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IJIRAE:: Construction Peculiarities of Bottom Outlet Tunnel, Its Air Vent and Energy Dissipater at Upper Gotvand Dam
IJIRAE:: Construction Peculiarities of Bottom Outlet Tunnel, Its Air Vent and Energy Dissipater at Upper Gotvand Dam
Mehdi Ghomeshi
Abstract Located in south western area, Upper Gotvand Dam has three diversion tunnels, third of which is served
as bottom outlet tunnel. The other two had already been plugged for dam watering procedure. The purpose of study is
to survey construction peculiarities of seven affiliated blocks of bottom outlet. Preparations, reinforcement, formwork
operation, and concrete placement of different blocks as well as casing for steel segments are explored. Main features
of each individual blocks are detected as well. It was concluded that opted scheme for dowels can effectively influence
precise construction, devastating of initial concrete of third diversion tunnel in certain sequences is considered
fundamental for project progression. It was revealed that self-compacting concrete is highly substantial in
accumulated and hard to access sections such as casing operation of steel segments.
Keywords Bottom outlet tunnel, affiliated blocks, self-compacting concrete, construction features.
I. INTRODUCTION
Modern dams must have bottom outlets or low level outlets to lowering the reservoir in an emergency. These outlets
can also be used for filling of the reservoir, drawdown of the reservoir, flushing of sediments, or discharging surplus
water. Morris R. reviewed drawdown capacity at abberton reservoir and compared it to standards commonly applied
elsewhere. He also explored how this capacity might be improved [1]. First filling of the reservoir must be made
progressively for stability and watertightness considerations. Wieland has declared that this procedure is only safe if a
bottom outlet is available, thus have to be designed so that reservoir level can be kept constantly under arbitrary levels
[2]. This fundamental structure has specific peculiarities at each individual dam projects.
Gotvand dam is involved with a 12m diameter shaft downstream of plugging of second tunnel which was excavated
to aerate output flow of bottom outlet gates. Up and downstream gates box is steel lined 76.25 and 55.5m long
respectively to protect tunnel against cavitation as well as erosive flow harms. A 2.75m diameter bell mouth inlet at the
elevation of about 92.4m is fabricated in reinforced steel ring using ST.37 material to protect forehead concrete of
corrosion. Through this structure water is conveyed from 9.5m diameter horseshoe section and approaches gates box
after 73.5m distance. Water enters 55m long U-shaped steel canal afterwards. Downstream concrete tunnel which is
equipped by 5 aerator structures transfers water to stilling basin and energy dissipater afterwards. The purpose of study is
to focus on construction attributes of each individual affiliated structure. As it was rather predictable relevant blocks have
specific features that make some constructional schemes inevitable.
II. METHODS- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
A. Access Way
Route available at northern powerhouse has been extended 200m long from elevation of about 96 at 8% slope to
tunnel portal, as shown in Fig.1. Since it partially cross the river we were about to stack boulder materials to mount
above the surface and then was continued in embankment. As it'll be mentioned subsequently this trend cause some
inconveniences during construction of energy dissipater structure. Besides initial path from tunnel outlet another way was
planned to make gate chamber accessible. Second route derives from access tunnel allotted for gallery 107(applied for
grouting curtain), as shown in Fig.2. It crosses the shaft upon mid diversion tunnel in which a metal bridge makes this
conjunction traversable, as shown in Fig.3. This route provides permanent access pending dam operation and serves
either to transmit gate chamber segments or for reinforcement and concrete placement during construction as well.
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C. Formwork Operation
6 to 8m long parts were assigned for concrete placement operation in which wood headstalls were applied in moulding
and adequate support props consolidate formwork panels.
D. Concrete Casing for Steel Lining Zone
Once moulding at headstalls in mentioned above length was fulfilled, preparations such as cleaning job for section as
well as pump line were prepared, concrete was placed in 1.5 to 2 m height lifts.
Accumulated stiffeners encompassing steel segments and rare access to most sections makes self-compacting concrete
(SCC) highly fundamental for efficient casing operation of metal parts [3]. Thus multiple mix designs were tested and a
well-integrated mix with satisfactory indexes on fresh as well as hardened concrete was proposed [4]. Applied SCC mix
design is shown in Table 1.
TABLE I
SCC MIX DESIGN, APPLIED FOR STEEL CASING
Mix Name
Class
FT17
19/30
Cement
Content
(kg/m3)
380
W/C
0.43
Aggregate
(kg/m3)
(0-5)mm
(5-9.5)
(9.5-19)
1082
176
620
Admixture
% Name
Spread
(cm)
1%Gelenium51P
60
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Fig. 6 Outer view of gate chamber- block wall and two openings provided in
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2) Concrete Placement
An appropriate mix design named NA102 serves 1100 m3 placement of five mentioned structures. Whose details are
shown in Table 2.
TABLE II III
STRUCTURAL MIX DESIGN, APPLIED FOR AIR VENT STRUCTURES
Mix
Name
Class
NA102
19/30
Cement
Content
(kg/m3)
380
W/C
0.43
Aggregate
(kg/m3)
(0-5)mm
(5-9.5)
(9.5-19)
928
371
557
Admixture
% Name
Slump
(cm)
1% Rheobuild
13
Pump line facilitates discharge of fresh concrete into the section which was carried out in two lifts. First lift is
performed using template. Whereas curved modular forms, connected together become consolidated to established
scaffolds by making use of jack heads and applied for second lift to be casted in.
Reinforcement and accomplished apron of air vent structure are shown in Fig.7, 8.
I.
Block 6
Extant situation of third diversion tunnel outlet has been changed at stilling basin initials. Stilling basin approaching
slope was devastated by mechanical hammer in both ends and the remaining had been scratched. Previously used
embankment as our primary access way was cut out and concrete surface become exposed. To make monolithic
reinforcement with previous concrete some 32 mm diameter holes were perforated by Hilti drill in arrangement of 11 m.
In which 1.6 m long 25-made anchor bolts featured by 50 cm bents were installed and satisfied consolidating
obligation for new reinforcement. Since five aerator structures were assigned as five affiliated blocks, this one has been
named sixth block in which 25-made reinforcement of type A in 2020 cm plan scheme was designed.
After reinforcement fulfillment, whole section was divided into four parts each one separated by rabitz. Shear key
molds were implemented at rabitz headstalls as well. NA102 satisfactorily meet requirements for 700 m3 concrete
placement of these four parts. Since latter part continues to the same level as the stilling basin apron, river water seeps
down embankment materials and interfere with the section, thus had to be obstacle, as shown in Fig.9, 10.
A barrier made of bags filled in clay materials hinders corruption of reinforcement and concrete placement operation
as well.
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Dowels or anchor bolts made of 25 steel bars which were planted in using Hilti drill and its cohesion could
satisfactorily stabilize reinforcement and make construction more precise.
Accumulated stiffeners encompassing steel segments and no access to vibrate casted in concrete make selfcompacting concrete of utmost importance at concrete casing accomplishment.
Turning down of initial concrete at steel lining zone, transition as well as bell mouth structure had to precede that
of gate chamber ceiling and U-shaped structure.
Installation of buried parts and placement of apron concrete afterwards had been recognized as substantial to make
transportation of metal segments possible.
Moulding preparation in 6m long sections and assignment of several lifts make casing placement of steel segments
much more efficient.
Contact grouting was revealed as an efficient method to eliminate any porous areas behind steel coating zones by
taking advantage of knocking test, while concrete casing was fulfilled.
Installation of metal segments in reduction and gates box whereabouts as well as their concrete placement up to
gate chamber apron was concluded as the next fundamental step before similar operation at U-shaped zone.
Since rabitz is easy to install and can remain buried, it was capable of increasing progress rate as our beneficial F1
surface type.
Employment of two-part semitrailers with overlap can ease reinforcement operation than that of contiguous ones.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We acknowledge endeavors of Mr. M. Yamin pour as the head of supervision of bottom outlet project and Dr. Sohrabi
master of inspecting system at Upper Gotvand Dam. First author tenders highest respects to his passed away supervisor
Dr. Mohmoud Bina. Continuous supports of Prof. A.M. Akhoond ali are greatly appreciated as well.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Morris, Upgrading of The Bottom Outlet Facilities at Abberton Reservoir, ICE Journal of Dams and Reservoirs,
vol.22, no.1, pp.11-18, 2012.
[2] M. Wieland, Modern Dam Safety Concepts, ICOLD Committee on Seismic Aspects of Dam Design.
[3] A. Zabihollah zadeh, B. Zafari, M. Yamin pour, Multifunctional Use of Self-Compacting Concrete as a
Fundamental Material in Dam Construction: Upper Gotvand Dam, Key Engineering Materials, vol. 629-630, pp.
391-398, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.629-630.391, 2015.
[4] K. Murthy, N. Rao, R. Reddy, and V. V. Sekhar, Mix design procedure for self-compacting concrete, IOSR
Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), Volume2, 2012.
[5] C.K. Wang, C.G. Salmon, Reinforced Concrete Design, Book, Harper & row publishers, Incorporated,
ISBN:0700225145, 1979.
[6] European guidelines for self-compacting concrete, specification, production, and use, EFNARC, 2005.
[7] T.J. Freeman, The Behavior of Fully-Bonded Rock Bolts in The Kielder Experimental Tunnel, Tunnels and
Tunneling International, vol.10, no. 5, pp.37-40, 1978.
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