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Viscous Flow in Viscous Flow in Duct Duct
Viscous Flow in Viscous Flow in Duct Duct
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Lecture 9
Viscous Flow in
Duct
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Lecture Summary
Introduction
G
General
l Ch
Characteristics
t i ti off Pipe
Pi Flow
Fl
Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe Section
Laminar Flow in Pipes
Criterion for Laminar or Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses From Fittings
Single Pump in a Pipeline System
Turbulent Flow in Non-circular Conduits
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9.1 Introduction
Conduits play very important role in engineering
It is used to transport fluids for various purposes such as
:
Water distribution network
Sewage System
Transporting Oil
Transporting Gas
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
Controlling Operations of Machinery etcetc
Thus it is extremely Important for Engineers to
understand the basic fluid mechanics of flow in pipes
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le
= 0.06 Re
D
1
le
= 4.4(Re) 6
D
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Apply SFFME :
=0
Shear stress :
r d
= ( p + z )
2 ds
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d
( p + z ) = 2
r
ds
4 w L
gD
In term off p
piezometric head drop
p:
D 2g
hf =
*
g D
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dV
dV r d
=
= ( p + z )
dy
dr 2 ds
V=
d
ds ( p + z )
Parabolic Profile
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Th maximum
The
i
velocity
l i :
ro
4
Vmax =
ds ( p + z )
Q=
ro 2
8
V=
ro
8
Putting in term of D
and rearranging :
d
( p + z ) = 322V
D
ds
ds ( p + z )
d
( p + z ) = Vmax
ds
2
d
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p1
p
32LV
+ z1 2 + z 2 =
D 2
hf =
p1
32 LV
D 2
+ z1 =
p2
+ z2 + h f
Define friction
coefficient f as:
hf = f
L V 2 32LV
=
D 2g
D 2
f =
64
(VD )
DarcyWeisbach Eqn
64
Re D
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Re D =
VD VD
=
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Where :
LV
D 2g
1
= 2 log Re
f
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where y is the distance from the wall and ks is the sand grain
size.
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Some Observations :
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If pipe materials
materials, length,
length diameter and flow rate are
knowReynolds number and relative roughness can be
calculated Then f can be determined from the graph
Then Darcy-Weisbach Eqn can be used to determine the head
loss due to friction
If the pipe materials, length, diameter and head loss are
known, but the flow rate is to be determined.Calculate Ref1/2
andd Relative
R l ti roughness
h
number
b Then
Th use the
th graphh to
t
determine fThen Darcy-Weisbach Eqn can be used to
determine the mean velocity .. Then calculate flow rate
Re f 1 2 =
D3 2
(2 g h
L)
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E
Example
l : Water
W t is
i to
t be
b transported
t
t d along
l
a 1 km
k long
l
pipe
i att
0.05 m3/s. Determine the head loss in meter if :
1 m diameter cast iron pipe is used
0.5 m diameter cast iron pipe is used
0.5 m diameter concrete pipe is used
0.6 m diameter riveted steel pipe is used
Note that
h the
h head
h d loss
l
will
ll needd to be
b supplied
l d by
b a pump off
at least the same capacity in order to deliver water at the
required flow rate.
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There
he e is an empirical
empi ical formula
fo mula given by Swamee & Jain ((1976)
976)
that can be used to calculate f directly :
f =
0.25
ks
5.74
+
log10
0 .9
D
3
.
7
Re
1.78
Q = 2.22 D 5 2 g h f L log s + 3 2
3.7 D D
g
h
L
f
LQ 2 4.75
+Q 9.4 L
D = 0.66 k s
gh
gh
f
f
5.2
0.04
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V2
2g
hL =
V2
2g
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V2
2g
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V2
2g
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hL = K
V2
2g
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p1 V1
p V
V2
L V2
+
+ z1 + h p = 2 + 2 + z 2 + K L
+ f
g 2 g
g 2 g
2 g All _ Length D 2 g
All _ Fittings
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Rearranging for hp :
hp = ( z 2 z1 ) +
V2
L
KL + f
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Referring to the
diagram :
The head
produced will be
~ 39 m
The discharge
deliver will be
0.27 m3/s
In general to solve
pump matching
problemDraw the
system curve and
obtain the
operating point
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Referring to the
diagram :
The head
produced will be
~ 40 m
The discharge
deliver will be
0.28 m3/s
The pump
efficiency will be
~ 82 %
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Example
p : Iff a pump
p p with characteristic as shown earlier is used
determine (a) the pump head (b) the flow rate (c) the efficiency (d)
the electrical power used (e) energy consumed for 24 hours
operation
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4 Area
4A
=
Wetted _ Perimeter P
L V2
De 2 g
Re D =
VDe
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End of Lecture 9
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