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Gas Gathering and Transportation
Gas Gathering and Transportation
CONTENTS
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Introduction
Pipeline Design
Reynolds Number
Relative Roughness
Friction Factors
Pipeline Equations (Weymouth, Panhandle, Modified
Panhandle, Clinedist )
Series, Parallel, and Looped Lines
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3.1 INTRODUCTION
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f = f (NRe, eD)
Friction factor is a function of the Reynolds number and of
the relative roughness of pipe.
NRe = Reynolds Number
e
= absolute roughness of pipe
D = diameter of pipe
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Reynolds Number
Reynolds number (NRe) is defined as the ratio of fluid
momentum force to viscous shear force.
The Reynolds number can be expressed as a dimensionless
group defined as
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Reynolds Number
Reynolds number is used as a parameter to distinguish
between flow regimes.
Flow Type
Laminar
Critical
Transition
Turbulent
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Reynolds Number
For all practical purposes, the Reynolds number for
natural gas flow problems may be expressed as
(11.8)
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Relative Roughness
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Relative Roughness
eD, is defined as the ratio of the absolute roughness to the
pipe internal diameter:
(11.9)
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Absolute Roughness
Type of Pipe
Aluminiun pipe
Plastic-lined pipe
Commercial steel or wrought iron
Asphalted cast iron
Galvanized iron
Cast iron
Cement-lined
Riveted steel
.
(in.)
0.0002
0.0002- 0.0003
0.0018
0.0048
0.006
0.0102
0.012-0.12
0.036-0.36
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(11.12)
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Nikuradses Correlation
(11.14)
Note: Velocity profile and pressure gradient are very sensitive to pipe
roughness.
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(11.15)
Jain equation
(11.16)
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Pipeline Equations
Weymouth equation
Panhandle equation
Modified Panhandle equation
Clinedist equation
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(11.24)
where qh = scf/hr
22
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
23
(11.25)
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Weymouth equation
where qh = scf/hr
D = pipe internal diameter, in
L = Length of pipe, mile
This form of the Weymouth equation commonly used in the natural gas industry.
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no mechanical work,
steady flow,
isothermal flow,
Constant compressibility factor,
horizontal flow,
and no kinetic energy
change.
Example (1 )
For the following data given for a horizontal pipeline, predict gas
flow rate in cubic ft/hr through the pipeline.
Solution
The problem can be solved using (a)Equation (11.22) with the
trial-and-error method for friction factor, and (b) Weymouth
equation without the Reynolds number-dependent friction
factor(Eqn 11.26).
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Example (1 )
The average pressure is:
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Relative roughness:
A. Trial-and-Error Calculation:
First Trial :
(11.24)
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(11.16)
By applying Eqn(11.22)
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(11.22)
Second Trial :
(11.24)
(11.16)
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(11.22)
Third Trial :
(11.24)
(11.16)
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(11.26)
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Quiz (3)
For the following data given for a horizontal pipeline, predict
gas flow rate in ft3/hr through the pipeline by applying
example(1) with trial and error method for friction factor
calculation , and (2) Weymouth Equation(11.26).
Diameter of pipeline
= 16 in
Length
= 190 miles
Average temperature
= 80 deg F
Specific gravity of gas
=
0.63
Upstream pressure
= 1050-psia
Downstream pressure
= 430-psia
Absolute roughness of pipe= 0.0006-in
Standard temperature
= 60 deg F
Standard pressure
= 14.7 psia
Average z factor
=
0.8533
Viscosity of gas
=
0.0097
Tolerance limit
=
1500
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(11.37)
35
(11.38)
where q is the gas flow rate in cfd measured at Tb and pb, and
other terms are the same as in the Weymouth equation.
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(11.40)
q = gas flow rate (cfd)
Units are same as in Panhandle A eqn:
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38
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Pipeline Efficiency
E in the equation denotes Pipeline Efficiency Factor
Pipeline flow equations are developed for 100% efficient
condition
In real case, water, condensate, scale etc in the line
E represents the actual flow rate as a fraction of theoretical
flow rate
E ~ 0.85 0.95 represent a clean line
Some Typical Values for E is shown in the Table
40
Pipelines in Series
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(11.43)
(2)
(11.44)
(3)
(11.45)
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(11.49)
Figure (a)
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( 11.50)
( 11.54)
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(11.59)
47
(11.60)
(11.61)
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Example (11.2 )
Consider a 4-in pipeline that is 10 miles long. Assuming that the
compression and delivery pressures will maintain unchanged,
calculate gas capacity increases by using the following measures
of improvement: (a) Replace three miles of the 4-in pipeline by a
6-in pipeline segment; (b) Place a 6-in parallel pipeline to share
gas transmission; and (c) Loop three miles of the 4-in pipeline
with a 6-in pipeline segment.
Solution
(a) This problem can be solved with Equation (11.49)
L = 10 mi
L1 = 7 mi
L2 = 3 mi
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D1 = 4 in
D2 = 6 in
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D1 = 4 in
D2 = 6 in
= 1.1791, or 17.91%
increase in flow capacity
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QUIZZ(1)
QUIZ(4)
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QUIZZ(1)
ASSIGNMENT 2
1. Explain, in your words, the natural gas prices(up to 2013)
and its scope in the oil and gas industry of Malaysia, and
compare the results with other companies around the
world, with references.
2. What is the difference between Natural Gas and LNG?
Explain the scope of LNG in Malaysia
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Thank You
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Q&A
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