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PROJECT REPORT ON
X-RAY MACHINE
AT
SIEMENS LIMITED
JUNE JULY 14
By:
ROHIT JAIN (INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL ENGINEERING)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work done on X-Ray Machine is a bonafide
work carried out by Mr Rohit Jain under my supervision and guidance. The
project report is submitted towards the partial fulfilment of degree of Bachelors
of Technology.
This work has not been submitted anywhere else for any other degree/diploma.
The original work was carried during June 3, 2014 to July 31, 2014 in Siemens
Ltd., Healthcare Sector, Imaging and Healthcare Division at New Delhi.
MR. M K BHATT
Manager At
Siemens Ltd
Healthcare Division
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The completion of any project is not complete without thanking the people
behind the venture and this project is no exception. Racing against time and fast
approaching deadlines, the fact that I was able to successfully complete the
project in time would not have been possible without the help and support of
many. I express my gratitude to Mr. Pramod Kumar Pandey, Mr. M K Bhatt
and for providing their valuable guidance.
I also express my gratitude to my family and friends without whose support and
co - operation I would not have been able to complete this project.
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Cover Page
Certificate
Acknowledgements
SIEMENS: At a Glance
Products By Siemens
What is x-ray
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wave concept
Particle concept
Properties of E.M.R
Production of x-ray tube
Bremsstrahlung radiation
Characteristic radiation
Construction of X-ray tube
Cathode
Limitation
Focussing cup
Anode
Rotating anode x-ray tube
Modification in target
Advantages of rotating anode
Limitations
Anode heel effect
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Other innovations were worlds first electric locomotive (1879) and the
worlds first electric streetcar(1881).The first national subsidiary was
established in Russia in 1855, followed by an English subsidiary in 1858. As
Werner envisioned, the company he started from strength to strength in every
field of electrical engineering. Siemens is today a technology giant in more
than 190 countries.
Mission statement :
It is our goal to set the benchmark by being the best in our fields and to
create value for our customers, wealth for our stake-holders and a future for
our employees while giving back graciously to society a piece of our success.
Quality policy :
For Siemens, quality is a driving factor which strengthens our ambition to
assume a world- leading role in our environment of logistics automation and
material handling technology. Our Quality Policy is:Customer Satisfaction
through Continuous Improvement help us to get nearer to our goal, and to
become better in our efforts to achieve top quality in all the products and
services that we supply push us to the limit!
SIEMENS in INDIA :
For over 50 years, Siemens has been active in India, where it holds leading
positions in its Energy , Industry and Healthcare Sectors , while Siemens IT
Solutions and Services functions across all three Sectors. In 2008, Siemens
India was the top ranked company by Business Week in its annual rating of
Asias 50 companies. Siemens was also ranked No. 1in the Corporate
Reputation by The Wall Street Journal in its survey of Asias 200 most admired
companies. In Fiscal 2008 sales to customers in India amounted to almost EUR
1.9 billion. The Siemens Group in India has emerged as a leading inventor,
innovator and implementer of leading-edge technology enabled solutions
operating in the core business segments of Industry, Energy and Healthcare.
The Groups business is represented by various companies that span across
these various segments. Siemens brings to India state-of-the-art technology
that adds value to customers through a combination of multiple high-end
technologies for complete solutions. The Group has the competence and
capability to integrate all products, systems and services. It caters to Industry
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X-RAY MACHINE
CT SCAN
PET IMAGING
MAMMOGRAPHY
MRI
CATH ARM
ULTRASOUND
PATIENT MONITOR
ANGIOGRAPHY
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE
RADIOGRAPHY
MOLECULAR IMAGING
FLUOROSCOPY
WHAT IS X-RAYS
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation produced whenever substance is
bombarded by high speed electrons. It comprises electric and magnetic
field components, which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other
and perpendicular to the direction of energy propagation. Discovered by
Wilhelm Roentgen.An invisible energy that can penetrate solid
objects.Its ability to penetrate objects depends on the objects density. Xrays produce a shadow much like visible light. This shadow captured on
film is called a radiograph. X-ray equipment is used to diagnose or treat
patients with controlled amounts of radiation.Used by skilled medical
personnel radiation, is an effective diagnostic and treatment tool.
Examples are Diagnostic Imaging Equipment - used to determine the
extent of disease and /or injury.Therapeutic - Used to treat various types
of disease, mainly CA.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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WAVE CONCEPT:
V=x
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PARTICLE CONCEPT
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PRODUCTIONS OF X-RAYS
X-ray are produced when electrons , travelling at high speed, collide with
a target material , such as tungsten.
The kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into electromagnetic
radiation. Part of this radiation is X-rays.
X-rays and other types of electromagnetic radiation are emitted as small
packets of electromagnetic energy called photons.
In medical applications, this is usually TUNGSTEN or a more crack
resistant alloy of RHENIUM (5%) AND TUNGSTEN (95%),but
sometimes MOLYBDENUM for more specialized applications, such as
when soft X-rays are needed as in
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BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION
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CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION
Now L shell electron jumps into K shell producing
59Kev(70-11=59)
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CATHODE
LIMITATIONS
Tungsten that is vaporized from the filament is deposited as a thin coating
in the inner surface of the glass of x ray tube .
Filters x ray beam gradually changing its quality,
May result in puncture of the tube( because of arcing between the glass
and electrodes at higher peak kilovoltage .
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FOCUSSING CUP
Shallow depression in the cathode assembly that houses the focusing cup,
usually made of NICKEL.
Maintained at the same negative potential as the filament.
Designed so that its electrical forces cause the electron stream to
converge on to the anode in the required size and shape.
Can be a single or most commonly double filament.
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ANODE
Anode is positively charged electrode of x-ray tube.
Electrons released from cathode are accelerated towards anode, from
where x-rays are produced.
TUNGSTEN IS THE MATERIAL OF CHOICE High atomic number
(z=74)so more efficient in the production of x rays High melting point of
3370 degree C Relatively high thermal conductivity
FOCAL SPOT
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Size of the projected focal spot is directly related to sine angle of the
anode
For diagnostic radiography done at 40 inches the anode angle is 15
DEGREES , as there is a limit to which anode angle cannot be decreased
as dictated by heel effect
STATIONARY ANODE
ROTATING ANODE
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STATIONARY ANODE
Simplest type of x-ray tube has a stationary (fixed) anode
Consists of tungsten imbedded in a copper block
Copper supports the tungsten target and acts to increase the total thermal
capacity of anode and to speed its rate of cooling
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MODIFICATION IN TARGET
Alloying the tungsten.
Molybdenum decreases moment of inertia by 35% than a solid tungsten.
Graphite decreases inertia by 50% but does not conduct heat and got
technical problem with bonding
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LIMITATIONS
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Thank you
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