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Density Measurement Lab Report
Density Measurement Lab Report
This experiment was conducted in order to aim the evaluation and study the
measurement of density varied by different pressure or level transmitter. Secondly, the aim
was to check the calibration using:
SUMMARY
The main aim for this was experiment was for density measurement and calibration
systems. The experiments were varied by where one experiment was done with a heater and
another one without having the heater to heat it. Both experiments were done with open and
closed tank, couple sets of reading were taken to do calculate the average. Specific gravity
was considered and evaluated which affected the result when the temperature of water is
varied. It has been concluded that the higher the temperature of water, the lower the specific
gravity achieved, after running the experiment. Also, the values of density were to be
compared; the actual density with the density in the table which was obtained from the
temperature of water. Hence the reading and data recorded for both open and closed tank has
been discussed in the following report. Apart from that, this experiment gave advantages on
providing knowledge about calibrating the system by using various types of devices. All in
all, the objective was successfully achieved and data were provided in the result and to be
discussed later on. Unfortunately, a few errors occurred throughout the experiment and some
recommendations had been discussed to overcome it.
INTRODUCTION
Pressure and differential pressure transmitters are often used to measure the density of
a fluid. Both types of transmitters measure level based on the principle that pressure (P) is
proportional to the level (L) of the liquid multiplied by its specific gravity (S):
P = LS
Since specific gravity is the ratio of a fluids density to the density of water, any change in
density will result in a change in pressure. For example, if the height of the fluid is 100 inches
and the specific gravity changes from 0.9 to 1.3, the pressure reading changes
correspondingly from 90 to 130 in H2O. Since the density of water is 63.4 pounds per cubic
foot, the density of a material with a specific gravity of 0.9 is 57.1 lb/ft3, and the density of a
material with a specific gravity of 1.3 is 82.4 lb/ft3. Thus, the density of a material can be
determined using a variation of the basic level measurement.
The following information describes how to measure the density of a material for
constant and varying level applications, using basic level measurements. The equipment used
in this experiment was the plant model DMC200 which had been scaled-down real industrial
process built on a 5ft x 5ft steel platform with its own dedicated control panel. The process
equipment and instrumentation used were real industrial process type. The plant was
constructed readily in accordance to industrial process plant standards for safety features.
Pipes were used for the process flow rates which are known to be commercial production,
which of none using tubes.
RESULTS
Density measurement (water heater off)
Specific Gravity read from hydrometer: 0.97
SET 1
Temperature (TG), C
3
SET 2
AVERAGE
30
30
30
950
950
950
Actual Density ( DI ), kg / m
995.647
995.647
995.647
Deviation B from C, kg / m3
45.647
45.647
45.647
0.9542
0.9542
0.9542
0.0158
0.0158
0.0158
SET 1
Temperature (TG), oC
Actual Density ( DI ), kg / m3
SET 2
AVERAGE
30.9
30.9
30.9
951
951
951
995.372
995.372
995.372
44.372
44.372
44.372
Deviation B from C, kg / m
0.955
0.955
0.955
0.0146
0.0146
0.0146
SET 1
Temperature (TG), C
3
SET 2
AVERAGE
49.3
49.3
49.3
865
865
865
Actual Density ( DI ), kg / m
988.352
988.352
988.352
Deviation B from C, kg / m3
123.352
123.352
123.352
0.875
0.875
0.875
0.091
0.091
0.091
SET 1
Temperature (TG), oC
3
SET 2
AVERAGE
49.1
49.1
49.1
Actual Density ( DI ), kg / m
823
823
823
988.441
988.441
988.441
165.445
165.445
165.445
Deviation B from C, kg / m
0.833
0.833
0.833
0.133
0.133
0.133
DISCUSSION
Density is a way to measure how tightly packed an object is. Denser objects have less
empty space in them, they are less holey. Density is a physical property of matter, as each
element and compound has a unique density associated with it. Density defined in a
qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of objects with a constant
volume. This experiment is mainly conducted to evaluate and study the measurement of
density using the differential pressure or level transmitter. The term "differential pressure"
refers to fluid force per unit, measured in pounds per square inch (PSI).
Level transmitter on the hand functions to detect the level of substances including
liquids, slurries, granular material and powders. In the experiment that was conducted,
several parameters were taken into consideration. First, is the type of tank which is open tank
and closed tank. An open tank, is the tank with an open top and the content of the tank is
exposed to air. Closed tank on the other hand is fully closed and the content is not exposed to
air.
From the comparison of results in table 1.1 and table 1.2, it can be seen that the
calculated specific gravity is higher in open tank (0.9542) is lower than closed tank (0.955).
The actual density is also higher in closed tank (951) as compared to open tank (950). Thus,
the deviation from hydrometer is higher in open tank (0.0158) than closed tank (0.0146). The
second parameter is the condition of water heater whether it is on or off. By comparing the
results obtained in table 1 and table 2, it can be observed that a higher density is achieved
when the heater is turned on. The highest density (988.441) and highest calculated specific
gravity (0.833) can be observed in closed tank with the heater on whereas the lowest
deviation with hydrometer (0.0146) is achieved in open tank with heater off.
TUTORIAL
1. Density can be defined as mass per unit volume and it which relying on temperature
and pressure for gaseous material while and as for liquid, it is highly dependent on
temperature than pressure. The S.I Units used for density is kg/m.
REFERENCES
1. DIN51 757 (1994): Testing of mineral oils and related materials; determination of
density
2. Y.A. Cengel & M.A. Boles (2000) Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, International Edition.
3. B.R. Munson, D.F. Young & T.H. Okishi (2002) Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics,
Wiley.
4. J.S Hough, et al., (1991) Malting and Brewing Science, Vol. II Hopped Wort and
Beer, p. 881, Chapman and Hall, London.
APPENDICES
SG = 950
995.647
= 0.9542