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UNIVERSITY
OF

W O LV E RHA MP T O N

ondthe
Schoolof Engineering
BuiltEnvironment
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BCI{TECTUNE ANO FNODUCT OggION

ET3008
Colloborative
Design

Module6uide

@Th6Univsrsilyol Wolverhamplon
and(is BuiltEnvircnmenl
SchoolorEngineeing
ModulsGuide2006-07

10 la

Module6uide
t{oduleTitler

CollaborotiveDesign

i{oduleCode:

ET3008

or CV2009or CN20O3
Pre-requisites: ETZOO3
Co-requisit"si

None

yeorr
Semaster/Acadenic

Semester| 2@7/Og

credii Voluer

15

Levelof study:
li\oduleLeadcr:

6rohan Ooks
+4419Q23?3888
Phoner
+441902322754
Foxr
E-moiL
9.l.ookes@wlv.oc.uk

Internal Aioderotorr

K?vin6arnr

Rolionole

ond
The principoloim of ihis moduleis to provideunderslanding
This includes
fhe
of Colloborolive
Design.
of the principles
knowledge
opplicoiionof ossociatedcomputerbosed tools ond methodologies
The moduleoimsfo review
relotedto distributeddesigndevelopmant.
The
andfnnovotion.
to NewProductDevelopment
moderndoycpproaches
issues
surrounding
will providea ihoroughinsightto the complex
module
CAD Dato Exchcnge,
DesignTeomsand importontlyin
3 Dimensional
litigioussociety,DesignAssunonce.
todoy'sincreosingly

Leorningouicomes

of the module
studentswill be obleto showr
completion
Bysuccessful
@Th6UniveGily
ol Wolvrhampton
SchoololEngineeng andlhe BuihEnvironmenl
ModulsGuide2006-07

2alA

(KU)
2.1 Krowledge
ond Understohdihg
The woy in which Quolity Assurqncetechniquesinfluencethe
1
designprocessond howthey mightbe oppliedto evoluotedesign
solutions.
2

Fociors thot need to be

process.
developmeni/reolisotion

drown into

the

desiqn

2.2 SubjecfSpecificSkills (sss)

issues
1
Dehonstroteqn qworenessof rnonogemeni/enterPrise
environment
withinthe Design

2.3 IntellcctuolSkills (I5)

2.4 Keyskills(Ks).
lisfeningond
1
Communicoie
- Showobility to discussincluding
io reqdondlo write.
receiving:
be obleto mokeo presenioiion,
2

Workwith others- be oble1oplonwofk,worktowordsobjeciives,

reviewwork

Wcckly topic aulde

(Pleos
it moyb necessdry
to omend
the schedule)
noielhot onoccosion

W..k
No

WG.k
conncncinq

Indicotiv.ModulcProgromm.

?4'^ Sept07 fniroductionto nodule

FoilureModesqnd Effects Anolysisond Fouli Tree
to typicol design
Anolysisincludingopplicotions
situotions.
1'rOcI 07

I'h oct 07
15'hoct 07

5
7

22nnOd 07
29th oct 07
5'h Nov 07

12rhNov 07

f ntroduction
io Reliobility
environment
RiskAnolysisin the collaborqtive
f nclusive
DesiqnondSusioinobility
6enericoroductliobility

Thedesiqner's
responsibility
with cosestudies.
Borriersio communicotion.
Thevoiceof the customer.
-'filness for purpose"
Quolityrequiraments
Exqminoiioninto ihe stroteqic role of CAD.

oThe UniversityoJwolverhampion
SchoololEngineerng
andth Bult Environmenl
ModuleGulde2006-07

3o f B

9
10
11

12

14
15

19thNov07

ondfocilities monoqement.
Desiondocurnentotion

26ih Nov 07

Investigotion inio ihe use of Disiribuied snd

Colloborqtive
Desiqn

3'd Dec07
101h
Dec07

Computerbqseddesiqnknowledqesystems
The New ProductDeveloDment
Processqnd Electronic
Doto Exchonoe

7rhJon 08
14thJqn 08
z!- Jon

08

Christmos
Vocotion
- 3 weeks
qssessnent
Finolsummotive
for semester1
MorkinqWeek
Feedbockondocodemicodviceweek

You shouldolsorefer to the AcodemicColendorfor furiher informoiionon

weeksi
teqchingondossessmeni
o/req-qco-cql0708.doc
hitpr,/,/qsp2.wlv.oc.uk/webteom/obout/uninf
4

(Schoolprovidcd)
SpcciolistRcsourccs

(but nol exclusively)

AutocAD.
sofiwore,for exomple
WoLFqndappropriote
5

(Studcniprovidedwith cost indicoted)

SpcciolisiRgsources

None

Indicotiv. Rcodirgond L?orhingsupportList

DIETEPG E, EngineeringDesign,McarowHill.
Bulterworth
CATHERH, MORRISSR, PHILIPM, ROSEC. DesignEngineering
Heinemonn
RIBBENS,J. (2000) SinultaneousEngineeringfor NewProductDevelopnenf.
JohnWiley& SonsInc.
P.(2OO2)
PracticalPelabilityEngineering.
JohnWileyondsonsLtd,
O'CONNER,
SKALAK,S. (2OOZ)Inplenenting Concuffenl Engineeringin Snall Conpanies.
MorcelDekkerLtd
of CAD/CAtuI/CAE
sysfens,AddisonWesley
LEE,K.(1999\Principles
WRI6HT, L (Morch 1998) Design/Uethodsin Engineeringand ProductDesign.
Publishing
Co.
Mc6row-Hill
frohl
Sludv SkillsTiDsovoiloblelo downlood
httpi//osp.wlv.oc.uk/Level3.osp?UserTvpe=6&Level3=542
subjeci specific resourceinformo+ioncon olso be fouhd ot the Subject Storting Pointl
httD://osD-wlv-oc.uk/Level4.osD2UserTvDe=4dLevel4=683

of Wolvefiampton
OTheUniversity
SchoololEngneerng andthe BuiltEnvimnmonl
Modute
Guide2006-07

Teochingond Ledrning,{eihods

leochingond leorning
ond the Built Environmenf's
The Schoolof Et\gineering
philosophy
is io develop
the wholesfudenii.e.to provideyouwith chollenging
qnd
ossignnenis
ihot requireyouto developondihproveskillsos well
ociivities
of yoursubjectspeciolistn.
ondunderstonding
os increqseknowledge
This volue-odded
opproochmeonsthot you need to be providedwiih the
opportunityto developskillsthroughthe notureonddesignof ihe cosestudy.
is designedto bridge the gopbetweenyour current
The lecture progromme
ondlevelof skillsondihoserequiredby q designerin
knowledge,
understonding
yourchosen
profession.
Tutoriqls,procficolssnd seminoroctivity will involveyou in investigofions,
presentotions,
discussions
ond/or exerciseson set topicsond lnoyinvolveself
qndpeerossessment.
Thisopprooch
seesthe leorningnEedsq5the focusof the leorningoctivitywith
for yourown
ihot youwillneedto tokeonsomeresponsibility
the understonding
leorning.

8 Asscssmnt
8.1 ,{elhodsord Weightiirgsr
Assuronce'
toPics
1,Assignmeni
bosedupon'Design
Cohponent
ond
component2, Assignnentbosedupon'New productintroduction/definition
CADdotoboses
8-2

Asscssment

2
F
DESCRIPTION

KU

K5

!D
-

tr

SUBIAISSION

\ryEEK

>

Componenl1
Individuol technicol report on
o selecteddesignsollfion lsing
oppropriote techhiqus for
ond
ossuringdesigncompliohce
fitness for purpose
Conpohent2
Prociicol ossessmen+bosed
eilher on Dolo Exchongeor
Doto Attribltes. 6roup reporf
with ihdividuolcriliques.

@TheUniveBityof Wolvehampton
andihe BulltEnvironmenl
Schooloi EnglnBing
ModuleGuide2006-07

50'?6

50%

10

5or8

grodeof D5for ggqbcotnponenl

youmustqchievec minimum
To possthe module
of ossessment.
Outcomes:
Keyto Leorning
KU
SSS
15
Ks

.
=
=
=

ondUnderstonding
Knowledge
SubjectSpeciflc
Skills
Ihtellectuol
Skills
Keyskills

8.3 lilorking Critrio

Full detoils of the morking criteriq will be issued to you qs port of fhe
ossignmehtbrief ot the slort of the module.
8.4 Subnissionof Coursework
ThEossignments
shouldbe hondedin qt the City CompusStudenf Registry
(MI 024) ondo receipt obtoined.
8.5 Exi?nsiohs
Extensionswill only be ollowedin exceptionolcircumstoncesondyou nust hoveo
volid couse (normolly covered. for exomple, by o medicol cerfificoie),
Applicotionsfor exfensionsneedto be hode usingthe stqndordform obtoinoble

(tu\Io24).
StudentRegisiry,
fromtheCityCompus
?xtension
will be norkcd
Assignm?nis
submitlcdlote withouiq sqnctioned
FN

ff youore unobleto submityour work by fhe deodlinaor wiihin onyExtension

gronted;or if you consideryour perfornoncehos been offected by some
exceptionql circumstonces you should consider opplying for
fn suchcqsesyou shouldconsultyour
Circumsionces.
Exienuoting/Mitigoting
Personol
Tuior or o UniversityCounsellor
for odvice.
8.6 Returnof Coursewor.k
be reiurnedio you
Thepinkcopyof ihe StudentAssessmenl
form will nornrolly
withinthree workingweeks.Studentwork is not normollyreturnedondyouore
odvisedto keepyourownhordondsoft copyof onyworksubhitted.
8-7 Retrievolof Failure
in this module
The retrievolopportunity
will be duringweek
for exohinotions
/ J urvzuuo.
conmencrno
must be token qt the next ovoiloble
Retrievolwork relotingto ossignments
opportunity. For setnesterone rnodulesresit work shouldbe hondedin by
resit workshouldbe honded
Fridoy14thMorch2008. Forsemestertwo modules
in by Fridoy11th
July 2008.
oi Wolvedampton
OThUniversity
ng andthe BuiltEnvimnmenl
Schooot Enginer
ModuleGuide2006-07

6 o l8

Retrievolwork reloiing to ossignmeniswill be posted in WOLF,under ihe topic

youwill
SEBEStudentNoiiceboord.If youchoosenot lo toke this opportunity
be requiredlo retoke the wholemoduleot the next opporlunily.
you ore odvisedto discussyour retrievol oplionswith your PersonolTuior.
Regulotionsgoverningrelrievol of foilure vory dependingon your oword, in
porticuloruponwhetheryou ore studyingfor o degreeor o higher notionol
quqlificotion.Pleoserefer to your CourseGuideor the UndergroduoteStudenf
2007108.
Hondbook
Student Conduclond Behoviour

Studentsore expecledto complywith ihe SEBEstudenf Codefor Bahoviour

Thisis published
on WOLF(SEBEStudentNoticeboord)ond
ondAttendonce.
in
on the schoolnoticeboords.Studentswho do noi conductthemselves
qccordonce
in clossmoybe excluded
from
withthis codeondwhooredisruptive
disciPlinory
of Wolverhompton
ondmoybe sublecito lhe Universily
ihe module
procedures.
9.1 Altsndqncein Closs
fn the interestof courtesyto fellowstudentsqndstoff, studentsore r?minded
ihot it is expectedthey will be puncfuolon orrivolot clqssqndin goodlime for
of the lecture.
the beginning
9.2 obilcPhones
fn the interest of courtesyto fellow studentsqnd stoff Pleoseensurethqt
mobilephonesore switchedoff duringlecturesond tutoriol closses. fn
lo be
leodergqy ollowindividuol
the module
exceptionol
circumstonces
Phones
kept on if o volidreosonis given.Anystudentwhoconsidersthey hqveo volid
reosonmustdiscussthis wiih the lecturerprior to the lecturesiofting.ff
permission
should
be put in o'silenthode'.
is grontedlhe phone
ondCollusion
9.3 Plogiorism
qre veryseriousoffencesthot conresultin expulsion
andcollusion
Plogiorism
or collusion
Thisis becouse
thosefoundguiltyof plogiorism
fromihe Universiiy.
elsesworkos their ownbut
will not onlyhoveoitenpted to rapresentsorneone
overtheir fellowstudents.
hqveolsosoughtto gqinonunfoircdvqntqge
Plogiorism
ondCollusion
9.3.1 Avoiding
to work in o teom.
1. In the coseof groupwork you ore ocfivelyencouroged
thot youonswerrnusibe your own
Howevetthe sectionsof the ossignment
individuol
work.
of inforhqtionhovebeenused;
2. Youshouldmokeit verycleorwhotsources
from ihesesourcesis quofedit muslbe cleorly
whercmolerial/informotion
System.(Detoilsconbe obtoined
referencedusingthe HqrvordReferencing
OThUnv6ilyoi Wolverhamplon
andthe BuiltEnvironment
schooloiEnginesring
Mod!leGuide2006-07

from LeorningCenlresor on-linevio the LeorningCentre HomePoget

165).
http://qsp.wlv.oc.uk/Level5.osp?UserTypc4&Level5:3
onotherstudenfswork.
3. Neverotiehpt to copyor porophrose
9-4 The StudentVoic
The involvehenfof students in lhe qssessmentof course quolity is on
The Students'Unionondyour
esloblishedpori of ihe University'sprocedures.
rolesqvqiloble
leoderswill be qbleto tell youoboutthe representotive
Pothwoy
processes
in the School.Theseore importont
io studentsqndthe communicotion
rolesthot benefit you ondother studenls.Further informotionobouistudent
representotionond the Student Voice is svqilobleqt the Sfudents' Union
websiter
10 R"glstrqllon
you ore remindedihot only students who hove formolly registered os
porticipants
on o module
will be obleto goincredits.Studenisore resPonsible
their |noduleregistrofionsfotuseither ihroughefor checkingond omending
vision,or the StudenfRegistry,
ond AcodemicRegulollons
1l CourseHqndbook
for sfudcnls
guideshouldbe reodin conjunction
Thismodule
with the termsondconditions
student
contoinedin your'course6uide'ond the University's'Undergroduoie
Hondbook
for StudEntsZOOT/08.
12 Modulepqrliclponls
l{odulcLeodcr:

GrqhqmOskes
Nomc
Universilyof Wolverhompton
+441902323888
Phoner
+441902322754
Foxr
E-moil:
9.l.ookes@wlv.ac.uk

OThUnive6ityof Wolvefiamplon
andthe BuiltEnvimnmenl
SchooloJEnginering
[,rodure
Gu]de2006-07

8 01 8

Pca
, J . **:t

IJNIVERSITY OF WOL!'EREAMPTON
SEBE- Departmentof ArchitectureafldProductDesign

ASSIGNMENI I - Individual
wirh r6Dect ro the hct that ;ciety is grsduallymovingtowardsa morelitigious
*"itontti.*, legislationin the UnitedKingdomandthe EuropeanEcanomic0ornmunity
arisingfrom designerrorsanddefects
penaltieson companies
*ouU impo.es-euere
In orderto meetthis challengecompaliesnedto identifypotentialsourcesofhilue in
sense
their productsandusethis infonnationin a designassurance
L

With rdpeot to the above,from a teamcollaborativedesignpoint ofview, disclss

of hazardanalysis:'
the followingreohniques

"Ir
ii1,ffi",T"1
I,,",",/
hazard*
1.1Preliminsry

t1"ir.rr/

1.3FaultTreeArlabsis.
applisncd
ofa domstic
Yourarrwersto 1.2and1.3shouldincludeananalysis
hedge
microwave
ove4
you
with
c.g.
are
familiar
DIY dornestioproduclthat
trinrner.

2.

in your
Discusshow the followingtopicswoutdbe consideredandaddressed
ohosenproduct:2.1 Reliability,

2.2Safery.
Usediagramsandor sketchesto illustrateyour answer.
Assi$ment weighting= 50%
Issuedat;4' October2007
Handin date:23d November2007

,J

V\VI

oF
uNtvERslrY

WOLVERHAMPTON

andtheBuiltEnvironment
orelgin"edng
s"rroftt

BRIEF
ASSESSMENT
ModulTitler
code:
Module
ComDonnt
il;6;;

COLLABORATIVEDESIGN
ET3008
I ^r t

Element
Numbefl

Not
appllcabr

50%
Wiqhting:
component1 FailuroModesandE fectsAnalysi3,FauttTru' Analysb'Rrliablllty
EndSafety
to b6assessd:
Outc.omes
Leaming

ofi
andunde6tanding
Knowledge
and
thsdslgnProcess
influenc
technlques
Assurance
Thwayin whlchQuallty
design
sollllons
evluate
lo
howtheymlghtbeepplied
drswn
IntothsdslgndevElopm9nurosllstlon
to
be
that
neod
Faclors
pocess.
*

aubjectspclficskllls:
withinthe
lssues
of managsmenuentrprlse
an awarensss
Demonstrate
design6nvlronment

;
KeYSkillsl

be
llstening
andrecelvlng;
includlng
to dlscuss
Communicate
- showability
to
writs
presentatlon'
to
rad
and
ablto makoa

shet
Pleasrefertoattached
Crltefia:
Llarking

o Th Unlv.Elty ol Wolv.rhampton
.nd tho BuiltEnvkonmonl
schoolof Engineedng
SchoolA6366mntHandbook

lo hazardanalysrs
Hazardanalysis- a genel broadintrcduction
10the chosenproducl
and FTAmethodologies
of FIVIEA
AoDlication
in the chosenProducte g choiceof
issueshavebeenconsidered
HowReliabilily
."asuiemeniunits;cvcles'hou|s.andmethodof testingfor Reliability
in the chosenproducte g rflethodsof safety
HowSafetyissueshavebeenconsidered
andtestingassessment
is D5
Th6minimum
Passmalkforthlscomponenl

handedout:
Assignment

4tnoc{ober2007

Latestdatefor submissioh:

23'dNovember2007

afrerlh. deadlneandwthoutan allhorised'xtnslonoftimewillbe maR6dF0

submitted
Assignmenb

Pleasemark your assignmentfor the aftentlon

of: GrahamOakesSEBERoom l!tA109b
fiom.th's
m'lrlal/lnformalion
havebenuEediwhra
olintotmation
Yousholldmaken vrycarwhatsources
from
(D.tallEcan
bobtain.d
sFrem.
Refer.ncrns
the
Haruard
u.rns
qr"tii
r6fe,enc.d
u..rearty
i,"i,t
i.',i,JiJ-rj

muslbe handedin lo studntRegistry'Ml BlockCitycampus'

Theassignm6nt
Youshouldkeep
aresubmitted
whentheassignments
mustbeobtained
A signedreceipt
your.receipt
in a safPlace.
& 'hard'copyof anyworksubmltted'
to keepyourownelectronic
Youareadvised
Comments
andpresented'
constructed
besuitably
andshould
in content
Thisworkis technical
3000
is approximately
andweighting
typeof assessment
TheSEBEwordtariffforthis
clippings'
news
reviews'
oftechnical
inclusion
by
the
enhanc;d
oe
mav
*orai. wnicn
titldanddiscussed
allofwhichshouldbeclearlyreferenced,
and-oiagrams
caiestudles
in youfmaintoxt,

o the Unive6ityofWoLverhamPlon
andthe 81]iltEnvironment
schoolof Engineeing
Handbook
schoolAssessmen!

ATl t>e iOF

UNIVERSITY

W O LV E RHA MP T O N
andtheBuiltEnvironment
Schoolof Engineering

\t Bl6c \.

ASSESSMENTBRIEF ,
I te'r ' ' '-'v_J

UIl\ \),-+-

'

ModuleTrtle:Collabor.tive llesign
Modulecodo: E 3006
ComponenlNumbe[2 of 2

ElementI

Weighling:50%

CADCu3tomi.ation/Exlraction

LeamingOutcomesto be sssessedby thiscomponent.

Knowlcdgemd U lerrtrndhg of:
Focess'
Fecto$tlil noedto bedrawl imothedesigndevelopmeltEalisatiotl
Sldll!:
SubictSoccifDc
of nanagemcs/elrsFiseissucswithiottrcDesiSneovilonmel|l
o.doostria ao
"tartoos
Ker Sldllr:
reviewwo*'
WJrk witn orhers- beablc10planwodqworktowsrdsobjectives,
Ma*ing Crited$
fta assiEmdl briefhasbaddesiS!d!o Fovidr a patbwsyto acbicvirya succcsfil $bmission
anAvou-areatviseao urtte lbc assigrunq[h thcordetia wNchit is pr$d'd ThassigrmFnt
wit'hbdlel point
Joria conoeoccwio anoverarchitrgassig&rntilEoducriotratrdcoDclude
Evidence
ofbockgrouldreadiry?Id rrratchwill bc
conilusionsandbibliography/tcfctEoces

a3sogql"d tiftnt thes8lun.[t M

tooteatoratongwio 6c iuo of CADbasco(aluplcs
Thcminiil|ln pa35nat for lhir coaDoneltis D5

1a1012007
i R6poti0,U01/200t
Lat6t dat for lubmisaion:
Extraclionl,VitnssslngI 3/l ,07
cxrasionof tirnewill be
anauthorised
&signncots$tmittedafrrthedcadlircandwithour
n rtd m.
KevinGamcr
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havcbe'! ured;wbrr
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it
m
sIbc
cle$tyEferncd
is
*"tetiaviofo.nxiont6- thcssourcs
Canrca)
toE
l,emitrg
(Details
catrbobtained
S)61en.
RfeEncing
Th. asaignmentmust be handadin to the City clmpu3 Rogislry.
8rasubmK{ed'
whentheassignments
muslbe obtained
A signedreceipt
You shoutdkoepyour teceiptin a aaf! plac.
& 'hatd'copyof anyrvorksubmittedExensions
Youareadvisodto keopyouro\,rnelectronic
of yourwork
willnotbsgivenfortosteiectonicdata.MakeregllarbacJ(ups

handcdouti
Assignment

(r.""."\ zz

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,(

g 50'/')
Co[aborrtive De.ign (AlsigEnenr 2 - weight'
Rcpo 60%
40olo'lndMdu'l
iln Crr.io.it"tio"olttrrrctiotr
I$ue dat:18[0n 07
Ernd-in dde: 04/01/2108
Enraction witnesring: 13n2l2007

withina cAD
how-datacootained
*" *0" partof lhisassignnet[requircsvouto iavestiSatea wordProcssoE.
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fiill""i',ilitJleo
whiO uitlsesdda tb6.youat familiar
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aDDlicatioD.
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ue assignrnent*uult" *iutio ot tit*
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vourworkis wiflcsscd( I 3/12/07)andsigncdoff by rhe
of your4plicationpleaseeosrtthal
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placeat lhiljunc{ureandlhiswiu informirdividual
tht ptoosi
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WOLVERHAMPTON

CAI) Customisation _ AutoCAD Attribute Ertrrction

All m.ajorCAD systcmsinco.porrte methodsfor customisarion
by

de enduscr.This Eay simply cntsil

rnlt$laryrcr..ssuch
astailorirytablet
menu
*;;d.;
th";y; #:;.ur,
.*T
"r*t"imacros,mojjding ari*ioe-""rup-"
qqmis{tiod mayaisoinvorvedenlrns
::::_":ry
o,
ullrrsrngdocumeDt
cotrtol tcclniques.

19ry:!

*"t ioiot arawing51tib;"-_!_'_

Saep1.

This
ru{snop revre$ thproccdures
for ext'actiDga varictyof
'_' wo.t

DecideupoDthe infomatioD to bc exatcte4

C"s+ o l

1[-

G-p*

D Qr)cY\Y\ io\

T1C

'-

nlu ^ Le ,T.bL l.

Step2.

DlakedecisioNlE*thfollowitrgc[atusfor eachcleorcntofdata
to baextactcd.
DWISIBLEyevNo
TAG lalne
pROMpTuser
DEFAULTvalu.
Attrlbut.
Modr Llrt
D{VISIBLE
Ycdl\|o

c",

nfe<

pr".,i.l- .r
Eite.

Pr..i&

o-

p\ <--,.-

v-\,-

d,""., ipt.t,.'
P.^yi

\\r--

I\./v-1or

Xyzrqqq

--!*\!tTrblc 2.

In Notepad.
or sioilar, compilem AuoCAD tlrlrpldc filc. vtich for
shouldbes6vedasa /exrort fite csltcd.,LAYOUT.TXI.. Table thiswolfuhoD
3 ;e;; ;;;;;.
layoutrcquiEd.Saveto My DOCLTMENTS.
V = gp".._

Tog NrEc

Ficld Type and Lcnrth

A7-E/^

Whst vou sctuallv fh;l;

ITiEN\.V.WW NAO1/4/

rydQlaod
Pnar 4=*cQuPOal fAe,TV{vYvV C{,-.6rp
t) r- 5
Dt?Yayyy cPzaodl
Vzwao

eogr

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G.'rTwWNOrllplL-1
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rlbrcr.

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D;t< Q

Retor''t

Autocadinstruction: For usein Mt building, in rhe SEBEsoftr*arefolder selectAutocadArchitedure

Desktop2005.Accept the variousdefar ts until you seerhe main drawing ara.To makesure vou e
working ftom the basicAutoCAD menuin rhe comrnad tine 0ower teft corner)fype Menu atr; press
enter.Fromthe dialoguebox slectttreAcad Sourcemenu.you may wish to clos; down someoithe
swpluslrtru boxes.To control the size;aifitdrawing rypeLIMIT! andpressenterthen selectO,Otbr
lower left comer ofthe dmwing areaandihentpe 297,210for the upperright bandcomerofth!
drawiry, This lriu setth dmwing sizeto the equivalenrofA4 horizontal tou wiu seerc changs
until you do a ZOOM ALL commard.This canbe t}?e in or enteredftom the top
_
For this exampleyou may wish io tum GRID ard SNAP otr
"-en-.r_,
--u

Stp4.

Working widfn AutoCAD, createa 6mm mdius circle approximatelyin the centreof
the drawing sheet.Now d6neandpositionthe attributesfrom table 2 usinErhe
ATmhF coomatrd.whichcatrbe fouodat DRAW , BLOCT$DEFINE
ATTRIBUTES, Whencompleringthis diatoguebox ensulethattbe ATTDEF MODE
Iist hasall optionsun-checkedotherrhan..Invisible" which wi dependup on your
visibility .eqlirementsdefinedin iable 2. Now startwith the COSi definition : usea
lxt height of4mm andselectscreenposition so that you canpositionthe attribute
with the cursor.Do the samefor the DESCand PART attnlut;s, howeverfor these
you may wish to usetfie "aligh underprevious"option. FiDrlly you will nedto
defmethe ITEM rtfiblde andofcouBe you will nedto rcvert backto.tcreen
position" option, !.y alsoto usecentrejustifiedtex or elseyou itern numbermay fall
outsidethe circle. Yow drawingshooldlook like figule I below.

)
i
^
"
\'
c'''T
,
Usethe AutoCAD commandDRAW > BLOCK > MAKE comfiand to makea block
ofthe circle andlttributcs. Namethe block BALLf g\ ihe commandwill require
you to selectindividually all the itemson th6 drawing that you wish to include in the
block, you nay ofcourgeuse a window to selectthem,remeEberto prssthe enter
key wbeDyou hale compleredyour selecdon.The BLOCK commandalso&sksfor an
insertionpoint lhat is usedwhenreloadinglh block on the drawing,the most
appropriatelocationfor thb is the centleofthe circle. Completetti BLOCK
commandaDdjust arcptthe followiDgscreenwhich is usuallya listitrgofthe
attributedefallb. At $is stageth block calldBAI_LOON is availab[ only to the
currcntdrawitlg. I! would be moreusef. to havethe btock BALLOON availablefor
anyA_utoCADdnwing. This canbe schivedby *riting the block to filc usingthe
WBLOCK commanddd giviag it the nameBUBBLE. Nore! TherEis no
significancein any ofthe fi|. llamesusd.

Step5.

To testth work carriedout abovestan up a new dmwing, setthe timiis andusethe

zoomcoBman& asbfore.Usitrgthe INSERT comEa insrthe BUBBLE block at
least5 timesanlvherE in rhe drawingEilTi-ner new darain lhe dialosuebox ar
eachhsenion.Experimetrt
with tbeAulocAD commaod\4EW > Dfspt-{y >
ATRIBUTE DISPLAY andtestout the threeoptionsnomat, otr andofi you should
now savethe drawing.

Step 6.

We are now at the stagwhell we catruset[e remplatefi1eLAyO(n.TXTto e\1r.rjt

the previouslyinserteddarafiom AutoCAD. With the PARTS_LISTdrawingopen
type in th AutoCAD commandATTEXT (e.g.Att ibute Extraction).Setectthe
CommaDelimited FormalCDF option (later repeatthe exerciseusingth SDF
format andnotethe differences).Click otr the TemplateFile buEon;d dlect
AutoCAD !o your reeplale frle Ii yOUT.TXT.Snnjlady selectrhe ourpurbunotrand
direcr aulocadto _MY DOCLIMENIS- enreran outpur Elenalrlesuchas
MYOUTPW .. Fira y nsa window to selectalt the objeca containingyoul attribute
data(you may wish to usethe select..ALL" option)_SelectitrgOK will now force
AutoCAD to look at your templalefile, scanthe dr"awingsheetandextractany

matcting data.If successftl,AutoCAD will rcport uponth numberofouEut tines

extracledad placedfre MYOUTPUT file.

ExaminingtheouEutfile in Wod or Notepadshouldtetealcontedtsimilarto th

followitrg;
3,'DS321",'TOP",
5.87
2,"4FDf53"'SIDE PLATE",5.56
l,,49oDZ"BASE PLATE" 2,67
5,'IL967","rLANGB', 12.87
Step 6.

Expcrtdctt with op.ningtheMYOUTPUT6lc in E(ccLcarc*ilt bc nquilld in

s.ningl4| Excelto rcaddc drt irnoindividudce[r. Modifyrhcrlalaor-pcrnrps
iDclud.a mmrfion for rhatotalco6tof thcconponcorpansaoasavc6o daci trv
savingthcdata&ea rlxl file ed u3ilg theMuhi LiDGTcxt editoriDAutoCADto ;ad
ft. trI. b6ckhto AutoCAD.Youeny alsolvi.h to try copyirgrdd paltiry thedrtr
b..k in to AutoCAD.BAcriE trt with u!i!g thSpaccDelirnitedFirnut fton Step

CollaborativeDesign- studenttask.
Athibute Extraction:
This wo*shop follows on from the part's List example,issuedlast weelgin which
you weregiven the datato be extracrede.g. COST,DESCRIPTION,
rrEM PART
NUMBER and ITEM NIMBER, suggestionsfor tag names,defaultsandextracuon
syntaxeg,N009002were alsoprovided.Ifyou do not havethe original hardcopy
then
the-detailso.-n
how to completethe palt List extractionhave beenrfbaded !o WOLF
andare availablein the folder TOOLS> cROUp > GLOBAL . For Thursdav
I/
Novembryou areexpected!o completefully and testout the part List Exh;tior
exelcNe.
In orderto assistyou in developiDgyour o\rn applicationendto tbink aboutthe
sort
or oalayou wrsh to extact you areaow rcquiredto plan out aDdcomDletean
exDactionprocessfor the followiq application:
A sportsalub hasa total of l2 acresof land that may be usedfor a variety offield
sportl,
lvhia! miSht includ sporrssuchasFootball,RugbyandHockeyetc. you are
requiredto plan out the areasothat severaldifferent sportscanbe cab;ed fo;at the
sametime (no repetitionsandtry to rDaximilethe useofthe field). Do not worry
aboutthe-actualshapeof the areabut you must,,ot cxcedthe li aqe, *u
thiot, yoo
may needto colrvglt acresto yad.sor mets andthenusethe official recommended
sizeofthe wrious sponspitches).
Onceth layout ofthe areahasbeenplamed, considerwhat informationmicht bc
requiredto book the facilities sayon a weekly basise.g.Narre ofperson ,"liog
tt
should
minimudwelop
a
"oo
of5
pi"ce,
d.isctcte
oiiof*i*t
lookin-g:tc1c..:tY9u
ror eacnboohng/tacility. ()!c the facilities havebeenfirlly bookedout for all
the
sportsyou havehcluded you shouldextat the datain CSF format ad include it
in a
Word document,Print this out andkeepasevidencethat you havecorrpteteJthe tast.
Beyondthe sportsfacilides you might consideradditionalbookingdetailsbased
aroundthe club housg showsn, bar, food and so on.

Assilrnmenrr
I (60?i,)
Asriermpntderaits
You ar-requ:red
to derrp. Je\etop.rgrr.rnd docummrd sotulun ro rhc st..crficdiongirLn
bclo$.Th-s)stemiltobcd,r\1.:otedirhj{c.l.rne$.cbpigecJnbecreatrdLsln!anvsuiL,bt!
m.thodor !ou. chorceTlc [\ccl m".jct shou]rtinchrdea-snl_,
ir,"'i"jl"*i,r_ lj,a:r..i
taatures
ofE]{ceiaspossible:
"r
. macrotinldl to cofimrndbutton.
. on-srecn
help(c.B_
s.rcqnIipsJ
. so4ingd 4
. filrering data.
. uscoflf funclion.
. useofPivol Tslt.s,
. useofVLOOKLD ftlnclion.
llsnd-ln d.trlh
Yout *ch paCcitl.l rcur so.ti g Ex.et r)nc7 storcdon r]oppy
dlsc $.ilh irs &ccomDinun!
o(um.Dranonarc ro bc h.ndedrn ro lhc sr dcnl leginr! bI, rhed.r\ ro,licnte,i
on rour'rno,r.,rl
q h r conrprered
surdc.All $ork shotrldhe prcscnred
covershccr.'Th;
;tr;-;;;il;.
;;;j
andlttrchcdro yourpapisGemamber
lo kc.p a b{k-up copyof},oLLr
rvork).
Documntrilon
Docurcnrarion
mustbe word,proc.ssed.
sdtahl.r.
(e.g.sub-bcadirys
struclurcd
for: inlrod(crion
to thc prcbleh,dcsignof lh. sprcadsheer,
ilovelopment
of ttrclnodct.atgo;ihm;,,*d. ;iil:
coD(luslon)
andhrvelt collentspagc.
Yor|needto includein rorlr docunrcntation
for yo|rrf]lcel s]stcmiJ. lnlruJuctroD
lo tlle problemdnd
-rourLlcsjgnthr vo,rrsolurion.ro incluJcLridenc!oI
puftrn8, e.g skceherdrlsn on
pipr. .1r)d.tcsi$ of r rensjblcs(r.rcrure
for tlre
sysrctn,
e.g.nren on frrsr.r'orksh.ct,
bootingjnform,rtion
on secondworksfieet,
erc.(l
ro 2 plgcs plus slcrches).
I Dc(riplio'r of your,jerclopmmrof ]nur so,unon.e.g.algo.ithnls,
lbrmulae.tcaturcs
elc.uscd,(l !o 2 prgcs).
I Userguide,bricfdelailsbur softicie rbr r ne{ userto nn vourrppticarion.
a1page
prus$cr!n$ots).
I Acrudresdrtru!e,tJndrheresulrsoflourl<nin!.{tro:I,ages,tepcndinjronlxlout,.
). sls|cnrmt(shosrrg\hcle r! tdur bdct )ou hr\e jnctrldcd
any:ofrh.:soecifirallv
requrEdr'lvalccdF\cet |carrres.
(t lere h fa paee).
(i. A citical atprajsalof your u orki
ho.!v1r? ),ourmodetfieetsfie sp,rci
ticaljon.how
rell youplannedrhisrssidnnent.\ hui
co,rrdh$ c Ooncro impro.t yourwori rf
-\..ou
l,ou\\ rr. goulglo do,r!83ir'-et( illl<urhrLiapaser.

*,Jtl', 5':'zt

re5\r r k-

liva
requirulhilr,)olrctcnronsrri
e yourlrodetdurirgyourlvorkshop
on rhc
,l|r,i;.::i:lll
nrrr.: dlte.(sce
nrodulc
su
det.
Any
srLrtienr
who
does
ror
art.n,j
the
uiu,i,
or*ho
Llil.]]lu
cflmol
cxplJrn
thcnr(del
t0thLi
\udsfiction
ofthctutorwillfaiithisclernent
oltlecoursevork.
l\Iarkinp
Crilerir
1llemarkylu obrain
will tl,,pmd
10a largc._\tent
on howmuchof fie Ercclmodclyou
much
ol thcntodel
1s
fully
workirrg.
howsersible
tf,r,fru..ti, rt, ri. u*
::.Tla'r,l,
1r,"..
ulterlucc.
itnd
howaltmctivc
anduselirl
thewcbplgeis.butit rvillalso
drlr,nif
ori" qrrl,y",
)o$ docuntcntation.
A exceijent
pass
- r0bust.
{ ell-(nrclurcd
s}stenrvhjch
nreetlhervholc
01.thc
speciilcrhou.
togcthq
rvi$highquality
tiocumcrta(ion.
. rohLlst
I) - vcrygood
pass
well-stnrctujed
systeur
whichmects
thcwholc
ofthcspccilication
butwitha fe\1,
omissions
ir docuntentation.
or il rvell-slrLrcrued
syslem
i,ffiff,n,{
ino;i0irnc
rcquirenenls
totclher
rirh highqLrality
Jocmcnlrrion
.."dl:,lucrLued
sy$em
fulfi ingmosr
0f thercquiremenrs
t:::(locumenlation
togclher
witha lew
1."-ill9
0Hrsslons
ln
systenr
futfilliug
arleast
hali.ofrhe
rqrircmenls
burnayhal.e
a l.cN
:.^lT:-.,:11-:,rrr:"d
ouls$ons
tndorumcnhtion
systtrn,whcit
onlyhatfol'rhcreqlirenrclrts
uc working
bulrerlsonLror!
1....:1..]Ti-.1
(ocumcnltton
\!asprovided.
,Orl poor.snsnrpr
wh$elcssrhan
hall.ol-rhc
rcquircmenrs
are\yorkin-r.

l_ no
11'1.:|1.i''*
0r
-: do{unr.
titlto }ilspfovidcd.

NOTll:
Yormust
obtain
atl0ast
agrade
0fFj lbrtlisassignnerrt
topass
thcmoriulc

?roblem Spctficarion
,l :1 ,tu ,1 ' r.ffa l a n i

,s a < :rj , L..n,r.-, $,,cr,rrc.s s{al ,.(rra\.,): rorr-.eforshr a

\u g ri s r{ s r.n rn So th ( t' r(r S a.unts l n th n-ort,. th..co,npan\

hd( l r, ruo hcdr oor r
caravaff. 6 rhrc. b.{room rinrxni. ald tl fosr bcdloo carrvans
fhe !$o bedroom caravans
are nmrblrred Fom I ro lrr. the tlfeu bedroom .aravans fton1 f r
,o fr,. ,nA ,fr" fo* t.a.o*
-- * caraMflsnonl 17 to 20. Oprionat.\1ras.$ hi\.haren!4itabrcar time
ot tooUig;r", .r. Seroiroll.k informnlionlcai]c-sand renanrantm.ilvouchers
ar rn er:1racosrofl20.
ii llicrcvafe ar ar c\lru cosIof!30 pc, 1\eek,
ur. rreczerat ar cirr. costoat3J p {ee}.
The pricinErruct0rc for hiring is as rblo\!s:
. | $o b.droom carrrln
I r nrca nadmolh cnrrrrn
I rour rre.rroomcrrrr an

r.,;It

Re(|olrcpctrts
'Y-o!are requiredlo dcsib,n.dcv.top. anit !c!l
:l]) tji.et nodel for..Dun Roirnin Caruralrs...
and
ro crcate11wcb palielo ad!crtjsclh. comparl. ThecDmpir)t
need:A s )s te nro
r .o n tro l i hcbooki nssotl hei f ca| A l ,ros.
1.
A ir"steo to producebitk iirr thcjr cusr)ftec.
l.
. A {eb pag.lo adrcrrircth. conpn|\
Tlrcsercqlircmenlsllrc inctudediD th!. foltiNirg ftorcdclols
requif.ntcnrstist
YoLr spreilltshcor
hodel shoutdinciudertu lb I kN InS:_
a) A uscr-triendlyfronrendlo Dili8.ttc throLrghtheoi,)lior1s.
h' { \,nkrnf tiilil\ rJ nnriJ r ..,rd.!.nl'o\,n;. ,roiing ,t,..u.,nn,* .
n.,nrernJ r,idrc,.
$rln in opnor ro Jjn(nd o, can(cto b \,tin{.
c , A q ,.c r! tn s h !{ ci m\rn i \.i hl .rt \ri ..rl l } .Lg .r cha ,.
)
i ftl i crou \t (h cJra\ r nr
J re$ a rrrb tcto r rr. fnrcachscckduri nJrhchctj Ltr\
n,.r!,J.
d) A billing l)rilirv
.
Io sl^o\ rhcbrtl forttr hnliddl
n.
Displaledin pnrr pfcrlc\\ m(d..
e) nunigcrn$t infomr:rrjon:.
r.
To sllo\ e\pc(redrclerLr.lio !|1 the bookings.
ii
Displaycd$"phicatJ\..
rour \rch pag. sh{)uldinclLderJlctbllor\iD{:
a) de1!ilj ofboljd,r)s lharthc conjpar.!:ofter\qu pnc.s,
bl dctiils ofoptionsl cxmrs1\.irl).o*s.
r) r sdlrbl. lhotosraphor picrurc.
d) rsl.phonc0unrher.ndt dressto c.ntlct ttrcconrplnJ.
yot' are D!1 reqLiredrL\link rhe Neb
nrg to rhe spr.&tslrectnD,lcl ro a orv ontjn.
)i,ili:

r
Failure Modesand Bffects
Analysis(FMBA)
Introduction
-

upontheproduct
canoccurfor a varietyof differentrcasonsdepending
Failureofcomponents
andits application.
The list of failuremodesin anypa icularproductcouldbe quite
considerable.
Thetraditionalculturcofdesignersis oneofsolvinga failuremodeproblemonce
is oneof failureprevention
by analysing
it hasoccuffed.Thephilosophyof designassurance
process,
making
stages
of
the
design
i.e.
the
Trontend'.
failuremodesat theinitial decision

canbe used
Whenindividualfailuremodoshavebeenidentifiedin a system,varioustechniques
for systematic
analysisandto propose
for thesynthesis
of thesefailuremodesinto a procedure
Analysis'methodsand
havebeenbroadlycalled'Hazard
solutionsto them.Thesetechniques
or producthasfailed,
situationlt,
afterthecomponent
haveoftenbeenemployedin post-modem
called
containedwithin thisbroadbandof HazardAnalysisis a procedure
ONE procedure
(Failure
FMEA
Mode$andEffectsAna.lysis).

Hazard analysis
Definitionof Hazad:
'A setofconditionsin theoperationof a productor systemwith thepotentialfor initiatingan
(BS 477813.3.1).More simply:a potentialsourceof harm!
accidentsequence.'
Preliminaryhazardanalysis
theengineering
This is a broadstudymadcin theearlystagesofdesign,It consistsofbreaLking
for
each,
answering
the
into
sub-systems
or
even
to
individual
components
and
systemdown
followingquestions:
1. Sub-system
or itemunderconsideration
2. Modeofoperation.
3. Hazardous
element
4. Eventthattdggersthehazardous
element
5. Hazardouscondition.
6. Eventthattriggersthepotentialaccident
7. Potentialaccident.
8. Possibleeffectsof accident

occurnces
9. Measustakento containor DrEveot
10.Classifrcstion
of hazard
of hazard.
Referto infonnationblowior thequalitativeclassification

Informationfor completingthePreliminaryHazardAnalysiscomesfrompcnonalcxpcrience,
litelatureeta.Con|iderthefollowingexample
interviewswith operatingpqsonnelsupervisors,
thc
aDalysis
u,ouldbe:
of a tic-barbrackctin &hostileenvironment;
1. Ti-barbrackot
2. Partof cngine$abilisingsy8tem
3. Hostilcenvitonnnt
4. Operationof engine
5. Corosion
6. CorosionEducescrossscctiomlalaof bracket
7. Brackctfails
8. All motionof enginctansfelred!o mountings
9. Modify matedaland/orsurfacereatmentof bracket
IV.
10.Classiflcation
to
the reviewof caretullygcparedPrcliminaryHazadChecklistsis animpofianttechnique
nsurthatno obviousDointsaIoverlooked.
_;r_

'di,i,o

Delinition of FMEA:
the
The studyof thepotentialfailuresthatmightoccurin anypartofa system,to determine
probableeffectsof eachon ajl theotherpafs of thesystemandon probableoperational
success.'
(BS 4'778l'1.'7)'.
potential
The technique
of FMEA is basedon a quitesimpleprincipleandits aimis to anticipate
-Ttconristsof a iGililEfana-ii"i--aTlE
failuressothattheirsourcecanbeeliminated.
produced
in
the
components
of anengineedng
systemandthe
mrlfunctionithatcanbe
assemblies
andfinally theproduct.A
subsequent
effectsthatthesecanhaveon sub-assemblies,
it seemsimpossible
to
product
in
almost
infinite
number
ofways.
Therefore,
complex
canfail an
determine
everypossiblefailuremodeof a givenproduct.However,if theproductis
entsthe failure modesof theseco4p9191111!considerably
S$g!E4St94lS$-lgILb4s
This meansthattheFMEA alwayshasto be startedat themostbasiclevelof an
reduced,
it proceeds
from thereupwardsin thehierarchyofthe system.FMEA is actua y
assembly,
To reducetheworkloadit maybe advisable
to follow and
calledthe bottom-up'method.
with thehighestprobabilityof occurrence.
examG onliifrela-iiurE6'odes
theyarc
As anexampleconsiderthelailureswhichcanleadto an aircraftjetenginebreakdown;
failure
modes
for
the
components
of
the
engine
such
asits
almostinfinite.However,themain
thebasicpartsof thefuel system
fuel systemareprobablymorelimited.If theanalystconsiders
possible
pump,
pip,
failure
modesfor this systemare
injection
nozzle
etc,,
the
e.g.fuel
fuel
workingfrom component
to sub-asseqlly,andsu!evenmorereduced.By usingthisapproach,

q',eaqylg.res!-Ul!c@-lelt@-

a failureanalysisfor the,cggt!9qqg!49.
establish
of FMEA is to disciplinethefluxingthoughtsandideas
The basicideaunderlyingthetechnique
whichoccurin the mindof thedesignerduringthedesignprocess,sothatin followinga
plocedurethedesigneris forcedto follow thesethoughtsin a thoroughmanner.In its
methodical
mostrigorousform, anFMEA is a summaryof theengineerlthoughts(includingan analysisof
andpastproblems),
ashe/she
itemthatcango wrong,basedon experience
everyconceivable
or system.
designsa component
Overth9yearsthe FMEA methodhasbeenmoreandmorerefinedandit is now virtually
practiceto usea standardised
Differentproductarease.g.
form of presentation.
standard
in cefiain
nuclear,andautomobileindustdesmighthavea slightlydifferentemphasis
aerospace,
areas,
Outline
anypotentialshoficomings
in the Designand
of F.M.E.A.is usedto assess
The technique
product.
sub-assembly
or finished
Thebroadconceptof F.M.E.A.
Manufacture
of a component,
are
andtheirpotentialshoficomings
is thatthedesignandprocessarecarefullyanalysed
made
these
assessments
are
then
ranked
lbr action.
is then
and
recorded.
a numericalassessment
engineers
to look at all aspects
ofthe design
Whenciuriedout correctly,an F.M.E.A.enables
cost
effective
action
can
be
taken.
where
andthento highlight
andprocess
The analysiswill showwhereactionis neededto achievereducedwarrantycosts,scrapcosts,
inspection
costsiurdW.I.P.costs.It will alsohelpin themarketingareato improvesalesand

obtainneworders.Theachievement
of a highdegreeolsafetywheresafetycriticalproductsare
involvedwill be helpedby F.M.E.A.techniques.
When To UseF.M.E.A.
from its initial conception
F.M.E.A.canbecarriedout at anystageof a productsdevelopment
to
times
to
use
the
technique
are:
its final manufacture.
The mostbeneficial
1. At the conceptstage,when outlinesand specifications
are being set and when
'mockups'arebeingmade
beingstarted
2. As soonasthedesignis laid downbut pdor to anymanufacturing
3. when thedesignhasbeenproducedandtheprocessis beinglaid down
4. At a stagewhen majormodificationsare to be carriedout. Again at designand
proce$s
alEratrons
5. When actionshavebeenhighlightedand correctiveactionshavebeentakenan
F.M,E.A.shouldba re-assessed.
Valueof the Technique
all risksareidentifiedandthatactionis taken.The
The valueofthe technique
is thatit ensures
reduces
sigdfrcantlythechanceofa risk being
factthata.lltheinformationilr recorded,
areanalysed
coEectly,thetechniquehasgreatvalue
overlooked.
If thedesign$andprocesses
areasandin themarketingaleas,
bothin themanufacturing
andconfidence
thattheproductcanbe producedto
F.M.E.A.givesa highdegreeof assurance
givea highdegreeofsatisfactionto boththeemployees
andpotentialcustomers,
It will generate
quality
product.
andreliabilityof a
The storeddocuments
in thedesign,manufacture,
confidence
if a problemshoulddevelop.
will providereadyreferences
DesignF,M.E.A.
A designF.M.E.A.shouldbe carriedout at theearliestpossiblestageitt thelife of a product.It is
To ensure
usedto ascertain
thattheproductwill carryout its functioncorrectlywhenproduced.
assimplyaspossiblewith no avoidableconstraints
e.g.
thattheproductcanbe manufactured
for potentialfailure,presuming
thannecessary.
Eachfeaturemustbe analysed
tightertolerances
thatit will be manufacturd
to thegivendrawingsandspecifications.
issuedrawingsareavailable,
each
Oncethedesignis beyondtheconceptstageandadvanced
ThedesignF.M.E.A.followsan almostchildlikesimplicity,
dimensioncanbe assessed.
questioningthe needfor the size,the toleranceor the presenceof the feature.
Delinitions and the Standard Worksheet
the
Theproductandits drawingnumbershouldbe appended
to eachsheetbeforeconrmencing
F.M.E.A.Eachcolumnshouldnowbe filled out usilg thefollowingdefinitions:

t_,

t
Requircments- indicatesaspreciselyaspossiblethe function of the part or the
1, ParuProcess
prccess.
2. Deviation - this is the potentialfailure mode,which shouldbe identified ascleady aspossible
in thefollowingmanner:
!y'hat could possiblygo wrong?
How canthe pafi fail to meetspcification?
regardless
of engineering
Whatwoulda customerconsiderto be unacceptable,
specifications?
T,?ical deviationsare:o Broken
o Fatigue
o Distortion
o Omitted
o lraking
o Loose
o Rough
o Mis-assembled
3. Ef&glIO - at this stageassumethat the indicateddeviationhasoccuned,then describewhat
the customermight notice or experience.Someexamplesof effectsof failure arc:.
o Operationimpaired
o Poorfinish
o Noise
o Lack of secudty
o Lack of power
-.

, - .o

IntmittentoDeration

Jt4)i.l

to eachdeviation.
4. ggusglsl- list eachpotrtialcauseof failue whichcanbe assigned
o Incorrectmaterial
o Assemblyelror
o Overheating

o Tool damaged
o Partomitted
o Overstfessed
hasbeencompleteda ratingcanbe applied.Eachrating
5. Rq!i!g! - onceeachof thecategories
assessment
of thedegreeto whicheachofthe aboveitemscanaffectthepartor
is a subjective
process.
Theratingsarelisted.Theratingsshouldbe agreedby theteamasa wholeand
appended
to theform at theinitial conditionstage.
apparent
at this stage,sinceknowledgeof
of theteammakeup becomes
The importance
to establish
occurrence.
warrantyretumson similarproductsfor example,is a key requirement
The ratingsarebaseduponwhatcouldhappenandthereforeit is unlikelythatindividual
enginee$wouldgiveeachcategorythe samevalue.It is importantthereforethatthe sameteam
remainstogether.
o Sglgdq - estimatethe severityof the effectof failureto the customeron a scale
the se ousneslt
of the failureto the
of 1 - 10.Sevedtyis the factorthatrepresents
customerafterit halroccurred.
neededto
o QqqplqlE - this is an indicationof the numberof itemsor operations
Theestimateis on a scaleof | - 5.
completetheitembeinganalysed,
o Occurrence
- theestimateof occurenceis on a baseof I - 10andis judgedby the
engineerfrom his knowledgethatthe fault, a) will occulin the tuturelife of the
productor b) hasalreadyoccurred
o !914gjqg- is an estimateof theprobability,thata defectcausedby the indicated
areaandreachthe customer.Assumingthat
failurewill leavethe manufacturing
is an estimateof the ability of the
has
happened,
detection
the causeof failure
qualitysystemto preventshipmentandis madeon a scaleof 1 - 5,
by the
6. RiskPrioritvNumberrR.P.N.)- theRiskP ority Numberis a calculationachieved
for Occurrence,
Severity,Detectionandcomplexity.
multiplicationof thevaluesselected
x DETECTIONx COMPLEXITY= R.P.N.
SEVERITYx OCCURRENCE
thedesignor process.
Oncethedesignor processhasbeen
This valuecanthenbe usedto assess
process
Action
must
be takenon thehigh R.P.N.
canbe started.
theimprovement
evaluated
in theaction
values,but wherean individualvaluationis high,this item shouldbe considered
individual
value.This
i)
the
R.P.N
value
and
ii)
each
list. Theobjectivemustbe to minimise
mannerwith everyrgardfor safety.
howevermustbe achievedin a cost-effectivc
7. CorectiveAction- conectiveactionsmustbe loggedandactions.Oncetheactionhasbeen
anda newR.P.N.valueproduced.
Sincetheaim is
takentheF.M.E.A.shouldbe re-assessed
reContinuousImprovement'inthewholeproductrange,F.M.E.Al shouldbe continuously
to achieveaslow anR.P.N.valueaspossible.Obviouslypdoritiesmustbe established
assessed,
beingforemostconsideration.
with safetyandcosteffectiveness

t
L

t
whatcould:
An F.M.E.A.shoulddetermine
o

Preventthc part from operating

Causethe part to be unacccptablek) the Customer

Reducethe parts lite

Endangerthc cnd applicatlonor user

Corrective Actions
Thc F.M.E.A. will identily thc needforl
o

More testingto pfove designadequacy

Dimensionul
reviews

o Moredcsignwork to eliminatea hazard

of thc product
o Designwofk to improvethef'unctioning
Highlighttheneedlbr spccialcarcwherca risk hasbeenidentifiedundthereis no
immediate
answcr

training
o Specialiscd
capacity
o Thc nccdlor a furtherreviewol manufactufing

D.t.clion
f.ilu|! rat! Rrnk
c,ilirie

ScrEiE

Eaik

Efilcl on cnd usEr

1. very low sava,ily,

clslomor!,\ou( L Femolepo$blrYor lOrt
probqhlyho unlbla lo Cdacl hull
the 1r lqfoocordng.
2.
LowFossibillv
- d..iqn ol
2.
praclgs*inilafto existing
3,
3 cqusngsome
iypc v{h owirilure.ate
ldodcrrto possibilily- des gn
4 . lvlodorale
oveity,hiqhdi
of proccss$milarloe)dding1fl0r
5.
5. oi cudofierdissalblbcli
on
6. lype MilhoccEionallcllu$
E.
7. Fiqhsererily,la ufa oi
6. sub+t{|em,norconpliance
vth slsl ulory regUations
9. VcryhlghsBveiiy,potential
1!, sqt!|y'6ldl.d okleh

,x

dect
rs|dring

RendBlitelihood
lhal
,.da'!4 $lll r.ch

lhal dclactulLl
2. LowI kalihood

7. l-lighpG.tbiliiy- dolgo"or
:
L procsssimilarto ihos.lhal ha '' ,
pfoblem
pasl
causd
s inlhe
3
1,10
L Veryhighpassibllity
10. almod ceilainllal lEilwev'ill

itrNunbe'(RFl'l)
1.4 1

10
2+
3 11 30
+3 1
50
lnn'

lifrllffll?llffl

_l
5.

FMECA (Failure Modes and Effects Cridcality Anslysis).

Definitionof FMECA:
The studyof the potentialfailuresthat might occur in anypart of a systemto determinethe
probableeffect ofeach on all the otherpartsof thc systemandon probableoperationalsuccess,'
(BS 477817.8).
theresultsof whicharorankedin orderofseriousness.l
Theobviousmethodofdisplayingthis is to do exactlyasit says,i.e,put themin order,themost
sedousat thetop!
Anothermethodis to plot a graphof RPN againstCdticality of Hazarde.g.

tv

Conclusion
Today,manycompaniesarc finding that an FMEA is a contractualrEquircmetrt,o.g,a procedural
documentstating:
should be analysed,using
l. What components/sub-assemblievassemblievFoducts
FMEA?
2. Who shouldperfom it? (Statuslevel - perhapsSeniorDesigner).
3. Methodof resultspresentation.
4, What corective actionhasbeenperformed?
Obviouslydesignconfidentialitywill haveto be lespected,andin somecasesody a limited
amountof informationwould be issuedto the prospectivecustomer.

Tailoring of FMEA StandardPresentation

is usedthesodaysto showthe resultsof the
As previouslystated,a standard
form ofprcsentation
wouldperhapsincludemorcinformation.For example,
analysis.
However,diffcrcntindustries
Reliability.
Definitionof Rcliability:
will pedormwithoutfailurefor a specified
The probabilitythata componcnt,
systemor prodLrct
periodof TME, undcrspecifiedoperatingconditions.'
In yourpartjculafindustry,youcouldconsiderincludingsomeinfbrmationon thereliabilityof
thepa|t in questionon theFMEA form.Typicalinfofmation,whichcouldbe fairly confidential,
or FPMH(Failures
PerMillionHours)ofthe
couldbe MTBF(MeanTimeBetwccnFailures)
part.TheRPNobtaincdfrom theFMEA,(eventhoughthenumbersaresubiective),
doesbeara
passing
to thereliability
of thepart!
rescmblancc
TangibleBenelits
o Sollwareprogramsafc availablefor FMEAS, whichwill reducethe (imetakento
performthcanalysis,
relative
to handcalculations.
o The procedureof perlbrmingan FMEA could opena prcviouslyundiscovercd
to beobtainedon productsafety.
windowto allowa newperspective

- - -3 sunrn:mnrmrrr'u-t'
0 Mod el) ar &hide( + - - - - - -

othfiu !|---------.@
soh.dur.dt.- - - - - - - - - la
[7 fiOIO

trb

3 - .@,
I

G
0

.
Suphrjsorn
n./siqnmr.r.
-.
FMEAdn.(oddnn)r-- - - --

':ft\\\s'"

3i&\

a.t

**rt
XX
x.i

POTENTIAL FAILURE MODES AND EFFECTSANALYSIS RANKING TABLE

SEVERITY
Rank

DETECTION

OCCI]RRENCE

Effecton enduser

Very low severity,customerwouldprobably

be unableto detectfault.

Rank

Criteria

Possible
Failure Ratc

Remotepossibility of the
failure occurring

2 I-ow severity,minorfault causingsome

3 customerannoyirnce

2 I-ow possibility - designor process

3 similar to existing tj/pe with low

4 Moderateseverity,high degreeof customer

5 dissatisfaction

failure rate
Moderatepossibility designor
5 processsimilar to e)dstingtl.pe
6 with occasionalfailues

Rank

l/ 100000

o
7 Highpossibility designor process
8 similar to thosethat havecaused
problemsin the past

9 Very high severity,potentialsafety

1 0 relatedproblem

9 Very high possibility - almost

lo certainthatfailurewill occur

Rank
IIIO

Possibility of defect
reaching customer

Remotelikelihood that defect

will rcachcustomer
I-ow likelihood that defectwill
rcachcustomer
Modralelikelihood that defectwill
reachcustomer
High likelihood that defectwill
reachcustomer
Very high likelihood that defect
will rcachcustomer

l/1000

'1 High severity,failureof sub-system,

8 non-compliancewith statutoryregulafions

Criteria

l
2
3
4
5

COMPLEXITY
Numberof components
1-3
4 - tO
lr
30
31 -50
5l - 100

Risk Priority Number(RPI$ = Severityx Occurrencex Detectionx Complexity

PRODUCTFAILURE FOR REASONSSTATED IS NEITHER ADMITIED NOR MPLIED

0- lVo

lffiVo

Fault TreeAnalysis(FTA)
(NASA) in
andSpaceAdministration
This techniquehasbeenusedby theNationalAeronautics
andhasalsobeenusdin theNuclearindustry.FTA is usedextensively
theirspaceprogrammes
methodof representing
the
in thefield of reliability,safety,.andsk analysis.It is a convenient
logicalconnection
betweenthefailuremodesof a system.Thetop ofthe tree,thetop event,can
(failureratedatawouldbe requiredfor this
qualitativelyandquantitatively
be evaluated
with theaid ofa computerprogram.
altemative),
thefailurcof a
of eventsconstituting
FtA is definedas "Thestudyof thepossiblesequences
(BS
method
ofalgorithms."
4778
17.9.)
$y$temusingthediagrammatic
to preventthetreefrom becomingtoo
The filst stepis to definethe systemthatis to be analysed,
complex.A treecanonly analyseoneeventandso a numbermaybe neededfor oneproduct.A
separately
e.g.
systemcanbe dividedinto its operationphasesin orderthateachcanbe analysed
of thetop event,whichis theundesirable
run,shut-down.
Thenextstepis theselection
$tart-up,
or assembly.
Thetreethendevelops
event,e.g.fire, explosion,or failureof a system,sub-system
of thefailulemodesthatwouldresultin the
by theidentificationof thelogicalcombination
occuffence
of th9top event.
of an individual
The modesof failurecanhavea varietyofcauses,suchasthebreakdown
procedure
program.The failure
or a maintenance
component,
operatorerror,thefailureof a test
modesarecombinedin a numberof wayswhicharecalled'gates'.
An e,,rii,usrclly a fault,r.s.tlting
lron iha co,nbln.tlon
ol morebasc

Erd c cohpnlnl lbult v'hich can

bBesigmd e p|obabillly
ot
ocoirlen ce bascdon tlst llsuts
of phlsicaol hilulEanalysis
es
A teultnol d8\lopBdtuftfEr
lo itscaus$ bac $ollact( ol
Inlof|natiorl,lrha,
or \,|luc in
A cond[ion.l .v6nt - on vtr'ich

h ustoacur
in oilartoranlnput

bull (cause)1oEsult in an oupr.tl

iault (Etrbc't)

0
A
A

An .wnl o&61.d to occuf

AND Ertl - itu odpnt s\nt ocorrs

o d y $hcn all lh. Inputrvlnts .16

OF gate -ihe outpulavenl ocdrls

v*rcn on6 or nol! oll lE Inpute\nts
Reler.ne k eylo .noth6rPot
o llh ELuli ilr v'Irfa lha idantiaal
saqu8nccol Bventsis shov'n

SomebasicFaultTreesymbols.
Havingcompletedthetree,theanalystwill thenevaluateit to discoverwhatspecificactions
recommendations.
requiredandthen,obviously,makethe appropriate

S|.|t ol

and

,(

$rp

\2

SBcdrd
taa

FaultTreeAnalysis- Top-downmethod

a.p

aubar$nny2

Z* 4

Sbi ol

nnd$Er ol oonpononl

Falu|l frocL
0rdmpofEm

0lcornponant

FailuleModeandEffectsAnalysis- Bottom-upmcthod

elect c foodmixer
SimpleFaultTreeAnalysis:mainsoperated

CASDHISTORY 1
The Amoco Cadiz
At 9.45amon l6 March1978thesteering-gear
of thetankerAmocoCadizbrokedownin rough
seas,abouttenmilesfrom theIsleof Ushant,off Brost,Thc aausewasthefailureof a pipeflange
on the mainsteering-gear
hydrauliccircuitwhichallowedtheoil in the systemto he discharged
Thecrewwereunableto recharge
the systemandregain
into thesteering-gear
compartment.
control of the steeragebeforethe ship groundedat 2 I .04. Over the next few daysthe entirecargo
of milesofthe Frenchcoastline.
of 226000tonnesofcrudeoil pollutedhundreds
The steeringgearandrelatedequipmentof the AmocoCadiz compliedwith all existing
Thedisasterhighlighted
international
regulations;
whichraiseddoubtsabouttheiradequacy.
boththebasicweakness
of the singlehydrauliccircuit,almostuniversallyemployedin theram
ofthe failureofthe
androtaryvanet)?esof steeringgear,andthedrasticpotentialconsequences
steeringgearofa laJgetanker.
Following theAmoco Cadizcasualtynew intemationalregulationswere developedasa matterof
on largetankers.Thenew
urgencyfor the steeringgeus of all ships,but with particularemphasis
regulations
concentrated
on theimpofianceof maintainingtheinteg ty of at leastpartof the
hydraulic circuit after a singlefailufe of pressureparts,so that steringcapability could be
maintained
or be rapidlyrecovered
aftera fault.The regulations
envisage
automaticchangeover

or meansto separate
automatically,
a singlehydrauliccircuitin
of separate
identicalsystems
pa s.
orderto isolatea fault in pressure
in Figure4, ofthe typeof steeringgearusedin theArro.o Cddit
Thesimplefaultheeanalysis,
qualitative
route
failure
in
a
mannerdirectthroughtheOR gates.Figure5 showsa
showsthe
to
faulttreeanalysisofa conventional
four-ramsteeringgearwith six failuremodesleading
throughtheOR gates.Figure6 showsa fault treeanalysisof thesamet)?e of steering-gecr
power
andfittedwith separate
andindependent
designed
in accordance
with thenewregulations,
actuatingsystems,
andshowsthefailuremodesthroughtheOR gatesreducedto two.
The reliultofthe groundingof theAmocoCadiuwasa seriesolcomplexinternational
law suits
whichwereconsolidated
into a singlecourtaction.JudgeFrankMccarr of the EasternDivision
of theNorthemCircuit,Courtof lllinois issueda I I l-pageopinion.He$aid,interalia,thdl
againstAstilleros,theSpanishshipyardwhichbuilt theA,roco
Amocowasentitledto damages
andfault of the
Cudi{,to theextentthatits own liability wascont butedto by thenegligence
shipbuilderl
thatAmocoInternational
Oil Company(AIOC),theoperator,hegligently
Thejudgeconcluded
performedits dutyto ensurelhattheAmocoCodizin generalandits steeringgearin particular
wereJeaworthy.
adequotely
mainlrinedandin properrepair,
He notedthatAIOC hegligentlyperformedits duty to ensurethatthe clevtof theAmocoCadiz.
wasproperlytrained',andfailedin its duty to ensurethatthedesignandconstruction
ofthe
vgssel'.He saidAIOC was
AmocoCadizwasbroperlycarriedout soasto resultin a seaworthy
steeringsystem,or anyothermeans
negligentin operatingtheAmocoCadizwithouta redundant
ofcontrollingtherudder,in theeventofthe completefailureofthe hydraulicsteeringsystem.
of theAmocoCadiz,
In anivingat his decisionJudgeMccarr outlinedthehistoryandopelatlorL
problems
gear
were
with
its
steering
from
the
start,
which
wercnot
Theseindicatedthere
or repaired.
In additiontheOil Companydid not follow the
adequately
comprehended
maintenance
instructions
for thesteeringgar,whichultimatelycausedthedisaster.
JudgeMccarr listedseveralareaswhercAIOC thiledto maintainthesteeringgearof theAmrc.)
Cadizproperly.Thecompanydid not actto ensurethatthefilterson the steeringgearwere
clea[edaccordingto theInstructionmanual;it did not actto ensurethattheoil in thesteeringgearwaschanged;
it did not
it did not alrangeto havesamplesof thehydraulicfluid analysed;
steering-gear
systemto be purgedto removeair.
requiretheship'.s
the shipfrom theSpanishshipyardwith
In additionhe faultedthecompanyfor accepting
gear.
pafiicular
steering
In
theshipwasdeliveredwith cast-iron
acknowledged
detbctsin its
It anangedto havebronzebushingsinstalledon its own vesselsand
steedng-gear
rambushings.
placedadditionalbushingson boardtheArrocoCadiz.Thescwerenot installed.
gearin thelastfour monthsofits life waslosing7
ThejudgenotedthatAmocoCadiz'ssteerj,ng
to 12litresofhydraulicfluid a day.This was'greatlyin excessof whatwouldoccurwith a
properlymaintained
system'.Thereportsaid,This excessive
consumption
wasknownto AIOC
prudence,
shouldhaverecognised
it assymptomatic
whichin theexerciseof ordinaryskill and
reliability.'
of a progressive
degradation
ofthe system's

With both steednggearpumpssecuredtho AmocoCadiz andfur sister-shipsexperiencedas

much as 15 degreesof ruddermovementwh.ilein port. This fact waswell known amongAIOC
engineersand shouldhave signalleda seriousmalfunctionof the two-sidcdrestrainsystemof the
Amoco Cadiz sleringmechanism,'Theunexplainedruddermovementof theAmoco Ca.dizwas
not propedyinvestigatedandwasnot corrected.AIOC failed to insfuct the Amoco Cadizcrew
in emergencysteering-geardrills andproceduresto b followed in the eventof a steering-gear
breakdown,
Lorr ol sl..ilg

.loct hllc

Sic6 nq

{-'-,\

Comrnunlcrtlon-,

SimpleFaultTreeAnalysisshowingtherouteto failureof anAmocoCadizt'?es steeringgea!

four-ramsteeringgear,showingsix modesthroughtheOR
FaultTreAnalysisof a conventional
gares

nodop ot nd n mgrr

Thefigureshowsa completefaulttrr analysisof a baringwith thundsirable

top event
batatrophicbealingfailur'

r:
Design
ET3008Collaborative
lh

v\ou

-5
c,t.\e:
ia

;1

^ rl"u h-^

'lou' ProJ'^''t

(.Reliabititv
/

'

1=,1-'^1

,..,

vo_er

(t i'<-)

Introductionto Reliabilitv Theorv

Definition of Reliability
Reliabilityis theprobabilitythatanitem will performasrequired,understatedconditions,for a
periodof time.
Practical exampleof Reliability measurement
In orderto observereliabilityin practice;considerthefollowingpracticalexampie:
Suppose
thatfrom a largebatchof someparticularpart,we takea randomsampleof 1000,We
andput themon life test,By this we mean
thencheckto confirmthattheywork satisfactorily
possible
parts
work
the
as
nearly
as
as
theywouldbe workedin practice,andwe
thatwe shall
recordwheneachpartfails.Also,we decideNOT to replacefailureswith goodpans.Therefore,
thatexactly100hoursafterthe start
the numberremainingon testwill graduallyreduce.Suppose
of thetestwe noticethat220partshavefailed,leaving780 still working.
Fromabovewe couldnow w te downthe Raliabilitvofthe Dartsat 100hourlri.e.
Rallablllty
.ti i n 6
t- 100houE

N umbd sJfl i l i nod tno i .100 h

R (1 0 0)

T l ' .' c l o ' E,R l l o q')

-r:l-

Nunbor dt ddd v*cn iin 6t . 0

' 078

in percentage
terms.
Note:This is NOT nomally expressed
A moregeneralformulawouldbe,for anytime t:
Rclrbllily . Rrtl _ Nunber srrlivhq t rrstanti
a Me I
N unberelded uhentl rnel .0

You will noticethatreliabilityis a cumulativequantity.After thetesthadrun for say200hours

thenumberoffailuresmighthaverisento say400,leaving,600still working,we wouldthen
have:
Rr'6bl\
= R(80) = -itbatrine
t=200ho0rs

=060

It is usuallyconvenient
to definethe startof thetestasbeingat time t = 0, sowhenwe are
cumulatingall the iailures from thequntil the instantswhen time t reaches100hoursand200
We couldplot a graphofReliabilityagainsttime,seebelow:
hoursrespectively.

ModuleI-eaderC Oakes

t-o

Design
ET3008Collaborative
1 .0

0e

200

300

Time n hou6 d ncle$ sla,led

tblls,tellingus whatwe alreadyknow,thatthe longer

Noticehow theReliabilityprogressively
last,
more
likely
it is to fail duing thattime.
we expectanythingto
the
Failure Rate
thatthepartsarefailing
Suppose
thatat the instantwhent = 200hours,we areableto determine
theruteat whichtheyarefailingas
at 3 perhour.Since600 arestill working,we couldexpress
follows:
nSa aneous

Nl|nb6rhilinEp.r
hourd in.bnli
]Tur]r-EeTT'fl
ESliiqa-liFTffi 'r
-6tT

.0005per
hour

failurerateis giventhesymbolz, ThereforetheInstantaneous

failurerateat
This lnstantaneous
first
sight,
seem
rather
to
express
an
t
is
written
z(t).
This
may,
at
confusing
theinstant
"instantaneous"
because
in an
failurelatein numberof failuresper HOUR.This is necessary
infinitelysmallamountof time i.e.aninstant,thereisjust no time availablefof anythingto
happen!
we cannow definethe FailureRateastheprobabilityof failurein unit timeof anitem,whichis
By "still workingsatisfactorily,we meanthatwe shallNOT count
still workingsatisfactorily.
This is why in
failureswhichhaveoccurredbeforethe instantof time in whichwe areinterested.
is 600,NOT 1000,because
we did not countthe400which
our calculationthedenominator
=
pdor
when
the
time
t
200
hours.
We
can
showhow theFailureRatevaries
failed
to the instant
with Timeon a graphe.g.

ModuleLeader:G Oakes

ET3008CollaborativeDesign
Usatuv\oi(lnq
lltb

Edly
polord

O -A / A -B)b -e

f '--

l! no.-!,.---Cr.^.

ey-\ut1-r

B A"d"

--'26

!w".t|.

l.\@i> - R^1a,{^?

Thneln lEulEdna8tBdde Ed

Typicalbath-tubcurveofFailureRateagainstTime
It is oftenthecasethattheInstantaneous
FailureRatis constalti,e.line is horizontal,parallelto
X-axisiz(t) is usuallytheng.iventhesymbollambda.Mathematically,
it canbe shownthatfor a
constantfailureratei.e. holizontalline in bath-tubcurve.
R(t)"''
whcr.rR(t)

RrLirbility al tiror t.
ConstrntFailureratc.

Exomple:
1 year).Whatis its
A devicehasa constantfailurerateof I every10000hours,(approximalely
Reliabilityin anoperatingpriodof 1000hours?
Solution:
Therefore,
Constantfailurerate=

f : -J10000
--rx ro
' "' " .
R(') ''-'r
'

)t

t
R0OO0)' t-rrrc{xroo
R(1OOO)
- 3-or
R0000) - 0.9048

.
If thercwere 2000items in a test,how many failureswould be expectedin 1000hours?

Module Irader: G Oakes

ET3008CollaborativeDesign
Numbersuryiving the test

= Reliabilityi numberon test

= 0.9x 2000

=.tr*
Numberof failuEs

= numberat start- numbersurviving

= 2000- 1800
= 200

Notc:Thcrcciprocal
of I is cell.drhrMEANTIMEBETWXEN
FAILURES
0dTBF)
SYSTEMReltrb lty for morethanotrcomponnt.
SERIESRellabtltty

= 0.9x 0.9= 0.81i.c.kss thaneither.

OverallReliability
Generally,OverallReliability= RAx RBx Rc x RDx RE...,..etc,
PARALLEL Retablllty

Overall Reliability

=1-(1- Rr ( l- RB )
=l -(l -0 . 9 ) ( 1 - 0 . 9 )
Module lader: G Oakes

ET3008Collaborative
Design

=1-(0.rx0.1)
= 0.99i.e.GREATERthaneither.
Generally,
overallReliability
= I - (l - ReXl - RsXl- Rc)....etc.
'

Rellability acceptancetests
Therearctwo maintypesof Reliabilitytests:
to samplinginspection
ofincomingbatchesof material.
In theory,testsareanalogous
1, Takea randomsample.
2. Testfor a pre-settime undera givensetof conditions.

if at the endof the pra-settime, the numberof failures

3. Batchor samplewill be accepted
observed
doesnot exceedthenumbarallowedby the samplingplan.

thepre-setlimit beforethe allocated

Nota:Testmaybe stoppedif thenumberof failuresexceeds
time haselapsed.
tcstsarcconcemed
with demonstrating
thattheReliabilityofthe itemsis satisfactory
Acceptance
for somepurpose.In generaltheydo not provideenoughinformationto giveanyadequate
estimateof theactualReliabilityor MTBF,because
thetesttimesarcusuallytoo short.
n^
Refiabilitymegsuremenb: tS lhe .^1t . \ \6. hct-et-y'
4'd.lb"cz
N 5q6@,
"l
o+ tk"
ts olten. a,kft,,e4 +6 thz

&,,.<
a-.J
.We
9
usually a large numDeroI llems are put on lest ano
ln contrastto the above.tnrs test lasts longer.-41fu1

whenthetestis stopped:
thetestis continued
untilsomefailureshaveoccurred.
$e-.

r i-.

Bef,4@^

aa^\v"A

nc.. TiF?, ocJ-'e-Cff*hidM-TEF

.,"o1H?ilJ*H-.,H,*',j-13'no
Designfor Reliability

\=

Approachcanfall betweentwo e{uemes:

-.

I
/1Tbtr

Fo \vre rrrba

is usuallyadoptedin design.Since
weak - link approach
i,e.electricalfuse.A fail-safeapproach
Reliable,we mustplanto minimisetheeffectsifand whena failureoccurs.
nothingis absolutely
In particularwe must ensurethat therc will be no dangerof peoplegettinghurt andas far as
possibleno damageto propertyeither.
i.e.everythingbreaksat thesametime i.e.equallife system.
One- horseshayapproach.

Module Leader:G Oakes

8T3008 CollaborativeDesign

Elementsof integratingrcliabilityinto designprocess

'

Cawsof Unrllrblllty
thata systemcancxpqiencecanbeclassifiedinto 5 generalcategories:
Thernalfunctions
l. Designmistakes
defects
2. Manufacturing
3. Maintenalcc(a good designstrategywould be to designall palts as being
ftee)
mainlenanca
4. Exceeding
designlimits
'

5. Environmental
factors(rain,ice,humidityetc.)

Mlnlmislngfallures
A vadetyof methodsareuscd:
.

Marginsof safetyi.e. useFactorof Safety

De-ratingequipnent

(loadsharing).Havestandbyutrits;but problemis
Redundancy
i.e, Parallelredundancy
devicel
usuallysensing

o Durabilitye.g. designto rosistco[osion, erosion,fatigue,wearetc,by usingelaboratc

materials
.

analysis
Damaggtolerancee.g.useilctue rncchanics

e.g.for crackdel-ection
etc,
Easeof inspection

Modulel-eader:G Oakes

ET3008CollaborativeDesign
Note : If it is not possibleto designfor easeof inspection,then designfor a low
stresslevel so that a crack would not gow to a critical size dudng the life of the
Droduct

Simplicitye.g.rcducethenumberof components

tolerances,
characteristics,
everything!
Specificitye.g.materials,suppliers,

Rellsblllty costsmony!
However,for a ReliableproductthecostAFTERtheproducthasbeendelivercdto thecustomer
DECREASES
lvith indeasingReliability.

Costol d.C!n
lnd n x,rtotulrlg

R.{*llty

Influenceof reliabilityon cost

Module l-ade( G Oakes

Reliabitirvtutorial

/
/-

,/ I.

A productconsistsof 3 unitswhoseindividualReliabilitiesare:Ra= 0.95;Re= 0.9;Rc = 0.8.

Whatis theOverallReliabilityof theproductif theyareconnected
in:1.1Series?
1.2Parallel?

2.

hasan
A heaterusedin thefinal dryingcycleof a domesticdishwasher
MTBF of 43200minutes.
Whatis theReliabilityof theheaterif it is usedfor 4 minuteseveryday for:-

3.

2,1

ONE year(i.e.365days)beforefailing?

2,2

FIVE yearsbeforefailing?

2.3

If theCOMPLETEdishwasher
hadthesevaluesof Reliabilityfor
ONE yearandFIVE yearswouldyou purchase
one?
give
Commentand
reasons.

A testwascarriedout on 200comDonents
usedin thedrivemechanism
of a
DVD player.
Thetestresultswereasfollows:= 42,3'a=74,4th=94,5th =162.
lstfailure= 38 hours,2"d
Thetestingwasdiscontinued
afterthe 5th failure.Determinethefollowing:3.1

TheMTBF for thesecomponents.

3.2

Reliabilityafler I hoursuseperweekfor I year.

Thecomponents

3.3

Thecomponents
Reliabilityafter I hoursuseperdayfor 1 year.

3.4

Commenton the Reliabilityvaluesobtainedin 3.2 and3.3with

respectto theirusage.

Reliabilitv tutorial - solutions

1.1 Series
R o = RexRsxRc
*

"

Ro= 0.95x 0.9x 0.8= 0.684i.e.LESSthanany

1.2 Parallel

R o = 1-(1 -0.95X1-0.9X1-0'8)
R o = 1-(0 .05x0.1x0 '2)
Ro= I - 0.001= 0.999i.e.GREATERthanany

2.1 Oneyear
perday= 1460minutes
Timet = 365daysx 4 minutes
ir=

Failurerate

11
=
ufaF4',OO

\ = 2.3148x1O-5failuresoer minute
Reliabilityfor time t 1460minutesis calculatedfrom
R(t) =

-)r

--' -' - '

= e-2.3148x10-5x|460
R(1 460)
-n .!1?t

R(1 460)=e---- =0.967

Thisis thereliabilityfor oneyear(4 minutesperday)
2.2 Fiveyears
Timet

= 5 yearsx 365daysx 4 minutesperday

= 7300minutes

Failurerateis constant,sincebothtimesarewithin the

L is thesameasabove.
MTBFperiod,therefore
-2.3t4&10-5x7300
R( 7300) - e- ' - ' - ' - -n l6q
R(7 300)=e-' -' = 0.844

This is thereliabilityfor five years(4 minutesperday)

3.1Failurerate
MTBF = Totaltime ALL itemssurvivedon test
Totalnumberof failures
MTBF= (1x38)+(
1x42)+(
1x74)+(1x94)+(1x162)+(195x1
62)
5
MTBF= 38 + 42 +'14+ 94+ 162+ 31,590
5
MTBF= 32000= 6400hours

- 1.5625x104failures
Failurerate= MTBF 6400

3.2 Reliabilityfor timet = 52hours

UsingR(t)= e-a

x52
R(52)= g-r's625xroa
R152;= e-s

125"10"

R(s2)= 0.9919
3.3 Reliability for time t = 365hours
UsingR(t)= e-z

R(365) =

x365
'5625xtoa
"-t

R(365) = e4

o51o3

R(36s)= 0.9446

Risk
-

Beforewe beginto investigate

R.ISK,we oughtto considerthedefinitionof HAZARD,since
theyarerelated.Question:HAZARD or RISK?
Definitionof HAZARD

A setof conditionsin theoperationofa producto. systemwith thepotentialfor initiatingan

accidentsequence.
A potentialsourceof harm
lf we look at hazardsby themselves
we wouldnot know whatthreattheypresent,The
identificationofhazardsis dependent
upontheknowledge,
experience,
andimagination
of the
couldbeconsidered
analyst.Usean openminde.g.a springin a foodprocessor
asa tlying object
andcouldcauseaneyeinjury.
Definitionof RISK
A measure
of thePROBABILmYandSEVERTTYof ham.
The COMBINEDeffectof theFREQUENCYof occurrence
ofan undesirable
event,AND the
MAGNITUDEof thatevent.
HAZARDScar be identifiedandRISKScanbeevaluated,
valuescanbe basedon a simplescoringsystemandthejudgement
In risk assessment
subjective
ofthe analyst.As engineervploduct
designers
becomemoreinvolvedin risk analysis,datawill
be collectedandstoredin a databank
RISK existsonly whona HAZARD exists,andsomething
ofvalueis exposedto thehazard,e.g.
Mainsoperated
televisionset,with rearcoveroff.
HAZARO

e,ccr'cshck[_l

l- L- l

PRODUCT

E]96

, t

=
"_l

t" u

P = Probability.I = hardlyever,5= always.

5 = criticaldangerof electrocution.
S = severity.I = no dangerof electrocution
Multiply the numberstogether,e.g.3 x 5 = 15
Note:Also considerhighvaluesofPROBABILITY andSEVERITYseparately.
Therefore:

R IS K

(CONSEOUENCE)
(E\ NTSI
(CONSEOUENCE)
= FREAUENCY
X MAGN1TUDE
(UNITTIME)
(UNlT
(EVENT)
TIME)

CLASSIFICATIONOF HAZARDSIN SOCETY.

ol h.zerd
C6te9ory

Examplas

s)

Infgctiol\s
anddisaasos

llu, heartdisesse

b)

naturaldE.ct6rc

earthquakes
floods

c)

tailur.oflargetechndogical
syst.ms

failur.oldams,po'v.r planls E
shlps,alrcr.n,bulldings

d)

smallrcd. accidenb

cats,porcrtods,
con3um6r
and3p0ft3
0oods

s)

lo,l!|,delaydaflcl

sbestc, rnlcroda\

radlatlcn,
nolsa
0

DC

Dc

socl.lydbruptd'

E-Engln..r,1.. v"'lthln
lh. r.alm otlh..ngln..r
DC=D6dgnConlralnls,
| .. for lh. 6ngln66r.

growthandsocialvaluesas
Engineering
risk canbe considered
asthelink betweentechnological
theyareleflectedin publicpolicy.Theengineer,
andproductdesigner,
hasa special
responsibility
to assess
theimpactof thetechnology
thathis/hereffo s arcturninginto reality.
growthanddsk assessment
Ethicalissuesrelatingto technological
withi
areconcerned
l. Using specialised
knowledgeand skills in makingaccurateassessments
engineering
of
risk,
2. Providingan estimateof the precisionof the estimatedrisk aswell asan estimateof the
risk itseli
with othgrprofessionals
andlaymenaboutthe role of risk assessment
3. Communicating
in
decisionmaking.
4. Understanding
in risk assessment
the role of otherprofessionals
and settlement
of value
conflicts.
sothatriskscanbe properlyevaluated.
5. Maintainingcompetence
Risk assessment
hasbecomeincreasingly
importantin engineering
designasthecomplexityof
Risksin engineering
ergineeringsystems
hasincreased.
systems
do not arisebecause
risk
avoidancewasignoredin the design.Onecategoryof sksarisesfrom extemalfactoN that were
consideredto be acceptableat the time of the design,but which subsequent
researchhasrevealed
to be a healthor safetyhazard.e.g.asbestos,
this is nowconsidered
to be toxic.

Otherrisks arisefrom abnormalconditions,which arenot part of the normaldesignconcept.

Usuallytheseabnormalconditionsstoptheoperationof thesystemwithoutharmto thegeneral
public,althoughtheremaybe dangerto thesystemoperators.
.

Othersystems,
suchas3-Mile IslandandChemobyl,posea dangerto the systemoperatoN,and
with operator
alsoa possibledangerto thegeneralpublic.The aboveriskscouldbe associated
effor,andyoumay arguethatthis shouldbe eliminatedat thedesignstage.However,since
designis a humanactivity- it is a difficult taskto think of everything!Otherrisksoccurbecause
againthesecanneverbe eliminated.
ofdesignerrorandaccidents,

Societyandlife is not risk free,andcannotbe madesol An individualsreactionto risk depends

uponthreemainfacto$:

l. Whetherthe personfeels-incontol of the risk, or whetherthe dsk is imposedby some

outsidegroup.

2. Whetherthe risk involves one large event, 9.g. an aircraft crash, or many small
occurTences,
familiaror strange,
e.g.a hairdryeror a nuclearreactor.
3. Whether-the
hazardis something
againstcost,
In design,risk needsto be balanced
to sayaboutwhatconstitutes
Therewill a.lways
be someform ofpressuregroupswith something
givingpublicityto thesepressure
risk.with television,especiallynewscoverage,
an acceptable
groups,positiveoutcomes
aresometimes
obtained.If thepublicperception
ofdsk is too high,
usuallybringsin someform of legislation.Forexample:
thenthegovernment
o Consumer
Protection,
o HealthandSafetyat Work,
o Civil AviationAuthority.
of a productwith thecostof complyingwith the
tgislationthereforechargesall producers
productsafetylegislation.This all soundsveryeasy,but in realityit is not,andin factif all the
arriveat a solutionwhichis differentthanwhatyou
legislationis put togetheryou sometimes
originallywanted,
Considerthefollowingexample:The motorcu.
to influence:
Separate
agencies
havesetup regulations
o exhaustemissions,
o fuel efficiency / econorny,
o cra5h\afety.
actuallyreduces
the fuelefficiency,whichis a
The law to controlexhaustemissions
contradictionof the original intention.The fuel efficiency reporthasforcedcar manufacturersto

build smallercam,andthis hasincreasedcrashfatalities,againa contradictionto the original

intention.It is thereforenecessaryto havea technicalinput at the legislationstage.
profession
Standards
areoneof themostimportantmeansofensuringthattheengineering
pedormance.
level
of
safety
and
e.g.
imposeson societya minimum
(BS)
o BritishStandards
(ASME)
o Americansocietyof MechanicalEngineers
o AmedcanPetoleumIndusfiy(APD
(lSO)
Standards
organisation
o Intemational
Howaver,standards
mayeitherbe:
groupsandis usuallythelowest
Voluntary:ls usuallysetby a committeeof interested
levelacceptable
to all memberlt.
Mandatory:Is usually setby govemmentagencies.Are more stringentthanvoluntary
standads,andviolationsaretreatedlike criminalactswhelebyfinesand/orimprisonment
mayresult.
Anothersetis:
standards:
informationcontainedis technical,
e.g.minimumproof
Design(specification)
strength.
Performancestandards:minimum performanceusually not technica.l.
However,thevastmajorityarcdesignstandards.

RISK ASSESSMENT
in theformativeyearsof risk assessment
wasperformedon a personal
The actualassessment,
personal
"judgament",
o!
"intuition"level,sincethis wastheonly methodavailableto givean
answer.Ove! the last few yea$ a lot of effort hasbeenput into developinganalltical methodsto
providea solution.At themoment,we still havga "poor"databaseofknowledgein this area.
of theprobabilityofa risk deviatsfrom the so-called
It appeaNthatan individual!prception
"truestatisticalDlobabilities".

r-

Ovfi asiln qllon

Tir. probabllly

E
e ","".r
|

-a

10-

F to'
10.
10n
lJnd.r63Sndlon

104
to.r
tor
lclurl proffiilty ol r h*

At somevcry low levelof risk,theperceivedinterpretation

dropsto a negligibleprobability,
althoughin actualfact,therisk still remains.
Considerthegcneralpublicsattitudetowardsseatbelts:
Theprobabilityof havinganaccidentin yourcar,on yournexttdp, is verylow butthe
probabilitywouldincrease
overa lifetimeof driving,
Now considerthegeneralpublicsattitudetowaldstheprobabilityof anaircraftcmsh:
Wegenerallytendro overestimatetheprobabilityof occunence
of this highconsequence
incident,but in rcalitytheprobabilityis verylow.
FromDrevious
workwesDecifred
riskas:
(CONSEOLEl'lcE)
(UUT IIME)

What unit of time shouldwe choosein this speciflcation?

Answer:The hour is the prefered udt, Becausethe hour is morc consistentwith an iltdividuals
intuitive risk perceptionthan saya year.(Howevcr,somedatais quote.din years),
The dataon risk is uncertainandvadable.But generallytherearc threeclassesof statistics:
L fimncial losses(mainly from insurancecompanies),
2. healthinformation,
3. accidentstatistics.

The datais usually split into two classes,thesebing injudes andfatalities.

PROBABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL RISK

Basedon thepopulationof U.K. - 58,000,000.

perion.
is notofconcemto theaverage
No!e:A rateof I x 10-6(i.e.58 tr 58.000,000)
arethosein which
Calegories
between1 x lG6 andI x 10-3(i.e.58to 58000in 58,000,000),
arcpractised.
socialconcernandexpcnditufor accidentavoidance
in risk assessmcnt
is !o prfom a benefit- costanalysis.
Themostusualanalyticalapproach
satof conditions,thisanalysiswouldgivethe
anda conesponding
Givena particularcomponent
risk andbenefit,
bestbalancebetwentchnological
o thcostswouldbein pounds
o thebcnefitswouldbc in livessaved.
How do youput a priceon livesthatarenotsaved?i.e, Howdo youput a pdceon a humanlife?
Considerthefollowing:
o Air bags,
o crashbarriers,
o breakaway
roadsignsandlamppost,
How wouldyouanswerthefollowingquestion:
BEFOREanyofthe abovcimprovcmctrts
to safetywareintroducedanindividualsuffereda fatal
paid
to thefamilyof thedecased.
AFTERtheimprovemes
acaident,
anda sumof moneywas
walacaried out,a similarac{identoccured,Esultingin alotbeffatality.
How muchmoneydo youpayto thefamilyof thedeceased?
o the same?
o more,if so how muchmorE?

o less,if sohow muchless?

let usbrieflylook at how thiscouldbeusedin the
Continuingwith thethemeof "probabilities",
designassurance
sense.
Conventionaldesignusesa deterministicapproachi.e.giventhe following:
geometry,
l. basiccomponent
2. appliedloads,
3. materialproperties
formulae,decideupona factorof safety(?),and
thenumbersinto theappropriate
substitute
calculatethefinal dimensions.
Whathasbeencompletelyignoredin theabovemethodis thefactthatitems( 1),(2),and(3) are
all stutistical
in nctureli.e.theyull have:
(a)a minimumvalue,
(b) a maximumvalue,
(c) a meanvalue,
(d) a standard
deviation.
Absolute worst casedesign
wouldleadto a
This woulduse(a) and(b) io theformulaeto arriveat an answer.This approach
solutionthatwoulduseexcessmaterial.
Probabilisticapproach
This woulduse(a),(b), (c), and(d) to arive at an answer.This approachis moremathematical,
Theanswerigivenare:
cndtakeslongerlo compule.
o theprobabilityof failure,
o thereliability.
useofcomputingfacilitiestodaythereis a growinghendtowardsusinga
With the widespread
probabilisticapprcach
to:
o betterquantifyunceitainty,and
o increasereliability.
EXPLANATORY NOTES
Theseexplnnatorynotesampw the implications of the, 10point Code.for individual
rcgistercdengineersand technicianswhen dealing $,ith isk iss es.

PROFESSIONALRESPONSIBILITY
Exercisereasonableprofessionel skill and care.
professional
You havea responsibility
to exercisereasonable
skill andcarein the
performance
of yourwork.You havea particrilarresponsibility
whenforminga
judgementaboutthetolerabilityofrisk.

2. TI{E LAW
Know qbout ond compl! with the law,
Keepyou$elf up to datewith thesubstance
andintentof thelegalandregulator,
your
frameworkthat appliesto
work. Act at all times in a mannerthat givesfull effect to
yourobligationsunderthelaw andthe regulatoryframework.Seekprolessional
adviceat
you
if
have
any
doubts
about
the
appropriate
application
law
anearlystage
of the
or
regulations.
3 . CONDUCT
Act in accordancewith the codesof conduct.
FamiliadseyourselfwithTheEngineering
Council'sCodeofConduct,authorised
under
its Bye-Lawsandwith anyrelevantCodesprovidedby yourown Institutionor
professional
association.
Act at all timesin accordance
with therequirementi
of the
appropriate
codesof conduct,andrecognise
thatyourbroaderresponsibility
to society
yourdutyof confidentialityto
Respect
mayhaveto prevailoveryourpersonalinterests.
youremployeror client,andfollow the appropriate
procedures
within yourorganisation
for raisingconcernsaboutpotentialhazards
or risk.
4. APPROACH
Takea slstematic qpproachto risk issues.
Riskmanagement
shouldbe atlintegralpan of all aspects
of engineering
activity.It
shouldbe conducted
systematically
andbe auditable.
Look for potentialhazards,
failures
andrisksassociated
with yourfield ofwork or work place,andseekto ensurethatthey
Balancerelianceon codesof practicewith projectspecific
ue appropriately
addressed.
sk assessment;
be open-minded
anddo nothidebehindregulations.
Do not exceedyour
levelof competence
on risk issuesor askothersto do so;seekexpefiassistance
where
necessary.
5 . JUDGEMENT
Useprofessionaljurlgehent and experience,
to thenatureofthe hazardandthelevelof
Judgement
is requiredto matchtheapproach
risk.This mightftom a simpleassessment
to a formalsafetycase.Unceitaintyis a feature
of manyaspects
of risk management
Beawareofthis, anduserisk assessment
methods
for it.
asan aidto judgement,not asa substitute

COMMUNICATION
Comm nicate within lour organisation.
effectivelywith colleagues,
bothup anddownthechainof responsibility,
Communicate
to help ensurethat risk managementactivitiesare sufficiently comprehensiveand
understood.
Endeavour
to raiseawareness
ofpotentialhazards
andrisk issuesamong
yourcolleagues.
Seekto ensurethatall thoseinvolvedwith a projectarcawareofany
of anyrelevantlimitationsinherentin thedesignor
risksto whichtheymaybe exposed,
operatingprocedures,
andof anyimplicationsfor theirconduct.Discussthercasons
ior
your
incidentsandnearmisseswith
colleagues,
sothatthelessons
canbe learned.
'1. MANAGEMENT
management.
Contibute effectivelyto cor?orute
^k
whichstrivesfor continuous
Helpto promotea culturewithin yourorganisation
in risk management
improvement,
securinginvolvementandparticipation
at all Ievels.
evaluation,
decisionmaking,implementation
and
Givedueattentionof risk analysis,
projectto ensureeffectivemanagement
of an engineering
of
monitoringduringall phases
risk.Seekto ensurethatmanagement
systems
do not allowrisk issuesto be ignored,
subverted
or delegated
to levelswhichhaveno control,Considertheimplicationsof all
aspects
of risk managgment.
8 . EVALUATION
Assessthe 'isk implications ofalternatives,
The
Alwaysconsiderthepossibilityof reducingor avoidinga sourceof risk completely.
tolerabilityofrisk will varywith context,andthebasisfor establishing
it needsto be
understood,
ln determining
thetolerabilityor otherwiseof a givenrisk,promoteeffective
with thosewho maybe exposed,
wherethis is practical.Somerisksareso
consultation
greatthattheycannothetoleratedunderanycircumstances,
whileothersareso low that
betweentheseextremes,
assessment
is
theycanbe tolgratedwithoutfunherj ustification;
needed.
9 . PROFESSIONALDEVELOPMENT
Keepup to dqteb! seekingeducationand baining,
shouldhe integrated
Riskissuesandapproaches
to risk management
into everyengineers
development,
seek
initial educationandtuaining.As partof yourcontinuingprofessional
yourawareness
educationandhainingin risk management
techniques.
Increase
of the
rangeofpotentialhazardsandleamfrom pastevents.

IO.PUBLICAWARENESS
Encouragepublic understanding
of risk issues.

of thepublicwhereyouhavetheoppotunity,sothattheycan
Contributeto theeducation
he awareof andfbrm anobiectiveandinfbrmedvicw on majorrisk issues.Seekto
rolein themanagement
of sk.
of theengineer'.s
encouragc
a positivepublicperception
on risk issuesbetweenyourorganisation
andthe
Contributeto improvedcommunication
community.

Sustainability
Theremav be as manv definitions of sustainabilitv
and sustainabledevelopmentastheregroups
trying to defineit.
All the definitionshaveto do with;

. Livine within the limits

. Understanding
between
the interconnections
economv.societyandthe environment
. Equitabledistributionof resourcesand
opportunities

'l

Sustainability
. However,differentwaysof definingsustainability
areusefulfor differentsituationsanddifferent
. purposes.
For this reasonvariousgroupshavecreated
differentdefinitionsof;
.
.
.
.

Sustainabilityand Sustainabledevelopment
Sustainablecommunityand society
Sustainablebusinessandproduction
Sustainableagriculture

From our point of view as engineers

anddesignerslet us considera few
specificdefinitions;

jt

ll

"Sustainablebusinesses;
. Replacenationally andinternationally
produceditemswith productscreated
locally andregionally
. Take responsibilityfor the effectsthey have
on the naturalworld

lljr ttlr lr r,ll

"Sustainablebusinesses
;
. Do not requireexotic sourcesof capitalin order to
developand grow
. Engagein productionprocessesthat arehuman,
worthy, dignified and intrinsically satisfying

. Createobjectsof durabilityandlong termutility

whoseultimateuseor dispositionwill not be
harmfulto futuregenerations"

"sustainableproduction;
is the creationof goodsand servicesusing
processes
and systemsthat are;
. non-polluting;
o conservingof energyandnaturalresources;

llt llrl

"Sustainableproduction;
o economicallvefficient:
. safeandhealthful for workers,communities
andconsumers:

. sociallyandcreativelyrewardingfor all
workingpeople."

'l

"Sustainableproducts and
are;
servrces
a

. safeand ecologicallysoundthroughouttheir life

cycle;
. designedto be reliable,repairable,readily
or easilybiodegradable;
recycled,compostable,
. producedand packagedusing the mrnimum
amountof materialand energypossible"

Collaborative
Design
G Oakes

Inclusivitv
Societyis changing,andwe arel'astmovingliom a youthfulpopulationto
of all issuesassociated
with
onedemanding
a muchgreaterconsideration
usability
Is thedesigncommunity,or industry,movingto meetthisnewneedthrough
inclusivedesign?
Givensomeof thefaultsin productdesigns- the answeris not yet!
Inclusivityis aboutdesigningfor everyone;lookingat themostandleast
ableandfindingsolutionsthatappealto, andare'fit for purpose'for,the
majorityof thepeoplein this range.
While someproductsaredesignedspecificallyfor theelderlyor disabled,
thesetendto fail theprincipleof inclusivityon all counts.Eventhose
productsdesignedto appealto all rarelymeetthe 'fit fbr purpose'criteria.
oftendesign'for self anddo
Why do we do this?Becausefirstly designers
theproblemsassociated
with impairedcapabilities.
not recognise
detail,typicallyby
And, evenwhentheydo try to adoptthe 'ergonomic'
why they
reference
data,therealityis thattheydo not understand
accessing
aredoingthis,andso still endup with a badsolution.Secondly,at present,
themajorityof peoplestill put up with andadaptto thebaddesignsolutions
presented
to them.
However,this situationis changing.Complianceto legislationis being
tested.Moregenerally,consumers
arenow viewingdesignsthat
increasingly

PageI of 8

Collaborative
Design
G Oakes

do not suitthemasshort-termsolutions.Insteadof simplyacceptinga poor

productand adaptingto it - be i.t a chair, desk,video player,refrigerator,
lawnmower,or car- theyarenow lookingfor alternatives
andmovingon.
As a result,poordesignis costingcompanies
moneyin litigationandlost
customers.
Also, designsthatfail to includeasbroada rangeof usersaspossible
increasingly
represent
lostopportunity,andthis areaof opportunityis
growingall thetime.By the year2020morethanhalf theadultpopulationof
theUK will be over50 andthe sameholdstruefor mostof Europecreating
a totalconsumerpopulationofover 130million people.Similarlyin theUK
with someform of disability.
alonethereare7.3 million peopleregistered
Lifestyleaspirations
areheldby a wideningagegroup,with a vastrangeof
ableandlessablepeoplehavingthe samedesires,andwantingthesame
products.
no longerwantto be forcedto use
Thoseon theedgesof themainstream
unsuitableitemsor solutionsthat arestrikingly different from the everyday
norm.Theywantto buy the samestylishproductsaseveryoneelse,but they
alsowantto be ableto easilyusethemaswell, andthisis wheretoo many
productdesignsfail.
Inclusivedesignis far from a moralresponsibility,
orjust aboutcomplying
with theDisabilityDiscriminationAct.
It makeseconomicsense.

Page2 of 8

Collaborative
Design
G Oakes

hasalreadyshownthatproductsdesignedfor inclusiveusetend
Experience
to bebetterproducts,benefitingfrom reducedcosts,improvedperformance,
bettersafety,andgreaterdesirability.
market,whichis likely to
And by appealingto a potentiallyexpanded
high levelsof disposable
income
includethosepeoplewho haveincreasingly
significantlyincreased
- theover50 and60s,theseproductsoffer companies
revenues.
A company'sviewpoint
"The ideaof a newproductrangegrewfrom an enquiryby a visually
impairedcustomeraskingif a companysolda centralheatingthermostatic
controlwith largenumberstheywouldbe ableto read.Theanswelwasno,
neitherthecompanynor thesupplierproducedone.However,this request
startedthecompanydownthepathof asking'why not havelargernumbers
to makeit easierfor everyoneto read?'
on all thermostats
Sincethenthecompanyhavestarteda dialoguewith suppliersand
manufacturers
with theaim of offeringa wholerangeof inclusivehousehold
products,thatwill beeasyto useby everyone."

Page3 of 8

Design
Collaborative
G Oakes

Inclusivedesignprocess
Creatinginclusivedesignsis far from easy.
why, then
Inclusivityis aboutfindingout whatpeoplewant,understanding
reallymeetingtheseneeds.
creatingsolutionsthatareTit for purpose'and
andscientific
Totaluserfocustogetherwith theapplicationof engineering
is required
understanding
Thereis an urgentneedto updatedesignmethods,mostof theexisting
tendto focuson
thataim to look beyondthe mainstream,
designapproaches
eithertheelderlyor thedisabledasminoritygroupsto be cateredfor by their
own specialneedsproducts.Insteadof developinginclusiveproductsthese
methodsleadto nicheproductsthatoflensufferfrom brandingand
stigmatismproblems.
to modifytheirdesignstrategyto ensure
shouldbe encouraged
Companies
of able-bodied
andmotionthatfuturesolutionsincludetheconsideration
impairedusers.
process,
basedon a betterunderstanding
of ageand
A productdevelopment
ability relatedfactors,thatis gearedto creatinginclusivedesignsis required.

Page4 of 8

CollaborativeDesign
G Oakes

A proposalfor an InclusiveDesignProcess
andcouldconsistof threephases.
This is rigorousbut straightforward,
Phase1
factors'startstheprocessof totalimmersion
'Identifyingthecriticalsuccess
andwith endusers.In orderto
by a teamwith theproductin themarketplace
helptheteam,expertsareinvitedto participateasguidesor advisersto
andgive appropriate
emphasis
and
provideinsightinto therealrequirements
weightingto theareasof technicalimponance.Theexpertsmaybe the
thevoiceof realusers.Themain
client'sown staffor groupsrepresenting
definedas
objectiveat this stageis to establishkey functionalrequirements
tasksand all relevantanthropometricdata.
sharetheir
the teamof ergonomists
anddesigners
Duringthisinitial process,
of issueslinking physical
expertiseto highlighttherelativeimportance
interactionandcognitiveskillsthatarefar from inclusivein manyproduct
not only do themany
designs.Lookingfrom this newperspective,
to
in existingdesignsbecomeclearbut newopportunities
shortcomings
a
improveinclusivityarealsoidentified.To helprevealtheseopportunities
questionnaire
is applied.
assessment
With this informationthe initial perceptionsaboutgood andbad designare
arethenfed into thedesign
reassessed.
Thekey factorsfor success
departmentandan ergonomicappraisalis made.

Page5 of 8

Design
Collaborative
G Oakes
Phase 2

This concentrateson determiningthe DesignDevelopmentprogrammeto

produceconceptual
designsolutions.
Througha processof directobservation,
togetherwith key individuals
nominatedby theclient,thedesignteamgainanunderstanding
of user
manufacturing
facilities
needs,workingoff site,visitingthemarketplace,
participants
anduserenvironments.
Thecomposition
of the selected
is
criticalto represent
theintendeduserpopulation.Wherepossibletheteam
workshopsto capturedetaileddata.
conductsusertrialsor hold performance
Dimensionalcompadsons
aremadebetweenaltemativeproductsand
physical,performance
andcognitivefactorsaremeasured.
To assisttheteamexperience
at first handthelimitationsof all users,there
area numberof deviceswherefirst impressions
of impairedmovementcan
be experienced.
aroundall joint areas,whichare
'Body Suits'car be used,whererestrictions
typicalof thoseexperienced
by olderusers,andreachandothermovements
analysis.Similadyheadmountedvisualand
canbe capturedfor downstream
thelossof clarityof colour,sound
audiodevicescanbe wornto represent
by thelessableuser.
andvisionexperienced
From this understanding,ideascanbe revealedandusedto evaluatethe
strengthof the conceptualdesignsolutionsgeneratedby the team.

Page6 of 8

Collaborative
Design
G Oakes

is thenfinalisedwith performance
TheProductDesignSpecification
established
againstthecriteriadeemedto be criticalfor the success
measures
of aninclusiveproduct.
Phase3
designsolutionsarenow realisedby usingRapidPrototyping
Conceptual
workshopsanddesignstudiosto provideall the facilitiesneededto generate
CAD engineering
dataandvirtualandphysicalprototypes.
usertrialsareheldwith targetgroupmembersand
With workingprototypes,
andcognitivedata.
complianceis checkedagainstanthropometric
Theintentionis to providedesignsolutions,whicharerobustin their
in an increasingly
litigiousculture.
complianceandcanbe defended
-

designthenproceeds
throughvariousiterations
Theproduct/engineering
beforethefinal designsolutionis completedandthenapprovedfor volume

manuf'acture.
productsthatare
aninclusivedesignapproach
thatproduces
This embraces
inclusivewithoutlabelingthe users.
This is coupledwith thenotionthatwhateveris createdmustoptimise
usability- this processstartsin themiddleandworksup anddowntheage
range,it fits theincreased
varietyof lifestyles,andbuildsin configuration
adjustment
to permitflexibility.

Page7 of 8

CollaborativeDesign
G Oakes

Concluslon
This approachcan stimulatereal productinnovationby looking at solutions
from a new perspective,andso offer significantadvantages.
It will minimise potentialdownsffeamlitigation issuesfrom 'Health and
Safety'and'DisabilityDiscrimination'.
It will deliver desirableproductsdesignedas 'fit for purpose',andin
appealingto a wider targetaudience,extendmarketsandvolumesfor
mainstreamDroducts.

Page8 of 8

.!ntu."'

CollaboraliveDesign- Preser ed by K.Garner

!ttue

DesignKnowledge

e.