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Oil and Gas Analysis
Oil and Gas Analysis
laboratory
analysis and
tests
content
INTRODUCTION:
CRUDE OIL:
Chemical Composition.
Chemical and Physical
Characteristics.
Classifications of Oils.
Compatibility of Crude Oils.
Tests and Laboratory
apparatus:
Sampling.
Reservoir Surface Samples.
PVT TESTS.
Chemical Standard and
Specialized tests.
1. INTRODUCTION
Analytical methods
A qualitative or A quantitative
yields information
about the atomic or
molecular species
or the functional
groups that exist in
the sample.
provides numerical
information as to
the relative amount
of one or more of
these components.
Analytical methods
Classical or instrumental
A- Classical Methods
1. Semimicro Qualitative Analysis
separation of the original mixture into several parts
Each part is then subjected to an analysis of a small
number of species. In summary, the analysis involves
a set of sequenced separations and identifications.
Ex.GROUPS SEPATATION
2. Gravimetric Analysis
the unknown is precipitated from solution by a
reagent and, after separation and drying, is weighed.
3. Titrimetric (Volumetric) Analysis
we obtain the volume of a standard reagent required
to consume an analyte completely.
Spectral
Methods
Separation
Methods
Electroanalytical
methods
INSTRUMENTAL
ANALYSIS
B-Instrumental Methods
2. Spectral Methods:
Spectroscopy= study of the interaction of
electromagnetic radiation with matter.
When matter is energized (excited) by the
application of thermal, electrical, nuclear or
radiant energy, electromagnetic radiation is
often emitted as the matter relaxes back to its
original (ground) state.
Electroanalytical methods:
Electroanalytical methods are study an analyte by
measuring the potential (volts) and/or current (amperes)
in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte.
The three main categories are:
potentiometry (the difference in electrode potentials is
measured),
coulometry (the cell's current is measured over time),
voltammetry (the cell's current is measured while
actively altering the cell's potential).
SAMPLING
The value of any product is
judged by the characteristics
of the sample as determined
by laboratory tests.
The sample used for the test(s)
must be representative of the
bulk material,
SAMPLING
In addition, the type and
cleanliness of sample
containers are important:
In addition, adequate records of
the circumstances and
conditions during sampling must
be made;
SAMPLING
Solid samples require a different
protocol might involve melting
(liquefying) of the bulk material
(thermal decomposition is not
induced) followed by
homogenization.
the protocol used for COKE sampling
(ASTM D-346, ASTM D-2013) that
are solid, for accurate analysis is
required before sale.
MEASUREMENT
Add
Your
Title
The issues that face Petroleum analysts
include need to provide higher quality results.
Created By
In addition,
ACCURACY
The accuracy of a test is a measure of
how close the test result will be to the
true value of the property being
measured.
As such, the accuracy can be expressed
as the bias between the test result and
the true value.
The absolute accuracy can only be
established if the true value is known.
PRECISION
The precision of a test method is the
variability between test results obtained on
the same material using the specific test
method.
REPEATABILITY=The intralaboratory
precision or within-laboratory precision refers
to the precision of a test method when the
results are obtained by the same operator
in the same laboratory using the same
apparatus.
In some cases, the precision is applied to
data gathered by a different operator in the
same laboratory using the same apparatus.
Thus intralaboratory precision has an
expanded meaning insofar as it can be
applied to laboratory precision.
METHOD VALIDATION
Method validation is the process of proving that an
analytical method is acceptable for its intended
purpose.
Many organizations, such as the ASTM, provide a
framework for performing such validations.
In general, methods for product specifications and
regulatory submission must include studies on
specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range,
detection limit, and quantitation limit.
The first step in the method development and validation cycle should be to set
minimum requirements, which are essentially acceptance specifications for the
method.
Once the validation studies are complete, the method developers should be
confident in the ability of the method to provide good quantitation in their own
laboratories.
2. CRUDE OIL
FLUID DESTRIBUTION
CAP ROCKS
OIL + GAS
OIL
OIL + WATER
WATER + OIL
WATER
RESREVOIR ROCKS
OIL WELL
FLUID DESTRIBUTION
CAP ROCKS
GAS
GAS+ WATER
WATER + GAS
WATER
RESREVOIR ROCKS
GAS WELL
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
The exact molecular composition varies widely from
formation to formation but the proportion of chemical
elements vary over fairly narrow limits as follows:
Composition by weight.
Element
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Sulfur
Metals
Percent range
83 to 87%
10 to 14%
0.1 to 2%
CRUDE OIL
0.05 to 1.5%
0.05 to 6%
less than 1000 ppm
UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
SATURATED
PARAFFINS
UNSATURATED
OLEFINS
ACETYLENS
AROMATICS
-Long Chain
-Branched
-Branched
CRUDE OIL
HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATICS
25%
C1 - C60
AROMATICS
17%
(C6H5)n
NON-HYDROCARBONS
NAPHTHENES
50%
CYCLOALKANES
SULFURS
<8%
NITROGENS
<1%
OXYGENS
<3%
<100PPM
O
SH
N
H
METALLICS
COOH
PETROLEUM
Asphaltics
Saturates
n-alkanes C5 - C44
branched alkanes
cycloalkanes (napthenes)
Aromatics
single ring
condensed ring
nitrogen
oxygen
sulfur
containing compounds
Ot he r
10%
S a t ur a t e s
A spha l t i c s
25%
8%
A r om a t i c s
7%
The Xylenes
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
ortho
Boiling Point
Melting Point
144oC
-25oC
meta
139.3oC
-47.4oC
CH3
para
137-138oC
13-14oC
Composition by weight
Hydrocarbon Average
Paraffins
30%
Naphthenes
49%
Aromatics
15%
Asphaltics
6%
Range
15 to 60%
30 to 60%
3 to 30%
remainder
Non-hydrocarbons
Buoyancy
In physics, buoyancy is
the upward force that
keeps things afloat. The
net upward buoyancy
force is equal to the
magnitude of the weight of
fluid displaced by the
body. This force enables
the object to float or at
least seem lighter.
Density
and
Relative
Density
Bicapillary Pycnometer
1481
(Specific
Lipkin
ASTM D-
Bingham Pycnometer
1480
ASTM D-
(D) Viscosity:
Viscosity of an oil product is very important from a
technical point of view It is plays an important part in
calculation of pipelines and the design of furnaces and
heat exchangers and is further one of the leading
properties in lube oil and fuel oil and fuel oil prices are
frequently based on viscosity. Viscosity depends on the
type of components and temp. Viscosity of paraffins is
approximately a function of the density. Aromatics with a
low M .wt often have a lower viscosity than in the
corresponding paraffins, whereas the high molecular
aromatics of lube oil are more viscous than the paraffins.
Viscosity
F S dv/dx
F S . dv/dx
F = S . dv/dx
Viscosity coefficients()
Viscosity coefficients can be defined in two
ways:
Dynamic viscosity, also absolute
viscosity, the more usual one (typical
units Pas, Poise, P);
Kinematic viscosity is the dynamic
viscosity divided by the density (typical
units cm2/s, Stokes, St).
= Viscosity Coefficient
F/S
=
=
dv/dx
F/S
=
=
dv/dx
dynes
cm2
dynes
cm2
1
cm/Sec
1/cm
cm
X 1/
1
X
Sec
cm
Kinematic viscosity
In many situations, we are concerned with the ratio of
the inertial force to the viscous force.
This ratio is characterized by the kinematic viscosity ,
defined as follows:
(St).
(cSt).
1 P= d X Stokes
So, Stokes = P/ d
1 cSt= 10-2 St
1 St = 1 cm2s1 = 104 m2s1.
1 cSt = 1 mm2s1 = 106m2s1.
Optical Activity:
Petroleum is usually dextrorotatory, that is,
the plane of polarized light is rotated to the
right, but there is known levorotatory crude
oils, that is, the plane of polarized light is
rotated to the left, and some crude oils have
been reported to be optically inactive.
Optically active crude oils shows that the
rotatory power increases with molecular
weight (or boiling point) to pronounced
maxima and then decreases again.
Thermal reactions:
Thermal stability of
hydrocarbons decreases, in general, as M. wt
increase.
Oxidation Reaction: Most pure paraffin's naphthenes
and Aromatic are not affected by oxygen under
atmospheric pressure and temp and therefore stable
in storage. It should be mentioned that olefins and
practically di-olefins are easily oxidized and converted
into polymers.
Many so called " impurities " like nitrogen , oxygen
and Sulphur compounds occurring in relatively small
% in crude oil may give troubles when present in
certain product , especially when the product have
been aged during storage (oxidation).
Classification of Oils
Classification as a Hydrocarbon Resource
The oil compatibility model is a solubility parameter based model that enables one to
predict the compatibility or incompatibility of any mixture of any number of oils. This
is based upon testing the compatibility of the individual oils with different
proportions of a model solvent, such as toluene, and a model nonsolvent, such as nheptane. These tests enable measuring the solubility parameter of the mixture at
which asphaltenes just begin to precipitate. This solubility parameter on a reduced n-
heptane-toluene scale is called the insolubility number, IN. In addition, the tests
measure the solubility parameter of the oil that on a reduced n-heptane-toluene scale
is called the solubility blending number, SBN. An example -shown in Figure- where the
compatibility numbers are measured for the two crudes, Souedie and Forties, with
the minimum two tests each. One test, the heptane dilution test, involves determining
the maximum volume of n-heptane that can be added to a given volume of oilwithout
precipitating asphaltenes. Insoluble asphaltenes are most accurately detected by
observing a drop of the mixture between a glass slide and a cover slip under an
Sampling:
Crude oil sampling in accordance with the international
sampling standards of ISO 3171, ASTM D 4177, API 8.2, IP
6.2, ASTM D 4057, ASTM D 5854 and ASTM D 5842.
Samples:
1 all-levels samplea sample obtained by submerging a stoppered
beaker or bottle to a point as near as possible to the draw-off level,
then opening the sampler and raising it at a rate such that it is
approximately three-fourths full as it emerges from the liquid.
2 bottom sample a spot sample collected from the material at the
bottom of the tank, container, or line at its lowest point.
3 bottom water samplea spot sample of free water taken from
beneath the petroleum contained in a ship or barge compartment or a
storage tank.
4 composite sample a blend of spot samples mixed in proportion to
the volumes of material from which the spot samples were obtained.
5 drain sample a sample obtained from the water draw-off valve on a
storage tank.
PVT TESTS
designed to study and quantify the phase behavior
and properties of a reservoir fluid at simulated
recovery conditions.
The PVT tests are conducted in the absence of
water.
The majority of tests are depletion experiments,
where the pressure of the single phase test fluid is
lowered in successive steps either by increasing the
fluid volume or removing part of it.
The reduction of pressure results in formation of a
second phase, except in dry and wet gas mixtures.
Oil Tank
Desalter
+
Filter
H.Ex.
Crude
Oil
Pump
Gases
L.Naphtha
H.Naphtha
Kerosene
Gas Oil
Diesel Oil
Pre
Flash
Tower
Atmospheric Distillation
Water-in-Oil
Emulsion
Oil-in-Water
Emulsion
Separated
Oil & Water
The objective:
Is to separate the oil from the water, or to break
the emulsion.
Generally, the emulsion must be:
Heated ,and
Emulsion breaking chemical added
To accomplish this.
VACUUM DISTILLATION
GAS
OIL
LIGHT W. D.
MEDIL W. D.
HEAVY W. D.
Pump
RESIDUAL W. D.
Pump
hydrodesulfurization.
hydrodesulfurization.
Platforming process.
Iso. C4
5. LUBRICATING
OILS TESTS
Lubrication Principles
1. Friction
Friction is a force that resists relative motion
between two surfaces in contact.
Friction may be desirable (Tire on pavement FOR
braking)or undesirable (operation of engines).
The energy expended in overcoming friction is
dispersed as heat and is considered to be wasted.
This waste heat is a major cause of excessive wear
and premature failure of equipment.
Two general cases of friction occur: sliding friction
and rolling friction.
A. Sliding friction.
To visualize sliding friction, imagine a steel block lying on a
steel table. Initially a force F (action) is applied horizontally in
an attempt to move the block. If the applied force F is not
high enough, the block will not move because the friction
between the block and table resists movement. If F is
increased to be sufficient to overcome the frictional
resistance force f and the block will begin to move. At this
precise instant, the applied force F is equal to the
resisting friction force f and is referred to as the force of
friction.
B. Rolling friction.
When a body rolls on a surface, the force resisting the motion
is termed rolling friction or rolling resistance.
2. Wear
Wear is defined as the progressive damage
resulting in material loss due to relative contact
between adjacent working parts.
Although some wear is to be expected during
normal operation of equipment, excessive friction
causes premature wear, and this creates significant
economic costs due to equipment failure, cost for
replacement parts, and downtime. Friction and wear
also generate heat, which represents wasted energy
that is not recoverable.
In other words, wear is also responsible for overall
loss in system efficiency.
BASE OIL
PRODUCTION
P.
P.+W.D
W.D.
R.W.D.
L.P. PROPANE
P.
P.+BITUMEN
BITUME
Greases
Greases = OIL + Thickening AGENT
Thickening AGENT = Soap of
Na, Al, Ba, Ca, Li, Sr
Or Mixed Soaps
Types of Oil
REFINED
PARAFINIC OIL
NAPHTHENIC OIL
SYNTHETIC
MANUFACTURED
a. Paraffinic oils.
Paraffinic oils contain paraffin wax and are the most
widely used base stock for lubricating oils. In
comparison with naphthenic oils, paraffinic oils
have:
b. Naphthenic oils.
These oils do not contain wax and behave
differently than paraffinic oils. Naphthenic oils have:
! Good stability.
! Lower pour point due to absence of wax.
! Lower viscosity indexes.
! Higher volatility (lower flash point).
! Higher specific gravities.
c. Synthetic oils.
Synthetic lubricants are produced from chemical
synthesis rather than from the refinement of existing
petroleum or vegetable oils.
These oils are generally superior to petroleum
(mineral) lubricants in most circumstances.
Synthetic oils perform better than mineral oils in the
following respects:
Lubricant Additives
S A E
Society of Automotive Engineers
The SAE classifies motor oils according to
certain viscosities and very general
temperature ranges at which they can be
used.
Automobile and equipment manufacturers
also specify which oil should be used for a
particular ambient temperature operation.
6. NATURAL GAS
0.08
Usually achieved
using stainless steel
cylinders, piston
cylinders (ASTM D3700), glass cylinder
containers or polyvinyl
fluoride (PVF)
sampling bags may
also be used
Composition
7. SUDAN
CRUDE OIL
Oil in Sudan
Production:
In 1999 the construction of an export pipeline,
that connected the Heglig oil fields in central
Sudan to Port Sudan on the Red Sea, was
completed. This led to a considerable increase
in oil production, and the first oil export in the
history of Sudan. Since then production has
increased steadily.
In April 2006 another 1400 km pipeline, from
Upper Nile in Sudans south-east to the eastern
Port Sudan became operational. This pipeline
will raise production to 500,000 b/d in 2006 and
it is estimated that it will double the production in
2007.
Other Blocks:
Block B: Block B is located in southeastern Sudan and is licensed to Total.
The company has faced several problems resulting from conflict in the
area, licensing problems, and, more significantly, the existing consortium
continues to seek a third partner to replace Marathon Oil, a U.S. company
that was forced to pull out of its 32.5 percent interest as a result of U.S.
sanctions.
Block 5B: Block 5B is located in the southern Muglad Basin and was
initially under exploration by ONGC Videsh (23.5 percent stake) and
Lundin (Sweden 24.5 percent) in partnership with Sudapet (13 percent),
and Petronas (39 percent). In early 2009, two major stakeholders, ONGC
and Lundin pulled out after negative drilling results. In August 2009, the
National Petruleum Commision approved the participation of Ascom, a
Moldovan firm in block 5B.
Block EA: According to the BBC, the NPC recently mapped out a new oil
concession called EA. This block is a long narrow strip that runs along
existing fields in the Muglad Basin.
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