendicular horizontal directions (longitudinal and
lateral) by means of accurate Micrometer screw having thimble scale and
venires.
Procedure
I.
Determination of the relative position of two or more points on a piece of
work. This is measured by measuring the travel of the work table
necessary to transfer a second point to the position previously occupied
by the first and so on.
II.
Measurement of angles: Angles pre measured by successively setting
fiducially line simply in the focal plane of the eyepiece along with arm of
the image of the angle, or through indicating the angle and noting from
a protractor scale the angle through which the line has been turned.
III.
Comparison of thread forms with respect to outlines on a glass template
situated at the focal plane of the microscope eyepiece and measurement
of discrepancies there from.
IV.
Comparison of the enlarged projected image with a tracing drawn on
exact number if times full size and affixed to the projection screen.
Single Point Cutting Tool Geometry:

Fig.8.3 Tool Geometry

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Observation Table:
For Measurement

Sr. No.

Initial
Reading

Final
Reading

Difference

1
2
1
2
1
2

Result:
1)
2)
3)
Conclusion:
Tool makers microscope is useful to measure various angles of single point
cutting geometry, Screw thread angle, pitch of screw etc. The results of
measurements are given above.

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