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Chapter 1 Ee 301
Chapter 1 Ee 301
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this topic students should be able to:
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Power Supply
All electronic circuits need a power source to
work.
For electronic circuits made up of transistors
and/or ICs, this power source must be a DC
voltage of a specific value.
A battery is a common DC voltage source for
some types of electronic equipment
especially portables like cell phones and
iPods.
Most non-portable equipment uses power
supplies that operate from the AC power line
but produce one
or more DC outputs.
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Transformer
Built from two winding transformer primary
and secondary loops. Network is to
separate the secondary circuit of the ac
supply lines high. This isolation can
prevent a user from the secondary ac
voltage electric shock high. Separation of
the primary circuit is able to avoid the
effects of damage received in the
secondary winding circuit.
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Transformer
Transformer has a primary winding and
secondary winding. The ratio of the
number of turns in the primary to the
secondary number of turns is the
transformer turns ratio.
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Transformer
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Transformer
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Transformer
When the number of secondary winding
turns slightly compared to primary, lower
secondary voltage from the voltage in the
primary. Secondary voltage can be
calculated.
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Transformer
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Function of Transformer
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Question
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Solution
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Diode
2/12013
What is the
function of diode?
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Functions of diode
Switch
Clipper
Rectifier
Clamp
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APPLICATIONS OF DIODE
1. RECTIFIER
Rectifier is the circuit that used one or more diode to
convert the AC voltage to the pulsating dc voltage
There is 3 type of rectifiers :i) Half wave rectifier
ii) Full wave rectifier
iii)Bridge rectifier
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Half-wave rectifier
Output Voltage
Input Supply Voltage
Half-wave rectifier
Operation
During the positive circle of input supply, diode D is in forward
biased and act as close switch. So the current can flow through it. ,
producing an output voltage as shown above.
During the negative circle of the input supply, diode is reverse
bias and act as open switch, so the current cant flow through diode.
No voltage appears at output.
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Question
A half-wave rectifier circuit to the input
voltage 20 Vp-p, 50 Hz. Assuming no
voltage drop across the diode, calculate: i) the output signal voltage rectifier
ii) the output signal frequency
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Solution
Vm = 20 Vp-p
= 10 Vp
then VK = 10 Vp
Output signal frequency = Frequency of the input signal
= 50 Hz
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Full-wave rectifier
V
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Output voltage
Input supply
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Load voltage
D1
D3
RL
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Load Voltage
D2
D4
RL
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Question
A full-wave rectifier circuit to the input
voltage 20 Vp-p 50 Hz. Used transformer
has a turns ratio 2:1. Assuming no voltage
drop across the diode, calculate: -
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Solution
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Bridge Rectifier
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6/1/2013
FILTER
The main task of the filter is to convert the
voltage pulse to a.t. rippling. The best filter
circuit is a filter that can reduce as much
as possible the value of Vr pp dc voltage
produced by rippling.
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Ripple
The capacitor does a good job of smoothing the
pulses from the rectifier into a more constant DC.
A small variation occurs in the DC because the
capacitor discharges a small amount between the
positive and negative pulses. Then it recharges.
This variation is called ripple.
The ripple can be reduced further by making the
capacitor larger.
The ripple appears to be a sawtooth shaped AC
variation riding on the DC output.
A small amount of ripple can be tolerated in some
circuits but the lower the better overall.
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Ripple voltage
The output of rectifier circuit is the
pulsating DC voltage .The resulting
pulsating dc signal smooth the output
voltage, we used filter circuit. Figure below
shows the output wave before and after
the filter circuit.
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Ripple voltage
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Types of filter
There are 4 main types of filter:
i)Filter capacitor
i) Resistor capacitor (RC filter)
ii) Inductance capacitor (LC filter)
iii) type filter
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RC filter diagram
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RC filter
Is an electric circuit composed of resistors
and capacitors driven by voltage
or
current source
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Operation of RC filter
When a circuit consists of only a charge
capacitor and a resistor. The capacitor will
discharge its stored energy through the
resistor. The voltage across the capacitor
can be found by kirchoffs current law.
Where the current through the capacitor
must equal the current through the
resistor.
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LC filter
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LC filter
LC filter can also called resonant circuit.
The purpose of LC is to oscillate with
minimal damping. When connected
together, they can act as an electrical
resonator, an electrical analogue of a
tuning fork, storing electrical energy
oscillating at the circuit's resonant
frequency.
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Operation of LC filter
A capacitor stores energy in the electric
field between its plates, depending on the
voltage across it, and an inductor stores
energy in its magnetic field, depending on
the current through it.
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Operation of LC filter
If a charged capacitor is connected across
an inductor, charge will start to flow
through the inductor, building up a
magnetic field around it and reducing the
voltage on the capacitor. Eventually all the
charge on the capacitor will be gone and
the voltage across it will reach zero.
However, the current will continue,
because inductors resist changes in
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current.
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filter
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filter
Combination C and LC filter
PI-TYPE FILTERS use both capacitive
and inductive filters connected in a pi-type
configuration. Because of the combination
of filtering devices, the ability of the pi filter
to remove ripple voltage is superior to that
of either the capacitance or inductance
filter
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The Regulator
Most regulators are ICs .
These are feedback control circuits that
actually monitor the output voltage to detect
variations.
If the output varies, for whatever reason, the
regulator circuit automatically adjusts the
output back to the set value.
Regulators hold the output to the desired
value.
Since ripple represents changes in the
output, the regulator also compensates for
these variations
producing a near constant
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DC output.
IC Regulator
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Operation
Zener diode will functions as voltage
regulator when reversed biased.Zener
diode has their own advantages, can be
regulate their voltage when it is operate at
the zener region. To operate, the input
voltage must higher than zener voltage
and the load resistance not effect the
zener diode is zero.
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Operation
Connect the transistor serial with load and
it will control the input voltage value to
output.If the output voltage decreases ,the
increases VBE will cause the transistor to
produce more current value will make the
output voltage increases and make the
output voltage constant.
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Operation
Zener diode as a refer voltage .It is same
process if the output voltage increases.
Transistor will decrease the current value ,
cause the output voltage decrease and the
output voltage become constant.
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Operation
The serial LM 78XX(where XX=
05,06,08,10,12,15,18 or 24).It is 3
terminal voltage regulator .IC LM 7805 will
produce the output voltage +5V .LM 7806
will produce the 6V output voltage. LM
7824 will produce +24V output voltage.
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Example
Based on figure below, name and explain
briefly circuit in part A dan part B,
If part A is changed to Bridge Rectifier,
re-draw the complete circuit for power
supply unit.
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Example
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Solution
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Solution
The operation : When ac voltage supply to the circuit, M and N
at the secondary transformer will become +ve
and ve(exchange).When the circle of input
voltage in terminal become +ve ,G become a
potential (ground) and N become ve .D1 diode
will forward biased while D2 will reverse biased.
Current will flow along M, D1, C, A, B, G.A +ve
cycle wave will produce at the RL load. When the
ve cycle ,input
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Solution
voltage supply ,M terminal become ve ,G
will zero potential(grounded) and N
become +ve.D2 diode will forward biased
while D1 will reverse biased. Current will
flow along N, D2, C, A, B, G. Current flow
through RL during the +ve cycle is similar
when ve cycle, we will got the similar
shape of wave too.
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Solution
The direction of current flow through RL
during +ve cycle = the direction of current
flow through RL when ve cycle. When we
connect the oscilloscope across RL, we
will know the shape of the output voltage
is similar
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Solution
Part B Zener Diode Voltage Regulator
The operation; Zener diode will functions as voltage regulator
when reversed biased.Zener diode has their
own advantages, can be regulate their voltage
when it is operate at the zener region. To
operate, the input voltage must higher than
zener voltage and the load resistance not effect
the zener diode is zero
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Solution
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THE END
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