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Etrij Jan2014 0001
Etrij Jan2014 0001
distributed
Manuscript received Mar. 06, 2013; revised July 31, 2013; accepted Sept. 06, 2013.
This research was funded by the MSIP (Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning), Korea
in the ICT R&D Program 2013.
Jihyung Kim (phone: +82 42 860 4828, savant21@etri.re.kr) and Kwangjae Lim
(kjlim@etri.re.kr) are with the Communications & Internet Research Laboratory, ETRI,
Daejeon, Rep. of Korea.
Jung-Hyun Kim (jh.kim06@yonsei.ac.kr) is with the Department of Electronic and
Electrical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea.
2014
I. Introduction
The recent demand for a wireless mobile backhaul network
has increased the amount of research into wireless mesh
networks (WMNs) with a long coverage [1], [2] owing to a
reduction in cost and time, as well as infrastructure
independence [3]. WMNs with a short coverage or centralized
topology have been studied for variable standards, such as
wireless local area networks [4], wireless metropolitan area
networks [5], wireless personal area networks [6], and wireless
sensor networks (WSNs) [7], helping to substantially improve
the network performance, cut down the operation costs, and
bring more convenience to both operators and end users. These
standards are mainly focused on orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) and based on carrier sense multiple
access with collision avoidance or centralized scheduling and
are therefore unsuitable for long-coverage and mobile
networks [8].
On the other hand, WMNs using orthogonal frequency
division multiple access (OFDMA) for an efficient resource
allocation and long coverage have recently been considered [9].
OFDMA is a suitable multiplexing scheme for efficient
network overhead and low latency [10]. Taking a long
coverage into account, synchronization is one of the critical
issues [11], [12], whereas, to the best of our knowledge, there
have been few studies for OFDMA-based WMNs. Time
synchronization algorithms for wireless ad hoc or sensor
networks are generally focused on a synchronization of the
transmission time (T) [13], [14]. This is because they do not
consider the propagation delay from a short coverage or a
simultaneous reception using OFDMA. The main concern for
OFDMA-based WMNs is the synchronization of the receiving
times. At an OFDMA receiver (RX), if the transmitter (TX)
Jihyung Kim et al.
b
a
c
d
Neighbor
node
Sponsors TX
adjustment
Ts=TsTrf
Sponsor
node
RNG code TX
Entry
node
Entrys TX adjustment
Toff,s
Entrys TX adjustment
Ts
(r3) Entrys TX time
(r2) Entrys RX time
1
t se = Ts + RTDes / 2
Te = t se Ts
Fig. 2. Network entry and ranging process for estimation of RTD and Trf.
detail.
RTDes = Toff, s ,
Trf = Te1
RTDes
.
2
(1)
(2)
Frame or subframe
...
...
OFDM
symbol
CP
GL ...
Frame or subframe
...
tie+CPM
...
...
...
GL
...
...
...
TX/RX
tie
GR
...
GR
tje
(RX)
RX/TX
Trf+GR
(3)
where FFTe is the FFT of node e, and FFTL and FFTR denote
the minimum and maximum value of the possible FFT to
receive, respectively. The FFT range is initially set to
FFTL = Trf GR and FFTR = Trf + GL + CP.
To detect received signals from neighbor nodes with no
interference, an intersection region should exist between the
effective FFT range for the earliest received signal and the
effective FFT range for the latest received signal. Here, the
effective FFT range means the range from (t+CPM) to (t+CP).
This condition is shown in Fig. 4(a) and can be written as
follows:
(4)
tje+CP
GL+SG+GR
...
FFT range
Trf
Trf+GL
Trf+GL+CP
(a)
FFTi
ei+CP TX range
ej+CPM
Trf+GR
Trf
e
(TX)
Trf+GL
FFTk
FFTj
Trf+GL+CP
(b)
(5)
FFTL
FFTe = FFTR
FFT
cre
(6)
if FFTcreu <FFTL
otherwise,
(7)
Set FFTe=FFTL
else if FFTcreu >FFTR
Set FFTe=FFTR
else
Set FFTe=FFTcreu
end if
end if
if FFTcreu <Trf GR
Set FFTcreu =Trf GR
end if
if FFTcreu >Trf +GL+CP
Set FFTcreu =Trf +GL+CP
end if
u
cre
distributed
end for
if tie+CPM tje+CP, tie+CPM FFTR, FFTL tje+CP
Set RX_setting_ flag =1
else
if count =1
Set Tcrj =Tcrj+Tcr
end if
Set Tcri=Tcri Tcr
time
(9)
ei CP Te ej CPM ,
(10)
i = arg max ( ne ) ,
where
en = FFTn RTDen / 2,
n
j = arg min ( en ) , and n .
n
When (10) is not satisfied for , node e excludes a node
from according to the exclusionary rule using the same
approach with the reception setting procedure. In addition,
node e requests that the node of arg min ( en ) changes
n
FFTcrn into FFTcrn + FFTcr and the node of arg max ( en )
n
changes FFTcrn into FFTcrn FFTcr. This process will be
continued until (10) is satisfied. The updated T range with (10)
is
Jihyung Kim et al.
(5)
(16)
Td:11
(5)
(1)
d
tde:5
15
e
tde:10
f
FFTL
tde: 20
FFTR
(16)
10
a
Tfg:5
(1)
Tf:4
d
FFTR
FFTL
5
(5)
(5)
i
f
FFTR
FFTL
Fig. 5. Example for the distributed time synchronization: the change of nodes d and f due to node e, (): the propagation delay(s)
between nodes.
TL = max (Trf GR , ei CP ) ,
(11)
and Tcre at the u-th update time, of which the initial value can be
set to Trf, is determined by the request of neighbor nodes
through the reception setting procedure as follows:
(12)
Te = TR
T
cre
if Tcre < TL ,
else if Tcre > TR ,
(13)
otherwise,
(14)
end for
if ei CP ej CPM , ei CP TR ,
TL ej CPM
Set TX_setting_ flag =1
else
if count =1
Set FFTcri =FFTcriFFTcr
end if
Set FFTcrj =FFTcrj+FFTcr
Set Te=TR
else
Set Te=Tcreu
end if
end if
if Tcreu <Trf GR
Set Tcreu =Trf GR
end if
if Tcreu >Trf +GL
Set Tcreu =Trf +GL
end if
all the signals at 5 s because of the propagation delay of the
link between nodes a, b, and d. The propagation delay is
denoted by () in the figure. In the second network, nodes h and
itransmit signals at 0 s, node f transmits a signal at 4 s, and
node g then receives all signals at 5 s. If node e enters between
two networks, it receives the signal from node dat 10 s and
receives the signal from node f at 20 s. Node ecannot receive
both signals because the gap between the arrival times of the
two signals is over CPE. In this situation, node e requests
changing T of node dand that of node f. They can then change
T in their admission range. If nodes d and f gradually change T
to 1 s and 6 s, respectively, node e can then receive both
signals by forming the intersection range for the FFT. In
addition, existing links for nodes c and g are maintained
because the gap between arriving times is within CPE. The
update process of the FFT is performed side by side, though
the description is omitted.
1
Calculate fenu =
Rn
r =1
u
en
(r )
1 u
Calculate fenu =
fen + ( sne( u 1) fe( u 1) )
2
end for
1
Calculate feu =
fenu
Oe + 1 n
for every n do
Calculate s u = f u f u
en
Rn
f
en
end for
FFT starting
point
DT-A
FFT starting
point
DT-B
FFT starting
point
GL
FFT starting
point
ST
FFT starting
point
0 GRA GRA+CPE
FFT starting
point
GRB GRB+CPE
0 CPE
Fig. 6. Three types of time synchronization schemes: DT-A, DTB, and ST.
<DT-A>
100
95
90
10
16
28
100
Link success probability (%)
40
54
60
70
80
54
60
54
60
70
80
54
60
70
80
<DT-B>
90
80
10
16
28
10
16
28
100
60
40
40
<ST>
40
70
Nt=16, Oe=3
Nt=28, Oe=4
Nt=54, Oe=8
<CT>
100
60
40
10
16
28
40
Fig. 7. Link success probability of time synchronization for DTA, DT-B, ST, and CT under fixed scenario.
(15)
<DF>
100
99.5
Moving node
99
98.5
98
10
16
28
40
54
60
78
80
Nt=16, Oe=3
Nt=28, Oe=4
Nt=54, Oe=8
54
60
78
<SF>
100
90
80
70
60
50
1.001
40
1.0005
Link success probability
1.0000
0.9995
0.9975
200
400
600
Time (sec)
(a)
800
1,000
1,200
200
400
600
Time (sec)
(b)
800
1,000
1,200
1.002
1.000
Link success probability
28
40
80
0.997
0.9965
0.9955
0.995
0.998
0.996
0.994
0.992
0.99
0.988
0.986
0.984
9.
16
0.999
0.9985
0.998
0.996
Fig.
10
V. Conclusion
In this paper, we proposed a distributed synchronization
method and analyzed its performance in terms of the link
success probability. The distributed time synchronization
provides time synchronization with one-hop neighbor nodes by
using request messages and the guard interval without a long
CP. In addition, the distributed frequency synchronization
builds the global frequency synchronization using the average
value and sharing messages. Simulation results show that the
proposed method outperforms the conventional scheme by the
cooperation of neighbor nodes and completes the
synchronization gradually in OFDMA-based WMNs.
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ETRI Journal, Volume 36, Number 1, February 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.14.0113/0223
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