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Solucionario Matemáticas Administración y La Economía - Ernest Paul - 12ed
Solucionario Matemáticas Administración y La Economía - Ernest Paul - 12ed
com
LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS
Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE
MUCHOS DE ESTOS
LIBROS.
LOS SOLUCIONARIOS
CONTIENEN TODOS LOS
EJERCICIOS DEL LIBRO
RESUELTOS Y
EXPLICADOS DE FORMA
CLARA.
VISITANOS PARA
DESARGALOS GRATIS.
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Table of Contents
Chapter 0
Chapter 1
35
Chapter 2
54
Chapter 3
89
Chapter 4
132
Chapter 5
160
Chapter 6
177
Chapter 7
231
Chapter 8
295
Chapter 9
333
Chapter 10
357
Chapter 11
378
Chapter 12
423
Chapter 13
469
Chapter 14
539
Chapter 15
614
Chapter 16
658
Chapter 17
670
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 0
Problems 0.1
7. True;
b ab
8. True, because a = .
c c
0
4. False, because 0 = .
1
5
5. True, because 5 = .
1
11. distributive
12. commutative
13. associative
14. definition of division
25 = 5, which is a positive
18. commutative
19. distributive
20. distributive
11. True
22. (a b) + c = [a + (b)] + c = a + (b + c)
= a + [c + (b)] = a + (c b)
Problems 0.2
1. False, because 0 does not have a reciprocal.
2. True, because
x+2 x 2 x
= + = + 1.
2
2 2 2
7 3 21
=
= 1.
3 7 21
5. False; x + y = y + (x) = y x.
6. True; (x + 2)(4) = (x)(4) + (2)(4) = 4x + 8.
1
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
51. X(1) = X
28. 2 + (4) = 6
29. 6 + 2 = 4
54. (x 2) = x + 2
30. 6 + (4) = 2
55. 0(x) = 0
31. 7 2 = 5
1 8 1 8
=
56. 8 =
11 11 11
32. 7 (4) = 7 + 4 = 11
33. 5 (13) = 5 + 13 = 8
57.
5
=5
1
58.
14 x 2 7 x 2 x
=
=
21 y 3 7 y 3 y
59.
3
3
3
=
=
2 x (2 x)
2x
60.
2 1 2 1 2
=
=
3 x 3 x 3x
61.
a
a(3b) 3ab
(3b) =
=
c
c
c
34. a (b) = a + b
35. (2)(9) = (2 9) = 18
36. 7(9) = (7 9) = 63
37. (2)(12) = 2(12) = 24
38. 19(1) = (1)19 = (1 19) = 19
39.
1
9
= 1 = 9
1
9
1
40. (6 + x) = (6) x = 6 x
7
62. (5a ) = 7
5a
63.
aby a by by
=
=
ax
a x
x
3
3
1 3
1
= =
=
44. 3 15 =
15
15
53
5
64.
7 1 7 1 7
=
=
y x y x xy
45. 9 (27) =
9
9 9 1 1
=
=
=
27 27 9 3 3
65.
2 5 2 5 10
=
=
x y x y xy
46. (a ) (b) =
a a
=
b b
66.
1 1 3 2 3+ 2 5
+ = + =
=
2 3 6 6
6
6
67.
5 3 5 9 5 + 9 14 2 7 7
+ = + =
=
=
=
12 4 12 12
12
12 2 6 6
68.
3 7
9 14 9 14 5
5 1
1
=
=
=
=
=
10 15 30 30
30
30
56
6
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69.
70.
4 6 4 + 6 10
+ =
=
=2
5 5
5
5
X
5
Y
5
7.
X Y
72.
2 3 16 15 16 15 1
=
=
=
5 8 40 40
40
40
74.
= 6
x
y
l
3
a37
(b 4 )5
b 45
11.
75.
x
y2
z
xy
76.
7
is not defined (we cannot divide by 0).
0
w4 s 6
y4
x9
x5
= x 9 5 = x 4
2a 4
12.
7b5
z
x xy
x2
=
=
=
yz
y 2 xy
y2 z
x
(2a 4 )6
=
(7b5 )6
26 ( a 4 ) 6
=
76 (b5 )6
=
0
77.
=0
7
0
78.
is not defined (we cannot divide by 0).
0
13.
( x3 )6
3
x( x )
79. 0 0 = 0
Problems 0.3
14.
64a 46
117, 649b56
64a 24
117, 649b30
x36
1+3
( x 2 )3 ( x 3 ) 2
( x3 ) 4
3. w4 w8 = w4+8 = w12
16.
81 = 3
4. z 3 zz 2 = z 3+1+ 2 = z 6
17.
128 = 2
9 5
y y
x
y
9+5
124
6. ( x ) = x
12 4
19.
48
0.04 = 0.2
4
4
1
1 1
=
=
4
16
16 2
3
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
= x18 4 = x14
x 23 x32
25 = 5
18.
y14
=x
x18
x
x1212 = x 0 = 1
15.
x x
2. x6 x9 = x6+9 = x15
5.
b 20
w2 s 3
( w2 s 3 ) 2 ( w2 ) 2 ( s3 ) 2 w22 s32
=
=
=
10.
y2
( y 2 )2
y 22
y4
x
y 6y
= 6 =
y
x
x
3+ 5
a 21
9. (2 x 2 y 3 )3 = 23 ( x 2 )3 ( y 3 )3 = 8 x 23 y 33 = 8 x6 y9
l m l 1
l
= =
3 1 3 m 3m
3 5
3 1 1 18 3 2 18 3 + 2 17
+ = + =
=
2 4 6 12 12 12
12
12
(a3 )7
x2
( x 2 )5 x 25 x10
=
=
8. =
y3
( y 3 )5 y 35 y15
71.
73.
Section 0.3
x34
x6 x6
x12
x12
x12
20.
8
=
27
27
2
2
=
3
3
21. (49)1/ 2 = 49 = 7
37. (9 z 4 )1/ 2 = 9 z 4 = 32 ( z 2 )2 = 32 ( z 2 ) 2
= 3z 2
22. (64)1/ 3 = 3 64 = 4
3/ 2
23. 9
3
3 13
39
39
39
=
=
=
=
2
13
13 13
13
13
132
36.
( 9)
38. (16 y8 )3 / 4 = 4 16 y8 = 4 (2 y 2 )4 = (2 y 2 )3
= (3) = 27
3
= 8y 6
24. (9) 5 / 2 =
(9)
25. (32) 2 / 5 =
(32)
26. (0.09)
=
1
3
10
1/ 2
1
27.
32
5/ 2
2/5
( 9)
( 5 32 )
1
243
1
(2)
27t 3
39.
1
4
1
=
=
0.3
0.09
10
3
41.
4/5
64
28.
27
1
1
1
= 5
= =
16
2
32
2/3
42.
3 / 4
2/3
c2
= a5 b 3
1
c2
9t 2
3t
= =
4
2
3 / 4
= a5
4
=
x3
b3 c 2
= x 2 / 5 y 3 / 5 z 10 / 5 =
5 2 3 10
x y z
43
( x 3 ) 3
a5
b3 c 2
x2 / 5 y3 / 5
z2
64
16
4
= 3 = =
27
3
9
30.
54 = 3 27 2 = 3 27
31.
2 x3 = 3 2
3 3
x =x
2 = 33 2
32.
4x = 4 x = 2 x
33.
16 x = 16 x = 4 x
4
a5b 3
43. 5m2 m7 = 5m 2+ ( 7) = 5m 9 =
50 = 25 2 = 25 2 = 5 2
29.
3t 3
=
2
4 4
=
x3
3
9
9
x
x
4
=
=
=
9
3
64
x
4
256
40.
x12
(0.09)1/ 2
2/3
44. x + y 1 = x +
1
45. (3t ) 2 =
(3t )
46. (3 z ) 4 =
5
m9
1
y
=
1
9t 2
1
(3 z )4
47.
4
4
x
x
x
34. 4
=
=
4
16
2
16
48. ( X 3Y 3 )3 = ( X 3 )3 (Y 3 )3
= X 9Y 9
35. 2 8 5 27 + 3 128 = 2 4 2 5 9 3 + 3 64 2
= 2 2 2 5 3 3 + 43 2
= 4 2 15 3 + 4 3 2
4
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Y9
X9
x y = x1/ 2 y1/ 2
49.
50.
Section 0.3
u 2 v 6 w3
vw5
w3( 5)
u 2 v1( 6)
w8
9/ 4 3/ 4
1/ 2
52.
= a 3 / 4b 1/ 2 a5b 4
63.
= a17 / 4 b 9 / 2
=
a17 / 4
b
9/ 2
64.
4 3 6 9
4 / 5
x4 / 5
x 2 /15
59.
60.
= [x
4 / 5 1/ 6
=x
4 / 30
51/ 2
3
81/ 4
(3 x)1/ 3
3x
3
33 y 2
3y2 / 3
66.
18
= 9 =3
2
=x
(2 y )
y 2y
2y
1(3 x) 2 / 3
(3x)1/ 3 (3 x)2 / 3
(3x) 2
3x
2 y1/ 3
3 y 2 / 3 y1/ 3
2 y1/ 3 2 3 y
=
3y
3y
68.
6 51/ 2
51/ 2 51/ 2
3 21/ 4
81/ 4 21/ 4
6 5
5
34 2
4
16
34 2
2
2
31/ 3
20
31/ 3 32 / 3
3
u 5 / 2 v1/ 2
5
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16a10 b15
ab
21/ 2 32 / 3
69. 2 x 2 y 3 x 4 = 2 x6 y 3 =
70.
2 a1/ 2 b3 / 4
2 / 4 1/ 4
a1/ 2b1/ 4 a1/ 2 b3 / 4
a 2b a b
21/ 5 a1/ 2b3 / 4 24 / 20 a10 / 20b15 / 20
=
=
ab
ab
4
15 2
(2 y )
1/ 2
12
= 4=2
3
1/ 2
9 x2
3x
12
2 /15
65.
67.
w3 / 5 (3w)3 / 5
3
1
3
1
=
5 3
5 3
5
3
5
w
(3w)
w
27 w3
1/ 2
58. [( x )
(2 x)
y (2 y )1/ 2
(2 y )
5 4
4 1/ 5 1/ 6
1
3
(2 x)
4 2x
2x
1/ 2
2y
2
1/ 2
2 2x
x
2y
1/ 2
4(2 x)1/ 2
(2 x)
62.
2x
=
u 2 v7
61.
23 / 634 / 6
3
2 x6
y3
3 u1/ 2 v1/ 2
u 5 / 2 v1/ 2 u1/ 2 v1/ 2
3u1/ 2 v1/ 2
u 3v
243
71.
243
= 81 = 9
3
83.
= 320 a 60
73.
20
64 y x
6
74.
3/ 2
3 2
75.
76.
(2 2 x1/ 2 y 2 )3
1/ 2
5/ 2
2/3
1
2 6 x3 / 2 y 6
x3 / 2
85.
64 y x
x
84.
26 y 6
6 1/ 2
1/ 2
15 / 6
4/6
82.
(ab 3c)8
(a 1c 2 ) 3
= s11/ 6
= x2
= (31/ 4 )8 = 38 / 4 = 32 = 9
87.
77. 32 (32) 2 / 5 = 32 (25 ) 2 / 5
78. 5 x 2 y
2/5
b 24
x6
= x 2 x612 = x 2 x 6
12
x
1
x6
= x 2 x 6 = x8
(6)(6) = 36 = 6
86.
8s 2
2s
88.
a5 c14
x3
x6 ( x3 ) 2
3 2
x4
x 4 ( x6 )2
( x )
= x2
= 32 (22 )
1
= 32
22
9
=
4
Note that
a 3 c 6
( x 2 )3
3 2
(4 3)
a8b 24 c8
= 7 7 2 = 73 = 7
3 7(49)
x yz 3 3 xy 2 = 3 ( x 2 yz 3 )( xy 2 ) = 3 x3 y 3 z 3
= xyz
3 2
s s
( a5b3 c )
s5
= (a5 )3 (b 3 )3 (c1/ 2 )3
= a15b 9 c3 / 2
=
= [( x 2 y )1/ 5 ]2 / 5 = ( x 2 y )2 / 25
a15 c3 / 2
b9
3 x3 y 2
89. (3x3 y 2 2 y 2 z 3 ) 4 =
2 y 2 z 3
= x 4 / 25 y 2 / 25
79. (2 x 1 y 2 )2 = 22 x 2 y 4 =
80.
3
3
y4 x
y1/ 3 x1/ 4
4y
3 x3 z 3
=
3 3 4
(3x z )
=
(2)4
x2
3 y 2 / 3 x3 / 4
y1/ 3 x1/ 4 y 2 / 3 x3 / 4
24
81x12 z12
=
16
3 x3 / 4 y 2 / 3
=
xy
81.
1/ 2
( xy
3/ 2
1/ 2
)( x
34 x12 z12
90.
y) = x y
2 5/ 2
1
2
2x
16 x3
6
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( )
1/ 2 2
=
2 2
(x )
(161/ 2 )2 ( x3 ) 2
1
4
2x
16 x6
1
1
8 x10
= 8 x10
Section 0.4
18. {6a 6b + 6 + 10a + 15b a[2b + 10]}
= {4a + 9b + 6 2ab 10a}
= {6a + 9b + 6 2ab}
= 6a 9b 6 + 2ab
Problems 0.4
1. 8x 4y + 2 + 3x + 2y 5 = 11x 2y 3
2. 6 x 2 10 xy + 2 + 2 z xy + 4
19. x 2 + (4 + 5) x + 4(5) = x 2 + 9 x + 20
= 6 x 2 11xy + 2 z + 6
3. 8t 2 6s 2 + 4 s 2 2t 2 + 6 = 6t 2 2 s 2 + 6
4.
5.
x +2 x + x +3 x = 7 x
a + 2 3b c + 3 3b
= a + 5 3b c
22. z 2 + (7 3) z + (7)(3) = z 2 10 z + 21
6. 3a + 7b 9 5a 9b 21 = 2a 2b 30
7. 6 x 2 10 xy + 2 2 z + xy 4
= 6 x 2 9 xy 2 z + 2 4
8.
x +2 x x 3 x = x
9.
x + 2 y x 3z = 2 y 3z
10. 8z 4w 3w + 6z = 14z 7w
11. 9x + 9y 21 24x + 6y 6 = 15x + 15y 27
27. x 2 2(5) x + 52 = x 2 10 x + 25
12. u 3v 5u 4v + u 3 = 3u 7v 3
13. 5 x 5 y + xy 3 x 8 xy 28 y
2
28. (1 2)
= 2x + 3 x 5
= 2 x 2 33 y 2 7 xy
29.
3x
+2
3 x (5) + (5)2
= 3x + 10 3x + 25
30.
= 2{3x + 48} = 6 x + 96
2
( x)
( y)
32 = y 9
31. (2 s )2 12 = 4 s 2 1
33. x 2 ( x + 4) 3( x + 4)
= 5(8 x3 + 8 x 2 2 x 2 + 10 4 x)
= x3 + 4 x 2 3x 12
= 5(8 x3 + 6 x 2 4 x + 10)
= 40 x3 30 x 2 + 20 x 50
34. x( x 2 + x + 3) + 1( x 2 + x + 3)
= x3 + x 2 + 3 x + x 2 + x + 3
= x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3
7
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35. x 2 (3 x 2 + 2 x 1) 4(3x 2 + 2 x 1)
46.
= 3x 4 + 2 x3 x 2 12 x 2 8 x + 4
= 3x 4 + 2 x3 13x 2 8 x + 4
47.
36. 3 y (4 y + 2 y 3 y ) 2(4 y + 2 y 3 y )
3
2 x3 7 x 4
4
+ = 2 x2 7 +
x
x x
x
6 x5
2x
= 12 y 4 + 6 y 3 9 y 2 8 y 3 4 y 2 + 6 y
48.
= 12 y 4 2 y 3 13 y 2 + 6 y
4 x3
2x
2x
= 3 x3 + 2 x
3y 4 9 y 5
3y
6 y 9
=
3y
6 y 9
=
3y 3y
3
= 2
y
= (4 z 2 ) 2 12 = 16 z 4 1
49. x + 5 x 2 + 5 x 3
x2 + 5x
= 3x 2 + 2 xy 4 x + 3xy + 2 y 2 4 y + 6 x + 4 y 8
= 3x 2 + 2 y 2 + 5 xy + 2 x 8
Answer: x +
40. [ x 2 + ( x + 1)]2
= ( x ) + 2 x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)
2 2
3
x+5
x 1
50. x 4 x 2 5 x + 4
x2 4 x
x + 4
x + 4
0
Answer: x 1
= x 4 + 2 x3 + 2 x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 1
= x 4 + 2 x3 + 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1
3 x 2 8 x + 17
51. x + 2 3x3 2 x 2 + x 3
3 x3 + 6 x 2
8 x 2 + x
8 x 2 16 x
17 x 3
17 x + 34
37
= 8 x3 36 x 2 + 54 x 27
44. x3 + 3x 2 (2 y ) + 3 x(2 y ) 2 + (2 y )3
= x3 + 6 x 2 y + 12 xy 2 + 8 y 3
Answer: 3x 2 8 x + 17 +
45.
z 2 18 z
= z 18
z
z
8
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37
x+2
1
2x2
Section 0.5
z+2
56. z 2 z + 1 z 3 + z 2 + z
x3 + x 2 + 3 x + 3
52. x 1 x 4 + 0 x3 + 2 x 2 + 0 x + 1
z3 z 2 + z
x 4 x3
x3 + 2 x 2
2z2
x3 x 2
2z2 2z + 2
2z 2
3x 2 + 0 x
3x 2 3x
3x + 1
3x 3
4
Answer: x3 + x 2 + 3 x + 3 +
Answer: z + 2 +
z z +1
Problems 0.5
1. 2(ax + b)
4
x 1
2. 2y(3y 2)
3. 5x(2y + z)
x2 2 x + 4
53. x + 2 x + 0 x + 0 x + 0
3
2z 2
2
4. 3x 2 y (1 3xy 2 )
x3 + 2 x 2
2 x 2 + 0
2 x 4 x
4x + 0
4x + 8
8
2
Answer: x 2 2 x + 4
8
x+2
8. (x + 2)(x 3)
9. ( p + 3)( p + 1)
3 x 12
54. 2 x + 3 6 x 2 + 8 x + 1
10. (s 4)(s 2)
6x + 9x
x +1
x 32
2
5
2
13. (a + 7)(a + 5)
1
Answer: 3x + 2
2 2x + 3
x2
55. 3x + 2 3 x 2 4 x + 3
15. x 2 + 2(3)( x) + 32 = ( x + 3) 2
16. (y 10)(y 5)
3x2 + 2 x
6 x + 3
6 x 4
7
Answer: x 2 +
17. 5( x 2 + 5 x + 6)
= 5( x + 3)( x + 2)
7
3x + 2
18. 3(t 2 + 4t 5)
= 3(t 1)(t + 5)
9
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19. 3( x 2 12 ) = 3( x + 1)( x 1)
= ( y 2 + 8 y + 16)( y 2 1)
= ( y + 4)2 ( y + 1)( y 1)
21. 6 y 2 + 13 y + 2 = (6 y + 1)( y + 2)
36. xy ( x 2 4) + z 2 ( x 2 4) = ( x 2 4)( xy + z 2 )
= ( x + 2)( x 2)( xy + z 2 )
38. x3 13 = ( x 1)[ x 2 + 1( x) + 12 ]
= ( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
26. (3x
) 1 = (3 x
2/7 2
2/7
+ 1)(3x
2/7
1)
39. ( x3 )2 12 = ( x3 + 1)( x3 1)
27. 2 x( x + x 6) = 2 x( x + 3)( x 2)
2
= 2 x 2 (4 x 2 )(1 2 x)2
= 2( x + 3)2 ( x 1)( x + 1)
= 8 x 4 (1 2 x)2
= x( xy 7)2
= P (1 + r )2
33. x( x 4) + 2(4 x )
2
= x( x 2 4) 2( x 2 4)
= ( x 2 4)( x 2)
= (x + 2)(x 2)(x 2)
= ( x + 2)( x 2)
45. ( x 2 )2 42 = ( x 2 + 4)( x 2 4)
= ( x 2 + 4)( x + 2)( x 2)
46. (9 x 2 )2 ( y 2 )2 = (9 x 2 + y 2 )(9 x 2 y 2 )
= (9 x 2 + y 2 )(3 x + y )(3 x y )
10
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Section 0.6
47. ( y 4 ) 2 12 = ( y 4 + 1)( y 4 1)
8.
= ( y 4 + 1)( y 2 + 1)( y 2 1)
= ( y 4 + 1)( y 2 + 1)( y + 1)( y 1)
9.
48. (t 2 ) 2 22 = (t 2 + 2)(t 2 2)
= (t 2 + 2) t 2
= (t 2 + 2) t +
( 2 )
2 )( t 2 )
2
10.
(t + 3)(t 3) t 2
t (t + 3)(t 3)
11.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a 2 3a
(a 3)(a + 3) a + 3
=
a(a 3)
a
x 3x 10
2
x 4
2
x 2 9 x + 20
x + x 20
2
( x 5)( x 4) x 5
=
( x + 5)( x 4) x + 5
2 x 16 x + 14 x
3( x 8)
=
2 x( x 7)
3
6 x2 + x 2
2 x + 3x 2
2
12 x 19 x + 4
2
6 x 17 x + 12
2
12.
( x + 2)( x 5) x 5
=
( x + 2)( x 2) x 2
3 x 2 27 x + 24
3( x 8)( x 1)
2 x( x 7)( x 1)
(3x + 2)(2 x 1) 3x + 2
=
( x + 2)(2 x 1)
x+2
=
t
t 3
2( x 1)
( x + 4)( x + 1)
( x 4)( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x 1)
=
2( x 1)( x + 4)( x + 1)
( x 4)( x + 2)( x + 1)( x 1)
2( x + 4)
( x 4)( x + 2)
Problems 0.6
a2 9
= ( x + y ) 2
1.
(4 x 1)(3x 4) 4 x 1
=
(2 x 3)(3x 4) 2 x 3
x( x + 2)
( x 2)2
3( x 4)( x 2) ( x 3)( x + 2)
=
x( x + 2)( x 2)2
3( x 4)( x 2)( x 3)( x + 2)
x( x 2)
3( x 4)( x 3)
13.
X 2 4 4X 2 X
=
=
8 X
8X
2
14.
3x 2 14 3 x 14 3(14) x
= =
=6
7x x
7 x
7x
15.
2m n3 2mn3 n
=
=
n 2 6m 6mn 2 3
16.
c + d 2c
2c(c + d ) 2(c + d )
=
=
c cd
c (c d )
cd
17.
4x
4x 1 4x 2
2x =
=
=
3
3 2x 6x 3
18.
4 x 2 x 4 x(2 x) 8 x 2
=
=
1 3
3
3
y 2 (1)
y2
=
( y 3)( y + 2)
( y 3)( y + 2)
11
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
19.
9 x3 3 27 x3
=
= 27 x 2
1 x
x
27.
12Y 4
12Y 3 1 12Y 3
4 =
=
= 3Y 3
20.
Y
1
4
4
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
x 3
x4
x 3 1
x3
=
=1
1 ( x 3)( x 4)
1 x3 x3
28.
(2 x + 3)(1 + x)(1)( x 1)
( x + 4)( x 1)
( x 3)( x + 2) ( x + 3)( x 1)
( x + 3)( x 3) ( x + 2)( x 2)
x + 2 ( x + 3)( x 1)
=
x + 3 ( x + 2)( x 2)
( x + 2)( x + 3)( x 1)
=
( x + 3)( x + 2)( x 2)
x 1
=
x2
(2 x + 3)(1 + x)
x+4
y (6 x 2 + 7 x 3) x( y 1) + 4( y 1)
x( y 1) + 5( y 1)
x 2 y ( x + 4)
=
10 x
x +1
10 x ( x + 1)
2x
=
=
( x + 1)( x 1) 5 x
5 x( x + 1)( x 1) x 1
3
( x + 3) 2
( x + 3)2 1
( x + 3) =
x
x
x+3
2
( x + 3)
x+3
=
=
x( x + 3)
x
3
(2 x + 3)(2 x 3) (1 + x)(1 x)
( x + 4)( x 1)
2x 3
29.
x 2 + 5 x + 6 ( x + 3)( x + 2)
=
= x+2
x+3
x+3
30.
2+ x x+2
=
=1
x+2 x+2
31. LCD = 3t
2 1 6 1 6 +1 7
+ = + =
=
t 3t 3t 3t
3t
3t
( x + 2)( x + 5) ( x 4)( x + 1)
( x + 5)( x + 1) ( x 4)( x + 2)
x + 2 x +1
=
x +1 x + 2
( x + 2)( x + 1)
=
( x + 1)( x + 2)
=1
32. LCD = X 3
9
1
9
X
9 X
=
3
2
3
3
X
X
X
X
X3
33. LCD = x3 1
1
( x + 3) 2 (3 + 4 x)(3 4 x)
4x 3
7( x + 3)
x3
x3 1
=
=
( x + 3)2 (3 + 4 x)(3 4 x)
=
7(4 x 3)( x + 3)
( x + 3)(3 + 4 x)(1)(4 x 3)
=
7(4 x 3)
( x + 3)(3 + 4 x)
=
7
=
=
x3 1
x3
x3 1 x3 1
x 3 1 x3
x3 1
1
x3 1
1
1 x3
34. LCD = s + 4
4
4
s ( s + 4) 4 + s ( s + 4)
+s =
+
=
s+4
s+4
s+4
s+4
=
s 2 + 4s + 4 ( s + 2)2
=
s+4
s+4
12
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 0.6
4( x + 3) + x (2 x 1) 2 x 2 + 3x + 12
=
(2 x 1)( x + 3)
(2 x 1)( x + 3)
x 1 x + 1 ( x 1)( x + 1) ( x 1)( x + 1)
=
( x + 1) ( x 1)
( x + 1)( x 1)
2
4( x + 5)
3( x 1)( x + 5)
3x 2
+
( x 1)( x + 5) ( x 1)( x + 5) ( x 1)( x + 5)
4 x + 20 3( x 2 + 4 x 5) + 3x 2
( x 1)( x + 5)
35 8 x
( x 1)( x + 5)
+
(2 x 1)( x + 6) (3x 2)( x + 6) 3 x 2
x 2 + 2 x + 1 ( x 2 2 x + 1)
4x
=
=
( x + 1)( x 1)
( x + 1)( x 1)
6 x 2 13x + 6 (6 x 2 x 1) + 2 x 2 + 11x 6
(2 x 1)( x + 6)(3 x 2)
2x2 x + 1
(2 x 1)( x + 6)(3 x 2)
2
x2 + 2 x + 1
1
x 1
x +1
41. 1 + = + =
=
x
x x
x
x2
2
1 xy
=
1 1
y
y+x
x
42. + = + =
x y
xy xy
xy
( x 4)(2 x + 1) ( x 4)(2 x 1)
x(2 x + 1)
4(2 x 1)
=
y 2 + 2 xy + x 2
x2 y 2
1
1 xy
43. y `=
x
x x
2 x 2 + 7 x 4
( x 4)(2 x + 1)(2 x 1)
ab 1
ab + 1
44. a + = + =
b b
b
a 2b 2 + 2ab + 1
=
b2
x
1 xy
3)
x
3
x 9
13
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
( x + 2)(6 x 1)
2 x 2 ( x + 3)
56.
=
=
12
12
=
=
.
( x + 3)( x + 2)[9 + ( x 7)]
( x + 3)( x + 2)2
x+h
3
3
x
=
33 x
5+ a
=
=
51.
2 3
2+ 3 2 3
57.
x+h x
x+h x
3
3
3 x x+h
3
x + h3 x
50. LCD = 5 + a a
a a
33 x + h
a a
58.
( a ) + 1(
5+a a
a + 5+a
5+a
59.
5+ a a
a 5+a
=
2+ 3
2+ 3
2 2
2+ 3
23
4+2 6
= 4 2 6
1
2 5
3+ 7
3 7 3+ 7
2 5 3+ 7
37
15 + 35
4
15 + 35
=
2
49. LCD = 3 x + h 3 x
2 3
=
2 2
55.
2 3
= 2 3
43
t 7
t+ 7 t 7
( x 3) + 4
x 1
3t 3 7
t2 7
x +1
5 2 3
x 1
x +1
x +1
( x + 1)
x +1
x 1
4 1+ 2
( 2 + 3 )( 2 3 ) (1 2 )(1 + 2 )
5 ( 2 3 ) 4 (1 + 2 )
=
43
5 2 3
1 2
) 4 (1 + 2 )
) (
= 5 2 3 + 4 1 + 2 = 4 2 5 3 + 14
1+ 2
1+ 2 1+ 2
=
=
= 1 2
52.
1 2
1
1 2 1+ 2
1
60.
2
53.
3 6
2
6+ 7
=
)=
x +2
6 + 12
6+2 3
=
3
3
6 7
6 7
6 7
1
3+ 6
36
3+ 6
3+ 6
54.
4 x2
) =5
6 7
67
7 6
14
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
) 3(
4x2
x +2
x 2
)(
x 2
4 x2
x 2
3( x 4)
Section 0.7
Set x = 4:
Problems 0.7
2(4) + (4)2 8 0
8 + 16 8 0
0=0
Thus, 2 and 4 satisfy the equation.
1. 9 x x = 0
Set x = 1:
9(1) (1) 2 0
9 1 0
80
Set x = 0:
5. x(6 + x) 2(x + 1) 5x = 4
Set x = 2:
(2)(6 2) 2(2 + 1) 5(2) 4
2(4) 2(1) + 10 4
8 + 2 + 10 4
4=4
Set x = 0:
0(6) 2(1) 5(0) 4
2 4
Thus, 2 satisfies the equation, but 0 does not.
9(0) (0)2 0
000
0=0
Thus, 0 satisfies the equation, but 1 does not.
2. 12 7 x = x 2 ; 4, 3
Set x = 4:
12 7(4) (4) 2
12 28 16
16 = 16
Set x = 3:
6. x( x + 1)2 ( x + 2) = 0
Set x = 0:
0(1) 2 (2) 0
0=0
Set x = 1:
12 7(3) (3)2
12 21 9
9 = 9
Thus, 4 and 3 satisfy the equation.
3. z + 3( z 4) = 5;
(1)(0)2 (1) 0
0=0
Set x = 2:
2(3)2 (4) 0
72 0
Thus, 0 and 1 satisfy the equation, but 2 does
not.
17
,4
4
17
:
4
17
17
+ 3 4 5
4
4
17 51
+ 12 5
4 4
5=5
Set z = 4:
4 + 3(4 4) 5
4+05
45
17
satisfies the equation, but 4 does not.
Thus,
4
Set z =
4. 2 x + x 2 8 = 0
Set x = 2:
2 2 + 22 8 0
4+480
0=0
15
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
2x 3
; equivalence
2x
not guaranteed
16. Adding 9 x to both sides and then dividing
both sides by 2; equivalence guaranteed
27. 5( p 7) 2(3 p 4) = 3 p
5 p 35 6 p + 8 = 3 p
p 27 = 3 p
27 = 4 p
27
p=
4
17. 4x = 10
10 5
x=
=
4 2
18. 0.2x = 7
7
x=
= 35
0.2
19. 3y = 0
0
y= =0
3
20. 2x 4x = 5
2x = 5
5 5
x=
=
2 2
29.
21. 8 x = 12 20
8 x = 8
8
x=
=1
8
22. 4 7 x = 3
7 x = 1
1 1
=
x=
7 7
30.
23. 5x 3 = 9
5x = 12
12
x=
5
24.
x
= 2x 6
5
x = 5(2x 6)
x = 10x 30
30 = 9x
30 10
x=
=
9
3
5y 6
= 2 4y
7 7
5y 6 = 14 28y
33y = 20
20
y=
33
4x x
=
9 2
Multiplying both sides by 9 2 gives
9 2 7 + 2(4x) = 9(x)
126 + 8x = 9x
x = 126
31. 7 +
2x + 3 = 8
2x = 5
5 5 2
x=
or
2
2
32.
25. 7x + 7 = 2(x + 1)
7x + 7 = 2x + 2
5x + 7 = 2
5x = 5
5
x=
= 1
5
x
x
4 =
3
5
5x 60 = 3x
2x = 60
x = 30
16
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 0.7
w w w
+
= 120
2 6 24
Multiplying both sides by 24 gives
24 w 12 w + 4 w w = 2880
15w = 2880
2880
= 192
w=
15
4
r 5
3
Multiplying both sides by 3 gives
3r = 4r 15
r = 15
r = 15
39. w
33. r =
34.
3x 5 x
+
=9
5
3
9 x + 25 x = 135
34 x = 135
135
x=
34
40.
x
1
5 = + 5x
5
5
Multiplying both sides by 5 gives
15x + x 25 = 1 + 25x
16x 25 = 1 + 25x
9x = 26
26
x=
9
35. 3x +
41.
y y y y
+ =
2 3 4 5
60y 30y + 20y 15y = 12y
35y = 12y
23y = 0
y=0
36. y
37.
38.
42.
2y 3 6y + 7
=
4
3
Multiplying both sides by 12 gives
3(2y 3) = 4(6y + 7)
6y 9 = 24y + 28
18y = 37
37
y=
18
43.
t 5
7
+ t = (t 1)
4 3
2
Multiplying both sides by 12 gives
3t + 20t = 42(t 1)
23t = 42t 42
42 = 19t
42
t=
19
44.
7 + 2( x + 1) 6 x
=
3
5
35 + 10(x + 1) = 18x
35 + 10x + 10 = 18x
45 = 8x
45
x=
8
x+2 2 x
= x2
3
6
Multiplying both sides by 6 gives
2(x + 2) (2 x) = 6(x 2)
2x + 4 2 + x = 6x 12
3x + 2 = 6x 12
2 = 3x 12
14 = 3x
14
x=
3
x 2( x 4)
+
=7
5
10
2x + 2(x 4) = 70
2x + 2x 8 = 70
4x = 78
78 39
x=
=
4
2
9
3
(3 x) = ( x 3)
5
4
Multiplying both sides by 20 gives
36(3 x) = 15(x 3)
108 36x = 15x 45
153 = 51x
x=3
2 y 7 8y 9 3y 5
+
=
3
14
21
14(2y 7) + 3(8y 9) = 2(3y 5)
28y 98 + 24y 27 = 6y 10
46y = 115
115 5
=
y=
46 2
17
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
45.
46.
4
(5 x 2) = 7[ x (5 x 2)]
3
4(5 x 2) = 21( x 5 x + 2)
20 x 8 = 84 x + 42
104 x = 50
50 25
x=
=
104 52
52.
53.
47.
48.
54.
5
= 25
x
Multiplying both sides by x gives
5 = 25x
5
x=
25
1
x=
5
55.
4
=2
x 1
4 = 2(x 1)
4 = 2x 2
6 = 2x
x=3
56.
57.
3x 5
=0
x 3
3x 5 = 0
3x = 5
5
x=
3
58.
3
7
=
51.
5 2x 2
3(2) = 7(5 2 x )
6 = 35 14 x
14 x = 29
29
x=
14
x+3 2
=
x
5
5(x + 3) = 2x
5x + 15 = 2x
3x = 15
x = 5
q
1
=
5q 4 3
3q = 5q 4
2q = 4
q=2
4p
=1
7 p
4p = 7 p
5p = 7
7
p=
5
1
2
=
p 1 p 2
p 2 = 2(p 1)
p 2 = 2p 2
p=0
2x 3
=6
4x 5
2x 3 = 24x 30
27 = 22x
27
x=
22
1 1 3
+ =
x 7 7
1 3 1
=
x 7 7
1 2
=
x 7
7
x=
2
2
3
=
x 1 x 2
2( x 2) = 3( x 1)
2 x 4 = 3x 3
x = 1
x = 1
18
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
59.
Section 0.7
3x 2 3x 1
=
2x + 3 2x +1
(3x 2)(2x + 1) = (3x 1)(2x + 3)
64.
6 x2 x 2 = 6 x2 + 7 x 3
1 = 8x
1
x=
8
60.
2 x 2 + 5 x 2 3(2 x 2 + 7 x 3) = 4( x 2 5 x + 6)
4 x 2 16 x + 7 = 4 x 2 20 x + 24
4x = 17
17
x=
4
x + 2 x +1
+
=0
x 1 3 x
(x + 2)(3 x) + (x + 1)(x 1) = 0
65.
3x x 2 + 6 2 x + x 2 1 = 0
x+5=0
x = 5
61.
y6 6 y+6
=
y
y y6
66.
( y 6)2 6( y 6) = y ( y + 6)
y 2 12 y + 36 6 y + 36 = y 2 + 6 y
y2 y2
=
y+2 y+3
x+5 = 4
y + y6 = y 4
y=2
63.
x
x
3x 4
=
x + 3 x 3 x2 9
x(x 3) x(x + 3) = 3x 4
67.
(y 2)(y + 3) = (y 2)(y + 2)
2
9
3x
=
x 3 x 3
9 = 3x
x=3
But the given equation is not defined for x = 3,
so there is no solution. The solution set is .
x 2 3x x 2 3x = 3x 4
6x = 3x 4
9x = 4
4
x=
9
y 2 18 y + 72 = y 2 + 6 y
72 = 24y
y=3
62.
1
3
4
=
x 3 x 2 1 2x
(x 2)(1 2x) 3(x 3)(1 2x)
= 4(x 3)(x 2)
x+5
= 42
x + 5 = 16
x = 11
5
7
11
=
+
2 x 3 3 2 x 3x + 5
Multiplying both sides by (2x 3)(3x + 5) gives
5(3 x + 5) = 7(3 x + 5) + 11(2 x 3)
15 x 25 = 21x 35 + 22 x 33
15 x 25 = x 68
16 x = 43
43
x=
16
z2 =3
68.
z2
= 32
z2=9
z = 11
3x 4 8 = 0
3x 4 = 8
69.
3x 4
3x 4 = 64
3x = 68
68
x=
3
19
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
= (8)2
70. 4 3x + 1 = 0
4 = 3x + 1
2
4 =
3x + 1
y 2 9 = (9 y ) 2
16 = 3 x + 1
15 = 3 x
x=5
y 2 9 = 81 18 y + y 2
18y = 90
90
=5
y=
18
x
2
+1 =
2
3
71.
x
2
+ 1 =
3
2
x
4
+1 =
2
9
x
5
=
2
9
10
5
x = 2 =
9
9
y + 2 = 3 y
(6 y )
) ( )
x
78.
4 + 3x
= 72
x x +1 = 1
2
x +1 +1
x = x +1+ 2 x +1 +1
2 = 2 x + 1
1 = x + 1 , which is impossible because
a 0 for all a. Thus there is no solution.
The solution set is .
) =(
2
2x + 5
79.
z2 + 2z = 3 + z
2
z 2 + 2 z = (3 + z )2
4 + 3x = 2 x + 5
x =1
75.
( x) = (
4 + 3x = 2 x + 5
x = x +1 +1
4x 6 = x
3x = 6
x=2
74.
36y = 49
49
y=
36
4x 6 = x
=
) = (3 y )
6 y =7
[( x + 6)1/ 2 ]2 = 7 2
x + 6 = 49
x = 43
y+2
y+2 = 96 y + y
72. ( x + 6)1/ 2 = 7
4x 6
y + y+2 =3
77.
73.
y2 9 = 9 y
76.
z2 + 2z = 9 + 6z + z2
9 = 4z
9
z=
4
( x 5)3 / 4 = 27
[( x 5)3 / 4 ]4 / 3 = 27 4 / 3
x 5 = 81
x = 86
20
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
80.
Section 0.7
1
2
=0
w
5w 2
1
2
=
w
5w 2
R=
w
5w 2
1
2
=
w 5w 2
5w 2 = 2w
3w = 2
2
w=
3
82. P 1 +
R = 0
100
p
P 1 +
=R
100
1 (1 + i ) n
R[(1 + i )n 1]
i
88. S =
Si = R[(1 + i ) n 1]
Si
R=
(1 + i ) n 1
d
1 dt
r(1 dt) = d
r rdt = d
rdt = r + d
d r r d
t=
=
rd
rd
89. r =
81. I = Prt
I
r=
Pt
P=
R[1 (1 + i ) n ]
i
Ai
87. A =
90.
R
p
1 + 100
83. p = 8q 1
p + 1 = 8q
p +1
q=
8
x a x b
=
bx ax
Multiplying both sides by (b x)(a x) gives
(x a)(a x) = (x b)(b x)
(x a)(a x)(1) = (x b)(b x)(1)
(x a)(x a) = (x b)(x b)
x 2 2ax + a 2 = x 2 2bx + b 2
a 2 b 2 = 2ax 2bx
(a + b)(a b) = 2x(a b)
a + b = 2x (for a b)
a+b
=x
2
84. p = 3q + 6
p 6 = 3q
p6 6 p
q=
=
3
3
91. r =
2mI
B (n + 1)
2mI
B
2mI
n +1 =
rB
2mI
1
n=
rB
r (n + 1) =
2mI
B (n + 1)
r[ B (n + 1)]
=I
2m
rB (n + 1)
I=
2m
86. r =
21
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
92.
1 1 1
+ =
p q f
98.
1 1 1
=
q f p
1 p f
=
q
pf
q=
pf
p f
93. P = 2l + 2 w
660 = 2l + 2(160)
660 = 2l + 320
340 = 2l
340
l=
= 170
2
The length of the rectangle is 170 m.
94.
vf
334.8
v(2500)
495 =
334.8
165, 726 = 2500v
165, 726
= 66.2904
v=
2500
Since the car is traveling at 66.2904 mi/h on a
65 mi/h highway, the officer can claim that you
were speeding.
F=
V = r 2 h
355 = (2) 2 h
355 = 4h
355
h=
4
The height of the can is
355
28.25 centimeters.
4
1.4 x
1 + 0.09 x
With y = 10 the equation is
1.4 x
10 =
1 + 0.09 x
10(1 + 0.09x) = 1.4x
10 + 0.9x = 1.4x
10 = 0.5x
x = 20
The prey density should be 20.
101. y =
97. V = C 1
N
n
2000 = 3200 1
8
2000 = 3200 400n
400n = 1200
n=3
The furniture will have a value of $2000
after 3 years.
22
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 0.8
d
r c
t(r c) = d
tr tc = d
tr d = tc
tr d
d
c=
=r
t
t
109.
103. t =
110.
Problems 0.8
1. x 2 4 x + 4 = 0
( x 2)2 = 0
x2=0
x=2
x 2 + 10, 000 = x 2 + 2 x + 1
10, 000 = 2 x + 1
9999 = 2 x
9999
x=
= 4999.5
2
The distance from the top of the tower to the
house is x + 1 = 4999.5 + 1 = 5000.5 meters.
45 = 24d
24d
2025 = 24d
2025 675
3
=
= 84 84 ft
d=
24
8
8
or t + 2 = 0
or t = 2
t 2 8t + 15 = 0
(t 3)(t 5) = 0
t3=0
t=3
or t 5 = 0
or t = 5
4. (x 2)(x + 5) = 0
x2=0
x=2
or x + 5 = 0
or x = 5
5. x 2 2 x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x3=0
x=3
or x + 1 = 0
or x = 1
6. (x 4)(x + 4) = 0
x4=0
x=4
or x + 4 = 0
or x = 4
7. u 2 13u = 36
u 2 13u + 36 = 0
(u 4)(u 9) = 0
u4=0
u=4
2. (t + 1)(t + 2) = 0
t+1=0
t = 1
3.
105. s = 30 fd
Set s = 45 and (for dry concrete) f = 0.8.
45 = 30(0.8)d
(45) =
14
is a root.
61
111. 0 is a root.
1
is a root.
2
8. 3( w2 4 w + 4) = 0
3( w 2)2 = 0
w2=0
w=2
1
1
are roots.
and
8
14
23
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
or u 9 = 0
or u = 9
9. x 2 4 = 0
(x 2)(x + 2) = 0
x2=0
x=2
17. x 2 + 3 x + 10 = 0
or x + 2 = 0
or x = 2
10. 3u (u 2) = 0
u=0
u=0
or u 2 = 0
or u = 2
11. t 2 5t = 0
t (t 5) = 0
t=0
t=0
or t 5 = 0
or t = 5
12. x 2 + 9 x + 14 = 0
(x + 7)(x + 2) = 0
x+7=0
x = 7
18.
x 2 3x 10 = 0
(x 5)(x + 2) = 0
x5=0
x=5
or x + 2 = 0
or x = 2
1 2 3
y y=0
7
7
1
y ( y 3) = 0
7
y=0
y=0
or y 3 = 0
or y = 3
19. 2 p 2 = 3 p
2 p2 3 p = 0
p(2p 3) = 0
p=0
or x + 2 = 0
or x = 2
13. 4 x + 1 = 4 x
p=0
4x 4x + 1 = 0
(2 x 1)2 = 0
2x 1 = 0
1
x=
2
20. r 2 + r 12 = 0
(r 3)(r + 4) = 0
r3=0
r=3
15. v(3v 5) = 2
3v 2 5v = 2
23.
16.
or r + 4 = 0
or r = 4
14. 2 z 2 + 9 z 5 = 0
(2z 1)(z + 5) = 0
2z 1 = 0
or z + 5 = 0
1
or z = 5
z=
2
3v 5v + 2 = 0
(3v 2)(v 1) = 0
3v 2 = 0
2
v=
3
or 2p 3 = 0
3
or p =
2
t 3 49t = 0
t (t 2 49) = 0
t (t + 7)(t 7) = 0
t = 0 or t + 7 = 0
or t 7 = 0
t = 0 or
t = 7 or
t=7
or v 1 = 0
or v = 1
24. x( x 2 4 x 5) = 0
x(x 5)(x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 5
or x = 1
6 x 2 + x + 2 = 0
6 x2 x 2 = 0
(2 x + 1)(3x 2) = 0
2x + 1 = 0
or 3x 2 = 0
1
2
x=
or
x=
2
3
25. 6 x3 + 5 x 2 4 x = 0
x(6 x 2 + 5 x 4) = 0
x(2x 1)(3x + 4) = 0
24
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 0.8
x = 0 or 2x 1 = 0 or 3x + 4 = 0
4
1
x = 0 or x =
or x =
3
2
32. x 2 2 x 15 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 15
26. x 2 + 2 x + 1 5 x + 1 = 0
x2 3x + 2 = 0
(x 1)(x 2) = 0
x1=0
x=1
27.
or x 2 = 0
or x = 2
( x 3)( x 2 4) = 0
( x 3)( x 2)( x + 2) = 0
x 3 = 0 or
x2=0
x=3
or
x=2
(2) 4 4(1)(15)
2(1)
2 64
2
28
=
2
2+8
x=
=5
2
=
or
or
x+2=0
x = 2
x 8 = 0
x=8
29. p( p 3) 2 4( p 3)3 = 0
=
( p 3) 2 [ p 4( p 3)] = 0
( p 3) 2 (12 3 p ) = 0
)( x 2 ) = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
5 25 4(1)(0)
=
2(1)
5 25
=
2
55
=
2
5+5
q=
=5
or
2
q=
31. x 2 + 2 x 24 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 24
b b 2 4ac
2a
34. q 2 5q = 0
a = 1, b = 5, c = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x 1 = 0
or x + 2 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
or x = 2 or x = 2
x=
28
= 3
2
12 0
8
12 0
=
8
3
=
2
3( p 3) (4 p) = 0
p3=0
or 4 p = 0
p=3
or p = 4
x=
( x + 1)( x 1) x + 2
or
33. 4 x 2 12 x + 9 = 0
a = 4, b = 12, c = 9
x=
30. ( x 2 1)( x 2 2) = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 4 4(1)(24)
2(1)
2 100
2
2 10
=
2
2 + 10
2 10
= 4 or x =
= 6
x=
2
2
=
25
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
q=
55
=0
2
35. p 2 2 p 7 = 0
39. 4 x 2 + 5 x 2 = 0
a = 4, b = 5, c = 2
a = 1, b = 2, c = 7
b b 2 4ac
2a
5 25 4(4)(2)
=
2(4)
5 57
=
8
5 + 57
5 57
x=
or x =
8
8
b b 2 4ac
p=
2a
x=
p = 1+ 2 2
or
p = 1 2 2
40. w2 2w + 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
36. 2 2 x + x 2 = 0
x2 2 x + 2 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 2
(2) 4 4(1)(2)
x=
2(1)
w=
2 4
2
no real roots
=
37. 4 2n + n 2 = 0
n 2 2n + 4 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 4
n=
0.02 w2 0.3w 20 = 0
a = 0.02, b = 0.3, c = 20
b b 2 4ac
2a
w=
(2) 4 4(1)(4)
2(1)
2 12
2
no real roots
=
0.3 1.69
0.04
0.3 1.3
=
0.04
0.3 + 1.3
w=
=
0.04
0.3 1.3
w=
=
0.04
2x2 + x 5 = 0
a = 2, b = 1, c = 5
b b 2 4ac
2a
38. 2 x 2 + x = 5
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
b b 2 4ac
2a
1 1 4(2)(5)
2(2)
1 41
4
1 + 41
x=
4
or
x=
1 41
4
26
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1.6
= 40 or
0.04
1.0
= 25
0.04
Section 0.8
44. 2 x 2 6 x + 5 = 0
a = 2, b = 6, c = 5
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
0.2 0.064
0.02
0.2 (0.0064)(10)
0.02
0.2 0.08 10
0.02
x = 10 + 4 10 or x = 10 4 10
45. ( x 2 )2 5( x 2 ) + 6 = 0
43. 2 x 2 + 4 x = 5
Let w = x 2 . Then
2x2 + 4 x 5 = 0
a = 2, b = 4, c = 5
w2 5 w + 6 = 0
(w 3)(w 2) = 0
w = 3, 2
b b 2 4ac
2a
Thus x 2 = 3 or x 2 = 2, so x = 3, 2 .
4 16 4(2)(5)
=
2(2)
4 56
4
4 2 14
=
4
2 14
=
2
2 + 14
x=
2
(6) 36 4(2)(5)
2(2)
6 76
4
6 2 19
=
4
3 19
=
2
3 + 19
3 19
x=
or x =
2
2
= 10 4 10
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
46. ( X 2 ) 2 3( X ) 2 10 = 0
Let w = X 2 . Then
w2 3w 10 = 0
( w 5)( w + 2) = 0
w = 5, 2
x=
are X = 5.
2 14
2
1
1
47. 3 7 + 2 = 0
x
x
1
Let w = . Then
x
3w2 7 w + 2 = 0
(3w 1)( w 2) = 0
1
w= , 2
3
1
Thus, x = 3, .
2
27
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
48. ( x 1 )2 + x 1 12 = 0
1
1
53.
12
+ 35 = 0
x2
x2
1
Let w =
, then
x2
Let w = x 1. Then
w2 + w 12 = 0
(w + 4)(w 3) = 0
w = 4, 3
1 1
Thus, x = , .
4 3
w2 12w + 35 = 0
(w 7)(w 5) = 0
w = 7, 5
1
1
= 7 or
= 5.
Thus,
x2
x2
15 11
x= , .
7 5
49. ( x 2 )2 9( x 2 ) + 20 = 0
Let w = x 2 . Then
w2 9 w + 20 = 0
(w 5)(w 4) = 0
w = 5, 4
1
1
1
1
= 5 or
= 4, so x 2 = or x 2 = .
Thus,
2
2
5
4
x
x
5
1
x=
, .
5
2
1
1
54. 2
+ 7
+3= 0
x+4
x+4
1
Let w =
. Then
x+4
2 w2 + 7 w + 3 = 0
(2w + 1)(w + 3) = 0
1
w = , 3
2
1
1
1
= or
= 3 .
Thus,
x+4
2
x+4
13
x = 6,
3
1
1
50. 9 + 8 = 0
2
x
x2
1
Let w =
. Then
x2
w2 9 w + 8 = 0
(w 8)(w 1) = 0
w = 8, 1
1
1
1
= 8 or
= 1, so x 2 = or x 2 = 1.
Thus,
2
2
8
x
x
2
x=
, 1.
4
55. x 2 =
x+3
2
2 x2 = x + 3
2x2 x 3 = 0
(2x 3)(x + 1) = 0
3
Thus, x = , 1.
2
51. ( X 5)2 + 7( X 5) + 10 = 0
Let w = X 5. Then
w2 + 7 w + 10 = 0
( w + 2)( w + 5) = 0
w = 2, 5
Thus, X 5 = 2 or X 5 = 5, so X = 3, 0.
56.
x 7 5
=
2 x 2
Multiplying both sides by the LCD, 2x, gives
x 2 = 14 5 x
x 2 + 5 x 14 = 0
(x 2)(x + 7) = 0
Thus, x = 2, 7.
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
57.
58.
Section 0.8
3
x 3
+
=2
x4
x
Multiplying both sides by the LCD, x(x 4),
gives
3x + (x 3)(x 4) = 2x(x 4)
61.
3x + x 2 7 x + 12 = 2 x 2 8 x
2r + 8 (r 2 r 2) = 0
x 2 4 x + 12 = 2 x 2 8 x
r 2 + 3r + 10 = 0
0 = x 2 4 x 12
0 = (x 6)(x + 2)
Thus, x = 6, 2.
r 2 3r 10 = 0
(r 5)(r + 2) = 0
Thus, r = 5, 2.
2
6
=5
2x +1 x 1
Multiplying both sides by the LCD,
(2x + 1)(x 1), gives
2( x 1) 6(2 x + 1) = 5(2 x + 1)( x 1)
62.
2x 3
2x
+
=1
2 x + 5 3x + 1
Multiplying both sides by the LCD,
(2x + 5)(3x + 1), gives
(2x 3)(3x + 1) + 2x(2x + 5) = (2x + 5)(3x + 1)
10 x 8 = 10 x 2 5 x 5
6 x 2 7 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 10 x = 6 x 2 + 17 x + 5
0 = 10 x 2 + 5 x + 3
a = 10, b = 5, c = 3
10 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 6 x 2 + 17 x + 5
4 x 2 14 x 8 = 0
59.
2
r +1
=0
r2 r+4
Multiplying both sides by the LCD,
(r 2)(r + 4), gives
2(r + 4) (r 2)(r + 1) = 0
2x2 7 x 4 = 0
(2x + 1)(x 4) = 0
1
Thus, x = , 4.
2
3x + 2 2 x + 1
=1
x +1
2x
Multiplying both sides by the LCD, 2x(x + 1),
gives
2 x(3 x + 2) (2 x + 1)( x + 1) = 2 x( x + 1)
63.
6 x 2 + 4 x (2 x 2 + 3x + 1) = 2 x 2 + 2 x
4 x2 + x 1 = 2 x2 + 2 x
2 x2 x 1 = 0
(2 x + 1)( x 1) = 0
t +1 t + 3
t +5
+
=
t + 2 t + 4 t 2 + 6t + 8
Multiplying both sides by the LCD,
(t + 2)(t + 4), gives
(t + 1)(t + 4) + (t + 3)(t + 2) = t + 5
t 2 + 5t + 4 + t 2 + 5t + 6 = t + 5
2t 2 + 10t + 10 = t + 5
1
Thus, x = , 1.
2
2t 2 + 9t + 5 = 0
a = 2, b = 9, c = 5
b b 2 4ac
2a
9 81 4(2)(5)
=
2(2)
9 41
=
4
9 + 41 9 41
Thus t =
,
.
4
4
6( w + 1)
w
60.
+
=3
2w
w 1
Multiplying both sides by the LCD,
(2 w)(w 1), gives
6(w + 1)(w 1) + w(2 w) = 3(2 w)(w 1)
t=
6( w2 1) + 2 w w2 = 3( w2 + 3w 2)
5w2 + 2 w 6 = 3w2 + 9 w 6
8 w2 7 w = 0
w(8w 7) = 0
7
Thus, w = 0, .
8
29
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
64.
2
3
4
+ =
x +1 x x + 2
Multiplying both sides by the LCD,
x(x + 1)(x + 2), gives
2 x( x + 2) + 3( x + 1)( x + 2) = 4 x( x + 1)
68.
x2 + 9 x + 6 = 0
a = 1, b = 9, c = 6
70.
( x)
w=
+2
( x)5 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 4 4(1)(5)
2(1)
2 24
=
2
2 2 6
=
2
= 1 6
w=
2 x 2 x ( x + 1) = 2( x + 1)( x 1)
2 x2 x2 x = 2 x2 2
x2 x = 2 x2 2
0 = x2 + x 2
0 = (x + 2)(x 1)
x = 2 or x = 1
But x = 1 does not check. The solution is 2.
x = 1 + 6
3 1 x
.
=
x
x
Multiplying both sides by x gives
5x 3 = 1 x
6x = 4
2
x=
3
Let w = x , then w2 + 2 w 5 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
q 2 12q + 32 = 0
(q 4)(q 8) = 0
Thus, q = 4, 8.
2x 3
q 2 + 4q + 4 = 16q 28
1
2
=
2
x 1 x( x 1) x 2
Multiplying both sides by the LCD,
= ( x 6)2
9 92 4(1)(6)
=
2(1)
9 57
=
2
9 + 57 9 57
Thus, x =
,
.
2
2
67.
69. (q + 2) 2 = 2 4q 7
b b 2 4ac
2a
0 = x 2 21x
0 = x(x 21)
x = 0 or x = 21
Only x = 21 checks.
5 x 2 + 13 x + 6 = 4 x 2 + 4 x
65.
x+4
9 x + 36 = x 2 12 x + 36
2 x2 + 4 x + 3x2 + 9 x + 6 = 4 x2 + 4 x
x=
(3
= 7 2 6.
z + 3 = 3z + 1
71.
z +3
) =(
2
3z + 1
z + 3 = 3z + 2 3z + 1
2 z + 2 = 2 3 z
z + 1 = 3z
= ( x 3)2
( z + 1) 2 =
2 x 3 = x2 6 x + 9
3z
z 2 2 z + 1 = 3z
z 2 5z + 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 5, c = 1
0 = x 8 x + 12
0 = (x 6)(x 2)
x = 6 or x = 2
Only x = 6 checks.
30
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
z=
Section 0.8
b b 2 4ac
2a
75.
x 2
) =(
2x 8
x+3
76.
= ( x 12)2
t +2
2x +1
t=
= x2
0 = x2 4x
0 = x(x 4)
Thus, x = 0, 4.
y2 +2
) =(
2
= (3t 1)2
2y + 3
b b 2 4ac
2a
4 y 2 = y +1
y2
77. x =
y 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 = 2y + 3
(4
3t + 1
4x = x 2
74.
2 x=x
2
0 = 9t 2 7t + 1
a = 9, b = 7, c = 1
x + 2 x + 1 = 2x + 1
(2 x )
t = 9t 2 6t + 1
x +1 = 2x +1
) =(
( t)
0 = x 2 40 x + 144
0 = (x 4)(x 36)
x = 4 or x = 36
Only x = 4 checks.
x +1
= (4 x 2) 2
t + 2 = 3t + 1
t = 3t 1
16 x = x 24 x + 144
1
or x = 1
16
Only x = 1 checks.
73.
x=
x 4 x + 4 = 2x 8
( 4 x )
0 = 16 x 2 17 x + 1
0 = (16 x 1)( x 1)
4 x = x 12
2
x + 3 = 16 x 2 16 x + 4
x 2 = 2x 8
2
) = (3 x )
x + 3 +1
x + 3 + 2 x + 3 + 1 = 9x
2 x + 3 = 8x 4
x + 3 = 4x 2
72.
78. x =
= ( y + 1) 2
16 y 32 = y 2 + 2 y + 1
0 = y 2 14 y + 33
0 = (y 11)(y 3)
Thus, y = 11, 3.
31
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83.
l 2 2l 48 = 0
(l 8)(l + 6) = 0
l8=0
or l + 6 = 0
l=8
or l = 6
Since length cannot be negative, l = 8. The width
of the picture is l 2 = 8 2 = 6 inches.
The dimensions of the picture are 6 inches by
8 inches.
24 A = A2 + 13 A + 12
0 = A2 11A + 12
From the quadratic formula,
11 121 48 11 73
A=
=
.
2
2
11 + 73
11 73
A=
1.
10 or A =
2
2
The doses are the same at 1 year and 10 years.
A +1
= 1, which
c = d in Cowlings rule when
24
occurs when A = 23. Thus, adulthood is achieved
at age 23 according to Cowlings rule.
A
c = d in Youngs rule when
= 1, which is
A + 12
never true. Thus, adulthood is never reached
according to Youngs rule.
81. M =
A
A +1
d=
d.
24
A + 12
Dividing both sides by d and then multiplying
both sides by 24(A + 12) gives
24A = (A + 12)(A + 1)
Q(Q + 10)
44
44 M = Q 2 + 10Q
0 = Q 2 + 10Q 44 M
From the quadratic formula with a = 1, b = 10,
c = 44 M ,
Q=
=
25
10 100 4(1)(44M )
2(1)
84. a.
10 + 2 25 + 44M
2
= 5 25 + 44M
v=
2n 4n 2 8n + 4
2(2n 1)
2
2n 2 n 2 2n + 1 n (n 1)
=
2(2n 1)
2n 1
Because of the condition that n 1, it
follows that n 1 is nonnegative. Thus,
v=
200 P 2 200 P + 40 = 0
5P 2 5P + 1 = 0
From the quadratic formula with a = 5, b = 5,
c = 1,
5 25 4(5)(1) 5 5
P=
=
2(5)
10
P 0.28 or P 0.72
28% and 72% of yeast gave an average weight
gain of 60 grams.
n (n 1)
.
2n 1
v = 1 or v =
32
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
.
2n 1
nv 2 (2n + 1)v + 1 = 0
From the quadratic formula with a = n,
b = (2n + 1), and c = 1,
b.
v=
v=
2n + 1 4n 2 + 1
2n
8 x 2 18 x + 9 = 0
(2x 3)(4x 3) = 0
Thus, 2x 3 = 0 or 4x 3 = 0.
3
3
So x = = 1.5 or x = = 0.75.
2
4
85. a.
z
9 2
z 6.3 = (1.1 7 z )
2
3
9 2
1.1
7
z 6.3 =
z z2
2
3
3
9 7 2 1.1
z 6.3 = 0
+ z
3
2 3
Roots: 0.987, 0.934
2n + 1 4n 2 + 1
.
2n
2t 2 + (8 4.1)t + 19 = 0
Roots: 1.999, 0.963
1.
9.8
t 5.4 s or t 2.6 s.
t=
3.
2 x 3 x 27 = 0
(2x 9)(x + 3) = 0
Thus, 2x 9 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
9
So x = = 4.5 or x = 3.
2
34
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 1
Problems 1.1
w
2w
2w2 = 800
w2 = 400
w = 20 ft
Thus the length is 40 ft, so the amount of fencing
needed is 2(40) + 2(20) = 120 ft.
2 2w
w
1 2w w
2w
w
2w
8 24w + 16 w2 = 3
16w2 24w + 5 = 0
(4w 1)(4w 5) = 0
1 5
5
Hence w = , . But w = is impossible since
4 4
4
one dimension of original forest is 1 mi. Thus
1
the width of the strip should be
mi.
4
A and 5 16 = 80 ounces of B.
9
9
4 2w w
w
w
Thus
(8 2w)(4 2w) = 12
32 24w + 4 w2 = 12
4w2 24 w + 20 = 0
w2 6 w + 5 = 0
(w 1)(w 5) = 0
35
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1, 000, 000(1 + r ) 2 .
So at the end of the third year, the accumulated
50 q = q + 600
2500q = q 2 + 1200q + 360, 000
0 = q 2 1300q + 360, 000
0 = (q 400)(q 900)
q = 400 or q = 900
36
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Section 1.1
23. Let v = total annual vision-care expenses (in
dollars) covered by program. Then
35 + 0.80(v 35) = 100
0.80v + 7 = 100
0.80v = 93
v = $116.25
24. a.
0.031c
b. c 0.031c = 600,000,000
0.969c = 600,000,000
c 619,195, 046
Approximately 619,195,046 bars will have
to be made.
1600 = 80q q 2
q 2 80q + 1600 = 0
(q 40)2 = 0
q = 40 units
120
80
80 + w
w
120 + w
37
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Thus
(120 + w)(80 + w) = 2(80)(120)
w2 + 200 w 9600 = 0
(w + 240)(w 40) = 0
w = 240 or w = 40
We choose w = 40 ft.
1+ p
1.2
1.32 = 1 + p
p = 0.32 = 32%
1.1 =
n 5n + 6 = 0
(n 2)(n 3) = 0
n = 2, 3
Thus the rent should be either
$400 + 2($20) = $440 or $400 + 3($20) = $460.
2 p 2 3 p = 20 p 2
34.
2
3 p 3 p 20 = 0
a = 3, b = 3, c = 20
p=
b b 2 4ac
2a
38
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 1.1
300 2w
w
AREA
x 2 15 x + 14 = 0
(x 1)(x 14) = 0
x = 1 or 14
Because of the length and width of the original
bar, we reject x = 14 and choose x = 1. The new
bar has length 10 x = 10 1 = 9 cm and width
is 5 x = 5 1 = 4 cm.
PLANT
150
Thus
w(300 2w) = 11,200
2w(150 w) = 11,200
w(150 w) = 5600
0 = w2 150w + 5600
0 = (w 80)(w 70)
Hence w = 80, 70. If w = 70, then length is
300 2w = 300 2(70) = 160. Since the
building has length of only 150 ft, we reject w =
70. If
w = 80, then length is
300 2w = 300 2(80) = 140. Thus the
dimensions are 80 ft by 140 ft.
s6
s6
39
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
32 1024 + 272 32 36
=
0.04
0.04
32 + 36
= 100. Thus the
0.04
number of machines that must be sold is
600 + 100 = 700.
We choose n =
costs
= 7200
n 30 +
n + 20
1500 1000
=
+2
q + 25
q
1500q = 1000(q + 25) + 2(q)(q + 25)
0 = 2q 2 450q + 25, 000
0 = q 2 225q + 12,500
0 = (q 100)(q 125)
q = 100 or q = 125
If q = 100, then q + 25 = 125; if q = 125,
q + 25 = 150. Thus the company produces either
125 units of A and 100 units of B, or 150 units of
A and 125 units of B.
n + 20n 4800 = 0
(n + 80)(n 60) = 0
n = 60 acres (since n > 0), so 60 acres were sold.
2. Since x1 0, x2 0, x3 0, and x4 0, we
have the inequalities
150 x4 0
3x4 210 0
x4 + 60 0
x4 0
Problems 1.2
1. 3x > 12
12
x>
3
x>4
(4, )
1500
. Therefore,
q + 25
2. 4x < 2
2
x<
4
1
x<
2
40
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 1.2
8. 4s 1 < 5
4s < 4
s < 1
(, 1)
, 2
1
2
3. 5 x 11 9
5 x 20
x4
(, 4]
9. 3 < 2y + 3
0 < 2y
0<y
y>0
(0, )
4. 5 x 0
0
x
5
x0
(, 0]
10.
5. 4x 2
2
x
4
1
x
2
1
, 2
4 3 2y
1 2 y
1
y
2
1
y
2
1
, 2
1
2
11. x + 5 3 + 2 x
x 2
x2
[2, )
1
2
6. 2y + 1 > 0
2y > 1
1
y>
2
1
2 ,
12. 3 8(2 x)
3 16 8x
8x 19
19
x
8
19
8 ,
1
2
19
8
7. 5 7s > 3
7s > 2
2
s<
7
2
, 7
7 ,
2
7
2
7
41
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
2
x>6
3
x > 9
x < 9
(, 9)
20.
21.
16. 4 ( x + 3) 3(3 x )
1 x 9 3x
2x 8
x4
(, 4]
22.
17. x + 2 < 3 x
2x < 3 2
x<
32
2
23. 3x + 1 3( x 2) + 1
3x + 1 3x + 7
1 7, which is true for all x. The solution is
< x < .
(, )
2 ( x + 2) > 8(3 x)
2 ( x + 2) > 2 2 (3 x)
x + 2 > 2(3 x)
x + 2 > 6 2x
3x > 4
4
x>
3
4
3 ,
24. 0x 0
0 0, which is true for all x. The solution is
< x < .
(, )
25.
4
3
19.
3y 2 1
3
4
12 y 8 3
12 y 11
11
y
12
11
12 ,
11
12
32
2
32
2
18.
9 y +1
2 y 1
4
9y + 1 8y 4
y 5
(, 5]
5
x < 40
6
5x < 240
x < 48
(, 48)
1 t 3t 7
<
2
3
3(1 t ) < 2(3t 7)
3 3t < 6t 14
9t < 17
17
t>
9
17
,
9
17
9
48
42
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
26.
Section 1.2
3(2t 2) 6t 3 t
>
+
2
5
10
15(2t 2) > 2(6t 3) + t
30t 30 > 13t 6
17t > 24
24
t>
7
24
7 ,
31.
2 0.01x
0.2
1.8 0.02x 2 0.01x
0.01x 0.2
x 20
[20, )
24
17
32. 9 0.1x
1
x7
3
6 x + 39 x 21
5 x 60
x 12
(12, )
27. 2 x + 13
20
12
28.
1 5
3x x
3 2
18 x 2 15 x
3x 2
2
x
3
2
,
3
34.
2
3
29.
2
5
r< r
3
6
4r < 5r
0<r
r>0
(0, )
3 y 1 5( y + 1)
<
3
3
3y 1 > 5 y + 5
6 > 2 y
3 > y
y < 3
(, 3)
3
30.
y y
y
+ > y+
2 3
5
15y + 10y > 30y + 6y
25y > 36y
0 > 11y
0>y
y<0
(, 0)
1
x4
2
7
8
t> t
4
3
21t > 32t
53t > 0
t>0
(0, )
0
43
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
44
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 1.3
1800
> 33,333
> 33,333
q
q
0.044
1800
Clearly, the profit is negative if fewer than 33,334 magazines are sold.
0.044q 1800 0
0.044q 1800
q 40,910
Thus, at least 40,910 magazines must be printed in order to avoid a loss.
6. Let q = number of clocks produced during regular work week, so 11,000 q = number produced in overtime.
Then
2q + 3(11,000 q) 25,000
q + 33,000 25,000
8000 q
At least 8000 clocks must be produced during the regular workweek.
3
7. Let x = amount at 6 % and 30,000 x = amount at 5%. Then
4
3
1
interest at 6 % + interest at 5% interest at 6 %
4
2
x(0.0675) + (30,000 x)(0.05) (0.065)(30,000)
0.0175x + 1500 1950
0.0175x 450
x 25,714.29
3
Thus at least $25,714.29 must be invested at 6 %.
4
45
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
2.
4.
4 6
10
=
= 5 = 5
2
2
5.
7
2 = 7 = 7
2
6. |3 5| |5 3| = |2| |2| = 2 2 = 0
7.
8.
9. Because 2 5 < 0 ,
2 5 = 2 5 = 5 2.
10. Because
5 2 > 0,
11. a.
x7 < 3
b.
x2 <3
c.
x7 5
d.
x7 = 4
e.
x+4 < 2
f.
x <3
g.
x >6
h.
x 105 < 3
i.
w 22 0.3
13.
Problems 1.4
1.
1 1
=
2 2
3. 8 2 = 6 = 6
1.
2 1 =
p1 p2 9
13 = 13
46
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
5 2 = 5 2.
14.
Section 1.4
x 2
23. 7 4 x = 5
7 4x = 5
4x = 7 5
4x = 2 or 12
1
x = or x = 3
2
2 x 2
2 x + 2
15.
x =7
x = 7
16.
x = 2
x = 2 or 2
x = 2
17.
18.
19.
20.
24. 5 3 x = 2
5 3 x = 2
3 x = 5 2
3 x = 3 or 7
7
x = 1 or x =
3
x
=7
5
x
= 7
5
x = 35
25.
x <M
M < x < M
(M, M)
Note that M > 0 is required.
5
= 12
x
5
= 12
x
5
x=
12
26.
x < 3
x <3
3 < x < 3
(3, 3)
x 5 = 8
x 5 = 8
x=58
x = 13 or x = 3
27.
x
>2
4
x
x
< 2
or
>2
4
4
x < 8
or x > 8, so the solution is
(, 8) (8, ).
4 + 3x = 6
4 + 3x = 6
3x = 4 6
3x = 10 or 2
10
2
or x =
x=
3
3
28.
x 1
>
3 2
x
1
<
or
3
2
3
x<
or
2
3 3
, 2 2 , .
21. 5 x 2 = 0
5x 2 = 0
2
x=
5
22. 7 x + 3 = x
Here we must have x 0.
7x + 3 = x
or (7x + 3) = x
6x = 3
7x 3 = x
3
1
x= <0
x= <0
8
2
There is no solution.
29.
x 1
>
3 2
3
x > , so the solution is
2
x+9 < 5
5 < x + 9 < 5
14 < x < 4
(14, 4)
47
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
31.
1 1
>
2 2
1
1
<
2
2
x<0
(, 0) (1, )
x
32. 1 3x > 2
1 3x > 2
3x > 1
1
x<
3
36.
1 1
>
2 2
or x > 1
or
or 1 3x < 2
or 3x < 3
or x > 1
39.
40.
3.
6i
i =1
3x 8
4
2
3x 8
4
2
3x 8 8
3x 0
x 0.01 0.005
Problems 1.5
x > h
33. 5 8 x 1
1 5 8x 1
6 8x 4
3
1
x , which may be rewritten as
4
2
1
3
x .
2
4
1 3
The solution is , .
2 4
34.
x7
5
3
x7
5
5
3
15 x 7 15
8 x 22
[8, 22]
3x 8
4
2
or 3x 8 8
or 3x 16
16
x0
or x
3
16
The solution is ( , 0] , .
3
or
4.
p =0
= 0 + 10 + 20 + 30 + 40
= 100
48
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
5.
(10k + 16) = [10(3) + 16] + [10(4) + 16] + [10(5) + 16] + [10(6) + 16] + [10(7) + 16] + [10(8) + 16] + [10(9) + 16]
k =3
6.
Section 1.5
= 46 + 56 + 66 + 76 + 86 + 96 + 106
= 532
11
n =7
= 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19
= 75
7. 36 + 37 + 38 + 39 + " + 60 =
60
i =36
8. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 =
k2
k =1
9. 53 + 54 + 55 + 56 + 57 + 58 = 5i
i=3
16
10. 11 + 15 + 19 + 23 + " + 71 = (7 + 4i )
i =1
2i
i=1
13.
14.
15.
43
43
k =1
k =1
135
135
101
k =35
k =35
i =1
10 = 10 1 = 10(43) = 430
2 = 2 1 = 21 = 2(101) = 202
n
k =1
16.
5 n = 5 n 1 = 5 n (n) = 5
k =1
200
200
200
k =1
k =1
k =1
(k 100) =
k 100 1 =
200(201)
100(200) = 20,100 20, 000 = 100
2
49
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
17.
100
50
10k = 10 (i + 50)
k =51
i =1
50
23.
50
= 10 i + (10)(50)1
i =1
50(51)
+ 500(50) = 12, 750 + 25, 000
2
= 37,750
n
19.
k =1
n n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
6
n +1
n 2 (2n + 1)
=
6
24.
100
(5k 2 + 3k ) = 5 k 2 + 3 k
20(21)(41)
20(21)
+3
6
2
= 5(2870) + 3(210) = 14,980
100
1
1 1 100 2
(4) 1
k
50 k =1 50 2500 k =1
20
20
20
k =1
k =1
2
1
100(101)(201)
(100)
25
125, 000
6
1
6767
= 8
338,350 = 8
125, 000
2500
13, 233
733
=
=5
2500
2500
3k 2 200k
3 100 2 200 100
=
101
k 101 k
101 k =1
k =1
k =1
3 100(101)(201) 200 100 101
=
101
6
101
2
= 10,050 10,000 = 50
100
100
50
k =51
50
i =1
25.
50
50
i =1
i =1
i =1
50(51)(101)
50(51)
=
+ 100
+ 2500(50)
6
2
= 42,925 + 127,500 + 125,000 = 295,425
50
50
k =1
50
k =1
50
50
k =1
k =1
26.
k2
50(51)(101)
50(51)
+ 100
+ 2500(50)
6
2
= 42,925 + 127,500 + 125,000 = 295,425
=
(n + 1)(2n + 1) = (n + 1)(2n + 1) k 2
k =1
k 2 + 100 k + 2500 1
k =1
3 2 3
5 n k n
k =1
n
3
9 2
k
= 5
n k =1
n2
n
n
3
3 9 n
(5) 1 k 2
n k =1 n n 2 k =1
15
27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= ( n)
n
6
n3
9(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= 15
2n 2
= i 2 + 100 i + 2500 1
22.
2
4 100 k
k =1
1 100
1
k2
4
50 k =1
2500
= 5
21.
100
k =1
20.
k =1
4
1 10(11)(21)
1
(10)
= 8
385
5
125
6
125
77 123
23
= 8
=
=4
25 25
25
n +1 k 2 = n +1 k 2
k =1
2
10
1
2k 2 1
= 4 k 2
10
5
25
k =1
10
1
1 1 10
= (4) 1 k 2
5 k =1 5 25 k =1
i =1
= 10
18.
10
4 10
k =1
1
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n
=
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
6
50
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 1 Review
7.
1. 5 x 2 2( x 7)
5 x 2 2 x 14
3 x 12
x 4
[4, )
2. 2x (7 + x) x
2x 7 x x
7 0, which is true for all x, so < x < , or
(, ).
8.
3 ,
9.
4. 2(x + 6) > x + 4
2x 12 > x + 4
3x > 16
16
x<
3
16
, 3
10.
5. 3 p (1 p ) > 3(2 + p ) 3 p 2
3 p 3 p2 > 6 + 3 p 3 p2
0 > 6, which is false for all x. The solution set is
.
x+5 1
2
3
2
2(x + 5) 3(1) 6(2)
2x + 10 3 12
2x 5
5
x
2
5
, 2
x x x
>
3 4 5
20 x 15 x > 12 x
5 x > 12 x
0 > 7x
0>x
(, 0)
1
1
s 3 (3 + 2 s )
4
8
2s 24 3 + 2s
0 27, which is true for all s. Thus
< s < , or (,).
1
1
(t + 2)
3
4
4(t + 2) 3t + 48
4t + 8 3t + 48
t 40
[40, )
11. 3 2 x = 7
3 2x = 7
2x = 4
x = 2
6. 3 5 q < 9
3
15 7q < 9
7 q < 6
6
q>
7
6
7 ,
12.
5x 6
=0
13
5x 6
=0
13
5x 6 = 0
6
x=
5
or 3 2x = 7
or 2x = 10
or x = 5
14. 4 <
2
x+5
3
2
x + 5 < 4
3
2
x < 9
3
27
x<
2
2
x+5 > 4
3
2
x > 1
or
3
3
or x >
2
27
The solution is , , .
2 2
or
15. 3 2 x 4
3 2x 4
2x 1
1
x
2
or 3 2x 4
or 2x 7
7
or x
2
1 7
The solution is , , .
2 2
16.
i =1
i =1
5
i =1
i =1
i =1
= i3 + 6 i 2 + 12 i + 8 1
i =1
2
= 12,500 ft 3
Let r be the radius (in feet) of the new tank.
Then
4 3
r = 12,500
3
r 3 = 9375
5 (6)
5(6)(11)
5(6)
+6
+ 12
+ 8(5)
4
6
2
= 225 + 330 + 180 + 40
= 775
=
17.
i =3
i =1
2
i =1
r = 3 9375 21.0858
The radius is approximately 21.0858 feet.
i3 = i3 i3
7 (8)2 22 (3)2
=
4
4
= 784 9
= 775
This uses Equation (1.9). By Equation (1.8),
7
i =3
i =1
i3 = (i + 2)3 .
2
2
, or 66 %, of the cost.
3
3
52
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
t 150 t
+
= 120
2
1
t + 300 2t = 240
t = 60
t = 60
Switch after 1 hour.
x = 600
1
2. Here m = 120 and M = 2 (60) = 150. For EP,
2
t
of the
r = 3, so the first t minutes will take up
3
120 available minutes. For SP, r = 1, so the
150 t
remaining 150 t minutes take up
of the
1
120 available.
t 150 t
+
= 120
3
1
t + 450 3t = 360
2t = 90
t = 45
Switch after 45 minutes.
x = 310
6. Both equations represent audio being written
onto 74-minute CDs. In the first equation, 18
hours (1080 minutes) are being written to a CD
using a combination of 12-to-1 and 20-to-1
compression ratios. Here, x gives the maximum
amount of audio (600 minutes or 10 hours) that
can be written using the 12-to-1 compression
ratio. In the second equation, 26.5 hours (1590
minutes) is being written using 15-to-1 and 24to-1 compression ratios. A maximum of 310
minutes can be written at 15-to-1.
t
of the m available
R
M t
minutes, the remaining M t minutes use
r
of the m available.
t M t
+
=m
R
r
t M t
+
=m
R r r
M
1 1
t = m
r
R r
r R mr M
t
=
r
rR
R (mr M )
t=
rR
53
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 2
Principles in Practice 2.1
1. a.
2. a.
c.
Problems 2.1
1. The functions are not equal because f(x) 0 for
all values of x, while g(x) can be less than 0. For
300
.
x
x
x 300 600
Replacing r by : t =
=
.
x
2
x
2
2
d. Replacing r by x: t ( x) =
Replacing r by
e.
3. a.
x
:
4
x 300 1200
=
t =
.
x
x
4
4
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 2.1
16. r 2 + 1 is never 0.
Answer: all real numbers
7. For x 3 to be real, x 3 0, so x 3.
Answer: all real numbers 3
17. f(x) = 2x + 1
f(0) = 2(0) + 1 = 1
f(3) = 2(3) + 1 = 7
f(4) = 2(4) + 1 = 7
8. For z 1 to be real, z 1 0, so z 1. We
exclude values of z for which z 1 = 0, so
z 1 = 0, thus z = 1.
Answer: all real numbers > 1
18. H ( s ) = 5s 2 3
H (4) = 5(4)2 3 = 80 3 = 77
3 = 10 3 = 7
20
7
2
2
H = 5 3 =
3 =
3
3
9
9
19. G ( x) = 2 x 2
G (8) = 2 (8)2 = 2 64 = 62
G (u ) = 2 u 2
G (u 2 ) = 2 (u 2 )2 = 2 u 4
7
Answer: all real numbers except
2
20. F(x) = 5x
F(s) = 5s
F(t + 1) = 5(t + 1) = 5t 5
F(x + 3) = 5(x + 3) = 5x 15
( 2 ) = 5( 2 )
21. (u ) = 2u 2 u
3
4
( x + a ) = 2( x + a) 2 ( x + a)
y 2 4 y + 4 = 0. y 2 4 y + 4 = ( y 2) 2 , so we
= 2 x 2 + 4ax + 2a 2 x a
22. h(v) =
x + x6 = 0
( x + 3)( x 2) = 0
x = 3, 2
Answer: all real numbers except 3 and 2
h(16) =
v
1
1
h =
4
h(1 x) =
2s 2 7 s 4 = 0
(s 4)(2s + 1) = 0
1
s = 4,
2
1
2
55
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16
1
1
4
1
4
1
1
2
1
1 x
=2
23.
f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1
28. g ( x) = x 2 / 5
( 5 32 ) = (2)2 = 4
2
g (64) = (64)2 / 5 = ( 5 64 )
2
2
= ( 5 32 5 2 ) = ( 2 5 2 ) = 4 5 4
f (1) = 12 + 2(1) + 1 = 1 + 2 + 1 = 4
g (32) = 322 / 5 =
24. H ( x) = ( x + 4) 2
g (t10 ) = (t10 )2 / 5 = t 4
H (0) = (0 + 4) 2 = 16
29. f(x) = 4x 5
H (2) = (2 + 4)2 = 62 = 36
a.
H (t 4) = [(t 4) + 4]2 = t 2
25. k ( x) =
k (5) =
b.
x7
x2 + 2
57
2
2
27
5 +2
3x 7
3x 7
k (3 x) =
=
2
(3x) + 2 9 x 2 + 2
( x + h) 7
x+h7
k ( x + h) =
=
2
2
( x + h) + 2 x + 2 xh + h 2 + 2
30.
26. k ( x) = x 3
k (4) = 4 3 = 1 = 1
k (3) = 3 3 = 0 = 0
31.
k ( x + 1) k ( x) = ( x + 1) 3 x 3
= x 2 x 3
27.
f(x + h) = 4(x + h) 5 = 4x + 4h 5
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
(4 x + 4h 5) (4 x 5) 4h
=
=
=4
h
h
f ( x) =
x
2
x+h
2
a.
f ( x + h) =
b.
f ( x + h) f ( x )
=
h
x+h
2
2x
h
2
1
2
f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x
a.
f ( x + h) = ( x + h) 2 + 2( x + h)
= x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 x + 2h
f ( x) = x 4 / 3
f (0) = 04 / 3 = 0
( )
f (64) = 644 / 3 = 3 64
1 1
f =
8 8
4/3
b.
= (4) 4 = 256
4
4
1
1
1
= 3 = =
8
16
2
32.
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
=
( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 2 x + 2h) ( x 2 + 2 x)
h
2 xh + h 2 + 2h
= 2x + h + 2
h
f ( x) = 3x 2 2 x 1
a.
f ( x + h) = 3( x + h) 2 2( x + h) 1
= 3( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) 2 x 2h 1
= 3 x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 2 x 2h 1
56
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
b.
33.
Section 2.1
f ( x + h) f ( x) (3x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 2 x 2h 1) (3 x 2 2 x 1)
=
h
h
6 xh + 3h 2 2h
=
h
= 6 x + 3h 2
f ( x) = 3 2 x + 4 x 2
a.
f ( x + h) = 3 2( x + h) + 4( x + h)2
= 3 2 x 2h + 4( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 )
b.
34.
35.
f ( x + h) f ( x) 3 2 x 2h + 4 x 2 + 8 xh + 4h 2 (3 2 x + 4 x 2 )
=
h
h
2h + 8 xh + 4h 2
=
h
= 2 + 8 x + 4 h
f ( x ) = x3
a.
f ( x + h) = ( x + h)3 = x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3
b.
f ( x + h) f ( x) ( x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 ) x3 3x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3
= 3x 2 + 3xh + h 2
=
=
h
h
h
f ( x) =
1
x
1
x+h
a.
f ( x + h) =
b.
1
1
f ( x + h) f ( x ) x + h x
1
h
x( x + h)
=
=
=
=
h
h
h
x ( x + h) h
x ( x + h)
x ( x + h )
36.
f ( x) =
x +8
x
( x + h) + 8 x + h + 8
=
x+h
x+h
a.
f ( x + h) =
b.
x + h + 8 x +8
x( x + h) x +x +h h+8
f ( x + h) f ( x )
x
= x+ h
=
h
h
x ( x + h) h
x +8
x
) = x( x + h + 8) ( x + h)( x + 8)
8h
x + xh + 8 x x hx 8 x 8h
8
=
=
x ( x + h) h
x ( x + h)
x ( x + h) h
57
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x ( x + h) h
37.
38.
42. x 2 + y 2 = 1
Solving for y we have y = 1 x 2 . If x = 0,
then y = 1, so y is not a function of x. Solving
for x gives x = 1 y 2 . If y = 0, then x = 1,
so x is not a function of y.
43. Yes, because corresponding to each input r there
is exactly one output, r 2 .
f ( x) f (2) 2 x 2 x + 1 (8 2 + 1)
=
x2
x2
2
2x x + 1 7
=
x2
2x2 x 6
=
x2
= 2x + 3
44. a.
b.
f ( a ) = a 2 a 3 + a 3 a 2 = a 5 + a 5 = 2a 5
39. 9y 3x 4 = 0
3x + 4
The equivalent form y =
shows that for
9
3x + 4
each input x there is exactly one output,
.
9
Thus y is a function of x. Solving for x gives
9y 4
x=
. This shows that for each input y
3
9y 4
there is exactly one output,
. Thus x is a
3
function of y.
40. x 2 + y = 0
41. y = 7 x
For each input x, there is exactly one output
7 x 2 . Thus y is a function of x. Solving for x
y
. If, for example, y = 7, then
7
x = 1, so x is not a function of y.
gives x =
58
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
f(0) = 1 1 = 0
3
b.
c.
Section 2.2
1
1
1
52. P (1) = 1 (1 0.344)0 = 1 (1) =
2
2
2
1
1
P (2) = 1 (1 0.344)1 = 1 (0.656) = 0.672
2
2
27
300
3
f (100) = 1
= 1 = 1
64
400
4
37
=
64
300
f (900) = 1
1200
1
= 1
4
1
= 1
64
63
=
64
53. a.
54. a.
c.
55. a.
c.
56. a.
300
300 + t = 0.5
300
= 3 0.5
300 + t
300 = 300 3 0.5 + t 3 0.5
300 300 3 0.5
77.98
t=
3
0.5
78 days
f (1000) =
1000
2500
c.
57. a.
1,997,723.57
2,964,247.40
7.89
b. 63.85
c.
1. a.
1.21
10, 000 24
3
= 4 23 2 = 83 2
2500
f (2 I 0 ) =
17.43
b. 1,287,532.35
104
10, 000
=
=4
2500
2500
4
c.
5.13
3 1000(2)
10 3 2
=
f (2000) =
2500
2500
=
18.51
b. 2.64
300
0.500 = 1
300 + t
b.
18.97
b. 581.77
d. We solve
51. a.
2. a.
(2 I 0 ) 4 / 3 24 / 3 I 04 / 3
=
2500
2500
b. The degree of d (t ) = 3t 2 is 2.
I4/3
= 23 2 0 = 23 2 f ( I0 )
2500
c.
c(n) = 3n
5 < n 10 .
2.75n
10 < n
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
18. g ( x) = x 3
g (10) = 10 3 = 7 = 7
g (3) = 3 3 = 0 = 0
g (3) = 3 3 = 6 = 6
19. F(10) = 1
Problems 2.2
F 3 = 1
1. yes
F(0) = 0
18
F = 1
5
x3 + 7 x 3 1 3 7
= x + x 1, which is a
2. f ( x) =
3
3
3
polynomial function.
20. f(3) = 4
f(4) = 3
f(0) = 4
3. no
4. yes
21. G(8) = 8 1 = 7
G(3) = 3 1 = 2
5. yes
6. yes
G (1) = 3 (1)2 = 2
7. no
G (1) = 3 (1)2 = 2
8. g ( x) = 4 x 4 =
4
x4
F(3) = 2(3) 5 = 11
F(2) is not defined.
23. 6! = 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 720
24. 0! = 1
25. (4 2)! = 2! = 2 1 = 2
13. a.
26. 6! 2! = (6 5 4 3 2 1)(2 1)
= (720)(2)
= 1440
b. 7
14. a.
1
27.
b. 7
15. a.
7
28.
b. 1
16. a.
b. 9
17. f(x) = 8
f(2) = 8
f(t + 8) = 8
n!
n (n 1)!
=
=n
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
8!
8!
=
5!(8 5)! 5! 3!
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
=
(5 4 3 2 1)(3 2 1)
876
=
3 2 1
= 87
= 56
f 17 = 8
60
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 2.3
38. a.
31. a.
b.
1600 = 850 + 3q
750 = 3q
q = 250
2!(1!)
39. a.
1182.74
40. a.
c.
41. a.
19.12
57.69
2.21
b. 9.98
( 161 )( 43 ) =
2(1)
252.15
b. 62.94
35. P (2) =
1218.60
c.
c.
b. 4985.27
( 14 ) ( 43 )
742.50
b. 20.28
C = 850 + 3q
3!
1
11 5 11 16
(30) + = + =
=4
24
4 4 4
4
1
11 6 11 17
(36) + = + =
f (36) =
24
4 4 4
4
4
175
175 33
f (39) = (39)
= 52
=
3
4
4
4
f (30) =
b.
c.
14.52
9
64
Problems 2.3
36. P (5) =
37. a.
( 14 ) ( 43 )
5!
5!(0!)
1 (1)
( 1024
) =
5!
5!(1)
1. f(x) = x + 3, g(x) = x + 5
1
1024
a.
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
= ( x + 3) + ( x + 5)
= 2x + 8
b. (f + g)(0) = 2(0) + 8 = 8
61
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x + 3) ( x + 5)
= 2
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x + 3)( x + 5)
= x 2 + 8 x + 15
e.
g.
h.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g (2 x) = 6 + 2 x
i.
( g D f )(2) = 6 + 2(2) = 6 + 4 = 10
( f D g )(3) = 3 + 8 = 11
i.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
= g ( x + 3)
= ( x + 3) + 5
= x+8
f ( x) = x 2 + 1, g ( x) = x 2 x
a.
= 2x2 x + 1
b.
b.
c.
( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 x)
= x +1
c.
1
1
1
( f g) = +1 =
2
2
2
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 x)
( g D f )(3) = 3 + 8 = 11
= x 4 x3 + x 2 x
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1) + ( x 2 x)
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
= f ( x + 5)
= ( x + 5) + 3
= x+8
h.
j.
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
= f (6 + x)
= 2(6 + x)
= 12 + 2 x
3.
f.
g.
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
= (2 x) + (6 + x)
= 3x + 6
e.
f
f ( x) x 2 + 1
=
( x) =
g
g ( x) x 2 x
f.
12 + 1
f 1
5
=
=
2
g 2
3
12 12
g.
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
( )
( ) ( )
2
( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= (2 x) (6 + x)
= x6
= f ( x 2 x)
(f g)(4) = (4) 6 = 2
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = 2 x(6 + x) = 12 x + 2 x
e.
f
f ( x)
2x
( x) =
=
g
g ( x) 6 + x
f.
f
2(2) 4 1
(2) =
= =
g
6+2 8 2
= ( x 2 x) 2 + 1
= x 4 2 x3 + x 2 + 1
h.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
= g ( x 2 + 1)
= ( x 2 + 1) 2 ( x 2 + 1)
= x4 + x2
i.
62
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
4.
Section 2.3
7. ( F D G )(t ) = F (G (t ))
2
= F
t 1
f ( x) = x 2 + 1, g ( x) = 5
a.
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1) + 5
2
2
=
+ 7 t 1 +1
t 1
4
14
=
+
+1
(t 1) 2 t 1
(G D F )(t ) = G ( F (t ))
= x2 + 6
2
b.
c.
58
2 2
( f + g) = + 6 =
3
3
9
= G (t 2 + 7t + 1)
2
=
2
(t + 7t + 1) 1
2
=
2
t + 7t
( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1) 5
= x2 4
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
= ( x 2 + 1)(5)
8. ( F D G )(t ) = F (G (t ))
= 5x + 5
= F (3t 2 + 4t + 2)
= 3t 2 + 4t + 2
(G D F )(t ) = G ( F (t ))
e.
f.
f
f ( x) x 2 + 1
=
( x) =
g
g ( x)
5
=G
g.
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (5) = 52 + 1 = 26
= 3t + 4 t + 2
h.
( f D g )(12, 003) = 26
i.
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x 2 + 1) = 5
( t)
2
= 3( t ) + 4 ( t ) + 2
9. ( f D g )(v) = f ( g (v))
= f
=
v+2
v+2
+1
1
v + 2 +1
1
=
v+3
( g D f )(v) = g ( f (v))
1
= g
v2 + 1
1
=
+2
2
v +1
=
6. ( f D g )( p) = f ( g ( p ))
p2
= f
3
4
=
p 2
3
12
p2
4
4 p 2 4 2p
( g D f )( p) = g ( f ( p )) = g =
=
3
3p
p
=
=
63
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 + 2(v 2 + 1)
v2 + 1
2v 2 + 3
v2 + 1
40m m 2
= 40
10. ( f D f )( x) = f ( f ( x))
= f ( x 2 + 2 x 1)
= ( x 2 + 2 x 1)2 + 2( x 2 + 2 x 1) 1
= x 4 + 4 x3 + 4 x 2 2
= 10(40m m2 )
= 400m 10m2
This represents the total revenue received when
the total output of m employees is sold.
20. ( f D g )( E ) = f ( g ( E ))
1
13. Let g ( x) = x 2 and f ( x) = . Then
x
1
1
h( x ) =
=
= f ( g ( x))
2
g
(
x)
x 2
21. a.
b. 1169.64
x2 1
15. Let g ( x) =
and f ( x) = 4 x .
x+3
22. a.
Then h( x) = 4 g ( x) = f ( g ( x)).
16. Let g(x) = 3x 5 and f ( x) =
h( x ) =
17. a.
2 (3x 5)
(3x 5) 2 + 2
2 x
x2 + 2
0.13
b. 18.85
23. a.
. Then
194.47
b. 0.29
= f ( g ( x)).
24. a.
0.45
b. 1.61
Problems 2.4
14.05
f 1 ( x) =
x 7
3 3
2. g 1 ( x) =
x 1
2 2
1.
3. F 1 ( x) = 2 x + 14
4.
x 5
+
4 4
f 1 ( x) =
5. r ( A) =
64
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
6. r (V ) = 3
Section 2.5
1, 200, 000
p(q( p )) = p
1, 200, 000
=
3V
4
1,200,000
p
= 1, 200, 000
=p
Similarly, q(p(q)) = q, so the functions are
inverses.
13
g = 1.
5
9. h( x) = (5 x + 12)2 , for x
q
, we get q = 48p. Since q > 0, p is
48
also greater than 0, so q as a function of p is
q = q(p) = 48p, p > 0.
q
q
q( p (q )) = q = 48
=q
48
48
48 p
p(q ( p )) = p (48 p ) =
=p
48
Thus, p(q) and q(p) are inverses.
14. From p =
5
, is one-to-one.
12
5
we have 5x + 12 0, and thus
12
5
is
4
x 5
+ , so to find the solution, we
4 4
find f 1 (23).
f 1 (23) =
23 5
+
4
4
The solution is x =
23 5
+ .
4
4
4 3
3V
r is r (V ) = 3
, so
3
4
p
1, 200, 000
3(100)
.
4
1, 200, 000
1, 200, 000
, we get q =
.
q
p
Since q > 0, p is also greater than 0, so q as a
1, 200, 000
, p > 0.
function of p is q = q ( p) =
p
13. From p =
65
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1.
2.5
12
24
30
24
12
(
2.
Q. II
3. a.
Miles
(2.5, 30)
Q. I
(1, 1)
x
10
1 2 3 4 5
4. a.
x
hours
f(0) = 2, f(2) = 0
b. Domain: all x 0
c.
Range: all y 2
10
30
50
70
80
90
100
5.3
15.9
26.5
37.1
44.5
51.9
59.3
Cost (dollars)
40
10
(0, 6)
60
(8, 3)
(3, 0)
24
(0, 0)
x
10
Q. IV
(4, 5)
c.
12
1 , 2
2
Q. III
y
36
y
(2, 7)
Q. I
(0, 0)
10
(100, 59.3)
(70, 37.1)
c.
20
(0, 0)
20 40 60 80 100
x
therms
66
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 2.5
7. y = 2x
If y = 0, then x = 0. If x = 0, then y = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0)
y is a function of x. One-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers
5
10. y = 3 2x
If y = 0, then 0 = 3 2x, x =
3
.
2
3
If x = 0, then, y = 3. Intercepts: , 0 , (0, 3)
2
y is a function of x. One-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers
x
5
3
2
x
5
8. y = x + 1
If y = 0, then x = 1.
If x = 0, then y = 1.
Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, 1)
y is a function of x. One-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers
5
11. y = x 4
If y = 0, then 0 = x 4 , x = 0. If x = 0, then y = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0)
y is a function of x. Not one-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers 0
x
5
9. y = 3x 5
If y = 0, then 0 = 3x 5, x =
5
.
3
5
If x = 0, then y = 5. Intercepts: , 0 , (0, 5)
3
y is a function of x. One-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers
10
12. y =
2
x2
If y = 0, then 0 =
x
5
5
3
10
(1, 2)
(2, 12 )
(1, 2)
(2, 12 )
x
5
67
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
13. x = 0
If y = 0, then x = 0. If x = 0, then y can be any
real number. Intercepts: every point on y-axis
y is not a function of x.
5
10
x
5
17. x = |y|
If y = 0, then x = 0. If x = 0, then 0 = |y|, y = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0)
y is not a function of x.
14. y = 4 x 2 16
If y = 0, then 0 = 4 x 2 16 = 4( x 2 4) ,
0 = 4( x + 2)( x 2) , x = 2.
If x = 0, then y = 16.
Intercepts: (2, 0), (0, 16)
y is a function of x. Not one-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers 16
20
x
10
10
x
5
18. x 2 = y 2
x
2
If y = 0, then x 2 = 0, x = 0 . If x = 0, then
0 = y 2 , y = 0 . Intercept: (0, 0)
y is not a function of x.
16
15. y = x3
If y = 0, then 0 = x3 , x = 0. If x = 0, then y = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0). y is a function of x. One-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers
5
x
5
19. 2x + y 2 = 0
If y = 0, then 2x 2 = 0, x = 1. If x = 0, then
y 2 = 0, y = 2. Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, 2)
Note that y = 2 2x. y is a function of x.
One-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers
x
5
68
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 2.5
10
, 0 , (0,5)
Intercepts:
2
x
1
f(x)
10
10
2
20. x + y = 1
If y = 0, then x = 1. If x = 0, then y = 1.
Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, 1)
Note that y = 1 x.
y is a function of x. One-to-one.
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers
5
23. y = h(x) = 3
Because y cannot be 0, there is no x-intercept. If
x = 0, then y = 3. Intercept: (0, 3)
Domain: all real numbers
Range: 3
x
1
x
5
5
3
x
5
21. s = f (t ) = 4 t 2
If s = 0, then 0 = 4 t 2
0 = (2 + t)(2 t)
t = 2. If t = 0, then s = 4.
Intercepts: (2, 0), (2, 0), (0, 4)
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers 4
5
24. g(s) = 17
Because g(s) cannot be 0, there is no s-intercept.
If s = 0, then g(s) = 17.
Intercept: (0, 17)
Domain: all real numbers
Range: 17
20
t
2
x
20
20
20
22.
f ( x) = 5 2 x 2 . If f(x) = 0, then 0 = 5 2x 2
25. y = h( x) = x 2 4 x + 1
2x = 5
5
x2 =
2
5
10
.
x=
=
2
2
If x = 0, then f(x) = 5.
quadratic formula, x =
69
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5
2
x
(2, 3)
2+
t 2 9 to be a real number,
0 = t 2 9, 0 = t 2 9, or t = 3. Because
|t| 3, we know t 0, so no s-intercept exists.
Intercepts: (3, 0), (3, 0)
Domain: all real numbers t 3 and 3
Range: all real numbers 0
x
10
10
(1, 9)
27.
29. s = f (t ) = t 2 9
If y = 0, then 0 = x 2 + 2 x 8
0 = (x + 4)(x 2), so x = 4, 2.
If x = 0, then y = 8.
Intercepts: (4, 0), (2, 0), (0, 8).
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers 9
26. y = f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x 8
10
x
10
f (t ) = t 3
If f(t) = 0, then 0 = t 3 , t = 0 .
If t = 0, then f(t) = 0. Intercept: (0, 0)
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real number
5
30. F (r ) =
f(t)
1
r
1
, which has no solution.
r
Because r 0, there is no vertical-axis
intercept. Intercept: none.
Domain: all real numbers 0
Range: all real numbers 0
If F(r) = 0, then 0 =
t
5
F(r)
28. p = h(q) = 1 + 2q + q 2
If p = 0, then 1 + 2q + q = 0, (1 + q) = 0, so
q = 1. If q = 0 then p = 1.
Intercepts: (1, 0), (0, 1)
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers 0
31.
f ( x) = 2 x 1
If f(x) = 0, then 0 = 2 x 1 , 2 x 1 = 0, so
1
.
2
If x = 0, then f ( x) = 1 = 1 .
x=
70
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Section 2.5
2
x4
Note that the denominator is 0 when x = 4. Thus
2
x 4. If y = 0, then 0 =
, which has no
x4
1
solution. If x = 0, then y = .
2
1
Intercept: 0,
2
1
Intercepts: , 0 , (0,1)
2
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers 0
5
34. y = f ( x) =
f(x)
x
1
2
10
32. v = H (u ) = u 3
If v = 0, then 0 = u 3 , u 3 = 0, so u = 3.
If u = 0, then v = 3 = 3 .
Intercepts: (3, 0), (0, 3).
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers 0
10
x
10
1
2
3
3
10
8
u
10
p
6
33. F (t ) =
10
16
t2
If F(t) = 0, then 0 =
16
14
(x)
F(t)
x
10
t
10
g(x)
x
3
71
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20
f(x)
Cost (dollars)
10
4
1
16
12
8
4
10 12 2 4 6 8 10
A.M.
P.M.
x
3
10
50
10
q
30
210
25
5
q
25
45.
1000
300
46.
14
x
21
y
4
4 5
47. 0.39
48. 0.50, 0.57
72
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x
12
Section 2.5
range: ( , )
a.
51. 1.12
35
59.
5
5
25
55.
a.
b. range: (, 28]
c.
15
a.
60.
56.
5
1
a.
a.
c.
range: (, )
35
2
3
a.
a.
c.
15
d. no intercept
10
5
5
73
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Problems 2.6
2a 2 + b 2 a 4 = 8 b, but
1. y = 5x
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 5x = 0, or x = 0; if x = 0,
then y = 5 0 = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
y = 5x
y = 5x
y-axis:
y = 5(x) = 5x
origin:
y = 5(x)
y = 5x
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 5a, and
1
a = b 5b for all b, so (b, a) is not
5
on the graph.
2b 2 + a 2b 4 = 8 a will not
necessarily be true, so (b, a) is not on
the graph.
Answer: (2, 0), (0, 8); symmetry about y-axis
4. x = y 3
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 0; if x = 0, then
0 = y3 , so y = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
x = ( y )3 = y 3
y-axis:
x = y3
x = y3
x = ( y )3
origin:
2. y = f ( x) = x 2 4
Intercepts: If y = 0, then
x = y3
0 = x 4 = ( x + 2)( x 2) , or x = 2; if x = 0,
then y = 02 4 = 4 .
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
y = x2 4
y = x2 + 4
5. 16 x 2 9 y 2 = 25
y-axis:
y = ( x)2 4 = x 2 4
origin:
y = ( x)2 4
y = x2 + 4
if x = 0, then 9 y 2 = 25, y 2 =
a = b + 4 b 4 for all b, so
(b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (2, 0), (0, 4); symmetry about y-axis
2
x-axis:
2 4
y-axis:
16( x) 2 9 y 2 = 25
16 x 2 9 y 2 = 25
origin:
Since the graph has symmetry about
x- and y-axes, there is also symmetry
about the origin.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then
2 x 2 + ( y ) 2 x 4 = 8 ( y )
2 x2 + y2 x4 = 8 + y
2( x) 2 + y 2 ( x)4 = 8 y
2 x2 + y2 x4 = 8 y
origin:
16 x 2 9( y ) 2 = 25
16 x 2 9 y 2 = 25
2 x 2 = 8, x 2 = 4, or x = 2;
if x = 0, then 0 = 8 y, so y = 8.
Testing for symmetry gives:
y-axis:
25
, which has
9
no real root.
Testing for symmetry gives:
3. 2 x + y x = 8 y
Intercepts: If y = 0, then
x-axis:
25
,
16
2( x) 2 + ( y )2 ( x) 4 = 8 ( y )
2 x2 + y2 x4 = 8 + y
74
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Section 2.6
9. x = y 4
Intercepts: Because y 0, there is no
1
x-intercept; if x = 0, then 0 =
, which has
y4
no solution.
Testing for symmetry gives:
6. y = 57
Intercepts: Because y 0, there is no
x-intercept; if x = 0, then y = 57.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
(y) = 57
y = 57
y-axis:
y = 57
origin:
(y) = 57
y = 57
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 57, but a can
be any value, so (b, a) = (57, a) is not
necessarily on the graph.
Answer: (0, 57); symmetry about yaxis
x-axis:
x = y 4
y-axis:
origin:
x = ( y ) 4
x = y 4
10. y = x 2 25
Intercepts: If y = 0, then
x 2 25 = 0,
x 2 25 = 0, x 2 = 25, so x = 5;
y = x 2 25
y = x 2 25
y-axis:
8. y = 2 x 2
y = ( x)2 25
y = x 2 25
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 2 x = 2, 2 x = 2,
x = 1, so x = 1; if x = 0, then y = 2.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
y = 2x 2
origin:
y = ( x)2 25
y = x 2 25 .
y = 2x + 2
b 2 = a 2 25 and
y = 2( x) 2
a 2 = b 2 + 25 b 2 25 for all b, so
(b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (5, 0); symmetry about y-axis
y = 2x 2
origin:
x = y 4
x = y 4
7. x = 2
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 2; because x 0,
there is no y-intercept.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
x = 2
y-axis:
x = 2
x=2
origin:
x = 2
x=2
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then a = 2, but b can
be any value, so (b, a) = (b, 2) is not
necessarily on the graph.
Answer: (2, 0); symmetry about x-axis
y-axis:
x = ( y ) 4
y = 2( x) 2
y = 2x + 2
11. x 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x + 21 = 0, so x = 21;
if x = 0, then 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0,
y 2 + 4 y 21 = 0, (y + 7)(y 3) = 0, so y = 7 or
y = 3.
75
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y=
y-axis:
x 4( y ) ( y ) + 21 = 0
2
x + 4 y y + 21 = 0
y-axis:
y=
( x) 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
x 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
origin:
x3 2 x 2 x
x2 + 1
( x) 4( y ) ( y ) 2 + 21 = 0
y=
a = b 2 + 4b 21, but
b = a 2 + 4a 21 will not necessarily
be true, so (b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (21, 0), (0, 7), (0, 3); no symmetry
a=
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x 2 = 0, so x = 0;
x3 + 2 x 2 + x
b3 2b 2 + b
14. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 0
if x = 0, then y 3 = 0, so y = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x 2 = 0, so x = 0;
x-axis: x 2 + x( y ) + ( y )3 = 0
if x = 0, then y 2 = 0, so y = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x xy y = 0
2
y-axis: ( x) + ( x) y + y 3 = 0
x 2 + x( y ) + ( y ) 2 = 0
x-axis:
x 2 xy + y 3 = 0
x 2 xy + y 2 = 0
( x) 2 + ( x)( y ) + ( y )3 = 0
2
( x)2 + 1
is not necessarily
b2 + 1
true, so (b, a) is not on the graph.
Answer: (1, 0), (0, 0); no symmetry of the given
types
12. x 2 + xy + y3 = 0
( x)3 2( x) 2 + ( x)
x2 + 1
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then
a 3 2a 2 + a
b=
, but
a2 + 1
a 4b b 2 + 21 = 0 and
( x)2 + ( x) y + y 2 = 0
y-axis:
x + xy y = 0
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then
x 2 xy + y 2 = 0
( x) 2 + ( x)( y ) + ( y ) 2 = 0
origin:
a 2 + ab + b3 = 0, but
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 0
13. y = f ( x) =
( x) 2 + 1
y =
origin:
x + 4 y y 2 + 21 = 0
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then
origin:
( x)3 2( x) 2 + ( x)
x3 2 x 2 + x
x2 + 1
Intercepts: If y = 0, then
x3 2 x 2 + x x( x 1) 2
=
= 0, so x = 0, 1;
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
if x = 0, then y = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
Because f is not the zero function,
there is no x-axis symmetry
15. y =
3
3
x +8
3
= 0 , which has
x +8
3
no solution; if x = 0, then y = .
8
Testing for symmetry gives:
Intercepts: If y = 0, then
76
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x-axis:
y =
y=
y-axis:
y=
x3 + 8
3
b4
a4
, but a + b =
will not
a
b
necessarily be true, so (b, a) is not on
the graph.
Answer: no intercepts; symmetry about origin
x +8
3
3
3
17. 3x + y 2 = 9
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 3x = 9, so x = 3;
x + 8
3
y =
( x)3 + 8
y =
y=
if x = 0, then y 2 = 9, so y = 3.
Testing for symmetry gives:
3
3
x + 8
3
3x + y 2 = 9
x3 8
3
a3 + 8
3 x + y 2 = 9
and
3 x + y 2 = 9
x
= 0 , which has no
x
0
solution; if x = 0, then y = , which has no
y
solution.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x4
x-axis:
y =
x + ( y )
y=
( x)4
( x) + y
x
3
18. x 1 = y 4 + y 2 or x = y 4 + y 2 + 1
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 1; if x = 0, then
y 4 + y 2 = 1, so no y-intercept
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
x 1 = ( y )4 + ( y )2
x 1 = y4 + y2
y-axis:
x = y4 + y2 + 1
x = y4 y2 1
( x) 4
y =
( x) + ( y )
y=
x4
y=
x + y
origin:
Intercepts: If y = 0, then
y-axis:
3( x) + ( y ) 2 = 9
origin:
x4
x+ y
x4
x + y
3( x) + y 2 = 9
y-axis:
3
3
a = 3 8
for all b, so
3
b
b +8
(b, a) is not on the graph.
3
Answer: 0, ; no symmetry of the given types
8
y=
3x + ( y )2 = 9
x-axis:
16. y =
a4
, and
a+b
a+b =
( x)3 + 8
y=
origin:
Section 2.6
origin:
x = ( y ) 4 + ( y ) 2 + 1
x = y4 y2 1
x4
x+ y
77
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3 y = 5( x) ( x)3
y-axis:
3 y = 5 x + x3
3( y ) = 5( x) ( x)3
origin:
3 y = 5 x x3 .
x
5
19. y = f ( x) = x3 4 x
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x3 4 x = 0,
x(x + 2)(x 2) = 0, so x = 0 or x = 2; if x = 0,
then y = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
Because f is not the zero function,
there is no x-axis symmetry.
x
5
y = ( x) 4( x)
21.
y = x3 + 4 x
y = ( x ) 4( x)
x = 0, then y = 0, so y = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
x y = 0
y = x 4x
x y =0
x y = 0
y-axis:
x y =0
origin:
x
2
x y =0
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x = 0, so x = 0; if
origin:
y-axis:
a = b , and b a = 0, so (b, a) is
on the graph.
Answer: (0, 0); symmetry about x-axis, y-axis,
origin, line y = x.
20. 3 y = 5 x x3
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 5 x x3 = 0,
x
5+x
)(
5 x = 0, so x = 0 or x = 5; if
x = 0, then y = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
3( y ) = 5 x x3
3 y = 5 x + x3
78
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Section 2.6
graph.
5
5
Answer: , 0 , 0, ; symmetry about
2
3
x-axis, y-axis, origin
22. x 2 + y 2 = 16
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x 2 = 16, so x = 4;
if x = 0, then y 4 = 16, so y = 4.
Testing for symmetry gives:
2
x + ( y ) = 16
x-axis:
x 2 + y 2 = 16
y-axis:
( x)2 + y 2 = 16
origin:
x 2 + y 2 = 16
Since there is symmetry about
x- and y-axes, symmetry about origin
exists.
24. x 2 y 2 = 4
Intercepts: If y = 0, then x 2 = 4, so x = 2;
x 2 ( y )2 = 4
x-axis:
x2 y 2 = 4
x
y-axis:
( x) 2 y 2 = 4
origin:
x2 y 2 = 4
Since there is symmetry about x-and
y-axes, symmetry about origin exists.
23. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 25
25
, so
9
5
5
x = ; if x = 0, then 4 y 2 = 25, so y = .
3
2
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
9 x 2 + 4( y )2 = 25
2
x
2
9 x + 4 y = 25
y-axis:
9( x)2 + 4 y 2 = 25
origin:
9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 25
Since there is symmetry about
x- and y-axes, symmetry about origin
exists.
25.
6
6
6
6
y = f ( x) = 5 1.96 x 2 x 4 . Replacing x by x
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
2.
f(x) = x2
5
y = x 2
Range: (, 5]
26.
3.
10
f(x) = 1
x
x
10
y= 1
x2
y = f ( x) = 2 x 7 x + 5 . Replacing x by x
gives y = 2( x)4 7( x) 2 + 5 or
4.
10
y = 2 x 4 7 x 2 + 5 , which is equivalent to
original equation. Thus the graph is symmetric
about y-axis.
Real zeros of f: 1, 1.58
27.
y = x + 2
x
10
f(x) = x
5.
f(x) = 1
x
11
1
1
Problems 2.7
1.
2
5
y= 2
3x
y
y = x3 1
6.
10
x
f (x) = x3
y
f(x) = |x|
y = |x| 2
x
10
80
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7.
Section 2.7
10
f(x) = |x|
x
10
y = |x + 1| 2
8.
y
f (x) =
5x
17.
y = 13 x
9.
10
f(x) = x2
x
10
y = 1 (x 1)2
18.
10.
y = (x 1)2 + 1
f(x) = x 2
x
10
11.
10
y
f(x) = x
y = x
19.
10
12.
10
f(x) = 1
x
10
y= 1
2x
81
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53 2
=
5+ 4 9
( x + 3) 3
x
F ( x + 3) =
=
( x + 3) + 4 x + 7
F (5) =
1. Denominator is 0 when
x2 6 x + 5 = 0
( x 1)( x 5) = 0
x = 1, 5
Domain: all real numbers except 1 and 5.
5+ 4
9 3
=
=
5
5
5
h(5) =
h(4) =
h( x ) =
4 + 4
0
=
=0
4
4
x+4
x
h(u 4) =
6. s 5 0
s5
Domain: all real numbers s such that s 5.
7.
u+4
u
11. h(u ) =
12. H ( s ) =
H (7) =
u4
u
u4
( s 4) 2
3
H (2) =
f ( x) = 3x 2 4 x + 7
(u 4) + 4
(2 4)2 36
=
= 12
3
3
(7 4)2 9
= =3
3
3
( )
2
2
1
49
72
49
1 2 4
=
= 4 =
H =
2
3
3
3
12
( )
H x2 =
( )
( x 2 4)2 x 4 8 x 2 + 16
=
3
3
13. f(4) = 4 + 16 = 20
f(2) = 3
f(0) = 3
f(1) is not defined.
9. G ( x) = x 3
G (3) = 4 3 3 = 4 0 = 0
G (19) = 4 19 3 = 4 16 = 2
14.
G (t + 1) = 4 (t + 1) 3 = 4 t 2
4
G ( x3 ) = x3 3
1
3
1
1
f = +1 = +1 =
2
2
2
2
f (0) = 02 + 1 = 1
2
1
5
1 1
f = +1 = +1 =
4
4
2 2
x3
10. F ( x) =
x+4
1 3
4
F (1) =
=
1 + 4
3
03
3
F (0) =
=
0+4
4
f (5) = 53 99 = 125 99 = 26
f (6) = 63 99 = 216 99 = 117
15. a.
f(x + h) = 3 7(x + h) = 3 7x 7h
82
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b.
16. a.
Chapter 2 Review
f ( x + h) f ( x) (3 7 x 7 h) (3 7 x) 7 h
=
=
= 7
h
h
h
f ( x + h) = 11( x + h) 2 + 4
= 11x 2 + 22 xh + 11h 2 + 4
b.
17. a.
b.
18. a.
b.
7
7
=
( x + h) + 1 x + h + 1
f ( x + h) f ( x )
=
h
7
x + h +1
7
x +1
7( x +1)7( x + h +1)
( x + h +1)( x +1)
7 h
7
=
( x + h + 1)( x + 1)h ( x + h + 1)( x + 1)
b. (f + g)(4) = 5(4) + 2 = 22
20.
c.
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = (3 x 1)(2 x + 3) = 6 x 2 + 7 x 3
e.
f.
f
f ( x) 3 x 1
( x) =
=
g
g ( x) 2 x + 3
g.
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f (2 x + 3) = 3(2 x + 3) 1 = 6 x + 8
h.
( f D g )(5) = 6(5) + 8 = 38
i.
f ( x) = x 2 , g(x) = 3x 2
a.
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = x 2 + 3 x 2
b.
( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) = x 2 (3x 2) = x 2 3x + 2
83
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c.
d.
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x)
23. f(x) =
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x3 ) = x3 + 2
= ( x 2 )(3x 2)
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g
= 3 x3 + 2 x 2
e.
x2
f
f ( x)
=
( x) =
g
g ( x) 3x 2
f.
f
(2) 2
= 1
(2) =
g
3(2) 2
g.
x-axis:
y-axis:
= 3 x 2 2
( g D f )(4) = 3(4) 2 2 = 48 2 = 50
origin:
, g(x) = x + 1
( x + 1)2
1
1 + x2
=
+
=
1
x2
x2
origin
26.
( x) =
x +1
4
x +1
x +1
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g
=
4
4
x +1
, g ( x) = x
4
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f
y = 3( x) ( x)3
y = 3x x3 , which is the original
equation.
1
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g
x2
f ( x) =
y = 3( x) ( x)3
y = 3 x + x3
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = f ( x + 1) =
22.
y = 3 x x3
y = 3 x + x3 , which is not the
original equation.
= 3( x 2 ) 2
x2
x(3 x 2 ) = 0, x = 0, 3.
If x = 0, then y = 0.
Testing for symmetry gives:
( g D f )( x) = g ( f ( x))
f ( x) =
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 3 x x3 ,
= g ( x 2 )
21.
x+2
25. y = 3x x3
( f D g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
= f (3 x 2)
) (
x+2 =
= 9 x 2 + 12 x 4
i.
= ( x + 2)3 / 2
= (3x 2)2
h.
x + 2, g ( x) = x3
x +1
2
x2 y2
=4
x2 + y2 + 1
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 4, which is
impossible; if x = 0, then 0 = 4, which is
impossible.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x 2 ( y ) 2
=4
x-axis:
x 2 + ( y )2 + 1
x2 y2
x2 + y2 + 1
equation.
84
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
y-axis:
( x)2 y 2
( x) 2 + y 2 + 1
Chapter 2 Review
10
=4
x2 y2
origin:
= 4 , which is the
x2 + y2 + 1
original equation.
( x)2 ( y )2
=4
( x ) 2 + ( y ) 2 + 1
x2 y2
x
10
28. y = 3x 7
= 4, which is the
x2 + y 2 + 1
original equation.
4(a 2 + 1)
a2 4
b2 a 2
b2 + a 2 + 1
a 2b2
a 2 + b2 + 1
Intercepts: If y = 0, then 0 = 3x 7, or x =
If x = 0, then y = 7.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
y = 3x 7
y = 3x + 7, which is not the original
equation.
y-axis:
y = 3(x) 7
y = 3x 7, which is not the original
equation.
origin:
y = 3(x) 7
y = 3x + 7, which is not the original
equation.
line y = x: (a, b) on graph, then b = 3a 7 and
1
a = (b + 7) 3b 7 for all b, so
3
(b, a) is not on the graph.
7
Answer: (0, 7), , 0 ; no symmetry of the
3
given types
=4
. (b, a) on graph,
= 4 and
4(a 2 + 1)
27. y = 9 x 2
Intercepts: If y = 0, then
0 = 9 x 2 = (3 + x)(3 x ) , or x = 3
If x = 0, then y = 9.
Testing for symmetry gives:
x-axis:
10
y = 9 x2
y = 9 + x 2 , which is not the original
equation.
y-axis:
7
3
x
10
y = 9 ( x)2
y = 9 x 2 , which is the original
equation.
origin:
7
.
3
y = 9 ( x)
29. G (u ) = u + 4
If G(u) = 0, then 0 = u + 4 .
0 = u + 4,
u = 4
If u = 0, then G(u) = 4 = 2 .
Intercepts: (0, 2), (4, 0)
Domain: all real numbers u such that u 4
Range: all real numbers 0
85
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
10
G(u)
32. h(u ) = 5u
If h(u) = 0, then 0 = 5u ,
u = 0.
If u = 0, h(u) = 0.
Intercept: (0, 0)
Domain: all reals 0
Range: all reals 0
u
10
h(u)
30.
f ( x) = x + 1
If f(x) = 0, then 0 = x + 1.
x = 1 , which has no solution.
If x = 0, then f(x) = 1.
Intercept: (0, 1)
Domain: all real numbers
Range: all real numbers 1
10
u
8
f(x)
x
10
x
5
31. y = g (t ) =
2
t 4
If y = 0, then 0 =
34.
2
, which has no solution.
t 4
f(x) = x
2 1
If t = 0, then y = = .
4 2
1
Intercept: 0,
2
Domain: all real numbers t such that t 4
Range: all real numbers > 0
10
x
y = x 2 1
35.
10
y
f(x) = x2
g(t)
x
10
y = 1 x2 + 2
10
86
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
a.
729
20
44.
b. 359.43
39.
(,)
20
a.
9.03
c.
90
5, 2.
45. k = 0, 2, 4
30
1.38, 4.68
41.
k = 1, 3
2
2
5
2
a.
20
0, 2, 4
b. none
Mathematical Snapshot Chapter 2
1.
2.
3.
20
(,)
43.
20
20
87
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
[24,
040
+
0.28(
x
123,
700)]
if
123, 700 < x 188, 450
400,000
g(x)
200,000
200,000
x
400,000
88
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 3
F F1 = m ( C C1 )
9
(C 5)
5
9
F 41 = C 9
5
9
F = C + 32
5
F 41 =
y (price)
40
30
20
10
x (time)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Year
5.
9
C + 32
5
9
5( F ) = 5 C + 32
5
5 F = 9C + 160
0 = 9C 5F + 160
Thus, 9C 5F + 160 = 0 is a general linear form
9
of F = C + 32 .
5
F=
6.
F
100
100
100
100
AB m =
= =0
60 6
9.
70 7
BC m =
= =7
76 1
y 7 = 5[ x (1)]
y 7 = 5( x + 1)
y 7 = 5 x 5
5x + y 2 = 0
10
70 7
AC m =
= =1
70 7
x
5
10.
Problems 3.1
1. m =
10 1 9
= =3
74 3
2. m =
10 3
7
=
= 1
2 5 7
3. m =
3 (2) 1
1
=
=
86
2
2
4. m =
4 (4) 0
= =0
3 2
1
y
100
x
10
11.
y 0 = 75( x 0)
y = 75 x
75 x y = 0
0 (6) 6
= =2
30
3
1
y 5 = [ x (2)]
4
4( y 5) = ( x + 2)
4 y 20 = x 2
x + 4 y 18 = 0
10
9
2
2 (2) 0
7. m =
=
=0
45
1
8. m =
x
10
0 (7) 7
=
9 1
8
90
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
12.
Section 3.1
8 (4) 4
=
= 4
2 (3)
1
y (4) = 4[ x (3)]
y + 4 = 4 x 12
4 x + y + 16 = 0
1 5
x
3 2
5
6( y 5) = 2 x +
2
6 y 30 = 2 x + 5
2 x 6 y + 35 = 0
15. m =
y 5 =
y
20
10
35
6
x
x
10
20
30 3
=
20 2
3
y 0 = ( x 0)
2
3
y= x
2
2 y = 3x
3x 2 y = 0
16. m =
4 1
3
=
13. m =
1 (6) 7
3
( x 1)
7
7( y 4) = 3( x 1)
7 y 28 = 3x 3
3x 7 y + 25 = 0
y4=
10
10
x
10
x
10
17.
2 (4) 6
=
= 6
56
1
y 2 = 6( x 5)
y 2 = 6 x + 30
6 x + y 32 = 0
14. m =
y = 2x + 4
2x y + 4 = 0
10
50
x
10
91
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x
10
y = 5x 7
5x y 7 = 0
10
x
10
7
5
x
5
19.
1
x3
2
1
2 y = 2 x 3
2
2 y = x 6
x + 2y + 6 = 0
y=
y
5
x
(1, 1)
x
6
20.
y = 0x
1
2
2 y = 1
2 y +1 = 0
1
2
5
(2, 3)
y=
5x
x
(0, 0)
1
2
92
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.1
x
10
30. x 9 = 5 y + 3
5 y = x 12
1
12
y = x
5
5
1
12
m= ,b=
5
5
x
8
27. 3x + 5 y 9 = 0
5 y = 3 x + 9
3
9
y = x+
5
5
3
9
m= ,b=
5
5
5
20
12
5
31. y = 3x
y = 3x + 0
m = 3, b = 0
9
5
x
x
5
5
28. y + 4 = 7
y=3
y = 0x + 3
m = 0, b = 3
5
32. y 7 = 3( x 4)
y 7 = 3 x 12
y = 3x 5
m = 3, b = 5
3
x
93
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
33. y = 3
y = 0x + 3
m = 0, b = 3
39.
5
3
x
5
1
x + 8 is in slope-intercept form.
300
1
300 y = 300
x + 8
300
300 y = x + 2400
x 300 y + 2400 = 0 (general form)
40. y =
34. 6 y 24 = 0
y=4
y = 0x + 4
m = 0, b = 4
5
x 2y
3
+
= 4
2 3
4
x 2y
19
12 +
= 12
2 3
4
6 x + 8 y = 57
6 x 8 y 57 = 0 (general form)
8 y = 6 x + 57
3
57
y = x
(slope-intercept form)
4
8
x
5
1
so the
m2
1
slope m1 = and the line y = 3x has slope
3
1
m2 = 3. Since m1 m2 and m1
, the
m2
lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
1
m1 = and the line x + 6y 4 = 0 (or
3
1
1
2
y = x + has slope m2 = . Since
6
6
3
3
7y = 3x + 21, or y = x 3 (slope-intercept
7
form)
94
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.1
56. y = 4 is a horizontal line. The perpendicular line
must be vertical and has an equation of the form
x = a. Since that line passes through (1, 1), its
equation is x = 1.
1
, the lines are neither
m2
parallel nor perpendicular.
m1 m2 and m1
1
3
m2 =
2x
2x
+ 1 has
+ 3 or y =
5
15
2
, so the slope of a line perpendicular
15
15
. An equation of the
to it must have slope
2
15
desired line is y (5) = ( x 4) or
2
15
y = x 35.
2
slope
1
, the lines are perpendicular.
m1
2
59. The line 2x + 3y + 6 = 0 has slope , so the
3
2
slope of a line parallel to it must also be . An
3
equation of the desired line is
2
2
29
y (5) = [ x (7)], or y = x .
3
3
3
x
1
51. The slope of y = 2 is , so the slope of
4
4
1
a line parallel to it must also be . An
4
1
equation of the desired line is y 1 = ( x 1)
4
1
5
or y = x + .
4
4
3
Point-slope form: y 2 = ( x 1) . When the
2
x-coordinate is 5,
3
y 2 = (5 1)
2
3
y 2 = (4)
2
y 2 = 6
y = 4
Thus the point is (5, 4).
95
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
62. m = 3, b = 1
Slope-intercept form: y = 3x + 1. The point
(1, 2) lies on the line if its coordinates satisfy
the equation. If x = 1 and y = 2, then
2 = 3(1) + 1 or 2 = 2, which is true. Thus
(1, 2) lies on the line.
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y (100, 000) = 28, 000( x 0)
y + 100, 000 = 28, 000 x
y = 28, 000 x 100, 000
40
30
68. a.
y (price)
20
10
x (time)
1988
1993
Year
1998
y y
20 14 6
m= 2 1 =
= =3
53
x2 x1
2
Using the point-slope form with m = 3 and
( x1 , y1 ) = (3, 14) gives
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y 14 = 3( x 3)
y 14 = 3x 9
y = 3x + 5
AB m =
= = undefined (vertical)
0 0
0
( x2 ,
73 4
CD m =
= = undefined (vertical)
2 0
2
30 3
AC m =
=
20 2
y y
40, 000 (100, 000) 140, 000
m= 2 1 =
=
50
5
x2 x1
= 28,000
74 3
BD m =
=
20 2
Section 3.2
10
76.
10
10
10
10
4000
15
1000
10
10
73.
10
10
10
( q2 ,
725 575
3
= .
800 1200
8
An equation of the line is
m=
10
74.
15
4000
500
p p1 = m ( q q1 )
3
p 575 = (q 1200)
8
3
p 575 = q + 450
8
3
p = q + 1025
8
10
10
10
97
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
f(x)
60
140
1000
Problems 3.2
1. y = f(x) = 4x = 4x + 0 has the form
f(x) = ax + b where a = 4 (the slope) and b = 0
(the vertical-axis intercept).
5
f(x)
500
x
20
x
5
h(t)
t
10
slope is m =
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y 360 = 70(x 3)
y = f(x) = 70x + 150
f(s)
16
s
5
98
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.2
2q 2 1
= q has the form
7
7 7
1
h(q) = aq + b where a = (the slope) and
7
2
b = (the vertical-axis intercept).
7
2
7 = 2 + b
5
4
31
b = 7 + =
5
5
31
so f ( x) = 2 x .
5
5. h(q) =
h(q)
11.
2
7
f ( x) = ax + b =
2
2
2
x + b . Since f = ,
3
3
3
we have
2
2 2
= +b
3
3 3
q
5
2 4
10
= ,
3 9
9
2
10
so f ( x) = x
.
3
9
b=
h(q)
0.25
0.5
q
1
15. The points (40, 12.75) and (25, 18.75) lie on the
graph of the equation, which is a line.
18.75 12.75
2
m=
= . Hence an equation of
25 40
5
2
the line is p 12.75 = (q 40) , which can be
5
2
written p = q + 28.75. When q = 37, then
5
2
p = (37) + 28.75 = $13.95.
5
20
18. The points (50, 35) and (35, 30) lie on the graph
of the equation, which is a line.
30 35 5 1
=
= . Hence an equation of
m=
35 50 15 3
the line is
1
p 35 = (q 50)
3
1
55
p = q+
3
3
d
0
20
19. The line passing through (10, 40) and (20, 70)
70 40
= 3 , so an equation for the
has slope
20 10
line is
c 40 = 3(q 10)
c = 3q + 10
If q = 35, then c = 3(35) + 10 = 105 + 10 = $115.
1800
20. The line passing through (100, 79) and (400, 88)
88 79
= 0.03, so an equation for
has slope
400 100
the line is
c 79 = 0.03(x 100)
c = 0.03x + 76
t
10
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.2
b. If l = 1, then r =
100 65 35
=
100 56 44
35
y 100 =
( x 100)
44
35
3500
y=
x
+ 100
44
44
35
225
y=
x+
44
11
m=
31. a.
35
225
x+
44
11
35
225
x = 62
44
11
1828
52.2
x=
35
52.2 is the lowest passing score on original
scale.
62 =
b.
35
(1) + 195 = 177.5
2
30. P = 4x + 6y where x, y 0.
a. 240 = 4x + 6y
100
587
549
511
473
40
435
0
60
x
100
N
5
a.
101
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
35. a.
( )
t t
80 68
12 1
m= 2 1 =
=
= .
c2 c1 172 124 48 4
1
1
t 68 = (c 124) , t 68 = c 31 , or
4
4
1
t = c + 37 .
4
0 = 16t 2 + 32t + 8
t=
32 322 4(16)(8)
b b 2 4ac
=
2a
2(16)
32 1536 32 16 6
6
=
= 1
32
32
2
6
, 0 and
Thus, the x-intercepts are 1 +
6
, 0 .
1
=
=1.
2a
2(1)
The y-coordinate of the vertex is
30
( )
20
0 = x 2 2 x 399
r = 6q 0.003q 2
We note that this is a quadratic function with
a = 0.003, b = 6, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the
graph of the function is a parabola that opens
downward, and r is maximum at the vertex
(q, r).
b
6
=
= 1000
q=
2a
2(0.003)
0 = (x + 19)(x 21)
Thus, the x-intercepts are (19, 0) and (21, 0).
y
400
100
25
25
Problems 3.3
1.
102
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2. g ( x) =
2 x2 4
Section 3.3
10. y = f ( x) = 8 x 2 + 4 x 1
a = 8, b = 4, c = 1
g ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c where
a.
a 0 not quadratic.
3
1
1
1
f = 8 + 4 1 =
4
4
4
2
3
1
Vertex: ,
2
4
a 0 not quadratic.
4. k (v) = 3v 2 (v 2 + 2) = 3v 4 + 6v 2 cannot be put in
11. y = x 2 + x 6
a = 1, b = 1, c = 6
a. c = 6. Thus the y-intercept is 6.
c = 9 quadratic.
6.
x 2 + x 6 = ( x 2)( x + 3) = 0, so x = 2, 3.
b.
x-intercepts: 2, 3
b
1
=
2a
2
2
1
25
1 1
f = 6 =
2
4
2 2
s2 9 1 2 9
= s has the form
7. f ( s ) =
2
2
2
1
2
f ( s ) = as + bs + c where a = , b = 0, and
2
9
c = quadratic.
2
c.
c = 0 quadratic.
8. g (t ) = t 2 1
b
4
1
=
=
2a
2 8
4
25
1
Vertex: ,
4
2
12. y = f ( x) = 5 x 3x 2
a = 3, b = 1, c = 5
a. c = 5. Thus the y-intercept is 5.
= t 4 2t 2 + 1 cannot be put in
b b 2 4ac
2a
9. y = f ( x) = 4 x 2 + 8 x + 7
a = 4, b = 8, c = 7
a.
x=
b.
b
8
=
=1.
2a
2(4)
When x = 1, then
y = f (1) = 4(1)2 + 8(1) + 7 = 11 .
Vertex: (1, 11)
103
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
c.
b
1
1
=
=
2a
2(3)
6
15. y = g ( x) = 2 x 2 6 x
a = 2, b = 6, c = 0
b
6
6
3
Vertex:
=
= =
2a
2(2)
4
2
61
1
1 1
f = 5 3 =
12
6
6 6
9
3
3
3 9
f = 2 6 =
+9 =
2
2
2
2
2
1 61
Vertex: ,
6 12
3 9
Vertex: ,
2 2
y-intercept: c = 0
13. y = f ( x) = x 6 x + 5
a = 1, b = 6, c = 5
b
6
Vertex:
=
=3
2a
2 1
x-intercepts: 2 x 2 6 x = 2 x( x + 3) = 0 , so
x = 0, 3.
9
Range: all y
2
f (3) = 32 6(3) + 5 = 4
Vertex = (3, 4)
y-intercept: c = 5
x-intercepts: x 6 x + 5 = (x 1)(x 5) = 0, so
x = 1, 5.
Range: all y 4
9
2
3
2
y
5
16. y = f ( x) = x 2 4
a = 1, b = 0, c = 4
b
0
Vertex:
=
=0
2a
2 1
x
1
(3, 4)
f (0) = 02 4 = 4
Vertex = (0, 4)
y-intercept: c = 4
14. y = f ( x) = 4 x 2
a = 4, b = 0, c = 0
b
0
Vertex:
=
=0
2a
2(4)
x-intercepts: x 2 4 = ( x + 2)( x 2) = 0 , so
x = 2, 2.
Range: all y 4
f (0) = 4(0) 2 = 0
Vertex = (0, 0)
y-intercept: c = 0
x-intercepts: 4 x 2 = 0 , so x = 0.
Range: all y 0
5
x
2
2
4
x
5
104
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Section 3.3
17. s = h(t ) = t 2 + 6t + 9
a = 1, b = 6, c = 9
b
6
Vertex:
=
= 3
2a
2 1
19. y = f ( x) = 9 + 8 x 2 x 2
a = 2, b = 8, c = 9
b
8
Vertex:
=
=2
2a
2(2)
t-intercepts: t 2 + 6t + 9 = (t + 3)2 = 0 , so t = 3.
Range: all s 0
10
x
(2, 1)
t
3
18. s = h(t ) = 2t 2 + 3t 2
a = 2, b = 3, c = 2
b
3
3
Vertex:
=
=
2a
22
4
20. y = H ( x) = 1 x x 2
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
b
1
1
Vertex:
=
=
2a
2(1)
2
3
3
3
h = 2 + 3 2
4
4
4
9 9
25
= 2 =
8 4
8
25
3
Vertex = ,
8
4
s-intercept: c = 2
5
1
1 1
f = 1 =
4
2
2 2
1 5
Vertex = ,
2 4
y-intercept: c = 1
Range: all s
5
25
8
2(1)
1 5
2
Range: all y
1
2
( 34 , 258)
x=
x
5
( 12 , 54 )
1 5
2
105
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
5
4
1 + 5
2
x
5
1 5
2
21. t = f ( s ) = s 2 8s + 14
a = 1, b = 8, c = 14
b
8
=
=4
Vertex:
2a
2 1
23.
f (4) = 42 8(4) + 14 = 2
Vertex = (4, 2)
t-intercept: c = 14
808
5
5
5
f = 49 10 + 17 =
.
49
49
49
49
f ( x) = 49 x 2 10 x + 17
Since a = 49 > 0, the parabola opens upward and
f(x) has a minimum value that occurs when
10
b
5
=
=
x=
. The minimum value is
2a
2 49 49
24.
8 8 8 2 2
=
= 4 2
2
2
Range: all t 2
=
f ( x) = 3 x 2 18 x + 7
Since a = 3 < 0, the parabola opens downward
and f(x) has a maximum value that occurs when
18
b
x=
=
= 3
2a
2(3)
The maximum value is
f (3) = 3(3)2 18(3) + 7 = 34.
25.
14
4+
(4, 2)
26.
22. t = f ( s ) = s 2 + 6s + 11
a = 1, b = 6, c = 11
b
6
Vertex:
=
= 3
2a
2 1
f (3) = (3)2 + 6(3) + 11 = 2
Vertex: (3, 2)
t-intercept: c = 11
s-intercepts: Because the parabola opens upward
(a > 0) and the vertex is above the s-axis, there is
no s-intercept.
Range: all t 2
16
f ( x) = 4 x 50 0.1x 2
Since a = 0.1 < 0, the parabola opens
downward and f(x) has a maximum value that
b
4
=
= 20 . The
occurs when x =
2a
2(0.1)
maximum value is
f ( x) = x( x + 3) 12 = x 2 + 3 x 12
Because a = 1 > 0, the parabola opens upward
and f(x) has a minimum value that occurs when
b
3
3
x=
=
= . The minimum value is
2a
2 1
2
2
57
3 3
3
f = + 3 12 =
4
2 2
2
27.
f ( x) = x 2 2 x + 4
a = 1, b = 2, c = 4
2
b
v=
=
=1
2a
2(1)
11
x 2 2 x + 4 y = 0, we get
s
10
x=
2 4 4(1)(4 y )
= 1 1 (4 y )
2(1)
Section 3.3
g(x)
g 1(x)
r = 0.85q 0.00045q 2
x
8
28.
f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 3
a = 1, b = 4, c = 3
b
4
v=
=
=2
2a
2(1)
4 16 4(1)(3 y )
2(1)
= 2 (1) 4 + (3 y )
x=
r = 2400q 6q 2
This is a quadratic function with a = 6,
b = 2400, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the
function is a parabola that opens downward, and
r is maximum at the vertex (q, r).
b
2400
q=
=
= 200
2a
2(6)
g 1(x)
x
g(x)
32.
r = 200q 5q 2
This is a quadratic function with a = 5,
b = 200, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the
function is a parabola that opens downward, and
r is maximum at the vertex (q, r).
b
200
q=
=
= 20
2a
2(5)
10
40
10
n(12 n) =
n n 2 , where
9
3
9
10
0 n 12. Since a = < 0 , f(n) has a
9
maximum value that occurs at the vertex.
f ( n) =
40
b
3
=
=6
2a
2 10
9
( )
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
is
b
18
=
= 9 . The y-coordinate of the
2a
2(1)
f (50) =
( )
0 = x 2 18 x 144
1
(50)2 + 2(50) + 20 = 70 grams.
50
When t =
0 = (x 24)(x + 6)
Thus, the x-intercepts are (24, 0) and (6, 0).
89
, then
14
2
89
89
s = 4.9 + 62.3 + 1.8
14
14
= 199.825 meters.
P(x)
400
30
34. If k = 2, then
y = kx 2
y = 2 x2
This is a quadratic equation with a = 2, b = 0 and
c = 0. Since a > 0, the graph of the function is a
parabola that opens upward. The x-coordinate of
0
b
the vertex is
=
=0.
2a
2(2)
The y-coordinate is
1
1
then, h(t ) = 16 + 16 + 4 = 8 feet.
2
2
y = 2(0) 2 = 0
Thus, the vertex is (0, 0).
8
=
= .
2a
2(16) 2
The y-coordinate of the vertex is
x
5
5
5
5
h = 16 + 80 + 16 = 116
2
2
2
1
35. f ( P ) = P 2 + 2 P + 20 , where 0 P 100.
50
1
Because a =
< 0 , f(P) has a maximum
50
value that occurs at the vertex.
2
b
=
= 50 . The maximum value of
2a
2 1
50
0 = 16t 2 + 80t + 16
108
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
t=
=
Section 3.4
y = 78 x = 78 39 = 39. Thus, two numbers
whose sum is 78 and whose product is a
maximum are 39 and 39.
b b 2 4ac
2a
80 802 4(16)(16)
2(16)
80 7424 5 29
=
=
2
32
5 + 29
Thus, the x-intercepts are
, 0 and
none
b. one
5 29
, 0 .
c.
two
46. 14.18
h(t)
47. 4.89
160
10
10
y = 80, 000.
Thus, $120,000 is invested at 9% and $80,000 is
invested at 8%.
5 A + 7 B = 9500.
If we solve the first equation for B, we obtain
B = 2000 2 A
5 A + 7 B = 9500.
Highway
x
x
500 2x
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Thus
B = 2000 2 A,
A = 500.
and
B = 1000,
A = 500.
The food will support 500 of species A and 1000
of species B.
A = 6 ,
C = ,
2
B = 3 .
30 A + 40 B = 200, 000.
A,
1
lb of
6
1
1
lb of B, and
lb of C.
3
2
Problems 3.4
x + 4 y = 3,
1.
3 x 2 y = 5.
(1)
(2)
1
We multiply the second equation by and
2
then add.
15 A + 20 B = 100, 000,
15 A 20 B = 100, 000,
0=0
Thus, there are infinitely many solutions of the
20, 000 4
form A =
r , B = r, where
3
3
0 r 5000.
4 x + 2 y = 9, (1)
2.
5 y 4 x = 5. (2)
4 x + 5 y = 5.
Adding the equations gives
7y = 14
y=2
From Eq. (1) we have
4x + 2(2) = 9
4x = 5
5
x=
4
5
Thus x = , y = 2.
4
A + B + C = 1,
B = 2 A.
Simplifying gives
30 A + 7C = 8.50,
3 A + C = 1,
B = 2 A.
3x 4 y = 13,
3.
2 x + 3 y = 3.
(1)
(2)
8 x + 12 y = 12.
110
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.4
Adding gives
17x = 51
x=3
From Eq. (2) we have
2(3) + 3y = 3
3y = 3
y = 1
Thus x = 3, y = 1.
2 x y = 1,
4.
x + 2 y = 7.
3x + 5 y = 7,
8.
5 x + 9 y = 7.
15 x 27 y = 21.
Adding gives 2y = 14, or y = 7. From Eq. (2)
we have
5x + 9(7) = 7
5x = 70
x = 14
Thus x = 14, y = 7.
(1)
(2)
4 x 3 y 2 = 3 x 7 y,
9.
x + 5 y 2 = y + 4.
Simplifying, we have
x + 4 y = 2,
x + 4 y = 6.
Subtracting the second equation from the first
gives 0 = 4, which is never true. Thus there is
no solution.
u + v = 5
5.
u v = 7
From the first equation, v = 5 u. Substituting in
the second equation gives
u (5 u ) = 7
2u 5 = 7
2u = 12
or u = 6 so v = 5 u = 5 6 = 1.
Thus, u = 6, v = 1.
2 p + q = 16,
6.
3 p + 3q = 33.
5 x + 7 y + 2 = 9 y 4 x + 6,
10. 21
4
11 3
2
5
2 x 3 y 4 = 2 x+ 3 y+ 4.
(1)
(2)
By simplifying, we have
9 x 2 y = 4,
9 x 2 y = 4.
Both equations represent the same line, so we
have infinitely many solutions. Let y = r. Then
2
4
9 x 2r = 4 x = r + . Thus a parametric
9
9
2
4
solution is x = r + , y = r, where r is any real
9
9
number.
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
1
2
3 x + 2 y = 2,
11.
3 x + 5 y = 11 .
8
6
2
9 x + 20 y = 132.
Multiplying the first equation by 9 and the
second equation by 4 gives
111
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
15 x 18 z = 12.
36 x + 27 y = 108,
36 x 80 y = 528.
Adding gives
53y = 636
y = 12
From 4x + 3y = 12, we have
4x + 3(12) = 12
4x = 48 x = 12. Thus x = 12, y = 12.
1 z 1 w = 1
4
6
12. 12
1w= 1
z
+
2
4
6
Multiplying both equations by 12 gives
6 z 3w = 2
6 z + 3w = 2
3
2
1
x=
2
From 2x + y + 6z = 3, we have
1
1
2 + y + 6 = 3
2
4
3x =
1
Adding gives 12z = 4 and so z = .
3
1
From the first equation we have 6 3w = 2,
3
1
from which w = 0. Thus z = , w = 0.
3
5 p + 11q = 7,
13.
10 p + 22q = 33.
y=
1
1
1
, y= , z= .
2
2
4
x + y + z = 1,
16. 3x + y + z = 1,
4 x 2 y + 2 z = 0.
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
2 y + 2 z = 4.
Multiplying the first equation by 2 gives
2 y + 2 z = 4,
2 y + 2 z = 4.
By adding, we have
4z = 8
z = 2
From y + z = 2, we have
y + (2) = 2
y=0
Thus x = 1, y = 0, z = 2.
(1)
(2)
10 x + 6 y = 4.
Adding gives 0 = 8, which is never true, so the
system has no solution.
2 x + y + 6 z = 3,
15. x y + 4 z = 1,
3x + 2 y 2 z = 2.
1
2
Therefore x =
10 p + 22q = 33.
Adding gives 0 = 19, which is never true, so the
system has no solution.
5 x 3 y = 2,
14.
10 x + 6 y = 4.
1
. From
4
(1)
(2)
(3)
x + 4 y + 3 z = 10
17. 4 x + 2 y 2 z = 2
3x y + z = 11
From the third equation, y = 3x + z 11.
Substituting in the first two equations gives
x + 4(3 x + z 11) + 3 z = 10
4 x + 2(3 x + z 11) 2 z = 2
5 x + 6 z = 4.
112
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.4
or
13x + 7 z = 54
10 x = 20
(1)
x y + 2 z = 0,
21. 2 x + y z = 0
(2)
x + 2 y 3z = 0
(3)
2 x + y z = 0
2 x + y z = 0
2 x + y z = 0.
Adding the first equation to the second gives
3x + z = 0
1
x= z
3
Substituting in the first equation we have
1
z y + 2z = 0
3
5
y= z
3
Letting z = r gives the parametric solution
1
5
x = r , y = r , z = r, where r is any real
3
3
number.
x + y + z = 18 (1)
18. x y z = 12 (2)
3x + y + 4 z = 4 (3)
Adding Eq. (2) to both Eq. (1) and Eq. (3) gives
2 x = 30
4 x + 3 z = 16
(1)
x 2 y z = 0,
22. 2 x 4 y 2 z = 0
(2)
x + 2 y + z = 0
(3)
2 x 4 y 2 z = 0
0 = 0
2 x 4 y 2 z = 0.
Multiplying the first equation by 2 gives
2 x + 4 y + 2 z = 0,
2 x 4 y 2 z = 0.
Adding the first equation to the second, we have
2 x + 4 y + 2 z = 0,
0 = 0.
From the first equation, x = 2y + z. Setting y = r
and z = s gives the parametric solution x = 2r + s,
y = r, z = s, where r and s are any real numbers.
(1)
x 2 z = 1,
19.
(2)
y + z = 3.
From Eq. (1), x = 1 + 2z; from Eq. (2), y = 3 z.
Setting z = r gives the parametric solution
x = 1 + 2r, y = 3 r, z = r, where r is any real
number.
2 y + 3 z = 1,
20.
3x 4 z = 0.
(1)
(2)
1 3
z ; from Eq. (2),
2 2
4
z . Setting z = r gives the parametric
3
4
1 3
solution x = r , y = r , z = r, where r is
3
2 2
any real number.
x=
113
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
y = 20 x.
By substituting 20 x for y in the first equation,
and then simplifying, we obtain
x = 5,
y = 15.
Thus, the final mixture should contain 5 lb of
3% nitrogen fertilizer, and 15 lb of 11% nitrogen
fertilizer.
(1)
(2)
1
gives
2
2 x + 2 y z = 3,
2 x 2 y + z = 3.
Adding the first equation to the second equation
gives
2 x + 2 y z = 3,
0 = 0.
Solving the first equation for x, we have
3
1
x = y + z . Letting y = r and z = s gives the
2
2
3
1
parametric solution x = r + s , y = r, z = s,
2
2
where r and s are any real numbers.
C + P + N = 1,
N = P.
Simplifying gives
4C + 5 N = 3.25,
C + 2 N = 1,
N = P.
5 x + y + z = 17
24.
4 x + y + z = 14
Subtracting the second equation from the first
gives x = 3.
From the first equation we have
y + z = 17 5x = 17 5(3) = 2
Letting z = r we have the parametric solution
x = 3, y = 2 r, z = r, where r is any real
number.
N = 0.25,
C = 0.5,
P = 0.25.
(2)
0.20 x + 0.35 y = 0.25(800).
From Eq. (1), y = 800 x. Substituting in Eq. (2)
gives
0.20x + 0.35(800 x) = 0.25(800)
0.15x + 280 = 200
0.15x = 80
1600
x=
533.3
3
1600 800
y = 800 x = 800
=
266.7. Thus
3
3
533.3 gal of 20% solution and 266.7 gal of 35%
solution must be mixed.
which is equivalent to
4 F + S = 312, 000
F + 10 S = 312, 000,
x + y = 20.
114
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.4
(1)
x = 1.20 y,
+
=
250
x
350
y
130,
000.
(2)
900
p + w = 175
p w = 900 ,
206
900 900 36 450
+
=
+
Thus 2 p =
175 206 7 103
3429
miles per minute
p=
721
279
miles per minute
w=
721
Multiplying by 60 to get miles per hour we have
p 285 and w 23.2
Plane speed in still air is about 285 mph and
wind speed is about 23.2 mph.
(2)
x = 1.625 y,
z = 0.16(250).
(3)
1
(r + c) = 10,
(r c) 3 = 10,
4
or, more simply,
r + c = 20,
40
r c = 3 .
(2)
7.50 x + 7000 = 6.00 y + 8800.
From Eq. (1), y = 1500 x. Substituting in Eq.
(2) gives
7.50x + 7000 = 6.00(1500 x) + 8800
7.50x + 7000 = 9000 6x + 8800
13.5x = 10,800
x = 800
Thus y = 1500 x = 1500 800 = 700.
Therefore 800 calculators must be made at the
Exton plant and 700 calculators at the Whyton
plant.
(2)
2.20 x + 2.30 y + 2.60 z = 2.40(100),
y = z.
(3)
115
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x + z + z = 100,
(2)
100, 000 x + 180, 000 y = 14,800.
Subtracting Eq. (1) from Eq. (2) gives
105,000y = 6300
y = 0.06
Substituting in Eq. (1) gives
100,000x + 75,000(0.06) = 8500
100,000x + 4500 = 8500, 100,000x = 4000, or
x = 0.04. Thus the rate is 4% on the first
$100,000 and 6% on the remainder.
p1
p
= 2 . Hence we have the system
384 736
3
10 ( p1 + p2 ) + 600 = p1 ,
p1 = p2 .
384 736
Simplifying, we have
3
7
10 p1 + 10 p2 = 600,
p = 12 p .
1 23 2
12
p2 in first equation gives
Substituting p1 =
23
7 12
3
p2 +
p2 = 600
10 23 10
3
p2 = 600
46
p2 = 9200
12
12
p2 =
(9200) = 4800 . The total
23
23
amount invested was
p1 + p2 = 4800 + 9200 = $14, 000 .
Thus p1 =
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.4
(2)
c + r + 2l = 600,
2c + 3r + 5l = 1500.
(3)
second gives:
5 x = 25
x=5
So y = 2x = 10
z = 70 3x = 70 15 = 55
The company should hire 5 skilled workers, 10
semiskilled workers, and 55 shipping clerks.
42. Method 1. Let a = number of minutes that pump
for tank A operates, and b = number of minutes
that pump for tank B operates. Then b = a + 5.
25a gallons are pumped from tank A and 35b
from tank B.
(1)
b = a + 5,
(2)
25a + 35b = 10, 000.
Since b = a + 5, substituting in Eq. (2) gives
25a + 35(a + 5) = 10,000
60a = 9825
a = 163.75
b = a + 5, b = 163.75 + 5 = 168.75. Thus
25(163.75) = 4093.75 gallons are pumped from
A, and 35(168.75) = 5906.25 gallons are pumped
from B.
Method 2. Let a = number of gallons from A,
and let b = number of gallons from B. Then
a + b = 10,000. The number of minutes the
a
. For the pump on B,
pump on A operates is
25
b
it is
. Thus
35
b
a
(1)
+5 =
35
25
a + b = 10, 000.
(2)
(2)
0.07 x + 0.08 y + 0.09 z = 2830,
0.07 x + 0.08 y + 0.10 z = 2960.
(3)
wages:
16
x
9.5
y
10
z
725
(2)
+
+
=
semiskilled:
y = 2x
(3)
16 x + 9.5(2 x) + 10 z = 725
or
3x + z = 70
35 x + 10 z = 725
117
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Problems 3.5
( x 14)2 x 2 = 28
28x + 196 = 28
28x = 168
x=6
If x = 6, then y = x 14 = 6 14 = 8. The only
solution is x = 6, y = 8.
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
x4 x = 0
x x3 1 = 0
2 22 4(1)(12)
2(1)
2 52
=
2
= 1 13
=
2
6. p q + 1 = 0
5q 3 p 2 = 0
x = 1 13, y = 5 + 2 13.
5 p2 3 p + 3 = 0
p=
x = x3
x x3 = 0
b b 2 4ac
2a
3 (3) 2 4(5)(3)
2(5)
3 51
=
10
Since 51 is not a real number, there are no
real solutions.
x 1 x2 = 0
p 2 = 5 ( p 1)
2 x2 6 x 8 = 0
p2 + p 6 = 0
(p + 3)(p 2) = 0
Thus p = 3, 2. From q = p 1, if p = 3, we
have q = 3 1 = 4; if p = 2, then q = 2 1 = 1.
There are two solutions: p = 3, q = 4;
p = 2, q = 1.
x2 3x 4 = 0
(x 4)(x + 1) = 0
118
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.5
12. From Eq. (2), y = 3x 5. Substituting in Eq. (1)
gives
x 2 + (3 x 5) 2 2 x(3 x 5) = 1
x2 + 4 x + 4 x2 4 x + 3 = 0
7=0
Since this is never true, the system has no
solution.
4 x 2 20 x + 24 = 0
x2 5x + 6 = 0
(x 3)(x 2) = 0
Thus x = 3, 2. From y = 3x 5, if x = 3, then
y = 3(3) 5 = 4; if x = 2, then y = 3(2) 5 = 1.
Thus there are two solutions: x = 3, y = 4; x = 2,
y = 1.
q = q2 .
q = q4
q4 q = 0
q q3 1 = 0
( x 1) 2 = 4( x + 2)
x2 2 x + 1 = 4 x + 8
10. Substituting z =
x2 6 x 7 = 0
( x + 1)( x 7) = 0
4
in Eq. (2) gives
w
Thus x = 1 or 7.
From y = x 1, if x = 1, then y = 2; if
x = 7, then y = 6. However, from Eq. (2), y 0.
The only solution is x = 7, y = 6.
4
3 = 2w + 2
w
12 = 2w2 + 2 w
14. Substituting y =
w + w6 = 0
(w + 3)(w 2) = 0
1
x2
=
+1
x 1 x 1
4
, if w = 3, then
w
4
4
z = ; if w = 2, then z = = 2 . There are two
3
2
4
solutions: w = 3, z = ; w = 2, z = 2.
3
Thus w = 3, 2. From z =
1 = x 2 + ( x 1)
x2 + x 2 = 0
(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
Thus x = 2, 1. But x cannot equal 1 in either of
the original equations (division by zero). From
1
1
1
, if x = 2, then y =
y=
= . The
x 1
2 1
3
1
solution is x = 2, y = .
3
1
in Eq. (1) gives
x 1
y = y 2 + 13 15
2
y y2 = 0
(y 2)(y + 1) = 0
Thus y = 2, 1. If y = 2, then
y = 0.01x + 8.0.
By substituting 0.01x + 8.0 for y in the first
equation and simplifying, we obtain
x 2 = y 2 + 13 = 22 + 13 = 17 , so x = 17 .
If y = 1, then x 2 = y 2 + 13 = (1)2 + 13 = 14 ,
so x = 14 . The system has four solutions:
x = 17 , y = 2; x = 17 , y = 2; x = 14 ,
y = 1; x = 14 , y = 1.
119
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
20
y = 0.912 x + 5.
By substituting 0.912x + 5 for y in the first
equation and then simplifying, we obtain
(100, 7)
q
0
0 = 0.06 x 2 15 x + 50
200
0 = 0.06 x 0.9 x + 3
0 = 0.06(x 10)(x 5)
x = 10 or x = 5
If x = 10 then y = 14.12, and if x = 5 then
y = 9.56. The two holes are located at (10, 14.12)
and (5, 9.56).
17. The system has 3 solutions.
18. x = 2, y = 4
19. x = 1.3, y = 5.1
p
10
6 6
4285 , 6
7 7
21. x = 1.76
22. x = 2.81
23. x = 1.46
5000
Problems 3.6
q
10,000
35q 2 p + 250 = 0,
3.
65q + p 537.5 = 0.
(1)
(2)
4
(100) + 3 = 7
100
Thus, the equilibrium point is (100, 7).
p=
120
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.6
(1)
246 p 3.25q 2460 = 0,
4.
410
p
+
3
q
14,
452.5
=
0.
(2)
5. Equating p-values:
2q + 20 = 200 2q
q 2 + 26q + 48 = 8960
q 2 + 26q 8912 = 0
q=
=
b b 2 4ac
2a
26 (26) 2 4(1)(8912)
2(1)
q 82.29 or 108.29
q 0 so choose q 82.29.
82.29
+ 6 26.57.
Then p
4
The equilibrium point is (82.29, 26.57).
TR
2q 2 + 2q 180 = 0
TC
15,000
q 2 + q 90 = 0
(q + 10)(q 9) = 0
Thus q = 10, 9. Since q 0, choose q = 9.
Then p = 2q + 20 = 2(9) + 20 = 38. The
equilibrium point is (9, 38).
(2500, 10,000)
5000
2q 2 + 36q 288 = 0
14q =
q 2 + 18q 144 = 0
(q + 24) (q 6) = 0
Thus q = 24, 6. Since q 0, choose q = 6. Then
40
q + 1200
3
2
q = 1200
3
q = 1800 units
30,000
(1800, 25,200)
1800 units
400 40q + q 2 = q + 10
TC
q 2 41q + 390 = 0
(q 26)(q 15) = 0
Thus q = 26, 15. If q = 26, then
p = 20 q = 20 26 = 6. But p cannot be
negative. If q = 15, then p = 20 q = 20 15 = 5.
The equilibrium point is (15, 5).
TR
0
q
1000
2000
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3
q + 9 + 0.27
200
3
p=
q + 9.27
200
This equation can be written
3q + 200p 1854 = 0, and the new system
to solve is
3q + 200 p 1854 = 0,
3q + 100 p 1800 = 0.
Adding gives
3654
300 p 3654 = 0 p =
= $12.18 .
300
p=
900
= 1.1q + 37.3
q+3
90(q + 3) 900 = (1.1q + 37.3)(q + 3)
q=
=
b b 2 4ac
2a
49.4 (49.4) 2 4(1.1)(741.9)
16. a.
2(1.1)
49.4 824
2.2
There are no real solutions, therefore one cannot
break even at any level of production.
3000
(800, 5600)
TC
TR
0.1q + 9q = 3q + 400
2
0.1q + 6q 400 = 0
q 2 + 60q 4000 = 0
(q + 100)(q 40) = 0
Thus q = 100, 40. Since q 0, choose
q = 40 units.
3q 200 p + 1800 = 0,
15.
3q + 100 p 1800 = 0.
a.
(1)
(2)
10
D
0
500
q
1000
500
q
1000
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 3.6
2500
1250
q+
3
3
1300
1,562,500
=0
q2 +
q+
3
9
Using the quadratic formula,
400q = q 2 +
4.50 1
3.5
7
,
=
= 2 =
13,500 0 13,500 13,500 27, 000
so the line is
7
p 1 =
(q 0)
27, 000
27,000(p 1) = 7q
7q 27,000p + 27,000 = 0
For the demand equation, we fit the points
(0, 20) and (13,500, 4.50) to a straight line. We
have
m=
1300
1300
1,562,500
4(1)
3
9
3
q=
,
2
which is not real. Thus total cost always exceeds
total revenue; there is no break-even point.
22. p =
31
4.50 20
15.5
m=
=
= 2
13,500 0
13,500
13,500
31
, so the line is
=
27, 000
31
p 20 =
(q 0)
27, 000
27,000(p 20) = 31q
31q + 27,000p 540,000 = 0
1000
q
a.
4=
1000
1000
= 250 units
gives q =
q
4
b.
2=
1000
1000
= 500 units
gives q =
q
2
c.
0.50 =
1000
1000
= 2000 units
gives q =
0.50
q
1000
The revenue is qp = q
= 1000 , so
q
revenue of $1000 is received regardless of price.
p=
q + 50 1.50
100
8
q + 48.50
100
The system to consider is
8
p = 100 q + 48.50,
p = 7 q + 65.
100
Equating p-values gives
8
7
q + 48.50 =
q + 65
100
100
15
q = 16.5
100
q = 110
When q = 110, then
8
8
p=
q + 48.50 =
(110) + 48.50
100
100
= 8.8 + 48.50 = 57.30 .
Thus the original equilibrium price decreases by
$0.70.
p=
123
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
( x 10)
2
1
y 4 = x5
2
1
y = x 1 , which is slope-intercept form.
2
Clearing fractions, we have
1
2 y = 2 x 1
2
2y = x 2
x 2y 2 = 0, which is a general form.
5. y 4 =
6. Slope of a vertical line is undefined, so slopeintercept form does not exist. An equation of the
vertical line is x = 3. General form: x 3 = 0.
7. Slope of a horizontal line is 0. Thus
y 4 = 0[x (2)]
y 4 = 0,
so slope-intercept form is y = 4. A general form
is y 4 = 0.
5
5
7
8. 3y + 5x = 7 or y = x has slope .
3
3
3
3
and its equation is y 2 = ( x 1) , or
5
3
13
y = x + . A general form is 3x + 5y 13 =
5
5
0.
2
5
, so the line perpendicular to it has slope .
5
2
Since the y-intercept is 3, the equation is
2
y = x 3. A general form is 2x 5y 15 = 0.
5
k 5
= 4 gives k 5 = 4, k = 9.
3 2
2. The equation
3
5
44
= 0 is true for any real
5k
number k 5.
3. (2, 3) and (0, 1) lie on the line, so
1 3
m=
= 2. Slope-intercept form:
0 (2)
82
6
= = 3, so an
1 (1) 2
equation of the line is y 8 = 3(x 1). If x = 3,
then
y 8 = 3(3 1)
y8=6
y = 14
Thus (3, 13) does not lie on the line.
y = mx + b y = 2x 1. A general form:
2x + y + 1 = 0.
4. Slope of y = 3x 4 is m = 3, so slope of parallel
line is also m = 3. Thus
y (1) = 3[x (1)]
y + 1 = 3x + 3,
Slope-intercept form: y = 3x + 2. General form:
3x y + 2 = 0.
124
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 3 Review
1
1
1
m1 = and 8x 2y 2 = 0 (or y = 4x 1) has
4
1
, the lines are
slope m2 = 4 . Since m1 =
m2
perpendicular to each other.
12. y 2 = 2(x 1) (or y = 2x) has slope m1 = 2 , and
x
4
3
18. x = 3y + 4
3y = x + 4
1
4
y = x+
3
3
1
m=
3
1
3
2x + 4y 3 = 0 or y = x + has slope
2
4
1
1
, the lines are
m2 = . Since m1 =
m2
2
perpendicular.
y
4
3
1
11
x
4
1
, and y = 4x + 2 has slope m2 = 4 . Since
2
1
m1 m2 and m1
, the lines are neither
m2
parallel nor perpendicular to each other.
2
4
2
m1 = , and 6x + 21y = 90
7
2
2
30
19. 4 3y = 0
3y = 4
4
y=
3
m=0
5
4
3
x
5
20. y = 2x
m=2
5
1
, the
m2
lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
17. 3x 2y = 4
2y = 3x + 4
3
y = x2
2
3
m=
2
m2 = 0 . Since m1 m2 and m1
x
5
125
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
10
y
(0, 9)
y
25
g (t ) = at 2 + bt + c , where a = 1, b = 3, c = 5.
Vertex:
b
3 3
=
=
2a
2(1) 2
2
11
3
3 3
g = 5 3 + =
2
2
2
4
3 11
Vertex = ,
2 4
s-intercept: c = 5
t-intercepts: Because the parabola opens upward
(a > 0) and the vertex is above the t-axis, there is
no t-intercept.
s
h(2) = 22 4(2) 5 = 9
Vertex = (2, 9)
y-intercept: c = 5
t -intercepts: t 2 4t 5 = (t 5)(t + 1) = 0
t = 5, 1
f ( x) = ax + bx + c , where a = 1, b = 0 and
c = 9.
b
0
=
=0
Vertex:
2a
2(1)
5
9
f (0) = 9 02 = 9
Vertex = (0, 9)
y-intercept: c = 9
x-intercepts: 9 x 2 = (3 x)(3 + x) = 0 , so
x = 3, 3.
126
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Chapter 3 Review
29. y = F ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 3 = x 2 2 x 3 has
the quadratic form F ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , where
a = 1, b = 2, and c = 3
b
2
Vertex:
=
= 1
2a
2(1)
Vertex = (1, 2)
y-intercept: c = 3
x-intercepts: Because the parabola opens
downward (a < 0) and the vertex is below the
x-axis, there is no x-intercept.
10
2
3
t
5
x
1
2 = x 2 has the linear form
3
3
1
f(x) = ax + b, where a = , b = 2.
3
1
Slope = ; y-intercept (0, 2)
3
30. y = f ( x) =
28. y = F ( x) = (2 x 1) 2 = 4 x 2 4 x + 1 has the
quadratic form F ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , where
a = 4, b = 4, c = 1.
b
4 1
=
=
Vertex:
2a
24 2
1 1
F = 2 1 = 0
2 2
1
Vertex = , 0
2
y-intercept: c = 1
x-intercepts: (2 x 1)2 = 0 , so x =
y
1
1
2
1
2
2 x y = 6,
31.
3x + 2 y = 5.
(1)
(2)
x
5
127
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
(1)
1
1
1
3 x 4 y = 12 ,
36.
4 x + 3y = 5 .
3
3
(2)
(2)
4 x + 3y = 5 .
3
3
4
1
Adding gives 4 y = y = . From Eq. (2),
3
3
4
1 5
x + 3 =
3
3 3
7 x + 5 y = 5
33.
6 x + 5 y = 3
Subtracting the second equation from the first
equation gives x = 2. Then 7(2) + 5y = 5, or
9
9
5y = 9, so y = . Thus x = 2, y = .
5
5
2 x + 4 y = 8 (1)
34.
3x + 6 y = 12 (2)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 3 and Eq. (2) by 2 gives
6 x + 12 y = 24
6 x 12 y = 24.
3
1
4 x 2 y = 4,
35.
3 x + 1 y = 8.
4
2
(1)
4
2
x=
3
3
1
x=
2
Thus x =
1
1
, y= .
3
2
3x 2 y + z = 2,
37. 2 x + y + z = 1,
x + 3 y z = 3.
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
3 x + 4 y = 4.
Multiplying the first equation by 3 gives
3x + 9 y = 9,
3 x + 4 y = 4.
Adding the first equation to the second gives
13y = 13
y=1
From the equation x 3y = 3, we get
x 3(1) = 3
x=0
From 3x 2y + z = 2, we get
3(0) 2(1) + z = 2
z=0
Thus x = 0, y = 1, z = 0.
9 x + 3 y = 24.
4
2
Adding the first equation to the second gives
5
x = 20
2
x=8
From Eq. (1),
1
3
(8) y = 4
4
2
3
y = 6
2
y=4
Thus
x = 8, y = 4.
128
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Chapter 3 Review
2 x + 3 y + x = 9
3
38.
5x+2 y
y + 4 = 7
simplifies to
7 x + 3 y = 27 (1)
5 x + 6 y = 28 (2)
x=
5 65
21 5 65
, y=
.
4
8
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
x + y + z = 0,
42. x y + z = 0,
x + z = 0.
2 x + 5x 5 = 0
x=
5 + 65
21 + 5 65
, y=
, and
4
8
18
,
y =
40.
x+4
x y + 7 = 0.
x=
b b 4ac
2a
(1)
(2)
(3)
y = 0,
x + z = 0.
The first two equations state that y = 0, and the
third implies that x = z. Letting z = r gives the
parametric solution x = r, y = 0, z = r, where r
is any real number.
5 52 4(2)(5)
=
2(2)
5 65
=
4
5 + 65
, then
4
21 + 5 65
5 65
y=
; if x =
, then
8
4
Since y = 3 x 2 , if x =
21 5 65
.
8
Thus, the two solutions are
y=
129
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
(1)
47. Slope is
(2)
f(1) = 5,
4
5 = (1) + b
3
19
b=
3
2 x 2 y + 3 z = 0.
Adding the first equation to the second gives
2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 0,
5 z = 0.
From the second equation, z = 0. Substituting in
Eq. (1) gives x y 0 = 0, so x = y. Letting y = r
gives the parametric solution x = r, y = r, z = 0,
where r is any real number.
2 x 5 y + 6 z = 1,
44.
4 x 10 y + 12 z = 2.
Thus f ( x) =
4
19
.
x+
3
3
58
3
=
= 1 . Thus
2 (1)
3
f(x) = ax + b = x + b. Since f(2) = 5,
5 = 2 + b
b=7
Thus f(x) = x + 7.
(1)
(2)
4 x 10 y + 12 z = 2.
Adding the first equation to the second gives
4 x + 10 y 12 z = 2,
0 = 0.
Solving the first equation for x, we have
1 5
x = + y 3 z . Letting y = r and z = s gives
2 2
1 5
the parametric solution x = + r 3s , y = r,
2 2
z = s, where r and s are any real numbers.
4
4
f ( x) = ax + b = x + b . Since
3
3
b. If T = 27, then
r = 14T 298 = 14(27) 298 = 80.
130
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
b. If L = 1, then
R = 75(1) + 1310 = 1385 milliseconds.
c.
56. x = 12, y = 4
Chapter 4
Principles in Practice 4.1
Year
Multiplicative
Decrease
Expression
0.850
0.85
0.851
0.72
0.852
0.61
0.853
Multiplicative
Increase
Expression
1.10
1.1
1.11
1.21
1.12
1.33
1.13
1.46
1 2 3 4 5
1.1
y
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
x
years
5. S = P(1 + r ) n
x
years
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 4.1
3.
0.06t
1
7. P = e0.06t =
e
1
Since 0 < < 1 , the graph is that of an
e
exponential function falling from left to right.
0.89
0.79
0.70
0.62
10
0.55
x
5
4.
y
60
x
10
5.
10
20
t
years
x
5
Problems 4.1
1.
6.
2.
7.
y
9
133
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x
5
9.
16. a.
10.
1
11
17. With c = , P = 1
22
2
n 1
1 1
1
n = 1: P = 1 = 1 =
2 2
2
2
1 3
1
n = 2: P = 1 = 1 =
4 4
2
3
1 7
1
n = 3: P = 1 = 1 =
8 8
2
11.
( )
18. y = 23 x = 23
19. a.
20. a.
8
= 8 x . Thus y = 8 x .
4000(1.06)7 $6014.52
12.
700(1.035)30 $1964.76
22. a.
4000(1.0375)24 $9677.75
13. For the curves, the bases involved are 0.4, 2, and
5. For base 5, the curve rises from left to right,
and in the first quadrant it rises faster than the
23. a.
0.0875
3000 1 +
4
64
11,983.37
1
= 1 .
2
24. a.
0.07
2000 1 +
Section 4.1
48
$4599.20
Hours
Bacteria
Expression
100,000
9
100, 000
10
90,000
9
100, 000
10
81,000
9
100, 000
10
72,900
9
100, 000
10
65,610
9
100, 000
10
5000(1.0075)30 $6256.36
26. a.
0.11
500 1 +
2
$854.07
0.0625
8000 1 +
365
3(365)
$9649.69
10
900(1.0225)
30. a.
$1124.28
900(1.045)5 $1121.56
0.04
29. 6500 1 +
9
after t hours is given by N (t ) = 100, 000 .
10
24
$8253.28
P = 5000(1.03)t
N = 400(1.05)t
9
100, 000
10
Year
Multiplicative
Increase
Expression
1.30
1.3
1.31
1.69
1.32
2.20
1.33
135
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
42.
x
5
y
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
x
years
43. For x = 3, P =
( )
45. e kt = e k
70, 000(1.04) .
Population of city B after 5 years:
60, 000(1.05)5 .
Difference in populations:
46.
= bt , where b = e k
1
1
= = b x , where b =
x
e
e
e
1
47. a.
b. When t = 10,
N = 12e 0.031(10) = 12e0.31 = 8.8.
c.
When t = 44,
N = 12e 0.031(44) = 12e1.364 3.1.
1
of the
4
initial amount remains. Because
1 1 1
=
, 44 hours corresponds to 2
4 2 2
half-lives. Thus the half-life is
approximately 22 hours.
37. 4.4817
38. 29.9641
39. 0.4966
40. 0.5134
41.
e3 33
0.2240
3!
x
5
1
gram remains. After two
2
2
1 1 1
1
= = gram remains.
2 2 2
4
Continuing in this manner, after n half-lives,
half-lives,
n
1 1
1
2 gram remains. Because 16 = 2 , after
1
4 half-lives,
gram remains. This corresponds
16
to 4 8 = 32 years.
136
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
50.
51.
f ( x) =
e 0.5 (0.5) x
x!
f (2) =
e0.5 (0.5) 2
0.0758
2!
f ( x) =
e 4 4 x
x!
f (2) =
e 4 42
0.1465
2!
Section 4.2
58. a.
p
q = 10, 000(0.95123) p 10, 000 e0.05 .
= 10, 000e0.05 p
q = 10, 000e 0.05(10) 6065 .
c.
52.
I
2. If 8.3 = log10 is the logarithmic form, then
I0
I
= 108.3 is the exponential form.
I0
5
2
If f ( x) = 2 x , then
55. 3.17
4
57. 300
3
y
6
4.1
976
y = log1.5x
4.2
4
300 1004
3
4.2 minutes
137
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
10
x
multiplicative
increase
4. log8 4 =
2
3
5. ln 20.0855 = 3
6. ln 1.4 = 0.33647
7. e1.09861 = 3
8. 100.6990 = 5
9.
8
4
y = log0.8x
x
1
x
multiplicative
decrease
5. The equation t (r ) =
ln 4
can be rewritten as
r
10.
ln 4
. When this equation is graphed we find
t (r )
that the annual rate r needed to quadruple the
investment in 10 years is approximately 13.9%.
Alternatively, we can solve for r by setting
t(r) = 10.
ln(4)
r=
t (r )
r=
r=
5x
11.
ln(4)
0.139 or 13.9%
10
x
5
12.
5x
Problems 4.2
1. log 10,000 = 4
2. (12)2 = 144
3. 26 = 64
138
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Section 4.2
23. Because 102 = 0.01, log 0.01 = 2
1
24. Because 21/ 3 = 3 2, log 2 3 2 = .
3
x
8
14.
26. Because 52 =
1
1
27. Because 23 = , log 2 = 3
8
8
x
5
15.
1
1
= 2
, log5
25
25
1
28. Because 41/ 5 = 5 4, log 4 5 4 = .
5
29. 34 = x
x = 81
30. 28 = x
x = 256
x
5
31. 53 = x
x = 125
16.
32. 40 = x
x=1
33. 101 = x
1
x=
10
x
5
34. e1 = x
x=e
35. e 3 = x
36. x 2 = 25
Since x > 0, we choose x = 5.
37. x3 = 8
x=2
1
20. Because 161/ 2 = 4, log16 4 =
2
38. x1/ 2 = 3
x=9
39. x 1 =
x=6
139
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1
6
40. y = x1
x=y
49. e3 x = 2
3x = ln 2
ln 2
x=
3
41. 33 = x
1
x=
27
42. x = 2 x 3
x=3
43. x 2 = 6 x
51. e2 x 5 + 1 = 4
e 2 x 5 = 3
2x 5 = ln 3
5 + ln 3
x=
2
x + x6 = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
The roots of this equation are 3 and 2. But since
x > 0, we choose x = 2.
44. log8 64 = x 1
52. 6e2 x 1 =
8 x 1 = 64
x1=2
x=3
6e 2 x =
45. 2 + log 2 4 = 3x 1
2 + 2 = 3x 1
5 = 3x
5
x=
3
e2 x =
1
2
3
2
1
4
1
4
1 1
x = ln
2 4
2 x = ln
46. 32 = x + 2
1
= x+2
9
17
x=
9
53. 1.60944
54. 1.45161
55. 2.00013
56. 2.30058
47. x 2 = 2 x + 8
x2 2 x 8 = 0
(x 4)(x + 2) = 0
The roots of this equation are 4 and 2. But since
x > 0, we choose x = 4.
48. x 2 = 6 + 4 x x 2
2x 4x 6 = 0
x2 2x 3 = 0
( x 3)( x + 1) = 0
The roots of the equation are 3 and 1. But since
x > 0, we choose x = 3.
140
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Section 4.2
Years
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
63. T =
ln 2
36.1 minutes
0.01920
64. T =
ln 2
21.7 years
0.03194
x
1
2
Multiplicative increase
z 2 = x . Thus z 2 = y 3 or z = y 2 .
66. x + 3e2 y 8 = 0
1980
59. p = log 10 +
= log[10 + 990] = log1000
2
=3
E
60. 1.5M = log
11
2.5 10
E
101.5M =
2.5 1011
)(
3e2 y = 8 x
8 x
e2 y =
3
8 x
ln[e 2 y ] = ln
3
8 x
2 y = ln
3
1 8 x
y = ln
2 3
E = 2.5 1011+1.5 M
61. a.
( ) = 2N
1
If t = k, then N = N 0 2
67.
N1 = N 0 2 k
a.
t
N1
= 2k
N0
b. [0.37, )
N
t
= log 2 1
k
N0
t = k log 2
68.
x22
2
x1 = e
4
1
x2
u0 2 = A ln ( x1 )
2
ln ( x1 ) =
N1
N0
62. u0 = A ln ( x1 ) +
u0
(0, 1)
(1, 0)
x22
2
( )
u0 x22 2
A
141
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= log
10
=2
Thus, the two earthquakes differ by 2 on the
Richter scale.
10
10
900, 000
= log 100 = log102 = 2 log 10
9000
10
Problems 4.3
x = e 7.39 .
71.
1. log 30 = log(2 3 5)
= log 2 + log 3 + log 5
= a+b+c
3. log
2
= log 2 log 3 = a b
3
4. log
5
= log 5 log 2 = c a
2
1.41, 3.06
Principles in Practice 4.3
8
= log 8 log 3 = log 23 log 3
3
= 3 log 2 log 3 = 3a b
5. log
6. log
I
= how
I0
many times greater the earthquake is than a zeroI
= 900, 000,
level earthquake. Thus, when
I0
R1 = log(900, 000)
When
6
23
= log
25
52
= log 2 + log 3 2 log 5
= a + b 2c
I
= 9000
I0
R2 = log(9000)
142
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 4.3
= log 3 + log105
= log 3 5log10
= log 3 5log(2 5)
= log 3 5(log 2 + log 5)
= b 5(a + c)
= 5a + b 5c
9. log 2 3 =
log10 3 log 3 b
=
=
log10 2 log 2 a
10. log3 5 =
log10 5 log 5 c
=
=
log10 3 log 3 b
11. log 7 7
48
x +1
x +1
25. ln
= 4[ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)]
= 4 ln
x
+
2
x
+2
= 48
( )
12. log5 5 5
15
15
3
= log5 5 2 = log5 5 2 =
2
28. ln
= ln e2 = log e e2 = 2
30. ln
1
1
+ ln e3 = log10 + log e e3 = 1 + 3 = 2
10
10
= ln x + 2 ln( x + 1)
= ln
x5
1
( x + 2)( x + 1) 5
2
1
= ln x 5 ln ( x + 2)( x + 1) 5
1
2
= ln x ln( x + 2) + ln( x + 1) 5
5
2
1
= ln x ln( x + 2) ln( x + 1)
5
5
1
x
1
= ln x 2 ln( x + 1) = ln x ln( x + 1)
x +1
2
x2
= ln x 2 ln( x + 1)3
( x + 1)3
= 2 ln x 3ln( x + 1)
23. ln
x
= ln x [ln( x + 1) + ln( x + 2)]
( x + 1)( x + 2)
= ln x ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
1
2
x2 5
x
1
31. ln
5
= ln
x + 2 x + 1
x + 2 x +1
22. ln
= ln x 2 ln ( x + 1)2 ( x + 2)3
( x + 1)2 ( x + 2)3
1
= ln x ln( x + 1) 2 + ln( x + 2)3
2
1
= ln x [2 ln( x + 1) + 3ln( x + 2)]
2
1
= ln x 2 ln( x + 1) 3ln( x + 2)
2
16. ln e = log e e = 1
29. ln
x 2 ( x + 1)
= ln x 2 ( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
x+2
= ln x 2 + ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
= 2 ln x + ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
17. ln
x
= ln x ln[( x + 1)( x + 2)]
( x + 1)( x + 2)
143
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32. ln 3
x3 ( x + 2)2
42. log 2 ln 5 + e 2 + 5 + ln 5 + e2 5
2
2
= log 2 ln 5 + e + 5 5 + e 5
2
= log 2 [ln(5 + e 5)]
1 x3 ( x + 2) 2
= ln
3
( x + 1)3
1
= ln[ x3 ( x + 2)2 ] ln( x + 1)3
3
1
= [ln x3 + ln( x + 2)2 ln( x + 1)3 ]
3
1
= [3ln x + 2 ln( x + 2) 3ln( x + 1)]
3
2
= ln x + ln( x + 2) ln( x + 1)
3
( x + 1)3
= log 2 [ln e2 ]
= log 2 (2)
=1
10
34. log3 = log3 2
5
35. log 2
2x
x +1
x2
45. eln(2 x ) = 5
2x = 5
5
x=
2
x2
z2
2 3 5
x y
= log
z 2
4log 4 (2 x ) = 3
2x = 3
3
x=
2
2
47. 10log x = 4
x2 = 4
x=2
48. e3ln x = 8
( )
215 68
1
1
8
3
40.
log 215 + log 6 log169 = log
2
2
1693
= log
41. e
eln x = 8
x3 = 8
x=2
215(6)8
1693
4 ln 33ln 4
=e
54
= log 6 6 = 1
9
ln 34 ln 43
4
ln 33
4
=e
34
3
81
64
144
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 4.3
b. Given M1 = log ( A1 ) + 3 , let
M = log (10 A1 ) + 3
log e ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
log3 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) =
log e 3
=
M = log10 + log ( A1 ) + 3
M = 1 + log ( A1 ) + 3
ln( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
ln 3
M = 1 + M1
57. y = log 6 x =
m = x 2 + 1 , and a = e, we have
log3 x 2 + 1 =
) = ln ( x + 1) .
log e x 2 + 1
log e 3
ln 3
ln x
ln 6
10
log5 9 x
)=
log e 9 x 2
log3 5
) = ln (9 x )
ln 5
58. y = log 4 ( x + 2) =
53. eln z = 7e y
ln( x + 2)
ln 4
z = 7e y
z
= ey
7
z
y = ln
7
10
54. y = ab x so
ln x
.
ln10
ln x
Thus the graphs of y = log x and y =
are
ln10
identical.
log y = log(ab )
= log a + log b x
= log a + x log b.
This is a linear expression because it is in the
form Ax + B, where A = log b and B = log a.
60.
55. C = B + E
E
C = B 1 +
B
E
ln C = ln B 1 +
B
0
1
E
ln C = ln B + ln 1 +
B
56. M = log(A) + 3
a.
M = log(10) + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4
145
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61.
I
= how
I0
many times greater the earthquake is than a zerolevel earthquake.
R1 = log(675, 000)
I
R2 = log
I0
Since R1 4 = R2
I
log(675, 000) 4 = log
I0
I
log 6.75 105 4 = log
I0
I
log 6.75 + 5log10 4 = log
I0
I
1.829 = log
I0
I
101.829 =
I0
x 32 y = x 4(3 y 9)
32 y = 4(3 y 9)
y = 18
Thus, Greg used 32 to the power of 18.
2. Let S = 450.
4
S = 800
3
450 4
=
800 3
log
I
I0
Thus, the other earthquake is 67.5 times as
intense as a zero-level earthquake.
67.5 =
0.1d
4
450 = 800
3
0.1d
Problems 4.4
0.1d
1. log(3x + 2) = log(2 x + 5)
3x + 2 = 2 x + 5
x=3
450
4
= 0.1d log
800
3
450
log 800
( )
0.1log 43
=d
20 = d
Thus, he should start the new campaign 20 days
after the last one ends.
146
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Section 4.4
8. (e3 x 2 )3 = e3
e3(3 x 2) = e3
3(3 x 2) = 3
3x 2 = 1
3x = 3
x =1
9. (81) 4 x = 9
(34 ) 4 x = 32
316 x = 32
16 x = 2
2 1
= = 0.125
x=
16 8
2
x
2
x
2
x
10. (27) 2 x +1 = 31
(3 )
3
8x2 = 2
1
x2 =
4
1
x = = 0.5 since x > 0
2
5. ln( x) = ln x 2 6
= 31
36 x +3 = 31
6x + 3 = 1
6x = 4
2
x = 0.667
3
11. e 2 x = 9
x = x2 6
(e x ) 2 = 32
x2 + x 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = 2
However, x = 3 is the only value that satisfies
the original equation.
x = 3
ex = 3
x = ln 3 1.099
12. e4 x =
6. ln(4 x) + ln 2 = 2 ln x
ln[(4 x)2] = ln x
2 x+1
3
4
4 x = ln
(4 x)2 = x 2
x=
x2 + 2 x 8 = 0
(x + 4)(x 2) = 0
x = 4 or x = 2
However, x = 2 is the only value that satisfies the
original equation.
x=2
ln
3
4
( 34 ) 0.072
4
13. 2e5 x + 2 = 17
17
e5 x + 2 =
2
17
5 x + 2 = ln
2
17
5 x = ln 2
2
1 17
x = ln 2 0.028
5 2
7. e 2 x e5 x = e14
e7 x = e14
7x = 14
x=2
147
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14. 5e2 x 1 2 = 23
19. 2 x = 5
5e2 x 1 = 25
ln 2 x = ln 5
x ln 2 = ln 5
ln 5
x=
2.322
ln 2
e2 x 1 = 5
2 x 1 = ln 5
1 + ln 5
x=
1.305
2
ln(7 2 x +3 ) = ln 9
(2 x + 3) ln 7 = ln 9
ln 9
2x + 3 =
ln 7
ln 9
2x =
3
ln 7
1 ln 9
3 0.935
x=
2 ln 7
15. 10 x = 6
4
= log 6
x
4
x=
5.140
log 6
16.
4(10)0.2 x
=3
5
15
(10)0.2 x =
4
15
0.2 x = log
4
x=
17.
( ) 2.870
=7
5
7
102 x =
2 x = log
x=
ln 73 x 2 = ln 5
(3x 2) ln 7 = ln 5
ln 5
3x 2 =
ln 7
ln 5
+2
3x =
ln 7
ln 5 + 2
0.942
x = ln 7
3
0.2
102 x
log
73 x 2 = 5
21.
log 15
4
72 x +3 = 9
20.
22. 4 2 = 20
x
5
7
ln 4 2 = ln 20
x
ln 4 = ln 20
2
x ln 20
=
2 ln 4
2 ln 20
x=
4.322
ln 4
( 75 ) 0.073
23. 2
1
3
1
x = log 0.477
3
(10) x =
23x
ln 2
23x
4
5
= ln
4
5
2x
4
ln 2 = ln
3
5
( )
4
2 x ln 5
=
3
ln 2
x=
3ln
( 54 ) 0.483
2 ln 2
148
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Section 4.4
29. log 4 (9 x 4) = 2
24. 5 3x 6 = 10
42 = 9 x 4
3x 6 = 2
9 x = 42 + 4
3x = 8
25. (4)53 x 7 = 2
53 x =
9
4
(3 x) ln 5 = ln
3 x =
x = 3
26.
log 4
9
4
ln 53 x = ln
ln
( 94 )
2 x + 4 = 3 43
9
4
x=
3 43 4 188
=
= 94
2
2
ln 5
ln
42 + 4 20
=
2.222
9
9
x=
ln 3x = ln 8
x ln 3 = ln 8
ln 8
x=
1.893
ln 3
( 94 ) 2.496
ln 5
= 13
3x
7
= 3x
13
7
ln = ln(3x )
13
7
ln = x ln 3
13
7
ln 13
x=
0.563
ln 3
( )
x=
27. log(x 3) = 3
8 (8)2 4(1)(5)
2(1)
= 4 11
103 = x 3
x = 103 + 3 = 1003
33.
28. log 2 ( x + 1) = 4
24 = x + 1
x = 24 1 = 15
149
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2
35. log 2 = 3 + log 2 x
x
2
log 2 log 2 x = 3
x
log 2
log 2
23 =
2
x
x
2
=3
x2
2
=3
x2
1
x2 =
4
1
x=
2
However, x =
x=
36.
1
is the only value that satisfies the original equation.
2
1
= 0.5
2
ln( x 2) = ln(2 x 1) + 3
x
ln( 2) ln(2 x 1) = 3
x2
ln
=3
2x 1
x2
= e3
2x 1
e3 (2 x 1) = x 2
2 e 3 x e3 = x 2
x(2e3 1) = 2 + e3
x=
2 + e3
0.462
2 e3 1
However, this value does not satisfy the original equation. The equation has no solution.
S = 12.4 A0.26
150
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Section 4.4
)( P
0.1334 log P
T = 50 P 0.2068(0.1334 log P )
(logb x)2 = (logb x)(logb x) = logb ( x logb x )
39. a.
151
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
q peC ( p + q )
. Thus
q 1 + eC ( p + q )
0.8t =
q peC ( p + q ) = 0
pe
C ( p + q )
e C ( p + q ) =
3 log q
t log(0.8) = log
.
log 2
= q
q
p
t=
q
C ( p + q ) = ln
p
log(0.8)
x
x
log y log A
log a x = log
log b
log y log A
x log a = log
log b
log 2 p = log(80 q )
p log 2 = log(80 q)
log(80 q)
log 2
log 20
When q = 60, then p =
4.32 .
log 2
x=
log
log y log A
log b
log a
The previous solution was the special case y = q,
1
A = 1000, b = , a = 0.8, and x = t.
2
ln 2 = ln(1.105)t
ln 2 = t ln1.105
ln 2
t=
7
ln1.105
)
(
0.8t
1
log q = log1000 + log
2
1
log q = 3 + 0.8t log
2
3 log q
log 2
1
45. q = 1000
2
2 p = 80 q
p=
log
y = Ab a
1
q
ln .
C=
p+q p
43. q = 80 2
log(q) 3 3 log q
=
log 2
log 2
0.8t
152
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Chapter 4 Review
ln
y=
ln( x + 4) ln x
. Thus the solutions of the
0 = 5
ln 2
ln 2
original equation are the zeros of the function
ln( x + 4) ln x
.
y = 5
ln 2
ln 2
( 4 x3+5 ) .
ln 2
8
2
10
1. log3 243 = 5
2. 54 = 625
3. 814 = 3
4. log 100,000 = 5
20
5. ln 54.598 = 4
6. 91 = 9
8. Because 42 = 16 , log 4 16 = 2
1.20
49.
9. Because 34 =
10
1
1
= 4
, log3
81
81
1
1
1
10. Because = , log 1
= 3.
4 64
64
4
10
10
1
11. Because
3
10
= 32 = 9 , log 1 9 = 2
3.33
1
50. (3)2 4 x = 5
(3)2 y = 4 x + 5
4x + 5
2y =
3
4x + 5
y
ln 2 = ln
3
4x + 5
y ln 2 = ln
3
ln 4 x3+5
y=
ln 2
The graph of the original equation is the graph of
13. 5 x = 625
x=4
1
= 4
81
1
x 4 =
81
1
1
=
4
81
x
14. log x
x 4 = 81
x=3
153
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1
2
15. 25 = x
1
1
=
x=
5
32
2
25.
1
log 2 x + 2 log 2 x 2 3log 2 ( x + 1) 4 log 2 ( x + 2)
2
1
= e 1
e
x = 1
= log 2
e = 2x + 3
1 = 2x + 3
2 x = 2
x = 1
( x + 1)3 ( x + 2) 4
x2
= log
17. ln(2 x + 3) = 0
1
= log 2 x 2 x 4 log 2 ( x + 1)3 ( x + 2)4
16. e x =
20. log
( )
= log 2 x 2 + log 2 x 2
32
1
27. ln
x4 y 2
z 3 w3
x3 y 2
= ln x3 y 2 ln z 5
z 5
= ln x3 + ln y 2 ln z 5
= 3ln x + 2 ln y + 5ln z
= log 32 log 2 2
22
a
1
1
= 2 log 3 log 2 = 2b a = 2b
2
2
2
28. ln
73
52
= ln( x5 y 2 z )
23. 2 ln x + ln y 3ln z = ln x 2 + ln y ln z 3
x2 y
1
ln x 2(ln y + ln z )
2
z3
= 4 ln x + ln y 3 ln z 2
9
( yz )2
xy 3
xy 3
= 4 ln
= 4 ln xy 3 ln z 2
30. ln
2
2
z
z
= ln x ln( yz )2 = ln x 2 2 ln( yz )
1
1
29. ln 3 xyz = ln( xyz ) 3 = ln( xyz )
3
1
= (ln x + ln y + ln z )
3
22. 5ln x + 2 ln y + ln z = ln x5 + ln y 2 + ln z
= ln x 2 y ln z 3 = ln
= 4(ln x + 3ln y 2 ln z )
2
9
43
= log 6
1
39,366
1
31. ln
x
()
y
= ln
y
z
1/ 2
y 2
= ln ln x
z
z
x
1 y
1
= ln ln x = (ln y ln z ) ln x
2 z
2
154
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Chapter 4 Review
42.
x 2 x 3
x5
= ln x5 ln y 2 z 3
32. ln = ln
2 3
y z
y
z
y = 3x
y = log 3 x
= ln x5 ln y 2 + ln z 3 = 5ln x 2 ln y 3ln z
33. log3 ( x + 5) =
log e ( x + 5) ln( x + 5)
=
log e 3
ln 3
43.
log10 (7 x3 + 5)
34. log 2 (7 x + 5) =
log10 2
35. log5 19 =
log(7 x3 + 5)
log 2
log 2 19 4.2479
=
1.8295
log 2 5 2.3219
44.
ln 5
1.1610
36. log 4 5 =
ln 4
= 2y +
1
x
2
37. ln 16 3 = ln 42 + ln 3 = 2 ln 4 +
38. log
1
ln 3
2
x3 3 x + 1
5 2
x +2
5
= log x3 3 x + 1 log x 2 + 2
9 x = 102
9 x = 100
100
x=
9
( )
47. 34 x = 9 x +1
( )
=2+35=0
41. In exponential form, y = e x
34 x = 32
2
+2
x +1
34 x = 32( x +1)
4x = 2(x + 1)
4x = 2x + 2
2x = 2
x=1
155
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48. 43 x =
3x
1
16
54. 10 2 = 5
3x
= log 5
2
2
x = log 5 0.466
3
43 x = 42
3 x = 2
x=5
10 x + 4 3 = 3
10 x + 4 = 6
x + 4 = log 6
x = log(6) 4 3.222
x = 101 = 10
50.
log 2 ( x + 4) = log 2 ( x 2) + 3
x+4
log 2
=3
x2
x+4
= 23 = 8
x2
x + 4 = 8( x 2) = 8 x 16
20 = 7 x
20
x=
7
56. 7e3 x 1 2 = 1
7e3 x 1 = 3
3
e3 x 1 =
7
3x 1 = ln
3x = ln
51. ln(log x 3) = 2
log x 3 = e
x=
xe = 3
2
2
( x e ) e = 3e
log 2 x +
log 2 x
=3
2
3
+1
7
ln 73 + 1
3
0.051
ln 4 x +3 = ln 7
(x + 3)ln 4 = ln 7
ln 7
x+3=
ln 4
ln 7
x=
3 1.596
ln 4
2
2
2
x e e = 3 e
log 2 x +
3
7
57. 4 x +3 = 7
x1 = 3e
1
x= 2
3e
55. 3 10 x + 4 3 = 9
58.
3
log 2 x = 3
2
log 2 x = 2
35 / x = 2
5
ln 3 = ln 2
x
5ln 3
7.925
x=
ln 2
x = 22
x=4
a.
53. e3 x = 14
3x = ln 14
ln14
x=
0.880
3
0.06
= 0.015
4
1
yr = 26 quarters
2
2600(1.015) 26 $3829.04
156
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Chapter 4 Review
0.11
12
66. Because
60
for
$6915.66
62. a.
a.
t
40
If t = 20, R = 10e
b.
N = 600(1.05)t
5 = 10e
t
40
20
40
1
=e
2
t
40
= 10e
t
1
= ln = ln 2
40
2
t = 40 ln 2 28.
68. Let d = depth in centimeters.
63. a.
(0.9) 20 = 0.0017
P = 6000[1 + (0.005)] or
P = 6000(0.995)
ln(0.9) 20 = ln 0.0017
d
ln 0.9 = ln 0.0017
20
20 ln 0.0017
d=
1210 cm
ln 0.9
69. Tt Te = (Tt Te )o e at
e at =
at = ln
d.
ln 2
1.7
0.41
e.
Tt Te
(Tt Te )o
Tt Te
(Tt Te )o
T T
1
a = ln t e
t (Tt Te )o
1 (Tt Te )o
a = ln
t
Tt Te
157
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
12
. Thus
1
of the initial amount to be present.
8
67. R = 10e
1
61. 12 1 % = 14%
6
1 1
, it will take 3 10 = 30 days
=
8 2
6.
73.
10
equation is V = C 1 .
N
2
700 = 1800 1
48
n
700 46
=
1800 48
7 23
=
18 24
10
10
10
2.53
20
74.
n
7
23
ln = ln
18
24
7
23
ln = n ln
8
24
7
ln 18
n=
22
23
ln 24
( )
( )
0.37
71.
75. y = log 2 x + 1 =
10
ln x 2 + 1
ln 2
10
(, 0.37]
72.
76. (6)5 y + x = 2
10
2 x
6
2 x
ln 5 y = ln
6
2 x
y ln 5 = ln
6
5y =
10
10
10
10
y=
ln 26 x
ln 5
1
10
10
10
10
158
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
P 1 e
P 1 e dkI
T=
= ln 2
kI
I
e 1
e I 1
y=
3x 3x
=
= 3x 2 .
9 32
x
If f ( x) = 3 , then we have y = 3
x 2
P 1 eln 2 P 1 2 d
=
=
ln 2
2 1
e 1
1
= P 1 2 d = 1
P .
2d
= f ( x 2) .
3
is the graph of y = 3x
9
shifted 2 units to the right.
1. T =
a.
(
T (e
T e
kI
kI
1 e
b.
e kI 1
a.
) (
)
1)
T (e
= P or P =
1 = P 1 e
dkI
dkI
kI
1 e
b.
4.
e
32
ln 2 4
8
3
100 1 2 2
=
156
1
2
2 1
. Thus
kI
1 P T e 1
d = ln
kI
P
1
P
d = ln
kI
kI
P T e 1
P T ekI 1
dkI = ln
P 1 e dkI = 100 1 2 2
32
R = 100 1 2 65.
P T e kI 1
P
kI
ln 2 ln 2
=
H
8
3 ln 2 4
100 1 e 8
eln 2 2 1
Pe dkI = P T e kI 1
e dkI =
P 1 e
dkI
T ekI 1 = P Pe dkI
T=
dkI
100 1 eln 2
3. P = 100, I = 4, d = 3, H = 8, k =
10
159
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 5
Principles in Practice 5.1
0.1
1095
S = 518 1 +
365
By graphing S as a function of the nominal rate
r, we find that when r = 0.049, S = 600. Thus, at
the nominal rate of 4.9% compounded daily, the
initial amount of $518 will grow to $600 after
3 years.
1000
0.1
r
found using the formula re = 1 + 1 .
n
Let n = 12 when r = 0.11:
12
0.11
re = 1 +
1 0.1157 . Hence, when the
12
0.2
400
0.052
S = 520 1 +
365
0.1125
r = 0.1125: re = 1 +
1 0.1173 .
4
365.052
S = 520
365
By graphing S as a function of n, we find that
when n = 2571, S = 750. Thus, it will take
2571
7.044 years, or 7 years and 16 days for
365
$520 to grow to $750 at the nominal rate of
5.2% compounded daily.
800
S2 = P (1 + r )n = 9700(1 + 0.1173)n .
S1 (20) = 10, 000(1.1157)20 89,319.99
3000
500
Problems 5.1
3. Let n = 12.
1. a.
r
re = 1 + 1
n
6000(1.08)8 $11,105.58
12
re = 1 +
12
1
160
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 5.1
750(1.07) = $802.50
c.
0.07
(i) 1000 1 +
52
0.07
(ii) 1 +
52
52(5)
1000 $418.73
52
1 0.07246 or 7.246%
0.05
4
4. 1 +
1 = (1.0125) 1 0.05095 or
4
5.095%
0.04
5. 1 +
365
365
0.06
6. 1 +
365
365
7. a.
0.07
d. (i) 1000 1 +
365
0.07
(ii) 1 +
365
1 0.04081 or 4.081%
365(5)
1000 $419.02
365
1 0.07250 or 7.250%
1 0.06183 or 6.183%
(1 + re )5 =
1 + re = 5
b.
0.10
1 + 2 1 = 0.1025 or 10.25%
c.
0.10
1 + 4 1 0.10381 or 10.381%
2950
2000
2950
2000
2950
1
2000
re 0.0808 or 8.08%.
re = 5
12
d.
0.10
1 + 12
e.
0.10
1 + 365
8. a.
1 0.10471 or 10.471%
365
1 0.10516 or 10.516%
0.07
(i) 1000 1 +
4
4(5)
1000 $414.78
0.07
1 0.07186 or 7.186%
(ii) 1 +
4
12(5)
0.07
b. (i) 1000 1 +
12
1000 $417.63
12
0.07
(ii) 1 +
12
1 0.07229 or 7.229%
161
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
14. 3P = P (1 + r ) n
12
1 + 12
3 = (1 + r )n
ln 3 = n ln(1 + r)
ln 3
n=
ln(1 + r )
10
15. 21,500(1.06)
17. a.
b.
12
1 + 12
1+
$38,503.23
0.02
16. 21,500 1 +
4
1 = 0.045
40
$26, 247.08
= 1.045
r 12
= 1.045
12
r 12
= 1.045 1
12
r = 12 12 1.045 1 0.0441
or 4.41%.
18. 2 P = P (1.01)n
2 = (1.01)n
ln 2 = n ln(1.01)
ln 2
n=
70 months
ln(1.01)
0.0475
1 + 360
365
23. a.
0.0475
1 + 365
365
b.
1 0.0493 or 4.93%
1 0.0486 or 4.86%
r
801.06 = 700 1 +
4
1+
r 8 801.06
=
4
700
801.06
r = 4 8
1 0.0680 or 6.80%
700
1.4 = (1.02)
ln(1.4) = n ln(1.02)
ln(1.4)
n=
17 quarters or 4 years, 3 months
ln(1.02)
n
10
(1 + re )10 = 3
1 + re = 10 3
re = 10 3 1 0.1161 or 11.61%.
162
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 5.2
0.0725
2 = 1 +
365
0.0875
8. 500 1 +
4
0.135
10. 1250 1 +
52
0.071
12. 12, 000 1 +
2
r
1 + 2
1+
28
= 1000
12
$11,381.89
$11,191.31
50
r = 2 28
1 0.0629 or 6.29%
21
x = 600(1.04) 2 + 800(1.04)4
x $1238.58
0.10
7. 8000 1 +
12
$1021.13
r 28 50
=
2
21
22
$5821.55
0.10
6. 6000 1 +
2
$6838.95
1000 50
=
420 21
0.08
5. 9000 1 +
4
4(365)
78
0.053
11. 12, 000 1 +
12
28
$385.65
0.095
9. 10, 000 1 +
365
0.0725
ln 2 = n ln 1 +
365
ln 2
n=
3489.98 days
0.0725
ln 1 +
365
or 9.56 years
r
420 1 +
2
12
13
$3181.93
60
$4862.31
163
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
16. Let x be the payment at the end of 5 years. The equation of value at year 5 is
0.08
3000 1 +
12
60
+ x = 7000
0.08
x = 7000 3000 1 +
12
x $2530.46
60
17. Let x be the payment at the end of 6 years. The equation of value at year 6 is
2000(1.025) 4 + 4000(1.025) 2 + x = 5000(1.025) + 5000(1.025) 4
x = 5000(1.025) + 5000(1.025)4 2000(1.025) 4 4000(1.025) 2
x $3244.63.
18. Let x be the amount of each of the equal payments. The equation of value at year 3 is
1500(1.07)3 + x(1.07) 2 + x(1.07) + x = 3500(1.07) 1 + 5000(1.07) 3
x[(1.07)2 + 1.07 + 1] = 3500(1.07)1 + 5000(1.07)3 1500(1.07)3
x=
x $1715.44
19. a.
22. The payments due B are 1000(1.07)5 at year 5 and 2000(1.04)14 at year 7. Let x be the payment at the end of 6
years. The equation of value at year 6 is x = 1000(1.07)5 (1.015)4 + 2000(1.04)14 (1.015) 4 x $4751.73
0.075
23. 1000 1 +
4
80
0.058
24. 6500 1 +
360
$226.25
1460
$5137.67
164
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 5.3
r
1 + 4
1+
b.
32
32
r 32 100
=
4
47
100
1 0.0955 or 9.55%
r = 4 32
47
Problems 5.3
1. S = 4000e0.0625(6) $5819.97
5819.97 4000 = $1819.97
Per = P (1.03) 2
e r = (1.03)2
r = ln(1.03) 2
r = 2 ln 1.03 0.0591
Answer: 5.91%
2. S = 4000e0.09(6) $6864.03
6864.03 4000 = $2864.03
3. P = 2500e0.0675(8) $1456.87
17. 3P = Pe0.07t
4. P = 2500e0.08(8) $1318.23
3 = e0.07t
0.07t = ln 3
ln 3
16
t=
0.07
Answer: 16 years
5. e0.04 1 0.0408
Answer: 4.08%
6. e0.08 1 0.0833
Answer: 8.33%
18.
4 P = Per (30)
4 = e30r
30r = ln 4
ln 4
r=
0.046
30
Answer: 5%
7. e0.03 1 0.0305
Answer: 3.05%
8. e0.11 1 = 0.1163
Answer: 11.63%
a.
1000e(0.035)(2) $1072.51
b.
1020(1.0175) 4 $1093.30
c.
500e(0.035)(2) + 500(1.0175) 4
536.25 + 535.93 = $1072.18
b.
21. a.
s=
2000 1 (1.1) 24
) 176,994.65
1 1.1
Thus, the company earned $176,994.65 in the
first two years.
r
r
50,000
3
. Then, the next five
4
2
3
3
heights of the ball are 64 , 64 ,
4
4
3
0
10,000
3
3
3
64 , 64 , 64 , or 48 ft, 36 ft,
4
4
4
3
1
27 ft, 20 ft, and 15
ft.
16
4
3500(37.705879) 1500(20.030405)
= 101,924.97
Thus, the present value of the payments is
$101,925. Since the man made an initial down
payment of $20,000, list price was
101,925 + 20,000 = $121,925.
= 2
2s = 2
1 r
1 23
35.72 meters
0.05
0.048
= 0.012, and n = 24.
4
1 (1 + r ) n
A = R
1 (1 + 0.012) 24
1 (1.012)24
A = R
= R
0.012
0.012
7. Let r =
( )
166
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 5.4
annuity is $15,000.
Problems 5.4
20,000
1. 64
1
64 = 32
2
2
1
64 = 16
2
1000
1
64 = 8
2
12
13,962.01
Thus, he should pay $13,962.01.
1
64 = 4
2
2. 2
2(3) = 6
2(3) 2 = 18
2(3)3 = 54
3. 100
100(1.02) = 102
(1 + 0.057)15 1
S = 2000
45,502.06
0.057
100(1.02) 2 = 104.04
4. 81
1
81 = 27
3
2
1
81 = 9
3
3
1
81 = 3
3
Let n = 15.
(1 + 0.057)16 1
S = 2000
2000 48, 095.67
0.057
4
7
5. s =
( )
4
1 7
1 74
4 15,783
7 16,807
3
7
21, 044
16,807
()
1 1 15
=
6. s =
1 15
167
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
78,124
78,125
4
5
19,531
15, 625
1 1 (0.1)6
= 1.11111
7. s =
1 0.1
( )
10 1 10
11
11
1 10
11
9. a35
0.04
10. a15
0.07
25. 175a
= 10 1 10 4.355
11
32
1 1200(21.495297 1)
$24,594.36
0.025
1 600(46.000271 1)
$27, 000.16
0.04
12
25a 0.04
8
12
175(30.304595) 25(7.881321)
$5106.27
18.664613
0.0075
12. s11
0.0125
11.713937
0.06
14. 1000a8
27. R =
8.213180
0.0075
0.05
1500 + 1500(4.889440)
$8834.16
9.107914
11. s8
13. 600a6
10
.
11
and r =
s=
1 10
10
=
. Thus a =
1.1 11
11
0.08
5000
5000
$458.40
a12 0.015 10.907505
0.04
3000 + 250(9.385074)
$5346.27
600(4.917324) $2950.39
29. a.
1000(6.463213) 6463.21
24
50s48 0.005 (1.005)
50(54.097832)(1.005)24
15. 2000a18
16. 1500a15
0.02
2000(14.992031) $29,984.06
0.0075
$3048.85
b. 3048.85 48(50) = $648.85
0.035
800 + 800(9.001551)
275,000 R(8.607687),
R $31,948.19
$8001.24
59
19. 2000s36
0.07
12
0.0125
150 + 150(49.796588)
$7619.49
31. R =
2000(45.115505)
48, 000
48, 000
$3474.12
s10 0.07 13.816448
$90, 231.01
20. 600s16
0.02
600(18.639285) $11,183.57
21. 5000s20
0.07
22. 2000s20
0.03
5000(40.995492) $204,977.46
2000(26.870374) 53, 740.75
168
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Section 5.4
x
s10
35. s60
0.06
0.017
x
s10
36. a9
0.06
s10 0.06
50, 000
50, 000
x=
$320,800 .
1
0.08 + s 1
0.08 + 13.180795
0.052
37. 750a480
25, 000
. After
s10 0.06
0.01375
3000(0.01375)
(1.01375)20 1
$131.34
( 0.1 )
)
25, 000 12
25, 000
=
$531.18
a60 0.1 1 1 + 0.1 60
12
12
0.10
1 (1.10) 19
= 200, 000 + 200, 000
0.10
$1,872,984.02
42. a.
$650(12)(15) = $117,000
b.
650a
180
0.055
12
0.055
1 1 + 12
= 650
0.055
12
$79,551.24
180
30
2000 s11 0.07 1 (1.07)
0.08
1 (1.0135) 480
= 750
0.0135
55, 466.57
25,000
25, 000 13.180795
(6.975319)(1.07)4
x
4.439943
x $1725
5000 1000a5
s20
40. R =
x=
s4 0.07
0.08
3000
39. R =
This accumulates to
25, 000 s
(1.07) 4 .
6 0.06
s
10 0.06
25, 000
4
10 0.06
1 (1.052) 9
7.04494
0.052
(1.01)120 1
=
1000
0.01
0.01
230, 038.69
(1.017)60 1
102.91305
0.017
0.0135
10 0.06
5000 = 1000a5
0.08
+ x(1.08) 6
(1.07)11 1
= 2000
1 (1.07)30
0.07
$225,073,
so the net earnings are
225,073 20,000 = $205,073.
= x(1.08)6
Thus
169
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
2000 s31 0.07 1 = 2000
0.07
$202,146,
so the net earnings are 202,146 60,000 = $142,146.
44. 100
1 e0.05(20)
$1264
0.05
1 e0.04(5)
$181, 269.25
0.04
Problems 5.5
1. R =
8000
8000
$273.42
a36 0.14 29.258904
12
2. A = 50a36
3. R =
0.01
50(30.107505) $1505.38
8000
8000
$236.19
a36 0.04 33.870766
12
R=
500
a12
0.0125
500
$45.13
11.079312
R=
7500
7500
$221.43
a36 0.04 33.870766
12
b. 7500
c.
6. a.
0.04
= $25
12
221.43 25 = $196.43
R=
35, 000
35, 000
$851.17
a48 0.078 41.119856
12
0.078
= $227.50
12
b.
35, 000
c.
170
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
7. R =
Section 5.5
5000
5000
$1476.14
a4 0.07 3.387211
The interest for the first period is (0.07)(5000) = $350, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
1476.14 350 = $1126.14. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 2 is 5000 1126.14 = $3873.86.
The interest for period 2 is (0.07)(3873.86) = $271.17, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
1476.14 271.17 = $1204.97. The principal outstanding at beginning of period 3 is
3873.86 1204.97 = $2668.89. Continuing in this manner, we construct the following amortization schedule.
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Int. for
Period
Prin. Repaid
at End
5000.00
350.00
1476.14
1126.14
3873.86
271.17
1476.14
1204.97
2668.89
186.82
1476.14
1289.32
1379.57
96.57
1476.14
1379.57
904.56
5904.56
5000.00
Total
8. R =
Pmt. at
End
9000
a8
0.0475
9000
$1378.46
6.529036
The interest for the first period is (0.0475)(9000) = $427.50, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
1378.46 427.50 = $950.96. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 2 is 9000 950.96 = $8049.04.
The interest for period 2 is (0.0475)(8049.04) = $382.33, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
1378.46 382.33 = $996.13. The principal outstanding at beginning of period 3 is 8049.04 996.13 = $7052.91.
Continuing in this manner, we construct the following amortization schedule. Note the adjustment in the final
payment.
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Int. for
Period
Pmt. at
End
Prin. Repaid
at End
9000.00
427.50
1378.46
950.96
8049.04
382.33
1378.46
996.13
7052.91
335.01
1378.46
1043.45
6009.46
285.45
1378.46
1093.01
4916.45
233.53
1378.46
1144.93
3771.52
179.15
1378.46
1199.31
2572.21
122.18
1378.46
1256.28
1315.93
62.51
1378.44
1315.93
2027.66
11,027.66
9000.00
Total
171
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9. R =
900
900
$193.72
a5 0.025 4.645828
The interest for period 1 is (0.025)(900) = $22.50, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
193.72 22.50 = $171.22. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 2 is 900 171.22 = $728.78. The
interest for that period is (0.025)(728.78) = $18.22, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
193.72 18.22 = $175.50. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 3 is 728.78 175.50 = $553.28.
Continuing in this manner, we obtain the following amortization schedule. Note the adjustment in the final
payment.
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Int. for
Period
Prin. Repaid
at End
900.00
22.50
193.72
171.22
728.78
18.22
193.72
175.50
553.28
13.83
193.72
179.89
313.39
9.33
193.72
184.39
189.00
4.73
193.73
189.00
68.61
968.61
900.00
Total
10. R =
Pmt. at
End
10, 000
10, 000
$2045.22
a5 0.0075 4.889440
The interest for period 1 is (0.0075)(10,000) = $75, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
2045.22 75 = $1970.22. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 2 is 10,000 1970.22 = $8029.78.
The interest for period 2 is (0.0075)(8029.78) = $60.22, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
2045.22 60.22 = $1985. The principal outstanding at the beginning of period 3 is 8029.78 1985 = $6044.78.
Continuing in this manner, we construct the following amortization schedule. Note the adjustment in the final
payment.
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Int. for
Period
Pmt. at
End
Prin. Repaid
at End
10,000.00
75.00
2045.22
1970.22
8029.78
60.22
2045.22
1985.00
6044.78
45.34
2045.22
1999.88
4044.90
30.34
2045.22
2014.88
2030.02
15.23
2045.25
2030.02
226.13
10,226.13
10,000.00
Total
11. From Eq. (1),
100
ln 1001000(0.02)
11.268 .
n=
ln(1.02)
Thus the number of full payments is 11.
12. a.
2000
2000
$52.67
a48 0.01 37.973959
172
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
52.67 a13
0.01
Section 5.5
52.67(12.133740)
$639.08
c.
100
ln 100 2000(0.015)
17. n =
23.956. Thus the
ln1.015
number of full payments is 23.
(639.08)(0.01) $6.39
18. R =
18, 000
13. Each of the original payments is
.
a15 0.035
9500
a60
0.0077
0.0077
= 9500
60
1 (1.0077)
$198.31
18, 000
a
. Thus the new
payments is
a
11 0.035
15
0.035
semi-annual payment is
18, 000a11 0.035
1
a15 0.035
a11 0.04
0.076
1 1 + 12
0.076
12
12
$84,976.84
This amount is 75% of the purchase price x.
0.75x = 84,976.84
x = $113,302.45 $113,302
18, 000(9.001551)
1
11.517411
8.760477
$1606.
240, 000
0.005
= 240, 000
1 (1 + 0.005 )180
a180 0.005
14. R =
15. a.
2000
2000(0.014)
=
$49.49
a60 0.014 1 (1.014) 60
$2025.26
The finance charge is
180(2025.26) 240,000 = $124,546.80
For the 25-year mortgage, the monthly payment
is
240, 000
0.005
= 240, 000
300
a300 0.005
1 (1 + 0.005)
0.092
.
12
0.092
245, 000
12
= 245, 000
a300 0.092
0.092
1 1 + 12
12
$2089.69
300
$1546.32
The finance charge is
300(1546.32) 240,000 = 223,896.00
Thus the savings is
223,896.00 124,546.80 = $99,349.20
0.092
b. 245,000
= $1878.33
12
c.
21.
25, 000
a60
0.0125
25, 000
a60 0.01
1
1
= 25, 000
a
60 0.01
60 0.0125
0.0125
0.01
= 25, 000
60
1 (1.01) 60
1 (1.0125)
$38.64
0.132
= 0.011 .
12
Monthly payment is
8500
0.011
= 8500
48
a48 0.011
1 (1.011)
$228.88
173
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
7. a.
A = 200a13
0.04
$1997.13
12
5000
5000
=
a 0.0925 a 0.04
60 12
60 12
a 0.0925
60 12
= 5000 1
a60 0.04
12
a
60
b.
0.0925
12
S = 200s13
0.04
200(16.626838)
$3325.37
8. 150 s14
0.04
0.0925
12
= 5000 1
60
1(1+ 0.04
12 )
0.04
12
9. 200 s13
10. 250a20
60
0.0925
0.04
1 1 + 12
= 5000 1
60
0.0925
1 1 + 0.04
12
$589.89
200(9.985648)
11.
0.025
$2506.59
250(15.589162) $3897.29
5000
5000
$886.98
s5 0.06 5.637093
12. a.
0.08
12
7000
7000
$206.67
a36 0.04 33.870766
12
2
2
1. s = 3 + 2 + 2 + " + 3
3
3
6
3 1 23 3 665
= 729 = 665
=
2
1
81
1 3
3
( )
12
0.05
2. 1 +
12
1 0.0512 or 5.12%
x=
1 + 2(1.07)3
x $314.00
0.01375
= 3500
3
a3 0.01375
14.
1 (1.01375)
$1198.90
The interest for the first period is
(0.01375)(3500) = $48.13, so the principal
repaid at the end of that period is
1198.90 48.13 = $1150.77. The principal
outstanding at the beginning of period 2 is
3500 1150.77 = $2349.23. The interest for that
period is (0.01375)(2349.23) = $32.30. The
principal repaid at the end of that period is
1198.90 32.30 = $1166.60. The principal
outstanding at the beginning of period 3 is
2349.23 1166.60 = $1182.63. Continuing, we
R=
6. 250a48
0.005
500(1.05)3 + 500(1.03) 8
3500
174
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Chapter 5 Review
obtain the following amortization schedule. Note the adjustment in the final payment.
Period
Int. for
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Prin. Repaid
at End
3500.00
48.13
1198.90
1150.77
2349.23
32.30
1198.90
1166.60
1182.63
16.26
1198.89
1182.63
96.69
3596.69
3500.00
Total
15. R =
Pmt. at
End
15, 000
15, 000
$3067.84
a5 0.0075 4.889440
The interest for period 1 is (0.0075)(15,000) = $112.50, so the principal repaid at the end of that period is
3067.84 112.50 = $2955.34. The principal outstanding at beginning of period 2 is
15,000 2955.34 = $12,044.66. The interest for period 2 is 0.0075(12,044.66) = $90.33, so the principal repaid at
the end of that period is 3067.84 90.33 = $2977.51. Principal outstanding at the beginning of period 3 is
12,044.66 2977.51 = $9067.15. Continuing, we obtain the following amortization schedule. Note the
adjustment in the final payment.
Period
Int. for
Period
Prin. Outs.
at Beginning
Pmt. at
End
Prin. Repaid
at End
15,000
112.50
3067.84
2955.34
12,044.66
90.33
3067.84
2977.51
9067.15
68.00
3067.84
2999.84
6067.31
45.50
3067.84
3022.34
3044.97
22.84
3067.81
3044.97
339.17
15,339.17
15,000.00
Total
16. 540a84
0.10
12
84
0.10
1 1 + 12
= 540
$32,527.80
0.10
12
0.055
11, 000
12
= 11, 000
$255.82
48
a48 0.055
0.055
1
1
12
12
175
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
0.085
= 0.0425, thus R = 0.0425(25,000) = 1062.50.
2
1 (1.0825) 25
P = 25, 000(1.0825)25 + 1062.50
1.0825 1
$26,102.13
2.
0.065
= 0.0325 , thus R = 0.0325(10,000) = 325.
2
On a graphics calculator, let Y1 = 10,389 and Y2 = 10,000(1 + x)^ 7 + 325(1 (1 + x)^ 7)/
(1 + x) 1 .
176
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Chapter 6
Principles in Practice 6.1
1. There are 3 rows, one for each source. There are two columns, one for each raw material. Thus, the size of the
matrix is 3 2. Alternatively, she could use a 2 3 matrix.
2. The first column consists of 1s each representing the 1 hour needed for each phase of project 1. The second
column consists of 2s for each phase of project 2 and so on. In general the nth column will consist of 2n s, each
representing the 2n hours needed for each phase of project n. The time-analysis matrix is as follows.
1 2 4 8 16
1 2 4 8 16
1 2 4 8 16
Problems 6.1
1. a.
b. A square matrix has the same number of rows as columns. Thus the square matrices are B, D, E, H, and J.
c.
An upper triangular matrix is a square matrix where all entries below the main diagonal are zeros. Thus H
and J are upper triangular. A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix where all entries above the main
diagonal are zeros. Thus D and J are lower triangular.
d. A row vector (or row matrix) has only one row. Thus F and J are row vectors.
e.
A column vector (or column matrix) has only one column. Thus G and J are column vectors.
3 4 5
4 5 6
0 6 7
0 0 8
177
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11. 2 1 + 3 1 2 1 + 3 2 2 1 + 3 3 2 1 + 3 4 2 1 + 3 5 1 4 7 10 13
2 2 + 3 1 2 2 + 3 2 2 2 + 3 3 2 2 + 3 4 2 2 + 3 5 = 1 2 5 8 11
2 3 + 3 1 2 3 + 3 2 2 3 + 3 3 2 3 + 3 4 2 3 + 3 5 3 0 3 6 9
(
(
1+1 2
1 + 12
12. (1)
2 +1 2
2 + 12
(1)
)
)
(
(
)
)
(1)1+ 2 12 + 22 2 5
=
2+ 2 2
2 5
8
(1)
2 +2
13. 12 10 = 120, so A has 120 entries. For a33 , i = 3 = j, so a33 = 1. Since 5 2, a52 = 0. For a10, 10 , i = 10 = j,
so a10, 10 = 1. Since 12 10, a12, 10 = 0.
14. The main diagonal is the diagonal extending from the upper left corner to the lower right corner.
a.
1, 0, 5, 2
b. x, y, z
15. A zero matrix is a matrix in which all entries are zeros.
a.
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
b.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16. If A is 7 9, then A T is 9 7.
T
6 3
6 2
=
17. A T =
2 4
3 4
18. A T = [ 2 4 6 8]
2
4
=
6
8
3 4
T 1
1 3 7 3
3 2
5
19. A T = 3 2 2 0 =
7 2 0
4 5 0 1
1
3 0
178
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Section 6.1
b. From F, the entry in row 2 (deluxe) and
column 3 (blue) is 3. Thus in February,
3 blue deluxe models were sold.
2 1 0
2 1 0
T
20. A = 1 5 1 = 1 5 1
0 1 3
0 1 3
21. a.
c.
2 1 0
2 1 0
22. A = 1 5 1 = 1 5 1
0 1 3
0 1 3
e.
In January a total of 0 + 1 + 3 + 5 = 9
deluxe models were sold. In February a total
of
2 + 3 + 3 + 2 = 10 deluxe models were sold.
Thus more deluxe models were sold in
February.
f.
g.
1 7
T
1 0 1
0 0
=
23. A T =
7 0 9
1 9
T
1 7
1 0 1
=A
(A ) = 0 0 =
7 0 9
1 9
T T
1.25
29. a.
400]
3 2
32.
1
4
5 6
3
33.
1
4
179
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
7
3
6
1
4
1
2. 0.8 x2 30 = 2 319
x3 60
532
0.8 x1 40 496
0.8 x 30 = 638
2
0.8 x3 60 1064
0.8 x1 40 496
0.8 x 30 = 638
2
0.8 x3 60 1064
Solve 0.8 x1 40 = 496 to get x1 = 670 .
Solve 0.8 x2 30 = 638 to get x2 = 835 .
Solve 0.8 x3 60 = 1064 to get x3 = 1405 .
Problems 6.2
2 + 2 0 + (3)
3 + 4 4 3 1
2 0 3 2 3 4
1. 1 4 0 + 1 6 5 = 1 + (1)
4+6
0 + 5 = 2 10 5
1 6 5 9 11 2
1 + 9 6 + 11 5 + (2) 10 5 3
2 + 7 + 2 7 + (4) + 7 11 4
2 7 7 4 2 7
2.
=
+ 2
+ 7 2 = 6 + (2) + 7
6
4
1
4 + 1 + 2 1 7
1 4 6 1 1 6 4 (1) 5 5
3. 2 7 7 2 = 2 7
7 2 = 9 5
9 0 5 9
6 9 1 0 6 1
1
6 2 4
4 2
1
4.
2 10 12 = 12 2
2
0 0
8 1 0
2
1 (2)
2
1 10
2
1 0
2
2 1 3
1 ( 12) = 1
5 6
2
0 4
1 8 0
2
1 6
2
[7
180
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 2
7.
has size 2 2, and
3 4
Section 6.2
7
2 has size 2 1. Thus the sum is not defined.
2 1
0 0 2 1 0 0 2 1
8.
+ 3
=
+
=
7 4
0 0 7 4 0 0 7 4
1 6 2 6(6) 6 7
6 1 12 36 42 6
2 6 7
9. 6
=
=
1 6 2 6 7
6 1 6 6 6(2) 42 6 36 12
7
1 1
6 9 1 1 18
2 0
3 2 6 = 2 0 6
10.
3 6
1 2 3 6 3
4 9
4 5 4 9 12
27 19 28
18 4 18
=
0
6 0
15 8 6
1 5 0
10 0 30 1 5 0 2 0 6 3 5 6
1
11. 2 7 0 + 0 5 0 = 2 7 0 + 0 1 0 = 2 8 0
5
4 6 10
5 20 25 4 6 10 1 4 5 5 10 15
1 0 0 1 2 0 4 2 2 3
12. 3 0 1 0 3 0 2 1 3 21 9 = 0
1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0
3
= 0
0
= 12
9
0 0
3
3 0 3 3
0 3
0
0 0 9
3 0 9
0 3 0
6
12
72 30
3
0
4 2
23 10
1 1
12 6
69 30
3 3
6 5
6 5 1(6) 1(5) 6 5
= (1)
13. B =
=
=
2 3
2 3 1(2) 1(3) 2 3
1 (5)
2 (6)
8 6 8 6
14. ( A B) =
= 1 0 = 1 0
3
3)
0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0
15. 2O = 2
=
=
=O
0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0
2 (6) + (2) 1 (5) + (1) 6 5
16. A B + C =
=
3 2 + (3) 3 (3) + 3 2 3
4 2 18 15
1
6 5
22 17 66 51
2
17. 3(2A 3B) = 3 2
3 2 3 = 3 6 6 6 9 = 3 0 3 = 0 9
3
4 4 0 0
18. 0(A + B) = 0
=
=O
5 6 0 0
181
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3
3 + (3) 3 + (1) 3 + 0 2 3
1
6 5
2
2 1
21. 2B 3A + 2C = 2
3
+ 2
2 3
3 3
3 3
3 4 2
12 10 6
=
4 6 9 9 6 6
18 13 4 2 22 15
=
+
=
3 6 6 11
9
5
6 3 12 10 6 7
22. 3C 2B =
9 9 4 6 13 15
23.
6 5
1
2 1
1
1 2
A 2(B + 2C) =
2 2 3 + 2 3 3
3
3
2
2
1
1
6 5 4 2
2
=
2
+
3
3
2 3 6 6
2 2
29
1
1
21
1
10 7 1
2
2 20 14
2
=
2
=
=
3
8
19
3
15
3 3
4
3
2 2
2 2
2
2
24.
1
1
41 61
1
8 6 1
1
2
2 40 30
2
5
=
+
=
A 5(B + C) =
3
5 0 13
3
1
0
3 3
2 2
2 32
2
2
4 4 12 12
25. 3( A + B) = 3
=
5 6 15 18
3 18 15 12 12
6
3A + 3B =
+
=
9 9 6 9 15 18
Thus 3(A + B) = 3A + 3B.
5
10
26. (2 + 3) A = 5A =
15 15
3 10
5
4 2 6
2A + 3A =
+ 9 9 = 15 15
6
( k1k2 ) A = 3k1k2
k2 2k1k2
=
3k2 3k1k2
k1k2
3k1k2
k1k2
3k1k2
1 2
Thus k1 ( k2 A ) = ( k1k2 ) A.
182
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Section 6.2
2
1 12 10 2 1
12 10 12k 10k
+
28. k ( A 2B + C) = k
= k
4 6 4 k 6 k
3 3 4 6 3 3
k 12k 10k 2k k 12k 10k
2k
+
=
kA 2kB + kC =
6k 3k 3k 4k 6k
3k 3k 4k
Thus k(A 2B + C) = kA 2kB + kC.
1 2 1 1 3 6 1 1 4 7
29. 3A + D = 3 0 1 + 2 0 = 0 3 + 2 0 = 2 3
7 0 1 2 21 0 1 2 20 2
T
0 3
0 3
1 3 1 0
30. (B C) =
1 2 = 3 3 = 3 3
4
1
1 4
1 1 2 8 3 3 1 5
31. 2BT 3CT = 2
3
=
3 1
0 2 6 2 0 6 6 8
1 3 1 4 2 6 1 4 3 10
32. 2B + BT = 2
+
=
+
=
4 1 3 1 8 2 3 1 11 3
T
1 0
1 2 1
33. C D =
is impossible because CT and D are not of the same size.
1 2
1 0 2
T
34.
D 2AT
1 2 1
1 0 7
=
2
2 1 0
1 0 2
T
1 2 1 2 0 14
1 2 15
=
4 2 0 = 3 2
1
0
2
2
1 3
= 2 2
15 2
3
4
2
35. x y = 3
2
7
4
3x 4 y 6 3 x + 4 y 6
2 x 7 y = 12 = 2 x 7 y = 12
Equating corresponding entries gives
3x + 4 y = 6
2 x 7 y = 12
183
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29 y = 24
24
y=
29
Therefore
24 270
3x = 6 4 =
29 29
90
x=
29
90
24
, y= .
The solution is x =
29
29
10
2
1
0
6
40. x 0 + 2 0 + y 2 =
2
6
5 2 x + 12 5 y
10
2x 2
=
2
6
y
2 x + 12 5 y 2 x + 12 5 y
2x 2 = 10, 2x = 12, or x = 6.
2y = 6 or y = 3.
2x + 12 5y = 2x + 12 5y, which is true for all
values of x and y. Thus x = 6, y = 3.
2 x 4 y 16
36.
=
5 x + 7 y 3
2 x 4 y 16
5 x + 7 y = 3
30 50 15 25
41. X + Y = 800 720 + 960 800
25 30 10
5
75
50 + 25 45
30 + 15
2
4 16
x + y =
5
7 3
x
2
6
37. 3 3 = 4
y
4
2
3x + 6 24
3 y 12 = 8
3x + 6 = 24, 3x = 18, or x = 6.
4
3y 12 = 8, 3y = 4, or y = .
3
4
Thus x = 6, y = .
3
x
7 x
38. 3 4 =
2
y 2 y
3x 28 x
6 + 4 y = 2 y
3x 28 = x, 4x = 28, or x = 7.
6 + 4y = 2y, 2y = 6, or y = 3.
Thus x = 7, y = 3.
2
x 10
39. 4 + 2 y = 24
6
4 z 14
= A T BT [definition of subtraction]
15 4 26
45.
4 7 30
2 + 2 x 10
4 + 2 y = 24
6 + 8 z 14
2 + 2x = 10, 2x = 12, or x = 6.
4 + 2y = 24, 2y = 28, or y = 14.
6 + 8z = 14, 8z = 8, or z = 1.
Thus x = 6, y = 14, z = 1.
16 11 24
46.
16 3 36
184
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Section 6.3
5. c31 = 0(0) + 4(2) + 3(3) = 1
10 22 12
47.
24 36 44
7. A is 2 3 and E is 3 2, so AE is 2 2;
2 2 = 4 entries.
8. D is 4 3 and E is 3 2, so DE is 4 2;
4 2 = 8 entries.
100
70 .
90
9. E is 3 2 and C is 2 5, so EC is 3 5;
3 5 = 15 entries.
10. D is 4 3 and B is 3 1, so DB is 4 1;
4 1 = 4 entries.
11. F is 2 3 and B is 3 1, so FB is 2 1;
2 1 = 2 entries.
12. B is 3 1 and C is 2 5. Because the number of
columns of B does not equal the number of rows
of C, BC is not defined.
13. E is 3 2, ET is 2 3, and B is 3 1, so
EET B is 3 1; 3 1 = 3 entries.
y + 5 x = 5
y + 1 x = 5
3
3
8
1 8
y
5
5
, X = , and B = .
Let A =
5
1 1
x
3
3
Then the pair of lines is equivalent to the matrix
1 8 y 8
5
5
= .
equation AX = B or
1 1 x 5
3
3
I4 =
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Problems 6.3
1
0
0
18. I 6 =
0
0
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
=
6
3(0) + 2(3) 10
3 2 1 3 3(4) + 2(1)
1 1
1(1) + 1(3) 1(2) + 1(4) 2 6
1 2
2 1
2(1) + 1(3) 2(2) + 1(4) 5 0
1
2 0 3 2(1) + 0(4) + 3(7) 23
21.
4 =
=
1 4 5 7 1(1) + 4(4) + 5(7) 50
0
1
22. [1 0 6 2] = [1(0) + 0(1) + 6(2) + 2(3)] = [18]
2
3
1 4 1 2 1
23. 0 0 2 0 1
2 1 1 1 1
1(2) + 4(0) + (1)1
= 0(2) + 0(0) + 2(1)
2(2) + 1(0) + 1(1)
0
1
2
1(1) + 4(1) + (1)(1) 1(0) + 4(1) + (1)(2) 1 4 2
0(1) + 0(1) + 2(1)
0(0) + 0(1) + 2(2) = 2 2 4
2(1) + 1(1) + 1(1)
2(0) + 1(1) + 1(2) 3 2 3
4 2 2 3 1 1
24. 3 10 0 0 0 0
1 0 2 0 1 0
4(3) + 2(0) + (2)(0)
= 3(3) + 10(0) + 0(0)
1(3) + 0(0) + 2(0)
12 2 4 2
= 9 3 3 0
3 3 1 2
0
0
1
1 5 2 1
25. [1 2 5] 0 0 2
1
1 3
1 0
= [1 + 0 5 5 + 0 + 0 2 4 + 5 1 2 15]
= [4 5 1 18]
26. The first matrix is 1 2 and the second is 3 2, so the product is not defined.
186
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Section 6.3
6 4
6
2
2(2) 2(3) 2(2) 2(3) 4
3
3(2)
6
9
6
9
3(3)
3(
2)
3(3)
=
27. [ 2 3 2 3] =
4
4(2) 4(3) 4(2) 4(3) 8 12 8 12
3 2
3
1(3)
1(2)
1(3) 2
1
1(2)
0 1 1 0
28.
2 3 1 1
0(1) + 1(1)
=
2(1) + 3(1)
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
+
=
0 0 0 1 2 3 1 1 1
0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 1 1 1
=
2(1) + 3(1) 2(1) + 3(1) 5 5 5
1
1 0 2
2 0 2
29. 3
+ 2 1 1 2 3
3 1 1
1
2 0 2 2 0 4
= 3
+
3
3 1 1 2 2 4 5
1
4 0 6
= 3
3
5 1 3 5
2
4
6
2
4
6
2
1 2
12 0 18
4 =
3 4
15
3
9
5 6
6
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
30.
0 3 2 1 2 1 1
1(1) + (1)(2) 1(0) + (1)(1) 1(1) + (1)(2) 1(0) + (1)(1) 1(0) + (1)(1)
=
0(0) + 3(1)
0(1) + 3(2)
0(0) + 3(1)
0(0) + 3(1)
0(1) + 3(2)
= 3 1 3 1 1
6 3 6 3 3
1 2
1
1 2 2 0
1 2 2 + 0 + 3 4 + 0 + 0
1 =
31.
1 0 2 2
3
4
3 0 3 4 1 + 0 6 2 + 0 + 0
1 2 5 4 5 10 4 4 5 8
=
=
=
3 4 5 2 15 20 12 8 5 20
1 0 2 4 3 6
2 4
1 2
4
4 I
32. 3
=
0 1 6 1 3 12
6 1
1 4
2 4 3 6 8 16 11 10
3 6
=
4
=
8
3 12
6 1 3 12 24 4 27
187
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
0 0 1 x 0 x + 0 y + 1 z z
33. 0 1 0 y = 0 x + 1 y + 0 z = y
1 0 0 z 1 x + 0 y + 0 z x
a x a x + a x
a
34. 11 12 1 = 11 1 12 2
a21 a22 x2 a21 x1 + a22 x2
x1
2 1 3 2 x1 + x2 + 3x3
35.
x2 =
4 9 7 x 4 x1 + 9 x2 + 7 x3
3
2 3
2 x1 3 x2
x1
1 = x2
36. 0
x2
2
2 x1 + x2
1
1 0 0
3 0 0
1
1
1
37. D EI = D E = 0 1 1 0 6 0
3
3
3
0 0 3
1 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 1 1 0 2 0
1 2 1 0 0 1
0 0 0
= 0 1 1
1 2 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 1 0 0
38. DD = 0 1 1 0 1 1 = 0 + 0 + 1 0 + 1 + 2 0 + 1 + 1 = 1 3 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 + 0 + 1 0 + 2 + 2 0 + 2 + 1 2 4 3
1 1
3 0
1 2
2
39. 3A 2BC = 3
2 1 4 1 0 3
0
3
2 4
3 6
2 + 0 + 0 2 + 9 + 0
=
2
0 9
1 + 0 + 2 1 12 + 4
3 6 4 14 1 20
=
=
23
0 9 2 14 2
4 0 0
3 0
2
8 + 0 + 0 0 + 21 + 0 0 + 3 + 0
40. B(D + E) =
0 7 1 =
1 4 1 1 2 4 4 + 0 + 1 0 28 + 2 0 4 + 4
21 3
8
=
5
26
0
188
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 6.3
1 0 0
3
3 0 0
2
2
41. 3I FE = 3I 0 16 0 0 6 0
3
3
0 0 1 0 0 3
3
1
3+ 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0
3
2
1 6 + 0
0+0+0
0
0
0
= 3I
+
+
6
3
0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 1 3
3
2 0 0 7
1 0 0 3 0 0 3
3
2
= 3I 0 1 0 = 0 3 0 0 3 0 = 0
3
0 0 1 0 0 3
0 0 23 0
1
3
42. FE(D I ) = 0
0
1
= 0
0
= 0
0
0 0 3
1 0 0
1
0 3 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 0
0 1
2 0
0
7
3
7
3
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
6 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 3 1 2 1 0 0 1
0 0
0 1
2 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 + 0 + 0
43. (DC) A = 0 1 1 0 3 A = 0 + 0 + 2
1 + 0 + 2
1 2 1 2 4
2 + 3 1
1 1
1 + 0
1 2
= 2 7
= 2 + 0 4 + 21 = 2
0
3
1 11
1 + 0 2 + 33 1
1 + 0 + 0
0 + 3 + 4 A
1 + 6 + 4
5
17
31
1 1
3 0
2 + 0 + 0 2 + 9 + 0 1 2 2 7
2
44. A(BC) = A
0 3 = A
3 1 7
1 + 0 + 2 1 12 + 4 0
1 4 1 2 4
2 2 7 + 14 0 21
=
=
0 + 3 0 21 3 21
46. A A = 1 1
= 1 2 1
0
1
1
0 1 1
0 1
189
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
3
2
47. B = B B = 2 1 0 B = 2 1 0 2 1 0 B
0 0 2
0 0 2 0 0 2
0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 4
= 2 1 2 2 1 0 = 2 1 2
0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0
8
( )
0 2 0 0 2 0
48. A(B ) C = A 0 1 0 0 1 0 C
1 0 2 1 0 2
0 2 0
1 0 C
= A 0
2 2 4
0 2 0
1 1 0
0
1 0 C
=
0 1 1 2 2 4
T 2
1 0
0 3 0
=
2 1
2 1 4 0 1
6 3
=
4 5
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0
49. ( AIC)T =
0 1 0 2 1
0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1
1
=
0
1
=
2
1
=
1
50. A
( 2C )
T
1 0
1 0
2 1
1 1
0 1
T
1
0
2
0
1 0
2 4 0
2 4 0
= 1 1
= 2 6 2
0 2 2
0 1
0 2 2
T
51.
( BA )
T
0 0 1 1 0
0 1
0 3 0
= 2 1 0 1 1 = 3 1 =
1 1 2
0 0 2 0 1
0
2
190
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 6.3
0 0 1
0 0 2
0 4 0
0 2 0
T
(2
)
=
2
2
1
0
=
4
2
0
=
52.
B
0 0 2
0 0 4
2 0 4
2 0 0 2
2
2
2
53. (2I ) 2I = (2I ) 2I = 0 2 0 0
0 0 2 0
2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 4
= 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 = 0
0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0
0 0
2 0
0 2
0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0
4 0 0 2 0 = 0 2 0
0 4 0 0 2 0 0 2
1 0 0
54. A T is 3 2, CT is 2 3, and B is 3 3, so A T CT B is 3 3 and ( A T CT B)0 = I = 0 1 0 .
0 0 1
1 1 0
55. A(I O) = A(I) = AI. Since I is 3 3 and A has three columns, AI = A. Thus A(I O) = A =
.
0 1 1
0 0 0
56. I O = IO = O = 0 0 0
0 0 0
T
0 0 1
1 1 0
2 1 1
T
57. ( AB)( AB) =
2 1 0 ( AB)T =
( AB)
0
1
1
2
1
2
0 0 2
2 2
2 1 1
6 7
1 1 =
=
9
2 1 2 1 2 7
58. B 2 3B + 2I
0 0 1 0 0 1
0
= 2 1 0 2 1 0 3 2
0 0 2 0 0 2
0
0 0 2 0 0 3 2
= 2 1 2 6 3 0 + 0
0 0 4 0 0 6 0
0 1
1 0 0
1 0 + 2 0 1 0
0 0 1
0 2
0 0
2 0
0 2
1 2 0 0 2 0
1
0 0
= 8 4 2 + 0 2 0 = 8 6 2
0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0
59. AX = B
1
3
A=
2
9
191
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x
X=
y
6
B=
5
1 x 6
3
The system is represented by
= .
2 9 y 5
60. AX = B
3 1 1
A = 1 1 1
5 1 2
x
X = y
z
2
B = 4
12
3 1 1 x 2
The system is represented by 1 1 1 y = 4 .
5 1 2 z 12
61. AX = B
2 1 3
=
A 5 1 2
3 2 2
r
X = s
t
9
B = 5
11
2 1 3 r 9
The system is represented by 5 1 2 s = 5 .
3 2 2 t 11
62. the/falcon/has/landed converted to corresponding numbers and slashes is 20, 8, 5/ 6, 1, 12, 3, 15, 14/ 8, 1, 19/
12, 1, 14, 4, 5, 4. Taking the numbers two at a time as 2 1 matrices and multiplying them by E gives:
1 3 20 1 20 + 3 8 20 + 24 44
2 4 8 = 2 20 + 4 8 = 40 + 32 = 72
1 3 5 1 5 + 3 6 5 + 18 23
2 4 6 = 2 5 + 4 6 = 10 + 24 = 34
192
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
2
1
2
3 1 1 1 + 3 12 1 + 36 37
=
=
=
4 12 2 1 + 4 12 2 + 48 50
1
2
1
2
3 14 1 14 + 3 8 14 + 24 38
=
=
=
4 8 2 14 + 4 8 28 + 32 60
1
2
1
2
3 12 1 12 + 3 1 12 + 3 15
=
=
=
4 1 2 12 + 4 1 24 + 4 28
Section 6.3
3 3 1 3 + 3 15 3 + 45 48
=
=
=
4 15 2 3 + 4 15 6 + 60 66
3 1 1 1 + 3 19 1 + 57 58
=
=
=
4 19 2 1 + 4 19 2 + 76 78
3 14 1 14 + 3 4 14 + 12 26
=
=
=
4 4 2 14 + 4 4 28 + 16 44
1 3 5 1 5 + 3 4 5 + 12 17
2 4 4 = 2 5 + 4 4 = 10 + 16 = 26
The encoded message is
44, 72, 23/ 34, 37, 50, 48, 66, 38/ 60, 58, 78/ 15, 28, 26, 44, 17, 26.
55
63. [ 6 10 7 ] 150 = [6 55 + 10 150 + 7 35]
35
300
The total cost of the stocks is $240,000.
65. Q = [5
5
R = 7
6
2 4]
20 16 7 17
18 12 9 21
25 8 5 13
2500
1200
C = 800
150
1500
193
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
66. a.
b.
3500 50
5 20 16 7 17 1500 50
RC = 7 18 12 9 21 1000 100
6 25 8 5 13 250 10
3500
0
17,500 + 30, 000 + 16, 000 + 1750 + 59,500 250 + 1000 + 1600 + 70 + 0
= 24,500 + 27, 000 + 12, 000 + 2250 + 73,500 350 + 900 + 1200 + 90 + 0
21, 000 + 37,500 + 8000 + 1250 + 45,500
300 + 1250 + 800 + 50 + 0
124, 750 2920
= 139, 250 2540
113, 250 2400
124, 750 2920
QRC = Q(RC) = [5 7 12] 139, 250 2540
113, 250 2400
= [ 623, 750 + 974, 750 + 1,359, 000 14, 600 + 17, 780 + 28,800]
= [ 2,957,500 61,180]
c.
67. a.
1
QRCZ = (QRC)Z = [ 2,957,500 61,180]
1
= [2,957,500 + 61,180] = [3,018,680]
Section 6.3
$400,000.
10, 000
consumer 1: D1P = [3 2 5] 20, 000 = [270, 000]
40, 000
10, 000
consumer 2: D2 P = [ 0 17 1] 20, 000 = [380, 000]
40, 000
10, 000
consumer 3: D3 P = [ 4 6 12] 20, 000 = [640, 000]
40, 000
Consumer 1 pays $270,000, consumer 2 pays $380,000, and consumer 3 pays $640,000.
b. From Example 3 of Sec. 6.2, the number of units sold of coal, electricity, and steel are 57, 31, and 30,
respectively. Thus the profit for coal is 10,000(57) 180,000 = $390,000, the profit for elec. is
20,000(31) 520,000 = $100,000, and the profit for steel is 40,000(30) 400,000 = $800,000.
c.
From (a), the total amount of money that is paid out by all the industries and consumers is
180,000 + 520,000 + 400,000 + 270,000 + 380,000 + 640,000 = $2,390,000.
d. The proportion of the total amount in (c) paid out by the industries is
180, 000 + 520, 000 + 400, 000 110
=
.
2,390, 000
239
The proportion of the total amount in (c) paid by consumers is
270, 000 + 380, 000 + 640, 000 129
=
.
2,390, 000
239
68. (A + B)(A B) = A(A B) + B(A B) [dist. prop.]
= A 2 AB + BA B 2 [dist prop.]
= A 2 BA + BA B 2 [AB = BA, given]
= A2 B2
3
1 2 1 2 1(2) + 2(1) 1(3) + 2
a 0 0
d 0
a.
a
D1D2 = 0
0
d
D2 D1 = 0
0
0 0 d
b 0 0
0 c 0
0 0 a
e 0 0
0 f 0
Both D1D2 and D2 D1
0
e
( 32 ) = 0
( 32 ) 0
0
0
0
0 .
f
0 ad
0 = 0
f 0
0 0 ad
b 0 = 0
0 c 0
0
be
0
0
cf
0
be 0
0 cf
0
1 0 0 5
9 R +R
13
3
1
> 0 1 0 2
6 R +R
13
3
2
0 0 1 1
Thus there should be 5 blocks of A, 2 blocks of
B, and 1 block of C suggested.
51.32 36.32
10 30 20 190
739.428 373.056
54.06
11.952
74.
86.496 278.648
10 30 20 190
R1 R3
> 20 10 50 200
40 10 10 180
1 3 2 19
1 R
10 1
> 2 1 5 20
1 R
10 2
4 1 1 18
1 R
3
10
3 A + 2 B + 3C = 22
A + 5 B + 3C = 18
Reduce the augmented coefficient matrix of the
system.
6 1 3 35
3 2 3 22
1 5 3 18
3 2 19
1
2R1 + R 2
> 0 5
1 18
4R1 + R3
0 11 7 58
3
2 19
1
15 R 2
18
1
1 5
> 0
5
0
11
7
58
13
41
1 0
5
5
3R 2 + R1
18
1
> 0 1 5
5
11R 2 + R3
0 0 46 92
5
5
13
41
1 0
5
5
5 R
46
3
> 0 1 15 18
5
0 0
1 2
1 5 3 18
R1 R3
> 3 2 3 22
6 1 3 35
5
3 18
1
3R1 + R 2
> 0 13 6 32
6R1 + R3
0 29 15 73
5
3 18
1
1 R
13
2
6
32
> 0
1
13
13
0 29 15 73
9
74
1 0
13
13
5R 2 + R1
6
32
> 0 1 13
13
29R 2 + R 3
0 0 21 21
13
13
1 0 9 74
13 13
13
21 R3
6
32
> 0 1 13
13
0 0 1 1
1 0 0 3
R + R1
13
5 3
> 0 1 0 4
1R +R
2
5 3
0 0 1 2
She should take 3 tablets of X, 4 tablets of Y,
and 2 tablets of Z.
196
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 6.4
Problems 6.4
1. The first nonzero entry in row 2 is not to the
right of the first nonzero entry in row 1, hence
not reduced.
2. Reduced.
5 15 10 25 20, 000
3. Reduced.
4. In row 2, the first nonzero entry is in column 2,
but not all other entries in column 2 are zeros,
hence not reduced.
2000
1 1 2 1
1R
5 1
1
2000
1 1 2
10R1 + R 2
0
> 0 5 10 0
5R1 + R 3
0 10 0 20 10, 000
1 1
> 0 1
0 10
1
R 2 + R1
> 0
10R 2 + R 3
0
3
1 3 4R1 + R 2 1
>
7.
4
0
0
12
15 R 2
2
1
2000
0
2 0
0 20 10, 000
1 R
12
2
1
>
0
3R 2 + R1
>
0 4
1
2000
1 2 0
0
0 20 20 10, 000
0 0 4 0 2000
R3
0
> 0 1 2 0
1 1 500
0 0
0
1 0 0 3
4R 3 + R1
> 0 1 0 2 1000
2R 3 + R 2
0 0 1 1 500
1
20
3
1
1 0
0 1
0 3 0 2 R1 R 2 1 5 0 2
8.
1 5 0 2
0 3 0 2
1
R2 1 5 0
2
3
0 1 0 2
3
16
5R 2 + R1 1 0 0
3
0 1 0 23
b + 2d = 1000
c + d = 500
2 4 6
1 2 3
R1 R3
9. 1 2 3
> 1 2 3
1 2 3
2 4 6
1 2 3
R1 + R 2
> 0 0 0
2R1 + R 3
0 0 0
197
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3
2
1 6
R1 R 2>
10.
4 8
1 7
2
1
11.
1
1 6 2R1 + R 2
2
3 4R1 + R 3
>
4 8 R1 + R 4
1 7
2
3
1
1
2
1
4
1 4 2 2
1
2R1 + R 2 0 8 1 3 8 R 2
>
>
0 7 3 6
R1 + R 3
0 2 1 0
0
0
0
4
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
2 R1 R 2
>
4
1
4R 2 + R1
7 R 2 + R3 0
>
2 R 2 + R 4 0
1
8 R3 + R 2 0
>
34 R3 + R 4 0
23 R3 + R1
0
17
R
33 4
>
0
0
0 0
2 0
12.
0 1
0 4
0
1
0
0
3
2
1
8
17
8
3
4
1
2
3 8
8 17
27
8
34
4
0
3
2
R3 0
>
0
32 32
0 0 17
R + R1
17 4
3
3
R + R2
1 0
17 17 4
27 27 R 4 + R 3
0 1
17 17
0 0
1
3
2
2 0
0 0
0 1
0 4
1 6 6R 2 + R1
0
1 32R 2 + R 3
>
0 32 13R 2 + R 4
0 13
1
0
4 2 2
1 18 83
7 3 6
2 1 0
0
1
3
2
1
8
3
4
1
2
3
8
27
17
34
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1 0 3
3
2
2 12 R1 0 0 2 R 2 R3
>
>
0
0 1 0
1
0 4 1
1 0 4R 2 + R 4 0
>
0 2
0
0
4 1
6
1 R
15 15
2
>
32
13
32
0 0 17
3
1 0
17
27
0 1
17
33
0 0 17
2
3 R1 R 2
>
0
R 2 0
>
0
0
1
2
1
0
3
2
1 0
0 2
0 1
1R
2 3> 0
0
0
3
2
1 0 3
2
0 1 0
0 0 2
0 4 1
1
+ R1 0
1 0
>
0
0 1 R 3 + R 4
0 1
0
3R
2 3
198
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
Section 6.4
2 7 50 1 3 10
13.
1 3 10 2 7 50
10
1 3
3 10
1
30
0 13 30
0 1 13
1 0 220
13
30
0 1 13
220
30
and y = .
Thus x =
13
13
1 3 11 1 0 52
1 3 11 1 3 11
14.
53
53
1 15
9 0 15 53
0
4 3
0 1 15
2
53
Thus x = , y =
.
5
15
4
1 1 4 1 1
1 1
4
3 1 4 3 1
3
3
3 3
3
15.
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 14
12 4 2 0 0 14
The last row indicates 0 = 1, which is never true, so there is no solution.
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
16.
2 4 6 1 0 0 0 1
The last row indicates that 0 = 1, which is never true. There is no solution.
1 2 1
1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4
17.
1
0 1 6
3 0 2 5 0 6 1 7
1 0
4
7
0 1
2
3
1
6
5
3
7
6
x + 2 z = 5
3
3
.
which gives
1z= 7
y
+
6
6
2
5
1
7
Thus, x = r + , y = r + , z = r, where r is any real number.
3
3
6
6
1 0 13
2
1
1 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 3
2
18.
3
9
0 1 3
1 1 5 10 0 2 3 9 0 1 2 2
2
Thus x =
29
2
92
13
29
3
9
r + , y = r , z = r, where r is any real number.
2
2
2
2
9
1 0
1 3 0
8
1 3 0 1 3 0
3
3
19. 2 2 3 0 8 3 0
1 8 0 1
8
0 0 17
5 1 1 0 14 1
0 14 1
17
, which is never true, so there is no solution.
4
199
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
4
9
1 4 9
1
20. 3 1 6 0 13 21
1 1 2
0 5 7
1 0 33
1 4 9
13
21 0 1 21
1 13
0
13
14
0 5 7
0 0 13
1 0 33
13
1 0 0
21
0 1 13 0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 1
The last row indicates that 0 = 1, which is never true. There is no solution.
1 1 3 5 1 1
21. 2 1 4 8 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 2
1 0 1 3 1 0
0 1 2 2 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
Thus, x = 3, y = 2, z = 0.
3 5 1 0 1 3
2 2 0 1 2 2
2 4 0 0 2 0
0 3
0 2
1 0
7 1
1 1 1 7 1 1 1
22. 2 3 2 4 0 5 0 10 0
1 1 5 23 0 2 4 16 0
1 0 1 5 1 0 1 5 1
0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0
0 0 4 20 0 0 1 5 0
Thus x = 0, y = 2, z = 5.
1 1 7
1 0 2
2 4 16
0 0 0
1 0 2
0 1 5
2 0 4 8 1 0 2 4 1 0
1 2 2 14 1 2 2 14 0 2
23.
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 0
1
1 1 0 3
1 1 0 0
1
3
4 1 0 2
4
1
1 0 2
0
0
1 0 5 0 1 0 5
0
0 2 0 10 0 0 0
0
1 7 12 0 0 7 7
0
0
Thus x = 2, y = 5, z = 1.
2
0
4
10
0 5
7 12
0 2 4 1
1 0 5 0
0
1 1 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 3 1 1 0 3 1 1 0 3 1 1
3 2 11 1 0 2 2 4 0
1 1 2 0
24.
1 1 4
1 0
1 1 2 0
1 1 2 0
2 3 3 8 0 3 3 6 0 3 3 6 0
Thus x = 3r 1, y = r + 2, z = r, where r is any real number.
0
1
0
0
0 2
0 5
1 1
0 0
0 3 1
1 1 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
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Section 6.4
1 1
1 1
25.
1 1
1 1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
Thus, x1 = r , x2 = 0, x3 = 0, x4 = 0, and x5 = r , where r is any number.
1 1
1 1
26.
1 1
1 1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
1
1
1
1
1
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
1
0
0 0
0
0 0
1 0
0
1 1 0 1
2 2 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 2 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
1
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1 1
1 1
1 0
1 1
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
1
1
0
0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
Thus x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 0, x4 = 0.
27. Let x = federal tax and y = state tax. Then x = 0.25(312,000 y) and y = 0.10(312,000 x). Equivalently,
x + 0.25 y = 78, 000
0.10
1
31, 200 0 0.975 23, 400
1
24, 000 0 1 24, 000
0
Thus x = 72,000 and y = 24,000, so the federal tax is $72,000 and the state tax is $24,000.
28. x = no. of units of A to be sold and y = no. of units of B to be sold. Then x = 1.25y and 8x + 11y = 42,000.
Equivalently,
x 1.25 y = 0,
11
42, 000 0
21
42, 000
1
2000 0 1 2000
0
Thus x = 2500 and y = 2000, so 2500 units of A and 2000 units of B must be sold.
29. Let x = number of units of A produced, y = number of units of B produced, and z = number of units of C
produced. Then
no. of units: x + y + z = 11,000
total cost: 4x + 5y + 7z + 17,000 = 80,000
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4 x + 5 y + 7 z = 63, 000
x + 2 y + 3z = 25, 000
30. Let x = number of desks to be produced at the East Coast plant and y = number of desks to be produced at the
West Coast plant. Then x + y = 800 and 90x +20,000 = 95y + 18,000.
Equivalently,
x + y = 800
90 x 95 y = 2000.
1
800 1
1
800 1 1 800 1 0 400
1
90 95 2000 0 185 74, 000 0 1 400 0 1 400
31. Let x = number of brand X pills, y = number of brand Y pills, and z = number of brand Z pills. Considering the
unit requirements gives the system
2 x + 1y + 1z = 10 (vitamin A)
3x + 3 y + 0 z = 9 (vitamin D)
5 x + 4 y + 1z = 19 (vitamin E)
1
2 1 1 10 1 2
3 3 0 9 3 3
5 4 1 19 5 4
5 1
0 9 0
1 19 0
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
32
32
1
1 1
5 1 0 1 7
2
2
0 1 1 4 0 1 1 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x = 7 r
Thus y = r 4 where r = 4, 5, 6, 7.
z = r
The only solutions for the problem are z = 4, x = 3, and y = 0; z = 5, x = 2, and y = 1; z = 6, x = 1, and y = 2; z = 7,
x = 0, and y = 3. Their respective costs (in cents) are 15, 23, 31, and 39.
a.
Section 6.4
3 1 2 490 1 2 1
1 2 1 310 3 1 2
2 4 1 560 2 4 1
1 2 1 310 1
0 5 1 440 0
0 0 1 60 0
1
1
0
0
1
3
5
1
5
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
310
490
560
2 1 310
1 15
88
0 1 60
134 1 0 53 134
88 0 1 15 88
60 0 0 1 60
98
76
60
x = 98, y = 76, z = 60
Thus, 98 units of A, 76 units of B, and 60 units of C should be produced.
33. a.
12 20 32 220
16 12 28 176
8 28 36 264
( 14 ) R1>
( 14 ) R2
( 18 ) R3
3 5
4 3
7
1 2
8 55
7 44
9 33
1 7 9 33
2 2
R1 R3
> 4 3 7 44
3 5 8 55
7
9
1
33
2
2
4R1 + R 2
> 0 11 11 88
3R1 + R3
11
11
0 2 2 44
1 R
11
2
7
9
1
33
2
2
> 0
1
1
8
11
11
0 2 2 44
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1 0 1 5
27 R 2 + R1
> 0 1 1 8
11 R + R
3
2 2
0 0 0 0
Thus s = 5 r, d = 8 r, and g = r, where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
The six possible combinations are given by
COMBINATION
r
b. Computing the cost of each combination, we find that they are 4700, 4600, 4500, 4400, 4300, and 4200
dollars, respectively. Buying 3 units of Deluxe and 5 units of Gold Star (s = 0, d = 3, g = 5) minimizes the
cost.
Principles in Practice 6.5
1. Write the coefficients matrix and reduce.
1 3 4
5 3 4 1
5 5
6 8 7 5 R1> 6 8 7 6R1 + R 2>
3R1 + R 3
3 1 2
3 1 2
3
1
5
0 22
5
0 4
5
4
5
11
5
52
3
4
1
1 0 1
5
5 3
2
5 R 2 + R1
1
1
1
> 0
> 0 1 2
2 4 R + R
2
3
0 4 2 5
0 0 0
5
5
The system has infinitely many solutions since there are two nonzero rows in the reduced coefficient matrix.
1
x+ z =0
2
1
y+ z =0
2
1
1
Let z = r, so x = r and y = r , where r is any real number.
2
2
5 R
22 2
Problems 6.5
1 1 9 3
1 1 1 9 3
1 1 1 9 3
1 4 33 18 0 1 4 33 18 0 1 4 33 18
0 0 8 56 32
0 0 1 7 4
1 4 23 14
0 0 7 1
1 0
5 2
0 1 7 4
Thus w = 1 + 7r, x = 2 5r, y = 4 7r, z = r (where r is any real number).
1 1
1. 2 3
2 1
1
0
0
1 9 3
1
2 15 12 0
0
2 5 8
1 0 2 1
1
1 0 5 2 0
0
0 1 7 4
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Section 6.5
1 10 15 5
2
1 5 2 15 10
2. 1 5 2 15 10 2
1 10 15 5
9
9
1 1 6 12
1 1 6 12
15 10
1 5 2
1 5 2 15 10
6
15
0 11 6 15 15 0
1 11 15
11
11
0 6 4 3 19
0 6 4 3 19
90 35
90 35
1 0 52
1 0 52
11
11
11
11
11
11
6 15
15 0 1 6 15
15
0 1 11
11
11
11
11
11
8
57
119
57
119
0 0 11
0 0 1
11
11
8
8
51
147
1 0 0
2
2
27
0 1 0 21
4
4
57
119
0 0 1
8
8
57
119
51 147
21
27
, z = r (where r is any real number).
, x= r , y= r+
Thus, w = r
8
8
2
2
4
4
1 1 1 1 2
3 1 3 1 2
3
3
3
2 2 6 6 4
2
2
6
6
4
3.
2 1 3 2 2
2 1 3 2 2
1 3 7 2
3
3
1 3
7
2
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 2
3
3
3
1 0 0 1 0
3
3
3
0 1 3 4 2
16
8
4
0
4 3 3
0
1 3
4
2
3
1 1 4 2
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 1 4 2
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
0 0 0 0 0
2 6
8
4
0
2 6
8
4
0
Thus, w = s, x = 3r 4s + 2, y = r, z = s (where r and s are any real numbers).
5 1
5 1
5 1
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1
1 0 1 2 1
0 1 1 3 0
0
1
1
3
0
0
4.
1 3 4 7 1
0 4 4 12 0
0 4 4 12 0
0
1 1 3 0
1 1
3 0
1 1
3 0
0
0
0
0
Thus, w = r 2s + 1, x = r 3s, y = r, z = s (where r and s are any real numbers).
0 1
1 1
0 0
0 0
2
2
1 1 3 1 2
1 1 3 1
1 1 3 1
1
2 1 5 2 0
0 1 1 0 4
0
0
1 1 0
4
5. 2 1 3 2 8 0 3 3 0 12 0 3 3 0 12 0
3 2 8 3 2
0 1 1 0 4
0 1 1 0 4
0
1 0 2 1 2
0 1 1 0 4
0 1 1 0 4
0
Thus, w = 2r + s 2, x = r + 4, y = r, z = s (where r and s are any real numbers).
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2
3
0
0
1
0
0
0 2 1 2
1 1 0 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2
4
2
4
1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1
1 1 1
1
2
0
1 2 2 7 0 1 0 2 1
1 0
2
1
6. 1 2 1 4 5 0
1 0
2
1 0
1 0
2
1 0
3 2 3 4 7 0 5 0 10 5
0 5 0 10 5
0
4 3 4 6 9 0 7 0 14 7
0 7 0 14 7
0
Thus, w = r + 3, x = 2s + 1, y = r, z = s (where r and s are any real numbers).
0 1 0 3
1 0 2 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
4 3 5 10 11 8
0 5 5 10 5 20
7.
1 5
0 3 6
1 5
0 3
6
2
2
1 5
0 3
6
2
2 1 5 0 3 6
0 5 5 10 5 20
0 1 1 2 1 4
2 0 4 2 4 2 1 0 2 1 2 1
0 1 1 2 1 4 0 1 1 2 1 4
1 2
3
1 4
1 1 0
1 2 0 0 0
1
3 10 15 10 0 2
3 2 2 2 0 2
1
1
4
1
1 0 3
0 1 1 2
0
0
0
0 0 1 4 7 8
0
0 0 0 7 16 19
0
72 33
18 17
Thus x1 = + r , x2 = r ,
7
7
7 7
3
1 4
1
3
1 0
0 1 1
1 2 0 0
0 0 1
3 8 7 8
0 3 2 3
0 0 2
12
12
0 3 0 7 7 1 0 0
38
0 1 0
1 1 0 32
7
7
20
0 0 1
0 1 0 15
7
7
0 0 0
19
0 0 1 16
7
7
20 15
19 16
x3 =
r , x4 = r , and
7 7
7 7
1 4
1
2 0 0
4 7 8
1 2 3
72
0 33
7
7
17
18
0
7
7
15
20
0
7
7
16
19
1
7
7
x5 = r , where r is any real number.
9. The system is homogeneous with fewer equations than unknowns (2 < 3), so there are infinitely many solutions.
10. The system is homogeneous with fewer equations than unknowns (2 < 4), so there are infinitely many solutions.
5
5
3 4
1 5
1
1
1 0
1 0 1 = A
11. 1 5 3 4 0 19 0
4 1
4 1
0 21
0 21
0 0
A has k = 2 nonzero rows. Number of unknowns is n = 2. Thus k = n, so the system has the trivial solution only.
3
3
6
1 3
6 1 0 3
3 12 1 2 6 1
2
2
2
0
0 1 2 = A
1
2
12. 3 2 5 3 2 5 0 13
13
2
4
1 14 4
1 14 0 5 10
0 5 10 0 0 0
A has k = 2 nonzero rows. Number of unknowns is n = 3. Thus k < n, so the system has infinitely many solutions.
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Section 6.5
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 0 1
1 2 0 1 2 = A
13. 1 0 1 0 1 2 0
1 2 5
0 3 6
0 3 6
0 0 0
A has k = 2 nonzero rows. Number of unknowns is n = 3. Thus k < n, so the system has infinitely many solutions.
1 2 2
1 2 2
3
3
3 2 2
1 0 0
1 0 0
3
3
14. 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 23 23 0 1 1 0 1 0 = A
5
5
0 4
0 0 1 0 0 1
5
0 4
0 4
A has k = 3 nonzero rows. Number of unknowns is n = 3. Thus k = n, so the system has the trivial solution only.
1 1
1 1
1
15.
3 4
0 7
0
The solution is x = 0, y = 0.
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 5
2 5
2 5
2
16.
0 0
8
20
0
0
5
The solution is x = r , y = r.
2
6
1 0
5
0 1 8
15
6 2 1 6 2
1 6 2 1
17.
8
2 3 4 0 15 8 0 1 15
6
8
The solution is x = r , y = r , z = r.
5
15
7
1 7 1 0
4 7 1 74 1
4
4
18.
0 1 0 1
2 3 2 3 0 12
The solution is x = 0, y = 0.
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 0
1 0 1
19. 3 4 0 7 0
5 8
0 13 0 13
0 0
The solution is x = 0, y = 0.
3 1 0
3
2 3 1 0 5 1
1 1 1
1 0
1 0 1
1 2 0
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 0
20. 1 2 1 0
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 5 1
0 0 11 0 0
0 0 1
The solution is x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
0 7 14 0
1
2 0
21.
0 2 4 0 2 4 0
0 5 10 0 5 10 0
The solution is x = r, y = 2r, z = r.
0 1
1 2
0 0
0 0
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7
7 1
1 1 7
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
0 2 8
0
1
4 0
22.
2 3 6
0 5 20
0 5 20 0
3 1 13
0 2 8
0 2 8 0
The solution is x = 3r, y = 4r, z = r.
0
1
0
0
3
4
0
1 1
1 1
23.
2
1
1
3
1 4
4
4
1 1 1
1 1 1
0 5
0 0 1
1
0 1 1 4
0 1 1 4
0 0 1
3 4
1
2 9
0 4 1 13
0 4 1 13
4 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0
1 1 1
1
0
0
1 1
4 0 1 1 4 0 1 1 4
0 0 1
0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1
0 4 1 13 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3
0
The solution is w = 2r, x = 3r, y = r, z = r.
7 1 1 2
7
1 1 2 7
1 1 2
1
1 2 1 1
0 3 3 6 0
0
1 1
2
24.
1 2 3 9
0
0
1 1
2 0
1 1
2
2 3 1 4
0 5 5 10 0 5 5 10
0
The solution is w = r 5s, x = r 2s, y = r, z = s.
2
3
0 1 1
0 0 0
0 0
1 0
0
1
0
0
2 4 1 0.5 0 1
Yes, they are inverses.
2 1.5 28 13 M
2.
= =
1 0.5 46 5 E
2 1.5 65 5 E
1 0.5 90 = 20 = T
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1.5 61 1 A
=
=
0.5 82 20 T
1.5 59 14 N
=
=
0.5 88 15 O
1.5 57 15 O
=
=
0.5 86 14 N
1.5 60 6 F
=
=
0.5 84 18 R
1.5 21 9 I
=
=
0.5 34 4 D
2 1.5 76 1 A
1 0.5 102 = 25 = Y
The message is MEET AT NOON FRIDAY.
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1
1
0
0
5
2
0
3 1 2 1
3. E I = 2 2 2 0
2 1 3 0
2 2 2
R1 R 2
> 3 1 2
2 1 3
Section 6.6
0 0
1 0
0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
2
2
> 3 2 3 0 1 0
4 3 4 0 0 1
1R
2 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
3R1 + R 2
> 0
4R1 + R3
0
1 1 1 0 1 0
2
> 3 1 2 1 0 0
2 1 3 0 0 1
1R
2 1
1 0
1 1 1 0
2
R 2 R3
> 0 1 1 0 1 1
3
0 2 1 1 2 0
1 0 2 0 1
1
2
R 2 + R1
> 0 1 1 0
1 1
2R 2 + R 3
1 2
0 0 3 1
2
1 0 2
0 12
1
13 R3
> 0 1 1
0
1 1
1
1
2
0 0 1 3 6
3
2
3
E1 = 13
1
3
2
F I = 3
4
16
5
6
16
1
2
3
16
5
6
16
1 0
0 0
1 0
2 0 1
1
2
23
1
1 1 1 0
0
2
> 0
1 1 0
1 1
3
0
0 2 1 1 2
2
1 0 0
3
2R 3 + R1
> 0 1 0 13
R3 + R 2
0 0 1 1
3
1 1 1 1 0 0
2
2
2R 2
> 0 1 0 3 2 0
0 1 0 2 0 1
1 0 1 2 1 0
12 R 2 + R1
> 0 1 0 3 2 0
R 2 + R3
0 0 0
1 2 1
F does not reduce to I so F is not invertible.
1 0
1 1 1 0
2
3R1 + R 2
> 0 2 1 1 32 0
2R1 + R3
0 1 1 0 1 1
R 2
1
2
1
2
13
13
2
3
13
13
2
3
2 1 0 0
3 0 1 0
4 0 0 1
1 0 2 1 0 0
A I = 5 6 16 0 1 0
5 2
8 0 0 1
1 0 0
1 0 2
5R1 + R 2
> 0 6 6 5 1 0
5R1 + R3
0 2 18 5 0 1
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> 0 1 1
0 2 18
1 0
2 R 2 + R 3
> 0 1
0 0
1 0 2
1 R
20 3
> 0 1 1
0 0
1
1R
6 2
1 0 0
1 0
5 0 1
56
56
20 10
3
1
56
16
1
6
1
60
2 1
1 0 0
3
30
2R3 + R1
3
> 0 1 0 1
20
R3 + R 2
0 0 1 1 1
6
60
2 1
30
3
1
3
A = 1
20
1 1
60
6
0 0
1 0
6
13 1
1
20
1
10
1
20
1
20
1
10
1
20
1
20
1
2 1
30 10 0 5000
x 3
y = 1
3
1 0 = 2500
20 20
z 1
50, 000 2500
1
1
60 20
6
They should buy 5000 shares of Company A, 2500 shares of Company B, and 2500 shares of Company C.
Problems 6.6
6 1 1 0 1 16
1.
7 1 0 1 7 1
1
0 1
6
0 1 0 6
1
6
1
6
7
6
0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1
1
0 6 76 1 0 1 7 6
1 1
The inverse is
.
7 6
1
1
1 2
2 4 1 0 1 2 2 0
2
2.
3 6 0 1 1 2 0 13
0 0 12
The given matrix is not invertible.
2 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 12 0
3.
2 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
The given matrix is not invertible.
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3
1
4
8
4.
0 1
6
Section 6.6
1 0 1 3 4 0
1 0 4 9
2
0 1 0 1 0 6
0 1 0 6
4 9
The inverse is
.
0 6
0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
5. 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 13
0 0 4 0 0 1
0
0 0 1 0
1
0
The inverse is 0 3
0
0
1
4
0 .
1
4
2 0 8 1 0 0 1 0 4
6. 1 4 0 0 1 0 1 4 0
2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
1 0 4 1 0 0
1 0 4 1
2
2
0 4 4 2 1 0 0 1 1 18
0 1 8 1 0 1
0 1 8 1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0 0 1 0 4
1 0 0 1 1
1
4
1
9
4 1 0 0 1
4
0 0 19
9
2
1
0 0
9
9
1
19
1 18 36
1
2
1
8
9
8
0 1
9
The inverse is 0
9
1
1
8 36
4
9
1
9
19
1
2
1
8
1
8
0 0
1 0
4
0 1
0
1
4
1
36
91
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1 2 3 1 0 0
1 2 3 1 0 0
7. 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 14 0
0 0 5 0 0 1
0 0 5 0 0 1
1 2 0 1 3 0
4
0 0 1 0
0
4
0 0 0 0 5 1
4
0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 14
0 1
0
1
2
0 0 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0 1 0 1 1 2 0
0 0 1 2 0
1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1
2
1
1 2
0
1
1
1 2
1 2 .
The inverse is 0
1
0 0
1 2 1 1 0 0
1 2 1 1 0 0
1 4 0 1 0
12. 0 1 4 0 1 0 0
1 1 2 0 0 1
0 3 3 1 0 1
2
1 0 0
1 2 0
5
1 0 9 1 2 0 1 0 9
4
0 1 4 0
1 0 0 1 4
0
1 0 0 1 0
15
1
1
1
0 0 1 1
1 15
0 0 15 1 3 1 0 0
5 15
15
2
5
4
The inverse is 15
1
15
15
1
5
1
5
3
5
4 .
15
1
15
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15
1
5
1
5
3
5
4
15
1
15
Section 6.6
1 0 2
7 0 2 1 0 0
7
0
13. 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
3 0
1 0 0 1
1
3 0
1 0 2
7
0 1
0
1
0 0
7
1
The inverse is 0
3
1
7
0
3
7
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 2
1 0 .
0 7
2 3 1 1 0 0 1 2
14. 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 3 0 0 1 2 3
1 0
1 0 1
1 2
0 1 4 0
1 1 0
0 1 3 1 2 0 0
0
0
1
7
0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
7
1 0 2
1 0 0 1 0 2
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 0 1
0 0 1 3 0 7
1 0 1 0 1 2
3 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
2 1 0 1 0
1 2
1 4 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1
4
3
0
0
1
0
1 0
0 1 1
1 2 0
1 2 1
1 0 0 7 8 5
4 5 3 0 1 0 4 5 3
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
7 8 5
The inverse is 4 5 3 .
1 1 1
2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
15. 4 1 5 0 1 0 4 1
1 1 2 0 0 1 2 1
1 1
1 1 2 0 0
0 3 3 0 1 4 0
0 3 4 1 0 2 0
2 0 0 1
5 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
1 2 0 0
1 1 0
3 4
1
3
1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0
3
3
0 1 1 0 13 34 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
2
1
3
1
3
43
2
5
1 0 0 1 2
13
3
3
10
4
4
3 0 1 0 1
3 .
3
0 0 1 1
2
1 2
5
1 2
3
3
10
4
The inverse is 1
3 .
3
1
1 2
213
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3
1 0 0 1 0 2
1 0
16. 2
4
2
5
0
0
1
4
2
5
1
2
3 1 0 0
1 2
0 5 6 2 1 0 0
1
0
6
7
4
0
1
0 6
3
1
2
1 0
1 0
5
0
5
5
6
2
1
0 1 5
0 0 1
5
5
8 6 1
1
0 0
0 0
5
5
5
1 0 0 5 4 3
0 1 0 10 7 6
0 0 1 8 6 5
1
0
0
3
6
5
7
0 0
1 0
0 1
1 0 0
2 1 0
5 5
4 0 1
3
5
65
15
8 6 5
2
5
2
5
1
5
5 4 3
The inverse is 10 7 6 .
8 6 5
1 2 3 1 0 0
1 2 3 1 0 0
17. 1 3 5 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0
1 5 12 0 0 1
0 3 9 1 0 1
1
1 0 0 11 3
1 0 1 3 2 0
3
3
1 0 1 3 2 0
7
2
0 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 3
3 3
2
1
0 0 3 2 3 1
2 1
1
0 0 1
0 0 1 3 1 3
3
3
1
11 3
3
3
The inverse is 73
3 23 .
1
2 1
3
3
2 1 3 1 0 0 2 1
18. 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2
2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2
3
1 0 0
1 1
1
2
2
2
0
1 0 0 12 0 0
0
0
2 2 1 0 1
1 0 3
2
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
0
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
2
3 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
2 1 0 1
0
1 0 0
0
0 2 1 1 1
3
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
0 1 0 0 14 12
1
0 0 1 0
0
2
1
1
1
2
0 0 1
2
2
1 1
2
4
1
The inverse is 0
2
1
1
2
2
3
4
12
3
4
0 .
12
214
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 6.6
x
1 2 2 10
19. X = 1 = A 1B =
= x1 = 10, x2 = 20
8 1 4 20
x2
1 0 1 10 9
x1
1
20. X = = A B = 0 3 0 2 = 6 x1 = 9, x2 = 6, x3 = 16
x2
2 0 4 1 16
1
6 5 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 5
21.
6 5 1 0 0 1 1 6 0 1 1 6 0 1 1 6
1
1
0
1
x
1
5
2
17
1
y = A B = 1 6 3 = 20 x = 17, y = 20
1 2
2 4 1 0 1 2 12 0
22.
0 5
1 3 0 1 1 3 0 1
3
x
1
10
=
=
A
B
y
1
10
1
2
1
2
1 0 3
0
10
0 1 1
1
10
23
52 5 10
= x = 23 , y = 1
1 2
1
10
10
10
5
1 0
1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1
3 1 1 0
3
3
3
3
3
23.
3 1 0 1
0 1
3 1 0 1 0 2 1 1
1
1 0 1
6
6
1
1
0 1 2 2
1
x
1
6
=
=
A
B
y
12
52
1
5
1
6 5
1
2 7
3 2 1 0 1 23
24.
4 3 0 1 4 3
12
2
= x = 2, y = 1
1
0 1 3
0 1 0 13
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
3
4
3
0
3 2
1 0
3 2
1 0
1
4
0
1
0
1
4
3
3
3
x
3 2 26 4
1
=
x = 4, y = 7
y = A B = 4
3 37 7
25. The coefficient matrix is not invertible. The method of reduction yields
2 6 2 1 3 1
1 3 1
3 9 3 3 9 3 0 0 0 .
Thus x = 3r + 1, y = r.
26. The coefficient matrix is not invertible. The method of reduction yields
2 6 8 1 3 4 1 3 4
.
3 9 7 3 9 7 0 0 5
Second row indicates 0 = 5, which is never true, so there is no solution.
215
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1 1 0 0
1 2 1 1 0 0 1 2
27. 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 6 2 3 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 1
1
1 0 1 0
0 0
1 2 1 1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1 3 2 6 0 0 1 3 2 6
0 0 1 1 1
0 1
0 3 0 1
2
2
1 0 0 1
6
1
0 1 0
3
1
0 0 1
2
13
0 13
12
1
1
2
1 1
1
2
3 4 0
x
6
y = A 1B = 1
1 2 = 1
0
3
3
z
1 1
1 1 2
2
2
Thus, x = 0, y = 1, z = 2.
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
28. 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 1
1
0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
0
1 0 12 12 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 2
0 2 2 1
1 0 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 0 0
0
0 0 1 0
0 0 1
12
1
2
1
2
1 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
12
12
1
2
1
1
0
2 6 5
x
2
y = A 1B = 1 1
0 1 = 72
2
2
z
1 1 4 5
0
2
2
2
7
5
Thus, x = 5, y = , z = .
2
2
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
29. 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 1
1
0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
0
1 0 12 12 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 2
0 2 2 1
1
2
1
2
1 1
1
2
12
216
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1 0 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
12
1
2
Section 6.6
1 0 0
0
0 0 1 0
0 0 1
12
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
12
1
2
12
1
1
0
2 2 1
x
2
y = A 1B = 1 1
0 1 = 12
2
2
z
1 1 0 1
0
2
2
2
1
1
Thus, x = 1, y = , z = .
2
2
2 0 8 1 0 0 1 4 0
30. 1 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 8
2 1 0 0 0 1 2
1 0
1 4
1 4 0 0 1 0
0 8 8 1 2 0 0
1
0 9 0 0 2 1
0 9
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 18 14 0
0 0 2 1
1
1 0 4
0 0 1 0 4
2
1
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1
8
4
0 0 9 9 1 1 0 0 1
8
4
4
0 1
9
9 8 0
x
y A 1B = 0
2
1 36 = 9
9
9
z
1
1
1
9 9 1
8 36
Thus, x = 0, y = 9, z = 1.
1
2
1
8
1
8
0
1
4
1
36
1 0 0
0
0 0 1 0
0 0 1
91
0 19
2
0
9
1
8
1
36
31. The coefficient matrix is not invertible. The method of reduction yields
7 1 3 3 7
1 3 3 7
1 3 3
1 0 0 1
2 1 1 4 0 5 5 10 0
0 1 1 2 .
1
1
2
1 1 1 4
0 2 2 3 0 2 2 3
0 0 0 1
The third row indicates that 0 = 1, which is never true, so there is no solution.
32. The coefficient matrix is not invertible. The method of reduction yields
7 1 3 3 7
1 3 3 7
1 3 3
1 0 0 1
2 1 1 4 0 5 5 10 0
0 1 1 2 .
1
1
2
1 1 1 3
0 2 2 4 0 2 2 4
0 0 0 0
Thus, x = 1, y = r + 2, z = r.
217
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4
9
1
9
19
1 0
1 1
33.
2 1
1 2
2
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1 0 2 1 1
0 1 2 1 1
0
0 1 4 1 2
0
1
0 2 1 0 1
1
0
0 2 1 1 0
1 2 1 1 1
0 6 0 3 1
0 5 2 3 2
0 0
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 0
1 0 0
0
1 0
0 0
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
14
1
w
4
x
1
= A 1B = 4
y
1
2
z
1
4
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
3
1
6
65
1 0
0
0 1
0
0 0
0
0 0
1
14
3
4
1
12
16
5
12
12
1
2
0
1
2
16
7
12
14
1
12
16
7
12
3
4
1
12
16
5
12
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
1 0 2 1 1
0
0 1 2 1 1 1
0 0
0
0 0
1 0 12 16 16 0
0
1
0 0 5 2 3
2
0 1
1
3
23
16
7
6
1
12
0
1
0
0
0 1
1
2
1
4
1
3
23
16
7
12
1
3
1
3
1
6
5
12
12
4 1
1
2 12 3
=
0 12 2
1 12 7
2
Thus, w = 1, x = 3, y = 2, z = 7.
218
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1
2
1 1 1
0 1 1
34.
1 1 1
1 1 1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
1 1
1 1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0 1 1
1
2
1
2
1 1 0
1 1 1
1 1 12
1 0 0
1 0 0
0
1 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
1
0 0
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 0
1 0
0 1
0
1 1 1
0
0
1 1
0 2 0
0
1
0 2 0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0 0
Section 6.6
0 1
0 0
0 0
1
0
0 1
0 0
12 0 0
1 1
0
2 2
1
1 12
1
0
0
2
0
1 12
1
1
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1 0
0 0
1
0 1
0 0
1 12 1 12 0
2 12 1
0 12
0 1
1 0
0 1
2 1
1 1
1 1
0
0
1
0
0
1 1 0
0
0
1
0
1 0
1 0
1 0 12
0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
1
2
1
2
1 0
0 0
0 0
1 1 0
1 1 1
1
1
12
1 12
1
1
2
2
32 12
0
2
1 12
1
1
2
2
12
0 1 3 1
2
2 1 2
w
1
x
1 0
0 0 1
2
= A 1B = 2
=
y
1 1 1 1 1 2
2
2
z
1
1 1 1
0 0
2
2
Thus, w = 2, x = 1, y = 2, z = 1.
1 0 5 2 4 2
35. I A =
0 1 1 2 1 1
4 2 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 4 2 1 0 4 2 1 0 0 6 1 4
1 1 0 1 1 0 16 13
1
2
1 2
0 1 6 3 0 1
6
3
1
Thus, (I A)1 = 16
6
13
.
23
219
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
0 0
0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
0
0
1
2
1 0 3 2 4 2
36. I A =
0 1 4 3 4 2
4 2 1 0 1 12 14 0
4 2 0 1
4 2 0 1
1 1
2
0 4
1
1 1
0
2
4
1
0
1
1 1
4
1
4
1
8
Thus (I A) 1 =
1
4
1
1 0
0
8
1
1
0 1
4
4
18
14
18
14
The system is
x + y = 100 (painting)
1
2 x + y = 80 (polishing)
1 1
Let A = 1 .
2 1
1 0
1 1 1 0
1 1
1 1 1 0
1 0 2 2
1
1
0 1 1 2
0 1 1 2
2 1 0 1
0 2 2 1
x
1 100 2 2 100 40
y = A 80 = 1 2 80 = 60
Thus 40 of model A and 60 of model B can be produced.
b. The system is
(widgets)
10 x + 7 y = 800
14
+
10
=
1130
x
y
(shims)
10 7
Let A =
.
14 10
7
10 7 1 0 1 10
14 10 0 1
14 10
7
10
1
5
1
10
75
0
1
0
1
0 1
1
10
1 0
0
5 72
0 1 7
5
1 7 5
7
10
1
10
5 7 800 45
x
1 800
2
=
=
A
y
1130
=
5 1130 50
7
Thus 45 of model A and 50 of model B can be produced.
1
a
38. 0
0
1
b
0 a 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 b 0 = 0 1 0 = I
1 0 0 c 0 0 1
c
220
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
39. a.
(B
1 1
) (AB) = B ( A A ) B = B
1
Section 6.6
IB = B 1B = I
Since an invertible matrix has exactly one inverse, B 1A 1 is the inverse of AB.
b. From Part (a),
1 1 1 2 4 6
( AB)1 = B 1A 1 =
1 2 3 4 7 10
1 1
1 1
2
T 1
=
We
find
that
(
)
.
40. Left side: A T =
A
.
0 1
0 2
2
1 2
1 0
.
Right side: A 1 = 1 1 , so ( A 1 )T =
1
0
2 2
2
Thus ( A T )1 = ( A 1 )T .
3
5
41. P T P =
4
5
42. a.
43
55
3 4
5 5
54 1 0
=
= I, so P T = P 1 . Yes, P is orthogonal.
3 0 1
14 2 9
= 6
1 4
1 0
1
14 2 9
R1A = [33 87 70] 6
1 4 = [10 21 19]
1 0
1
14 2 9
R 2 A 1 = [57 133 20] 6
1 4 = [ 20 19 1]
1 0
1
14 2 9
1
R 3 A = [38 90 33] 6
1 4 = [ 25 14 15]
1 0
1
1
4
1 1 0 0
1
3
2 6
4
1 0 0 1
0
1R
6 1
4
1
1 0 0
1
3
2
6
116R1 + R 2
800
58
> 0 3 175 3 1 0
0
4
1
0 0 1
1
3 R
800
2
> 0
14 R3
0
R 2 + R3
> 0
1 4
3
32 R
29 3
> 0 1
0 0
3
1
800
0
1
0
0 14
4
1
1
0
0
3
2
6
29
3
21
1 32
0
400
800
29
29
3
1
0 32 400 800 4
1
1
0
0
2
6
29
3
21
0
32 400
800
3
8
2
1 25
725
29
12 R 3 + R1
>
21 R + R
32
3
2
1 4 0
3
0 1 0
0 0 1
4
3
1
2
21
32
1
4
1 0 0
43 R 2 + R1
> 0 1 0
0 0 1
1
6
29
400
19
150
1
50
2
25
1
10
1
50
2
25
3
1450
3
2900
3
725
1
290
3
2900
3
725
3
1
1
29
290
x 10
50, 000 5000
y = 1 3
= 1000
21 0
50
2900
116
z 2
0 4000
3
8
725 29
25
1 0 0 1
2
0
1R
6 1
4
29
21
116
8
29
4
1
1 0 0
1
3
2
6
111R1 + R 2
525
37
> 0 400 2 2 1 0
0
2
0 0 1
1
3
29
21
116
8
29
1 4
3
1 R
400
2
> 0 1
12 R3
0 1
222
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
2
21
32
1
2
1
400
0
0
0 12
1
6
37
800
Section 6.7
1
1
1
1 4
0
0
3
2
6
R 2 + R3
37
21
1
> 0 1 32
0
800
400
0 0 37 37 1 1
32 800
400
2
1
1
1 4
0
0
3
2
6
32 R
37 3
37
21
1
0
> 0 1 32
800
400
16
1
2
0 0
1
25
925
37
8
1
1 4 0 11
3
75
925
37
1
2 R 3 + R1
1
1
21
> 0 1 0 50
925
74
21 R + R
32
3
2
0 0 1 1 2 16
25
925
37
3
4.7 13 4.78
x 0.9
2 4.7 = 1.33
48. y = 2 0.4
z 1 0.8 0.5 7.2 2.70
x = 4.78, y = 1.33, z = 2.70
1
1 3
2
14
4
2
7 13 14.44
w 5
x 5 2 4 1 7 0.03
9
3
8=
49. =
5 9 0.80
y 0
1 94
6
4 10.33
z 1
1
0
4 3 7
2
Problems 6.7
7
6
1 0 0 3
37
25
2775
4
3 R 2 + R1
1
1
21
> 0 1 0 50
925
74
0 0 1 1 2 16
25
925
37
3
7
6
37 50, 000
x 25 2775
6000
y = 1 1
21 0
50
= 1000
925
74
z 1
2
0 2000
925
16
37
25
They should buy 6000 shares of company D, 1000
shares of company E, and 2000 shares of company
F.
45. a.
b.
46. a.
b.
200
1200
1. A =
400
1200
600
D=
805
1290
X = (I A)1 D =
1425
The total value of other production costs is
600
800
PA + PB =
(1290) +
(1425) = 1405
1200
1500
2.05 1.28
0.73 1.71
84
41
30
41
40
200
2. A =
120
200
105
82
70
41
a.
18
323
11
646
23
323
120
300
90
300
200
D=
300
812.5
X = (I A)1 D =
1125
0.10 0.07
0.01
11
323
83
646
32
323
500
1500
200
1500
b.
39
323
15
323
4
323
64
D=
64
220
X = (I A) 1 D =
280
223
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
15
100
25
3. A = 100
50
100
a.
45
180
60
180
60
180
30
120
30
120
40
120
400
1000
200
6. A = 1000
200
1000
1073
X = (I A)1 D = 1016
952
400 200
1000 1000
200
400
7. A = 1000
1000
200 100
1000 1000
300
D = 400
500
10
D = 10
10
68.59
X = (I A) D = 84.50
108.69
1
100
1000
100
4. A = 1000
300
1000
400
800
80
800
160
800
3
1
4
8. A = 31
4 0
300
D=
500
(I A)X = D
2 3 300
4
with a calculator
Reducing 13
1 500
4
1 0 1408.70
results in
.
0 1 852.17
Thus 1408.70 units of agriculture and 852.17
units of milling need to be produced.
1559.81
X = (I A) D = 1112.44
1738.04
1
200
1000
400
1000
100
1000
200
1000
100
1000
300
1000
1382
X = (I A) D = 1344
1301
240
1200
480
1200
240
1200
500
D = 150
700
400
1000
200
5. A = 1000
200
1000
200
1000
100
1000
300
1000
250
D = 300
350
15
D = 10
35
134.29
X = (I A) 1 D = 162.25
234.35
b.
200
1000
400
1000
100
1000
200
1000
100
1000
300
1000
300
D = 350
450
1
1
1
10 3 4
1
1
1
9. A = 10
10
3
1 1 1
10 10 10
300
D = 200
500
1301
X = (I A)1 D = 1215
1188
(I A)X = D
224
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Chapter 6 Review
9
13 14 300
1 0 0 736.39
10
9
1
1
Reducing 10
3 200 with a calculator results in 0 1 0 563.29 .
10
9
1
0 0 1 699.96
10 10 10 500
Thus 736.39 units of coal, 563.29 units of steel, and 699.96 units of railroad services need to be produced.
5 1
2 4 10 2 6 12 16 10
1 2
1 0 8 16 2 0 6 16
2. 8
2
7 0
0 1 56 0 0 2 56 2
5
1 7
1 + 0 0 + 42 2 + 7 1 42
1 0 2
= 2 18 7
3. 2 3
=
2
+
0
0
18
0 6
1
1 0
0 2
1 + 0 0 + 0 2 + 0 1
2 3
4. [2 3 7] 0 1 = [2(2) + 3(0) + 7(5)
5 2
2 3 2 3 1 8 2 3 1 5 11 4
=
5.
=
1 3 7 6 4 4 1 3 3 2 8 11
2 0
2 0 0 10
0 5
6.
+ 2 6 4 = 7 8 + 12 8
7
8
2 10 2 10
=
=
0 19 0
19
2
1 2
5 4 1
3 6
T
7. 2
1 2] = 2
= 2 =
[
1
3
6 5 2
16 32
2
T
2
1 0 1 1
1 0 1 4 1 4
1 3 0 1 0
=
8.
3 6 1 3
1 2 0 3 = 1 2 0 9 = 1 22
3
1 1 3 0
9. (2 A)T 3I 2 = 2A T 3I = 2
1 2 0 3
2 2 3 0 1 2
=
=
1
2 4 0 3 2
2 2
10. A(2I ) AOT = 2( AI ) AO = 2 A O = 2 A =
2 4
225
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1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 2 0
11. B3 + I 5 =
+ 0 1 = 0 8 + 0 1 = 0 9
0
2
0 0
12. ( ABA)T A T BT A T = A T B T A T A T B T A T = O =
0 0
5 x 15
13. =
7 x y
5x = 15, or x = 3
7x = y, 7 3 = y, or y = 21
2 + x 2 1 + 3 x 3 4
14.
=
4 + xy 2 + 3 y 3 y
2 + 3y = y, 2y = 2, or y = 1
1 + 3x = 4, 3x = 3, or x = 1
15.
5 8
0 12 0 1
0 1
0 0 7
0 5 9 0 1
16.
0 5 9
0 0 7 0 0
2 4 7
1 2
17. 1 2 4 2 4
5 8 2
5 8
1 2 4
1
0 1 9 0
0 0 1
0
9
5
0 1 0
1 0 0 1
4
4
1 2
1 2
7 0 0 1 0 2
2
0 2 18
0 0
0 14 1 0 14 1
1
9 0 1
9 0
1 0 0
0
1 0
4
18
1
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
18. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2 5 0
2 5 0 1 52 0 1 0 0
19.
1 0 0 1 0
4 3 0
0 13 0 0
Thus x = 0, y = 0.
3
2 3 1 0
1 1
3
1 1 2 3 1 1 2
4
20.
0 4 5 4 0 1 5 1
5
3
1
1
5
0 1 4
3
5
Thus x = r + 2 , y = r 1 , z = r.
4
4
226
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Chapter 6 Review
1
2
1 1 1 2 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 2
1 1
21. 3 2 4 7 0 5 10 10 0
1 2 2 0 1 2 2
2 1 2 2
0 3 6
0 0 0 6
0 0 3 6 0
Row three indicates that 0 = 6, which is never true, so there is no solution.
1 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
22. 1 1 2 3 0 2 3 4 0 1 32 2 0 1
0 0
0 2 4 9
2 0 2 7
0 2 4 9
1 1 0 0 23
2 0 1 0 11
2
1 5 0 0 1 5
1
2
3
2
3
11
Thus x = , y = , z = 5.
2
2
1 5
1 0
1 5 1 0
1 5
23.
0 1
3 9 0 1
0 6 3 1
5
5
1 0 3
3
2
6
2
6
A 1 =
1 1
0 1
1 1
2
6
6
1
1
2
16
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1
24.
0 1 1 0 A = 1 0
1
0
0
1
3 2
1 0 0
1 3 2 1 0 0 1
25. 4
1 0 0 1 0 0 11 8 4 1 0
3 2 2 0 0 1 0 11 8 3 0 1
0 0
3 2
1 0 0 1 3 2 1
1
0 11 8 4 1 0 0 1 8 4 1 0
11 11
11
0
0 0
1 1 1 0 0
0
1
1
1
3
2
1
1 0
11
0
11
11
8
4 1 0 no inverse exists
0 1 11
11
11
0 0
0
1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
5
5 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 1 0 0
1
1
26. 5 2 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 12 0
5 1 3 0 0 1
0 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1
1 0 0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
3 1 A 1 = 2
3 1 .
1 0 0 1 0 2
0 1 12 12
2
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
0 0 1 1 1
1 1
0 0 5 1 1 1
2 2
2
5
5
5
5
5
227
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3 1 4 1 0 0 1 0
27. 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 1
0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2
1 0
1 0 1 0
1
0 1 1 1 3 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 1
0
1 0 1 0
4 1 0 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0
1 1 1 3 0
0 1 2 6 1
1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 2 7 1
0 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 3 1
0 0 1 2 6 1
0 0 1 2 6 1
x
2 7 1 1 0
y = A 1B = 1 3 1 0 = 1
z
2 6 1 2 0
Thus x = 0, y = 1, z = 0.
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
A3 = A 2 A = 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2
1 1 0
0 1 = 0
0 0 0
1 1 0
0 1 = 0
0 0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 = O
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
is no way to get a nonzero entry in the first column. Thus A does not have an inverse.
2 0
30. A T =
0 4
1
1 2 0
T
=
A
0 1
4
1 0
A 1 = 2
0 1
4
1 0
A 1 = 2
0 1
4
( )
( )
Thus ( A T )1 = ( A 1 )T .
228
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Chapter 6 Review
Let x, y, and z represent the weekly doses of capsules of brand I, II, and III, respectively. Then
(vitamin A)
x + y + 4 z = 13
+
+
=
(vitamin B)
x
y
z
2
7
22
x + 3 y + 10 z = 31 (vitamin C)
1 1 4 13
1 2 7 22 R1 + R 2>
R + R
1
3
1 3 10 31
1 0 1 4
R 2 + R1
> 0 1 3 9
2R 2 + R 3
0 0 0 0
1 1 4 13
0 1 3 9
0 2 6 18
b. Computing the cost of each combination, we find that they are 83, 77, 71, and 65 cents, respectively. Thus
combination 4, namely x = 1, y = 0, z = 3, minimizes weekly cost.
32. a.
(A )
1
= A 1
( ) (A A) A = (A )
( A A ) A = A IA = A A = I
A 3 = A 1
1
( )
IA 2 = A 1
A2
Thus A3 is invertible.
) (
AA = A A 1AA = A 1A , IA = I, A = I. Thus A = I n .
215 87
33.
89 141
1
20
39
;
14
39
10
39.7
D = ; X = (I A) 1 D =
5
35.1
229
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
7
800
20 40 30 10
10
T
T
T
C ( AT) = C 30 0 10 10
= C 330
10 0 30 50 7
530
5
800
= [9 8 10] 330 = [15,140]
530
A=
10 0 30 50
1 1 1 1
1180
580
B=
1500
52
8
10
T = A 1B =
14
20
Guest 1: 8 days; guest 2: 10 days;
guest 3: 14 days; guest 4: 20 days
3. It is not possible. Different combinations of lengths of stays can cost the same. For example, guest 1 staying for
20 days and guest 3 staying for 17 days costs the same as guest 1 staying for 15 days and guest 3 staying for 21
days (each costs $214.50).
230
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Chapter 7
Principles in Practice 7.1
2.
10
x
10
3.
10
x
10
4.
x 2 y,
x 0,
y 0.
10
x
10
5.
x
4
Problems 7.1
1.
6.
10
x
5
x
10
231
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8.
13.
x
5
x
5
9.
14.
x
x
10.
10
15.
x
10
x
5
11.
16.
232
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 7.1
22.
10
10
y
5
18.
23.
10
10
19.
24.
20
x
20
x
5
20.
25. 6x + 4y 20
y
8
21.
10
26. 7x + 3y 25
x
10
233
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x
10
25
y
P = 112
1
2
47 41
,
3 9
x 3y = 2
x
25
(2, 0)
x
100
x 0,
y 0.
y
x + 2y = 225
100
x + y = 90
0, 83
3
x 0,
y 0.
4x + 3y = 250
P = 416
2
3
x
1 100
62 , 0
2
10
y
y=7
3x y = 3
Z = 10
x+y=5
(2, 3)
Problems 7.2
x
10
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10
Section 7.2
9x + 11y = 99
xy=0
Z=3
Z = 0.8
x=8
4x + 3y = 12
(3, 0)
y
2x y = 2
x 4y = 4
x
10
y
2x + y = 10
y
5 (0, 5)
2x + y = 5
3x + y = 4
23
C=
3
7 1
,
3 3
8x + 7y = 56
3x + 4y = 24
x
10
x + 2y = 3
10
(2, 0)
10
10
y
(4, 5)
(0, 1)
Z=3
(3, 0)
100
y
5x + 2y = 200
3x + 2y = 160
x + 2y = 80
C = 120
x
100
235
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50
3x + y = 50
Maximum Profit Line
(10, 20)
y
5x + y = 70
Z = 70
x 2y = 0
y0
x + 3 y 24 (for machine A)
2 x + 2 y 24 (for machine B)
The feasible region is bounded. The corner
points are (0, 0), (0, 8), (6, 6), and (12, 0).
Evaluating P at each corner point, we find that P
is maximized at corner point (6, 6) where its
value is 780. Thus 6 of each model should be
made each day in order to give a maximum
profit of $780.
x
10
x + 2y = 4
y
Z = 1
x 3y = 6
x=3
25
Z = 7
x
x + 3y = 6
x
50
Z = 50
2x 2y = 24
10
(6, 6)
y0
2 x + y 80 (for machine A)
3 x + y 50 (for machine B)
5 x + y 70 (for finishing)
x + 3y = 24
25
y 0,
2 x + 2 y 16 (for carbohydrates),
4 x + y 20 (for protein).
The feasible region is unbounded. The corner
points are (8, 0), (4, 4) and (0, 20). C is
minimized at corner point (4, 4) where C = 8
(see the minimum cost line). Thus 4 units of
Food A and 4 units of Food B gives a minimum
cost of $8.
236
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30
Section 7.2
50
2x + 2y = 16
x
30
Minimum
Cost Line
y 0,
50
y 0,
10
6x + 2y = 120
2000x + 1000y = 8000
2x + 2y = 80
Minimum
Cost Line
4x + 12y = 240
x
100
10
y 0,
y 4,
10 x + 4 y 100 (for polymer P ),
1
237
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20
y
x=4
10x + 4y = 100
20x + 30y = 420
y=4
20
y0
25 x + 15 y 12,525 (for carbon dioxide)
c.
y = 200
2x + 8y = 1900
x + y = 400
x = 300
x + y = 200
50x + 40y = 20,000
x
1000
21. a.
500
238
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Section 7.3
to the constraints
x + y 45,
x + y 10,
x 25,
y 30,
x 0, y 0.
3 3
these points Z = 12. Thus Z is maximized at both
corner points, as well as at all points on the line
segment. Thus the solution is Z = 12 when
2 14
2 16
x = (1 t ) + t = + t ,
3
3
3 3
50
16 14
16 2
x = (1 t ) + t =
t , and 0 t 1.
3
3
3 3
y = 30 C
x + y = 45
D
x = 25
x + y = 10
F
50
( 163 , 23 )
5 x
Problems 7.3
1. The feasible region is unbounded. Z is
minimized at corner points (2, 3) and (5, 2),
where its value is 33. Z is also minimized at all
points on the line segment joining (2, 3) and
(5, 2), so the solution is Z = 33 when
x = (1 t)(2) + 5t = 2 + 3t
y = (1 t)(3) + 2t = 3 t and 0 t 1.
10
( 23 , 163 )
10
2x + 3y = 12
36 4
,
7 7
y = 3x + 6
x + 5y = 8
y=x3
(2, 3)
(5, 2)
x
y = 1 x + 11
3
x
10
10
239
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3
3
2 0 1 0 0 240
s2
2
2
3 0 0 1 0 180
s3
0
P 150 250 200 0 0 0 1
x1 x2
x3 s1 s2 s3 P
b
s1 0 0
2 1 1 0 0
60
2
1
x2 1 1
0
0 0
80
3
3
5
s3 0 0
0 32 1 0
20
3
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 P
b
x=7
B
A
y=4
x+y=6
x+y=3
x
E
10
36
s1 0 0 0 1 15 65 0
3 2 0
x2 1 1 0 0
72
5
5
3 0
2
12
x3 0 0 1 0 5
5
Problems 7.4
In these problems, the pivot entry is underlined.
1.
x1
s1 2
s2 2
Z 1
x1
4
s1 3
x2 23
1
Z 3
x2 s1 s2 Z
1 1 0 0 8 8
3 0 1 0 12 4
2 0 0 1 0
x2 s1 s2 Z
0 1 13 0 4
1 0 4
1 0
3
2 1 8
0 0
240
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2.
3.
Section 7.4
x1
x1
x2 s1 s2 Z
s1 1 1 1 0 0 4
s2 1
1 0 1 0 6 6
Z 2 1 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 Z
s1 0 2 1 1 0 10
x1 1 1 0 1 0 6
Z 0 1 0 2 1 12
x2 s1 s2 Z
s1 3 2
s2 1 3
Z 1 2
x1 x2
1 0 0 5 2
0 1 0 3 1
0 0 1 0
s1 s2 Z
5
s1 11 0 1 2 0 3
3
3
1
1 0 1
x2 3 1 0
3
2
1 2
Z 3 0 0
3
4.
x1 x2 s1
s1 2
3 1
s2 1 5 0
Z 4 7 0
x1 x2 s1
7 0 1
s1 5
x2 15 1 0
0 0
Z 13
5
x1 x2
s1
5
x1 1 0
7
x2 0 1 17
Z 0 0 13
7
x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
s1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
5. s2 1 2 0 1 0 0 8 8
s3 1 1 0 0 1 0 5 5
Z 8 2 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
x1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
s2 0 3 1 1 0 0 7 73
s3 0 2 1 0 1 0 4 2
Z 0 10 8 0 0 1 8
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
1 0
1 0
3
x1 1 0
2
2
s2 0 0
1 1 3 0
1
2
2
1 0
1 0
0
1
2
x2
2
2
Z 0 0
3 0
5 1 28
6.
s2 Z
0 0 9 3
1 0 10 2
0 1 0
s2 Z
53 0 3 15
7
1 0
2 10
5
7 1 14
5
s2 Z
73 0 15
7
2 0
11
7
7
2 1 137
7
7
137
15
11
The solution is Z =
when x1 = , x2 = .
7
7
7
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
s1 1 1 1 0 0 0
s2 1 1 0 1 0 0
s3 1 1 0 0 1 0
Z 2 6 0 0 0 1
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
x1 1 1 1 0 0 0
s2 0 0 1 1 0 0
s3 0 2 1 0 1 0
Z 0 4 2 0 0 1
The solution is Z = 8 when
241
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4 4
4
6 6
4
8
2
x1 = 4, x2 = 0
x1
7.
x2
x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 1 2
0 1 0 0 10 5
s2 2 2
1 0 1 0 10 5
Z 3 4 3 0 0 1 0
2
s1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
s2 1 2 1 0 1 0 2
Z 2 1 1 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
x1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
s2 0 3 1 1 1 0 3
Z 0 1 1 2 0 1 2
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
x2 1 1 12 0 12 0 5
Z 1 0 1 0 2 1 20
2
The solution is Z = 20 when
x1 = 0, x2 = 5, x3 = 0
s1 2 1 1 1 0 0 4 2
s2 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 2
Z 2 1 1 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
1
1
1
0 0 2
x1 1 2 2
2
3
1 1 0 0 0
s2 0 12
2
2
Z 0 2 2 1 0 1 4
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
1 1 0 2
x1 1 2 0
3
3 3
x3
1
1
2 0 0
0
1
3
3 3
8
1
4
1 4
Z 0 3 0
3 3
s1 2
s2 1
Z 2
x1
s1 0
x1 1
Z 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4
s1 1 1 1 0 0 0
s2 1 1 0 1 0 0
s3 1
1 0 0 1 0
s4 1 0 0 0 0 1
Z 2 3 0 0 0 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4
x2 1 1 1 0 0 0
s2 2 0 1 1 0 0
s3 2 0 1 0 1 0
s4 1 0 0 0 0 1
Z 5 0 3 0 0 0
The solution is Z = 3 when
x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
1 1
1 1
1 1
x2 x3
1 3
1 1
3 1
x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
11.
1 0 0 4 2
0 1 0 2 2
0 0 1 0
s1 s2 Z
1 2 0 0
0
1 0 2
0 2 1 4
Z
0
0
0
0
1
Z
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
2
5
3
x1 = 0, x2 = 1 .
x1
x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
s1 2
s2 1
s3 5
s4 2
Z 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
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1 1
2
3 3
5
0
0 1 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
4 2
6
20 4
10 5
0
Section 7.4
x1 x2 s1
s1 3 0
2
x2 1
1
2
s3 13 0
2
s4 52 0
Z 3 0
2
x1 x2 s1
s1 0 0 1
x2 0 1 0
x1 1 0 0
s4 0 0 0
Z 0 0 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
1
1
x1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 2
16
1
s2 0 3
1 0 0 0 8 3
2
2
20
s3 0 11 5 0 1 0 0 10 11
2
2
s4 0 2
1 0 0 1 0 6 3
Z 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 2
2
2
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
3 0
1 0 0 32 32
x1 1 0
11
11
11 3
13 1 3 0 0 58 58
s2 0 0
11
11
11 13
x2 0 1 5 0
2 0 0 20
11
11
11
s4 0 0 1 0 4 1 0 26
11
11
11
3 0 1 52
Z 0 0 2 0
11
11
11
x1 x2 s1 s2
s3 s4 Z
2
22
x1 1 0 0 3
0 0 13
13
13
s1 0 0 1 11 3 0 0 58
13
13
13
5
50
1
x2 0 1 0
0 0 13
13
13
5 1 0 36
1
s4 0 0 0
13
13
13
3
72
2
Z 0 0 0
0
1
13
13
13
72
Thus the maximum value of Z is
, when
13
22
50
x1 =
, x2 = . If we choose x2 as the
13
13
entering variable, then we have:
x1
x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
s1 2
s2 1
s3 5
s4 2
Z 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
2
0 1 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
s2
s3 s4 Z
1
2
1
2
3
2
0 0 0
1
0
0
0 12
0
s2
11
13
5
13
3
13
1
13
2
13
The solution is Z =
x2 =
1
2
0 0 0
1 0 0
0
1 0
0 0
s3
s4 Z
3
13
1
13
2
13
5
13
3
13
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0
7 3
22
11 13
7 14
5
14
58
13
50
13
22
13
36
13
72
13
72
22
when x1 = ,
13
13
50
.
13
s2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 4 4
s3 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 6 6
W 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 W
x1 1 12 12 12 0 0 0 1
s2 0 1
3
1 1 0 0 3
2
2
2
5
1
0 3
10
0
1
0
5
s3
2
2
2
3
W 0 2 1
1 0 0 1 2
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 W
8
1
1 0 1 0
x1 1 0 3
3
3
3
7
2
1
14
s2 0 0
3 1 3 0 3
3
0 1 5 1 0 2 0 10
3
3
3
3
x2
13
26
1
4
0 3 1 3
W 0 0 3
3
4
6 3
20 20
3
10 10
0
243
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The solution is W =
26
8
10
when x1 = , x2 = , x3 = 0 .
3
3
3
13. To obtain a standard linear programming problem, we write the second constraint as x1 x2 + x3 2 and the
third constraint as x1 x2 x3 1 .
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 W
s1 4 3 1 1 0 0 0 1
s2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 2
s3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
W 1 12 4 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1
3
2 0 1
s1
x3 1 1 1 0
s3 0 2 0 0
W 5 8 0 0
s2 s3 W
1 0 0 3 1
1 0 0 2
1 1 0 3
4 0 1 8
x1 x2
2
x1 1
3
x3 0 1
3
s3
0 2
34
W 0
3
s2 s3 W
x3 s1
1
0 0 3
0 0 1 1 0 3
0 53 17
0 1 13
3
s2 1
s3 1
W 4
x1
s1 0
s2 0
x1 1
W 0
x1
x2 0
s2 0
x1 1
W 0
1
3
1
3
x2 x3
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 1
x2
2
s2
0
1
0
0
0 0
s3
0
0
1
0
W
0 6 6
0 10 10
0 4 4
1 0
x3 s1 s2 s3 W
2 1 0 1 0
0 2
1 1
4 3
x2 x3 s1
1 1
1
2
0 2
0 0
1
2
s1
1
0
0
0
1
3
4
3
1 2
2 1
0 1 1 0 6
0 0 1 0 4
0 0 4 1 16
s2 s3 W
0 12 0
1
1 1 0 6
1 0
0
5
2
0
2 1 20
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Section 7.4
x1 x2 x3 x4
2 0
0
s1 1
1
1
0
0
s2
15.
0
1
1
s3 0
0
0
1
2
s4
Z 60 0 90 0
s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
1 0 0 0 0 2
0 1 0 0 0 5
0 0 1 0 0 4 4
0 0 0 1 0 7 7
0 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2
s1 1
1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 5
s2
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 4
x3 0
0 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 3
s4 0
Z 60 0 0 90 0 0 90 0 1 360
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
x1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
3
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 1
s2 0
0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 4
x3 0
0
0 3 0 0 1 1 0 3
s4 0
Z 0 120 0 90 60 0 90 0 1 480
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
1
2
x1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0
4
3
3
x2 0 1 0 0 1
0
0
0
1
3
3
x3 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
4
s4 0 0 0 3
0 0 1 1 0
3
Z 0 0 0 90 20 40 90 0 1 600
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3
16. s 1
0 1 1 1 0 0
1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0
s2
s3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
Z 3 2 2 1 0 0 0
Z
0 3 3
0 6 6
0 5 5
1 0
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 Z
1 1 1 0 0 0 3
x1 1 0
0 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 3
s2
s3 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 2 2
Z 0 2 5 2 3 0 0 1 9
choosing x2 as the entering variable.
245
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x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 Z
1 1 1 0 0 0 3
x1 1 0
0 0 3 4 2 1 1 0 5
s2
x2 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 2
1 2
1 0 2 1 13
Z 0 0
5 2 3 0 0 1 9
Z 0 2
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 Z
1
1 0
1 0
x1 1
0 0
4 8
2
2
2
s2 0 2 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
x4 0 12 1 1 12 0 12 0 1 2
2 0 1 1 11
Z 0 1 3 0
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 Z
1 1 1 0 0 0 3
x1 1 0
0 0 3 4 2 1 1 0 5
s2
x2 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 2
1 2
1 0 2 1 13
Z 0 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 R
x2 2 1 1 0 0
2400
s2 7 0 5 1 0 24,800
1200
R 14 0 12 0 1
s2 4 4
8 0 1 0 5000 625
P 6 8 12 0 0 1
0
x
y z s1 s2 P
2
z 1
1 13 0 0 300 900
3
3
8
4
4
s2 3 3 0 3 1 0 2600 1950
P 2 0 0 4 0 1 3600
x y
z s1 s2 P
x 1 2 3
1 0 0 900
s2 0 4 4 4 1 0 1400
P 0 4 6 6 0 1 5400
s1 2
1 1 0 0 2400 1200
s2 3
5 0 1 0 36,800 12, 266 23
R 3 1 0 0 1
0
2
4
x1 x2 s1 s2 R
1
1
0 0
1200 2400
x1 1 2
2
900
R 0 18 83 0 1
0
R 21 24 36 0 0 0 1
246
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Section 7.5
so we check for multiple solutions. Treating x2
as an entering variable, the following table is
obtained:
x1 x2 x3
s1
s2
s3 P
b
1
0
0.39
0.73
0
0.67
0
28.18
x1
0 0 1.00 1.00 1 2.00 0 40.00
s2
6.36
x2 0 1 0.79 0.55 0 0.67 0
0
1 1727.27
P 0 0 9.09 9.09 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
1
1
0 1 12 0 0 150 300
s1 2
2
1
1
1
1 0 2 0 0 250 500
x3 2
2
5
1
1
s3
2 2 0 0 2 1 0 200 400
R 3 6 0 0 18 0 1 9000
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
300
x2 1 1 0 2 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
100
x3
50
s3 1 0 0 1 2 1 0
R 3 0 0 12 12 0 1 10,800
The production of 0 chairs, 300 rockers, and
100 chaise lounges gives the maximum revenue
of $10,800.
Problems 7.5
6
3
and
tie for being the
2
1
s2 3 1 0
s3 5 0 0
Z 2 7 0
s2 s3 Z
0 0 0 4
1 0 0 6
0 1 0 8
0 0 1 0
and x1 , x2 , x3 0 .
The matrices are shown rounded to 2 decimal
places, although the exact values are used in the
row operations.
Since the indicators are equal, we choose the
first column as the pivot column.
x1
x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 P b
s1 5.5 5.5 6.5 1 0 0 0 190
0
P 50 50 50 0 0 0 1
x1
x2 x2
s1 s2 s3 P
b
1
1
1.18
0.18
0
0
0
34.55
x1
0
3 3.36 0.64 1 0 0
59.09
s2
9.55
s3 0 1.50 1.18 0.82 0 1 0
An optimum solution is
x1 = 35, x2 = 0, x3 = 0, and P = 1727. However,
x2 is a nonbasic variable and its indicator is 0,
4.
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4
s1 1 1 1 0 0 0
s2 1 1 0 1 0 0
s3 8 5 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
s4 2
2
1
0 0 0 0
Z
247
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Z
0
0
0
0
1
7 7
5
40 5
6 3
0
3
1 0 18
x2 0 1 0
7
7
7
8
2 0
x1 1 0 0 1
7
7
7
Z 0 0 0
4
0 1 16
8
18
Here Z = 16 when x1 = , x2 = . Thus
7
7
multiple optimum solutions exist. Hence Z is
8
8
maximum when x1 = (1 t )(0) + t = t ,
7
7
18
4
x2 = (1 t )(2) + t = 2 + t , and 0 t 1. For
7
7
the last table s3 is nonbasic and its indicator is 0.
If we continue the process for determining other
optimum solutions, we return to the second
table.
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
s1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 4
2
2
3 0 1 0
1 0
16
s2 0
8
2
2
3
s3 0
1 0 0 1 4 0 16 16
1 0 0 0
1 0
6
x1 1
3
2
2
Z 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 6
2 0
1 0 16
x2 0 1 0
3
3
3
13
32
2
s3 0 0 0
1
0
3
3
3
1
1
x1 1 0 0
0
0 13
3
3
Z 0 0 0
0 0
1 1 6
1
16
Here Z = 6 when x1 = and x2 = . Thus
3
3
multiple optimum solutions exist. Hence Z is a
1
8
maximum when x1 = (1 t )(3) + t = 3 t ,
3
3
16
16
x2 = (1 t )(0) + t = t , and 0 t 1. For the
3
3
last table, s2 is nonbasic and its indicator is 0. If
we continue the process for determining other
optimum solutions, we return to the second
table.
s2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 4
s3 1 6 1 0 0 1 0 8 8
Z 8 2 4 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 Z
x1 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 6
0 5 1 1 0 0 10
s2 0
s3 0 5 3 1 0 1 0 2
Z 0 10 28 8 0 0 1 48
For the last table, x2 is the entering variable.
Since no quotients exist, the problem has an
unbounded solution.
Thus, no optimum solution (unbounded).
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
5. s1 2 2 1 0 0 0 4
s2 1 2 0 1 0 0 4 2
1 0 0 1 0 6 6
s3 3
Z 4 8 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
s1 1 0 1 1 0 0 8 8
x2 12 1 0 12 0 0 2
s3 72 0 0 12 1 0 4 87
Z 0 0 0 4 0 1 16
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x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3
7. s1 9 3 2 1 0 0
s2 4 2 1 0 1 0
s3 1 4 1 0 0 1
Z 5 6 1 0 0 0
x1 x2 x3 s1
s1 3
x2 2
s3 9
Z 7
0 12
1
1
2
Section 7.5
Z
0 5 5
3
0 2 1
0 3
1 0
x1
x2 2
s2 3
4
s3
Z 0
s2 s3 Z
0 0 2
1 0 0 1
2
2 1 0 7
3 0 1 6
1 23
0
1 0
4 0
x2 x3 s1
1 1
s2
s3 Z
23
1
3
0 0
19
43
1 0
1
3
0 1
0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0
1 0
0 0
10
3
13
3
46
3
10
3
4 26
4 10
x2 = (1 t ) + t = + t ,
9 9
9 3
x3 = (1 t )(0) + 0t = 0,
and 0 t 1. For the last table, x1 is nonbasic
and its indicator is 0. if we continue the process
for determining other optimum solutions, we
return to the third table.
Z
0 4 4
9
0 1
0 10 10
1 2
1
9
1
9
10
10
when x1 = 0, x2 = , x3 = 0.
3
3
Thus multiple optimum solutions exist. Hence Z
is maximum when
13 13
13
x1 = (1 t ) + 0t =
t,
9
9 9
x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 Z
3 3 1 0 0 0 10 53
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 2 0 0 1 0 12 6
1 4 0 0 0 1 0
x2 x3 s1 s2 s3
9 9 1 6 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 2 1
3 6 0 2 0
1 1
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
Here Z =
s2 1
s3 2
Z 2
x1
s1 0
x1 1
s3 0
Z 0
x1
x2 0
x1 1
s3 0
Z 0
x2 x3 s1 s2 s3
x1
x2
x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 2 1 1 1 0 0 7 72
s2 4 1 0 0 1 0 6 3
2
Z 6 2 1 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 0 1
1 1 12 0 4 4
2
3
1
1
x1 1
0 0 4 0 2
4
3
1
Z 0 2 1 0 2 1 9
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
x3
0 12 1 1 12 0 4 8
x1 1 14 0 0 14 0 32 6
Z 0 0 0 1 1 1 13
4
9
13
9 13
3
86
9
10
3
10
when
3
13
4
, x2 = , x3 = 0. Since s2 is nonbasic
9
9
for the last table and its indicator is 0, there may
be multiple optimum solutions. Treating s2 as
an entering variable, we have
x1 =
249
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x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
x3 2 0 1 1 1 0 1
x2 4 1 0 0 1 0 6
Z 0 0 0 1 1 1 13
x1
x2
x3 s1 s2
s3 R
0 1 0 15 0
100 500
s1
3
2 0
0
0
0
1
0
s2
5
3
1
1 0 0 5 0
300
x3 5
5
750
24
16
48
R
5 0 0 0 5 1 14, 400
5
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
100 100
s1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0
1 1 0 0 5 2 0
0 0
x1
300 300
x3 0 1 1 0 2 1 0
R 0 8 0 0 24 0 1 14, 400
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
100
x2 0 1 0 1 3 1 0
1 0 0 1 2 1 0
100 50
x1
200 200
x3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
R 0 0 0 8 0 8 1 15, 200
The maximum value of R is 15,200 when
x1 = 100, x2 = 100, x3 = 200. Since s2 is
nonbasic for the last table and its indicator is 0,
there may be multiple optimum solutions.
Treating s2 as an entering variable, we have
3
5
1
5
x2 = (1 t )(0) + 6t = 6t ,
x3 = (1 t )(4) + (1)t = 4 3t , and 0 t 1. For
the last table, x1 is nonbasic and its indicator is
0. If we continue the process for determining
other optimum solutions, we return to the third
table.
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 P
10. s 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2
1
s2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 3
1 3
1 0 0 1 0 4 4
s3 0
P 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 P
s1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 5
x2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 3
1 0 1 1 0 1
s3 0 0 2
P 1 0 3 2 0 2 0 1 6
Now x3 is the entering variable but no quotients
exist. Thus, the feasible region is unbounded
and, hence, there is no optimum solution.
2
5
15
x1 x2 x3
s1 s2
5
1 0
x2
2
0
0
s2
2
0 1 32
x3
8
R 0 0 0
3
2
1
2
1
2
s3 R
250
0
50
1 0
150
2
8 1 15, 200
0 12
1 12
0
0
0
R 24 32 48 0 0 0 1
250
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x1
x2 x3
1
1
s1 1
1
1
2
s2
2
3
5
s3
R 24 32 48
Section 7.6
s1 s2 s3 R
1 0 0 0
400 400
0 1 0 0 600 300
0 0 1 0 1500 300
0 0 0 1
0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
1
s1 12
0 1 12 0 0
100 200
2
1
1
600
x3 1
1
0
0
0
300
2
2
2
s3 1 1 0 0 5 1 0
0 0
2
2 2
R 0 8 0 0 24 0 1 14, 400
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
s3 R
100 50
s1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0
1 0 1 0 3 1 0
300 100
x3
0
x2 1 1 0 0 5 2 0
R 8 0 0 0 16 16 1 14, 400
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 R
1
1
1
50 100
s2 2 0 0 2 1 2 0
1 0 1 3 0 1 0
150
x3 2
2
2
3
5
1
x2 2 1 0 2 0 2 0
250 500
3
R 0 0 0 8 0 8 1 15, 200
the maximum value of R is 15,200 when x1 = 0, x2 = 250, x3 = 150. For the last table, x1 is nonbasic and its
R 0 0 0 8 0 8 1 15, 200
Here R = 15,200 when x1 = 100, x2 = 100, x3 = 200. For the last table, s2 is nonbasic and its indicator is 0. If we
continue the process of determining other optimum solutions, we return to the table corresponding to the solution
x1 = 0, x2 = 250, x3 = 150.
Thus, the maximum revenue is $15,200 when x1 = 100 100t , x2 = 100 + 150t ,
x3 = 200 50t , and 0 t 1
Principles in Practice 7.6
1. Using the hint, 1000 x1 standard and 800 x2 deluxe snowboards must be manufactured at plant II. The
constraints for plant I are x1 + x2 1200 and x2 x1 200. The constraints for plant II are
(1000 x1 ) + (800 x2 ) 1000 or x1 + x2 800. The quantity to be maximized is the profit
P = 40 x1 + 60 x2 + 45(1000 x1 ) + 50(800 x2 )
= 5 x1 + 10 x2 + 85, 000 subject to the constraints
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x1 + x2 1200,
x1 + x2 200,
x1 + x2 800,
and x1 , x2 0 .
Note that maximizing Z = 5 x1 + 10 x2 also maximizes the profit. The corresponding equations are:
x1 + x2 + s1 = 1200,
x1 + x2 + s2 = 200,
x1 + x2 s3 + t = 800.
The artificial objective equation is
W = 5 x1 + 10 x2 Mt.
The augmented coefficient matrix is:
x1
x2 s1 s2 s3 t W
1 1 0 0 0 0 1200
1
1
1 0 1 0 0 0 200
1
1 0 0 1 1 0 800
0
5 10 0 0 0 M 1
s1
1
1
0 1 0 0 0
200
s2
1
0 0 1 1 0
800
t 1
W 5 M 10 M 0 0 M 0 1 800M
x1
x2 s1
s2
s3 t W
2
0 1
0 0 0
1000
1
s1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
200
x2
1 1 0
2
0 0
1
600
t
W 5 2M 0 0 10 + M M 0 1 2000 600 M
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3
t W
1 0 400
0
1
s1 0 0 1
1
1
1 0
x2 0 1 0
2
500
2
2
1 0
x1 1 0 0 1 1
300
2
2
2
52 52 + M 1 3500
W 0 0 0 15
2
1 0 0
700
x2 0 1 12
2
1
1
x1 1 0 2 2 0 0 500
5
15 0 0 4500
Z 0 0 2
2
Thus, x1 = 500, x2 = 700, and Z = 4500. Plant I should manufacture 500 standard and 700 deluxe snowboards.
Plant II should manufacture 1000 500 = 500 standard and 800 700 = 100 deluxe snowboards. The maximum
profit is P = 5(500) + 10(700) + 85,000 = $89,500.
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Section 7.6
Problems 7.6
x1 x2 s1 s2 t2 W
1.
1 1 1 0 0 0 6
1 1 0 1 1 0 4
2 1 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
s1 s2 t2 W
1
1 0 0 0
6 6
s1 1
1
0 1 1 0
4 4
t2 1
W 2 + M 1 M 0 M 0 1 4M
x1 x2 s1 s2
t2
W
1 0 2 1
s1 2 0 1 1
1
0 4
x2 1 1 0 1
W 3 0 0 1 M + 1 1 4
x1 x2 s1 s2 Z
1 0 1
x1 1 0 1
2
2
x2 0 1 1 1 0 5
2
2
3
1
1 7
Z 0 0 2
2
1 6 0 1 1 0 12
3 4 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
s1 s2 t2 W
2
1 0 0 0
8 4
s1 1
6
0 1 1 0
12 2
t2 1
W 3 M 4 6 M 0 M 0 1 12 M
x1 x2 s1 s2
t2 W
13
0 4 6
s1 23 0 1 13
1 1 0 1
1
0 2 12
x2 6
6
6
7
2 2
W 3 0 0 3 3 + M 1 8
x1 x2 s1 s2 Z
3
1 0
x1 1 0
6
2
2
x2 0 1 1 1 0
1
4
4
7
1 1 22
0
0
Z
2
2
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 t2 W
3.
1 2 1 1 0 0 0 5
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
2 1 1 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s1 s2 t2 W
1
2
1
1 0 0 0 5 52
s1
1
1
0 1 1 0 1 1
t2 1
W 2 + M 1 M 1 M 0 M 0 1 M
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
t2 W
2
0 3 1
s1 3 0 1 1 2
1
0 1
x2 1 1 1 0 1
W 3 0 2 0 1 1 + M 1 1
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
2 0 1
x1 1 0 1 1
3 3
3
2 1 1 0 2
x2 0 1
3 3
3
Z 0 0
1 1
1 1 4
4.
1 0 1 1 0 6
1 2
1 1 4 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s1
1
1
1
s1 1
2
1
0
t2 1
W 1 M 1 + 2M 4 M 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
t2 W
1
0
s1 0 3 0 1 1
1
0
x3 1 2 1 0 1
W 3 7 0 0 4 4 + M 1
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
x2 0 1 0
x3
1 0 1
Z 3 0 0
1
3
1
3
2
3
7
3
13
53
s2 t2 W
0 0 0
9 9
1 1 0
6 6
M 0 1 6 M
3 1
6
24
1 3
0 8
1 31
254
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Section 7.6
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
s2 0 3 0 1 1 0 3
x3 1 1 1 1 0 0 9
Z 3 5 0 4 0 1 36
1 0 6
1 1 1 0
3 2 1 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3 s1 t2 W
1
1
1 1 0 0
10 10
s1
1
6 6
t2
1
1 0 1 0
W 3 M 2 + M 1 + M 0 0 1 6M
x1 x2 x3 s1
t2 W
2 1
s1 0 2
1 0 4 2
1 0 6
x1 1 1 1 0
W 0 5 4 0 3 + M 1 18
x1 x2 x3 s1 W
x2 0 1 1 1 0 2
2
x1 1 0 0 12 0 8
Z 0 0 1 5 1 28
2
x1
x2 x3
s1
t1
t2 W
0 1 2 1 1 0 0 5
6.
1 0 7
1 1 1 0 0
2 1 3 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s1 t1 t2 W
t1 0
t2 1
W 2 M
x1
x2 0
t2 1
W 2 M
1
1
1 2 M
x2
2
1
3 + M
x3
1
2
0
3
0 5 3M
s1
1 1 0 0
5 5
0 0 1 0
7 7
M 0 0 1 12 M
t1
t2 W
1
1
1
1
1 M 1 + 2 M
0 0
5
1 0
2 23
0 1 5 2M
255
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x1 x2 x3
x2 23
x3 13
1
W 3
s1
t1
1 0 13
0 1
1
3
1
3
1
3
0 0
2
3
23 + M
x1 x2 x3
s1
t2 W
2
3
1
3
5
3
+M
19 19
3 2
2 6
1 25
3
x2 0 1 2 1 0 5
x1 1 0 3 1 0 2
W 0 0 1 1 1 9
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 5
1 10 0 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2 s1 s2 s3 t3 W
1
1
1 0 0 0 0
1 1
s1
1
2
0 1 0 0 0
8 8
s2
1
0 0 1 1 0
5 5
t3 1
W 1 M 10 M 0 0 M 0 1 5M
x1
x2
s1
s2 s3 t3 W
1
1
0 0 0 0
1
x1 1
0
7
3
1
1
0
0
0
7
s2
3
2
1 0 1 1 0
4 2
t3 0
W 0 9 2M 1 + M 0 M 0 1 1 4M
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3
t3 W
1 0 1
1 0
3
x1 1 0
2
2
2
3
3 0
1 1
s2 0 0
1
2
2
2
1 0
x2 0 1 1 0 1
2
2
2
2
9 9 + M 1 17
0
W 0 0 11
2
2
2
256
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x1 x2 x3 s1
8. 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
1 4 1 0
x1
x2
s2
t1
Section 7.6
t3 W
0 0 5
1 0 0 0 3
0 0
1 0 7
0 M M 1 0
x3 s1 s2 t1 t3 W
0
1 1 1 0
t1 1
1
1 1 0 1
s2
1
1 1 0 0
t3
2
4
1 M 0
M
W
x1
x2
x3 s1
5
0 0 0
3 3
0 1 0
7 7
0 0 1 12M
s2 t1 t3 W
1 0 0
0
2 1
1 1
t1 0
1
1
1 0
1 0
x1
0
2
0
0
1
0
t3
W 0 3 + 2 M 2 + 2M M 1 + 2 M 0
There is no solution (empty feasible region).
2
0 0
3
1 0
4
0 1 3 6M
0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 6
3 2 1 0 0 0 M M 1 0
x1 x2
x3
s1 s2 s3 t2 t3 W
1
1
1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
s1
1 1
1
0 1 0 1 0 0
2 2
t2
1
0 0 1 0 1 0
6 6
t3 1 1
W 3 2 1 2 M 0 M M 0 0 1 8M
x1
x2 x3
s1 s2 s3 t2 t3 W
1
1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1
x3
0
2
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
t2
2
0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
5
t3
W 2 + 2 M 3 + 2 M 0 1 + 2 M M M 0 0 1 1 6 M
There is no solution (empty feasible region).
257
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x1 x2
10. 1 2
1 6
0
1
1 4
x1
1
s1
1
t2
t3 0
W 1 M
s1
1
s2 s3 t2
0 0 0
t3 W
0 0 8
0 1 0
1 0 0 12
0 0 1 0
1 0 2
0 0 0 M M 1 0
x2
2
s1 s2
1 0
s3 t2 t3 W
0 0 0 0
4
6
0 1 0 1 0 0
12 2
1
0 0 1 0 1 0
2 2
4 7 M 0 M M 0 0 1 14 M
s1
1
0 0 1
6
1
6
0 0 0
t2
1 0 0
1
0
1
0 2
x2 0
W 1 M 0 0 M 4 6M 0 4 + 7 M 1 8
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3
t2
t3 W
2
1
1
3
0 0 4 12
s1 3 0 1 3 0
s3 1 0 0 1 1
1
1
0
0
6
6
6
1 0
1
1
0
0
0
2
x2 6
6
6
1
2
2
W 3 0 0 3 0 3 + M M 1 8
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
2 0 3 1 0 0 12
s2
1
1
s3 2 0 2 0 1 0 2
x2 1 1 1 0 0 0 4
2
2
Z 1 0 2 0 0 1 16
s1
1
t2
t3 0
W 1 M
x2
s1 s2 s3 t2
2
1 0 0 0
6
0 1 0 1
1
0 0 1 0
4 7 M 0 M M 0
t3
0
0
1
0
W
0
8 4
0
12 2
0
2 2
1 14 M
258
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Section 7.6
x1
x2 s1
s2
s3
t2
t3
2
1
1
0 1
0
3
0
s1
3
3
1
1
x2
1 0
16
0
0
6
6
1
1
0 0
1
16
1
6
6
t3
W 1 + 1 M 0 0 2 1 M M 2 + 7 M 0
3 6
3 6
3 6
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 t2
t3
W
2
0 4 2
s1 1 0 1 0 2 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
1
0
2
x2
6
0 0
s2 1 0 0 1 6 1
W 1 0 0 0 4 M 4 + M 1 8
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
s3 1 0 1 0 1 0 2
2
2
x2 1 1 1 0 0 0 4
2
2
s2 2 0 3 1 0 0 12
Z 1 0 2 0 0 1 16
The maximum is Z = 16 when x1 = 0, x2 = 4 .
W
0 4 12
0 2
0 0
0
1 8
x1 x2 s1 s3 t2 t3 W
11. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 4
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 6
3 2 0 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2 s1 s3 t2 t3 W
1
1
1 0 0 0 0
4
s1
1
1
0 0 1 0 0
4 4
t2
0
0 1 0 1 0
6
t3 1
W 3 2 M 0 M 0 0 1 10 M
x1
x2 s1 s3
t2
t3 W
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
8
s1
1 1 0 0
1
0 0
4
x2
0 0 1
0
1 0
6 6
t3 1
W 1 M 0 0 M 2 + M 0 1 8 6M
x1 x2 s1 s3
t2
t3 W
1
0 0 8
s1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1
1 0 10
x2
0
1 0 6
x1 1 0 0 1
W 0 0 0 1 2 + M 1 + M 1 2
x2 s1
s2
1
1
2 1
x1
0
x2
2
s1 1
1
1
t2
1
1
t3
W 2 8 2M
x1
1
s1
x2
2
t3
W 6 2M
x1 x2 s1
t2
t3 W
0 0 12
0
1 0 0 2
1 0 10
1 0
0 M M 1 0
s1 s2 s3 t2 t3 W
0
1 0 1
1 0 0
8 0
s3
12 6
0 1 0 1 0 0
2 2
0 0 1 0 1 0
10 10
0 M M 0 0 1 12 M
x2 s1
0 0 0 0
s2
s3
t2
2 0
2
1 0
1
1 0
0 0
1 1
1
0 0 8 M M 8 + 2 M
0 1
s2
s3
t2
t3
t3 W
8 8
0 0
2
1 0
8 4
0 1 16 8M
W
0 0
s1 0 0 1
12 0
4
1 0
x2 0 1 0
6
2
1 0
x1 1 0 0
4
2
W 0 0 0
5
3 5 + M 3 + M 1 40
32
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
12
13. Let x1 and x2 denote the numbers of Standard and Executive bookcases produced, respectively, each week. We
want to maximize the profit function P = 35 x1 + 40 x2 subject to
2 x1 + 3x2 400,
3x1 + 4 x2 500,
3x1 + 4 x2 250,
x1 , x2 0.
The artificial objective function is W = P Mt3 .
x1
x2 s1 s2 s3 t3 W
3 1 0 0 0 0 400
2
3
4 0 1 0 0 0 500
3
4 0 0 1 1 0 250
35 40 0 0 0 M 1
0
x1
2
s1
3
s2
3
t3
W 35 3M
x2
3
4
4
40 4 M
s1 s2 s3
t3 W
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 M
0
400 400
3
0
500 125
0
250 125
2
1 250M
260
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x1 x2 s1
s1 1 0 1
4
s2 0 0 0
x2 3 1 0
4
W 5 0 0
x1 x2 s1
s2 s3
t3
3
4
3
4
1
4
1
4
0 10 10 + M
Section 7.6
W
850
3
0 250 250
0 125
2
1 2500
425
2
s2 s3 P
s1 1 0 1 3 0 0 25
4
4
s3 0 0 0 1 1 0 250
x2 34 1 0 14 0 0 125 500
3
P 5 0 0 10 0 1 5000
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 P
200
s1 0 1 1 2 0 0
3
3
3
s3 0 0 0
1 1 0
250
500
1 0 0
x1 1 4 0
3
3
3
P 0 20
0 35
0 1 17,500
3
3
3
500
2
= 166 Standard and 0 Executive
3
3
bookcases. Since an integer answer is preferable, note that x1 = 167, x2 = 0 does not satisfy the constraint
3x1 + 4 x2 500, while x1 = 166, x2 = 0 satisfies all of the constraints. Thus the company should produce
166 Standard and 0 Executive bookcases each week.
This table indicates that, to maximize profit, the company should produce
14. Let x, y and z denote the numbers of units of products X, Y, and Z produced each week, respectively. We want to
maximize the profit function P = 50x + 60y + 75z subject to
x + 2 y + 2 z 40,
x + y + 2 z 30,
z 5,
x, y, z 0.
The artificial objective function is W = P Mt3 .
x
y
z s1 s2 s3 t3 W
2
2 1 0 0 0 0 40
1
1
1
2 0 1 0 0 0 30
0
0
1 0 0 1 1 0 5
50 60 75 0 0 0 M 1 0
x
y
z
s1
2
2
1
s1 1
1
2
0
s2 1
0
0
1
0
t3
W 50 60 75 M 0
s2 s3
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 M
t3
0
0
1
0
W
0 40 20
0 30 15
0
5 5
1 5M
261
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x
y
2
s1 1
1
s2 1
0
0
z
W 50 60
z
0
0
1
0
s1
1
0
0
0
s2 s3
t3
W
0 2
2
0 30 15
1 2
2
0 20 10
0 1
1
0 5
0 75 75 + M 1 375
x
y
z s1 s2 s3 P
1
0 1 1 0 0 10 10
0
s1
1
1
0 0 12 1 0 10 20
2
s3 2
1
1
1 0 12 0 0 15 30
z 2
2
P 25 45 0 0 75 0 1 1125
2
2
2
x
y z s1 s2 s3 P
0
1 0 1 1 0 0 10
y
1
0 0 12 1 1 0
5 10
s3 2
1
z 1
20
0
1
1
0
0
10
2
2
25
45
P 2 0 0 2 15 0 1 1350
x y z s1 s2 s3 P
0
1 0 1 1 0 0
10
10
x 1 0 0 1 2 2 0
5
z 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
P 0 0 0 10 40 25 1 1475
The production order should be 10 units of X, 10 units of Y, and 5 units of Z for a maximum profit of $1475
15. Suppose I is the total investment. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 be the proportions invested in A, AA, and AAA bonds,
respectively. If Z is the total annual yield expressed as a proportion of I, then ZI = 0.08 x1I + 0.07 x2 I + 0.06 x3 I ,
or equivalently, Z = 0.08 x1 + 0.07 x2 + 0.06 x3 . We want to maximize Z subject to
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,
x2 + x3 0.50,
x1 + x2 0.30,
x1 , x2 , x3 0.
The artificial objective function is W = Z Mt1 Mt2 .
x1
x2
x3 s2 s3 t1 t2 W
1
1
0 0 1 0 0 1
1
0
1
1
1 0 0 1 0 0.5
1
1
0
0 1 0 0 0 0.3
x1
1
t1
0
t2
1
s3
0.08
M
W
x2
1
x3
1
s2 s3 t1 t2 W
0 0 1 0 0
0.07 2M
0.06 2 M
1
1 0 0 1 0
0.5 0.5
0 1 0 0 0
0.3 0.3
M 0 0 0 1 1.5M
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Section 7.7
x1
x2
x3
s2
s3
t1
0
0
1
0
1
1
t1
1
0
1
1
1
0
t2
1
1
0
0
1
0
x2
t1
1
x3
1
x2
0.07
M
W
x2 x3
0 0
0 1
1 0
0 0
x1
x2
x3
0
1
0
t1
1
1
x3 0
1
0
x1 1
W 0 0.07 + M 0
x1
x2 x3 s2
s2
1
s3 t1
0 1
t2 W
0 0
0.7
W
0
0.5
0.7
1 0
0.2
0.2
0 0
0.3
0 1 0.021 0.9 M
t2
1
0.5
1
1 0
1
0
0.2
0.3
0
1
0
0
0
0.3
s2
s3
t1
t2
W
1
1
1
1
0
0.2
0.2
1
0
0
1
0
0.5
0
1
0
0
0
0.3
s3
t1 t2 W
1 0 1
1
1 1 0
0.2
s2 0
0
0 1 0
1
1 0 0
0.7
x3
1 0 0
1
0 0 0
0.3
x1 1
Problems 7.7
x1 x2 s1 s2 t1
t2 W
1.
1 1 1 0
1 0 0
1 0
2 1 0 1 0
2 5 0 0 M M 1
x1
x2 s1 s2 t1
t1
1
1 1 0 1
t2 2
1 0 1 0
W 2 3M 5 M M 0
x1
x2
s1
s2
3
1
t1 0
1
2
2
1
0
12
x1 1
2
W 0 4 + 3 M M 1 1 M
2
2
9
0
t2 W
92
0 1 16M
t1
t2
W
0 0
1 0
7
9
12
1
2
1 + 32
9
0
2
1 9 52 M
5
2
263
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x1 x2 s1 s2
t1
s2 0 3 2 1
2
x1 1 1 1 0
1
W 0 7 2 0 2 + M
t2 W
1 0
5
0 0
7
M 1 14
x1 = 7, x2 = 0.
x1 x2 s1 s2 t1
t2 W
2.
2 2 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 2
1 3 0 1 0
8 12 0 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2
x3 s2 s3 t1 t2
W
1
t1 2
2
1 0 1 0 0
1 2
t2 1
3
0 1 0 1 0
2 23
W 8 3M 12 5M M M 0 0 1 3M
x1
x2
s1
s2
t1
t2 W
1
x2
t2 2
W
4 + 2M
x1 x2 s1
1 0
x2
s1
0 1
W 4 0 0
1
3
4
3
12
3
2
0 6 23 M
s2
t1
13
23
0
1
1
2
23
6 + 52 M
t2 W
1
3
2
3
0
0
1
1 0
3
0 1 6 12 M
1
2
1
2
0 0
2
3
1
3
1 8
2
The minimum is Z = 8 when x1 = 0, x2 = .
3
3.
4 M
4 + M
x1 x2
x3 s
t W
1
1
1
1
1
0 18
12 6 3 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s t W
1
1
1
1
1 0
18 18
t
12 M 6 + M 3 + M M 0 1 18M
W
x1 x2 x3 s
t W
1 0
18
x1 1 1 1 1
0 18 15 12 12 + M 1 216
W
264
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Section 7.7
x1 x2 x3 s t W
4. 1 2 1 1 1 0 4
1 1 2 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s t W
2
1
1 1 0
4 2
t 1
1 M 1 2M 2 + M M 0 1 4 M
W
1 0
x2 1 1 1 1
2
2
2
2
2
5
1 1 + M 1 2
1 0
2
2
2
W 2
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 5
2 3 1 0 0 0 M 1 0
x1 x2
x3 s1 s2 s3 t2 W
1
1
1
1 0 0 0 0
6 6
s1
0
1
0 1 0 1 0
4 4
t2 1
1
1
0 0 1 0 0
5 5
s3 0
W 2 + M 3 1 M 0 M 0 0 1 4 M
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3
t2 W
1 0 2
s1 2 1 0 1 1 0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1 0 4
x3
1 0
1
s3 1 1 0 0 1 1
W 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 + M 1 4
The minimum is Z = 4 when x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 4 .
6.
x1
3
0
x2 x3 s1 s2
1 1 1 0
2
1
1
t3 W
0 0 4
2 0 1 0 0 0 5
1 0 0 1 1 0 2
3 0 0 0 M 1 0
x1
3
x2
1
s3
0
x3 s1 s2 s3 t3 W
1 1 0 0 0 0
4 4
s1
0
2
2 0 1 0 0 0
5 52
s2
1
1
1 0 0 1 1 0
2 2
t3
W 5 M 1 M 3 M 0 0 M 0 1 2M
265
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x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3
t3 W
1 0 2
s1 2 0 2 1 0 1
2 0
1
s2 2 0 0 0 1 2
1 0 2
x2 1 1 1 0 0 1
W 4 0 2 0 0 1 1 + M 1 2
The minimum is Z = 2 when x1 = 0, x2 = 2, and x3 = 0.
7.
x1 x2 x3
1
1 2
0 1 1
1 1 0
1 1 3
s3
0
x1
t1 1
t2 0
s3 1
W 1 M
x2
2
x1
t1 1
x2 0
s3 1
W 1 M
x1 x2
x1 1 0
x2 0 1
s3 0 0
W 0 0
x1
x1 1
x3 0
s3 0
Z 0
t1 t2 W
1 0 0 4
0 0
1 0 1
1 0 0 0 6
0 M M 1 0
x3
1
s3 t1 t2 W
0 1 0 0
4 2
1
1
0 0 1 0
1 1
1
0
1 0 0 0
6 6
1 3M 3 2M 0 0 0 1 5M
x2
x3
s3 t1
t2
W
0
1
0 1
2
0
2 2
1
1
0 0
1
0
1
0
1
1 0
1
0
5 5
0 2 + M 0 0 1 + 3M 1 1 2 M
x3 s3
t1
t2
W
1 0
1
2
0 2
1 0
0
1
0 1 1
0 1
1
1
0 3
1 0 1 + M 3 + M 1 1
x2 x3 s3 Z
1 0 0 0 3
1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 3
1 0 0 1 0
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8.
x1
x2
s1
t1
t2
Section 7.7
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 M M 1
x1
x2
s1 t1
1
0
t2 W
1
1 1 0 0
1
4 4
1
0 0 1 0
1 1
1
W 1 1 2 M M 0 0 1 5M
x1
x2 s1 t1
t2
W
t1
t2
t1 2
0 1 1
0
3
1
x2 1
1 0 0
1
0
1
W 2 + 2 M 0 M 0 1 + 2M 1 1 3M
Since all of the indicators in the last table are positive, but the artificial variable t1 is 3, the feasible region is
empty. (This can also be seen graphically.)
9.
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 t1
1 1 1 1 0
1
1 2 1 0 1 0
1 8 5 0 0 M
x1
x2
x3
t1 1
1
1
t2 1
2
1
W 1 8 3M 5 2 M
x1
x2
x3
t2 W
0 0 8
1 0 2
M 1 0
s1 s2 t1 t2 W
1 0 1 0 0
0
M
s1
1 0 1 0
2 1
M 0 0 1 10M
s2
t1
t2
W
8
1
1
14
t1 3
0
1
1
12
0
7
2
2
2
3
1
1
x2 12
1
0
12
0
0
1
2
2
W 5 3 M 0 1 1 M M 4 1 M 0 4 + 3 M 1 8 7 M
2
2
2
2
x1 x2 x3
s1
s2
t1
t2
W
x1
1
2
1
2
13
0 14
1 0 3 3 3
3
3 14
1
1
x2 0 1 23 13 13
0 10
5
3
3
3
10
7
2
+ M 73 + M 1 94
10
W 0 0 3
3
3
3
3
x1 x2 x3 s1
s2
t1
t2 W
x1
1
1
1 12 0 12
12 0
3
2
2
3 1 1 1
1
1 0
x3 0
5
2
2
2
2
2
W 0
1 0
3
2 3 + M 2 + M 1 28
267
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x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 t2 W
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3
10.
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 3
4 4 6 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
s1 s2 t2 W
s1
1
1
1
1 0 0 0
3 3
t2 1
1
1
0 1 1 0
3 3
W 4 M 4 + M 6 M 0 M 0 1 3M
s1 0 0 2 1 1
1 0
0
x1 1 1 1 0 1
1 0
3
W 0 8 2 0 4 4 + M 1 12
s1
1
t2 1
W 4 M
x1 x2
x1 1 1
t2 0 0
W 0 8
x1 x2
x1 1 1
x3 0 0
W 0 8
x2
x3
s1 s2
t2 W
1 0 0 0
3 3
0 1 1 0
3 3
0 M 0 1 3M
x3
s1
s2 t2 W
1
1
0 0 0 3
2
1
1 1 0 0 0
10 2 M 4 + M M 0 1 12
x3 s1 s2
t2 W
1 1
1 0
0
3
2
2
2
1 0
1 12 12
0
2
0
1
5 5 + M 1 12
1
1
6M
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Section 7.7
11. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 denote the annual numbers of barrels of cement produced in kilns that use device A, device B,
and no device, respectively. We want to minimize the annual emission control cost C (C in dollars) where
1
2
C = x1 + x2 + 0 x3 subject to
4
5
x1 + x2 + x3 = 3,300, 000,
1
1
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 1, 000, 000,
2
4
x1 , x2 , x3 0.
x1 x2 x3 s2
1
1
2
1
4
t1 W
1 0 3,300, 000
2 1 0 0 1, 000, 000
0 0 M 1
0
x2
x3 s2 t1 W
1 1 0
1
4
2
5
x1
1
1 0 1 0
3,300, 000 3,300, 000
t1 1
1
s2 12
2 1 0 0
1, 000, 000 500, 000
4
W 1 M 2 M M 0 0 1 3,300, 000M
4
5
x1
x2
x3 s2 t1 W
7
3
0 12 1 0
2,800, 000 3, 200, 000
8
t1 4
1
1
x3 14
1
0
0
500,
000
4, 000, 000
8
2
W 1 3 M 2 7 M 0 1 M 0 1 2,800, 000 M
4 4
5 8
2
x1
x2 x3 s2
t1
W
6
8
1 0 74
0 3, 200, 000 11,200,000
x2 7
7
3
x3 17
0 1 74
17
0
100, 000 700, 000
W 13
8
16 + M 1 1, 280, 000
0
0
35
35
140
x1 x2 x3 s2 C
x2 0 1 6 4 0 2, 600, 000
x1 1 0 7 4 0
700, 000
3 1 1, 215, 000
C 0 0 13
20
5
Thus the minimum value of C is 1,215,000 when x1 = 700, 000, x2 = 2, 600, 000, x3 = 0.
The plant should install device A on kilns producing 700,000 barrels annually, and device B on kilns producing
2,600,000 barrels annually.
269
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x2
s1
s2
t1
t2 W
2
2 1 0
1 0 0 12
3 0 1 0
1 0 12
1
0.40 0.60 0 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2
s1 s2 t1 t2 W
t1 2
2
1 0 1 0 0
12 6
t2 1
3
0 1 0 1 0
12 4
W 2 3M 3 5M M M 0 0 1 24 M
5
5
x1
x2 s1
s2
t1
t2
W
2
2
4
3
0 1
1
0
4
3
3
t1 3
1
1
1
1 0
3
0
0
4
x2 3
12
3
W 1 4 M 0 M 1 2 M 0 1 + 5 M 1 12 4 M
5 3
5 3
5 3
5
x1 x2 s1
s2
t1
t2 W
3
3
1
12 0 3
x1 1 0 4
2
4
1
1
1
1
x2 0 1
2
4
0 3
4
2
W 0 0
3
3 + M 1 + M 1 3
1
20
20
10
10
The minimum value of C is 3 when x1 = 3 and x2 = 3. They should rent 3 of type A and 3 of type B. The cost per
mile is $3.00.
= 150,
= 150,
200,
150,
0.
270
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x1
1
0
0
5
x2 x3 x4 s3 s4
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
Section 7.7
t1
1
0
t2 W
0 0 150
1 0 150
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 200
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 150
3 7 2 0 0 M M 1
0
x1
x2
x3
x4 s3 s4 t1 t2 W
t1
1
1
0
0 0 0 1 0 0
150
t2
0
0
1
1 0 0 0 1 0
150 150
s3
1
0
1
0 1 0 0 0 0
200
0
1
0
1 0 1 0 0 0
150 150
s4
W 5 M 3 M 7 M 2 M 0 0 0 0 1 300M
x1
x2 x3 x4 s3 s4 t1
t2 W
t1
1
1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0
150 150
0
0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0
150
x4
1
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0
200
s3
1 0
0
1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0
s4
5 0 0 0 0 2 + M 1 300 150 M
W 5 M 3 M
x1 x2
x3 x4 s3
s4 t1 t2 W
t1
1 1 1 0
1 0
1 0 0
150 150
0 0
1 1 0
0 0 1 0
150
x4
s3
1 0
1 0 1
0 0 0 0
200 200
1 0 0
0 1
1 0 1 0
0
x2
W 5 M 0 8 M 0 0 3 + M 0 1 1 300 150 M
x1 x2 x3 x4 s3 s4
t1
t2 W
x1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1
1 0
150
x4 0 0 1 1 0 0
0
1 0
150
s3 0 0 0 0 1 1
1
1 0
50
x2 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0
0
0
W 0 0 3 0 0 2 5 + M 4 + M 1 1050
The retailer should ship as follows: to Columbus, 150 from Akron and 0 from Springfield; to Dayton, 0 from
Akron and 150 from Springfield. The transportation cost is $1050.
If s4 is chosen as the departing variable in the second table, the result is the same, although the final table is
different:
x1 x2 x3 x4 s3 s4
t1
t2 W
x1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1
0 0
150
x3 0 1 1 0 0 1
0
1 0
0
s3 0 0 0 0 1 1
1
1 0
50
x4 0 1 0 1 0 1
0
0 0
150
W 0 3 0 0 0 5 5 + M 7 + M 1 1050
271
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1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1 0 0
1
0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
0
0
1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0
300 320 340 280 0 0 0 M M M M 1
xA
xB
yA
yB s3
1
0
1
0 0
t1
0
1
0
1
0
t2
1
1
0
0 1
t3
1
1
0
0 0
s4
0
0
1
1 0
t5
1
t3
1
s4
0
t5
W 300 2 M
xB
yA
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
40 340 2 M
yB s3
0 0
1 1
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 M
s4 s5
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 M
xA
xB
y A yB
s3 s4
1
1 0
1 0
t1 0
1
0 1
0 0
yB 0
1 0
1
0 0
xA 1
0
0 0
1 1
s4 0
1
1 0
0 0
t5 0
xA 1 1
s4 0 0
y A 0 1
W 0 80
yA
0
0
0
0
1
0
yB
s3
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0 300 M
s4
s5
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0 340 M
s5
0
0
0
0
1
M
subject to
7000
5000
3000
5000
7000
0
s4 s5
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 M
t1
t2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 280 + 2 M
t1
1
0
0
0
0
0
t3
0
0
1
0
0
0
t2
0
1
0
0
0
0
t5
0
0
0
0
1
0
t3
0
0
1
0
0
0
t5
0
0
0
0
1
0
W
0
7000
0
5000 5000
0
3000
0
5000
0
7000 7000
1 22, 000 M
W
0
7000 7000
0
5000
0
3000 3000
0
5000 5000
0
2000
1 1, 400, 000 12, 000M
t1
t2
t3 t5 W
1 0 0
1
0
4000 4000
0
1
0 0 0
5000
0
0
1 0 0
3000
1 0 0
0
0
2000
1
0
0 1 0
2000 2000
0 280 + 2M 300 + 2 M 0 1 2,300, 000 6000M
t1 t2
t3
t5 W
1
1 0
1 1
2000 2000
0 1
0
0 0
5000
0 0
1
0 0
3000
1
0 0
0 0
2000 2000
0 1
0
1 0
2000
0 60 300 + 2 M 340 + 2M 1 2,980, 000 2000 M
Section 7.7
x A xB y A yB s3 s4 s5
t1
t2 t3
t5 W
1 0
1
1
1 1
2000
s3 0 0 0 0 1 0
0
1 0
0 0
5000
yB 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0
1
1
1 0
5000
xA 1 1 0 0 0 0
1
1 0
1 0
0
s4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0
0
1 0
2000
y A 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
15. a.
Roll width
15" 3 2 1 0
10"
0 1 3 4
Trim loss 3 8 3 8
0
3
x2 x3 x4 s1
s2
t1
t2 W
0 0 50
1 3 4 0 1 0
1 0 60
8 3 8 0 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
x4
s1
2 1 0 1
t1 3
2
1
0
t2 0
1
3
4
W 3 3M 8 3M 3 4 M 8 4 M
x1
x2
x3
x4
s1
3
5
0
43
1
t1
3
1
4
x3 0
1
0
3
3
W 3 3M 7 5 M 0 4 + 4 M M
3
3
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1
s2
t1
1 5 0 4 1
1
1
x1
9
9
3
9
3
1
4
1
x3 0 3 1
0 3
0
3
W 0 16 0 16
2 1 + M
1
3
3
3
x1 = 10, x2 = 0, x3 = 20, x4 = 0.
c.
s2
t1 t2 W
50
0 1 0 1 0
60 20
M M 0 0 1 110 M
s2
t1
t2
W
1
1 0 0
1
3
13
1 13 M
13
1
3
1 + 43
50
t2 W
1
9
1
3
32 + M
10
0
20
1 60 30M
10
0 20
1 90
90 in.
273
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30
10 20 25 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 20
274
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y1
30
t1
15
t2
10
t3
Z 300 55M
y2
20
30
y3
40
30
20
25
400 70 M
600 95M
Section 7.8
s1 s2 s3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
M
t1 t2 t3 Z
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
30
20
0 0 1 0
20
0 0 0 1 70M
y1
y2
y3 s1
s2
s3 t1
t2
t3 Z
10
4
4
10
0 1
0 1
0 0
20
3
3
3
t1
1
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
y3 2
30
30
3
5
5
10
t3 5
5
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
6
6
3
Z 15
20
13
19
M 200 + 25M 0 M 20 6 M M 0 20 + 6 M 0 1 400 3 M
2
y1
y2
y3 s1
s2
s3
t1
t2
t3 Z
1
2
1
2
1
y1 1
0 10
0
0 0
2
15
15
10
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1 20
0 20
0 0
10
y3
10
2
7
7
25
1
1
t3 0
10
0
1
1
0
4
6
4
6
6
7M M
3 M 20 + 13 M 0 1 400 25 M
1
0
200
10
M
0
M
20
6
6
4
6
4
y1
y2
y3
s1
s2 s3
t1
t2 t3 Z
15
3
3
5
s2
0
1 0
15
4
1 0 0
2
4
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
40
40
4
y3
15
5
5
5
0
0
1
0
1
0
35
t3
4
2
8
8
4
35
15
5
13
5
Z 150 + 4 M 100 2 M 0 15 8 M 0 M 15 + 8 M M 0 1 450 4 M
y1 y2 y3 s1 s2
s3
t1
t2
t3
Z
1
1
s2 10 0 0
1 2
2
1
2
0
5
2
1 0
1
1
1
2
4
0
1
0
0
15
15
15
15
3
y3 3
7
1
2
1
2
1
y2
12
0
0
6 1 0 12 0 15
15
6
20
+ M M 40
+ M 1 1400
0 0 20
0 40
Z 100
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
y1 1 0 3 1 0
0
4
20
20
2
7
3
3
1
y2 0 1
0 40 0
8
40
4
Z 0 0 25
5 0
15 1 450
From this table, the maximum profit of $450 corresponds to x1 = 5, x2 = 0, and x3 = 15.
The company should produce 5 of device 1 and 15 of device 3.
275
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Problems 7.8
1. Minimize W = 5 y1 + 3 y2
subject to y1 y2 1
y1 + y2 2
y1 , y2 0
2. Minimize W = 3 y1 + 5 y2 subject to
2 y1 y2
2 y1 + 4 y2
2 y2
y1 , y2
2,
1,
1,
0.
y1 y2 2,
y1 + 2 y2 2,
2 y1 + y2 5,
y1 , y2 0.
y1 y2 s1
s1 1 1 1
s2 1 2 0
s3 2 1 0
W 2 3 0
y1 y2 s1
s1 1 0 1
2
y2 1 1 0
2
s3 52 0 0
W 72 0 0
y1 y2 s1
3. Maximize W = 8 y1 + 2 y2 subject to
y1 y2
y1 + 2 y2
y1 + y2
y1 , y2
1,
8,
5,
0.
4. Maximize W = y1 + 2 y2 subject to
2 y1 + y2 8,
2 y1 + 3 y2 12,
y1 , y2 0.
s1 0
y2 0
y1 1
W 0
y1 + y2 y3 1,
2 y1 y2 y3 1,
y1 , y2 , y3 0.
0 1
1 0
0 0
0 0
s2
0
1
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
W
0
0
0
1
2
2 1
5 5
s2 s3 W
0 0 3 6
0 0 1
1 0 4 85
0 1 3
s3 W
1
2
1
2
12
3
2
s2
3
5
2
5
15
4
5
15
1
5
2
5
7
5
The minimum is Z =
0
1
11
5
9
5
8
5
43
5
43
4
when x1 = 0, x2 = ,
5
5
7
x3 = .
5
y1 y2 y3
s1 1
2 3
s2 4
1 8
W 28 2 16
276
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s1 s2 W
1 0 0 2 2
0 1 0 2 12
0 0 1 0
Section 7.8
y1 y2 y3 s1 s2 W
s1
0 94 5 1 14 0 23 2
1
1
1
y1 1 4 2 0 4 0 2
W 0 9 40 0 7 1 14
y1 y2
y3 s1 s2 W
y2
20
0 1 9 94 91 0 32
13 1
2 0
2
y1 1 0
9
9
9
3
W 0 0
20 4
6 1 20
1 0 8
2 6 0 1 0
8 12 0 0 M M 1 0
y1
y2
s1 s2 t1 t2 U
t1 1
1
1 0 1 0 0
3 3
t2 2
6
0 1 0 1 0
8 43
U 8 3M 12 7 M M M 0 0 1 11M
y1 y2 s1
s2
t1
t2
U
5
1
2
5
0 1
1
16
0
6
3
t1 3
2
4
1
4
y2 13
1 0
16
0
0
6
3
U 4 2 M 0 M 2 1 M 0 2 + 7 M 1 16 5 M
3
6
6
3
y1 y2 s1
s2
t1
t2 U
y1
3
5
1
1 0 32
14 0
4
2
2
1 1
1
1 0
1
y2 0 1
2
4
2
4
2
U 0 0
6
1 6 + M 1 + M 1 26
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1
12
y2 s1
s2
t1
t2 U
1 1 0
1 0 0 2
1 0 1 0
1 0 6
8 0 0 M M 1 0
y1
y2
s1 s2 t1 t2 U
2
t1 3
1
1 0 1 0 0
2 3
t2 1
1
0 1 0 1 0
6 6
U 12 4M 8 2M M M 0 0 1 8M
y1
y2
s1
s2
t1
t2 U
1
1
2
y1 1
2
13
0
0 0
3
3
3
16
2
1
1
t2 0
1
3
1 0
8
3
3
3
U 0 4 2 M 4 1 M M 4 + 4 M 0 1 8 16 M
3
3
3
3
y1
y2
s1
s2
t1
t2 U
y2
3
1
1
0
1
0 0
2
t2
2
0
1
1
1
1 0
4
4
U 12 + 2 M 0 8 M M 8 + 2M 0 1 16 4M
y1 y2 s1 s2 t1
t2 U
y2 1 1 0 1 0
1 0
6
s1 2 0 1 1 1
1 0
4
U 4 0 0 8 M 8 + M 1 48
13. The first constraint can be written as x1 x2 1. The dual is: Maximize W = y1 + 3 y2 subject to
y1 + y2 6,
y1 + y2 4,
y1 , y2 0.
y1
s1 1
s2 1
W1
y1
s1 2
y2 1
W 2
y2 s1 s2 W
1 1 0 0 6 6
1 0 1 0 4 4
3 0 0 1 0
y2 s1 s2 W
0 1 1 0 2 1
1 0 1 0 4
0 0 3 1 12
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y1 y2 s1
Section 7.8
s2 W
y1
y2
s1
s2 W
1 1
80
1 54 0
s1 0
5 400
1
1
1 1
y1 1
0
0
2
50
50 25
y1 y2
s1
s2 W
1
1
1
100
0
y2 0 1
80
400
3
1
1
y1 1 0 160
0
40
160
y1
1 0 12 12 0 1
1 0
y2 0 1 12
5
2
W 0 0 1
2 1 14
s3 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 12
W 2 4 0 0 0 1 0
y1 y2 s1 s2 s3 W
s1 3
2
s2 3
2
y2 1
2
W 4
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 0 0
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
0
5
2
3
2
1
2
0
2 1 2
y1
y2 s1 s2 W
s1
2
1 1 0 0 52 15
3
s2 2
3 0 1 0 53 10
W 12 12 0 0 1 0
y1 y2 s1 s2 W
1 1
1
0 0 15 52
y1
2
2
1
1
s2 0 2 1 1 0 5 10
W 0 6 6 0 1 12
5
y1 y2 s1 s2 W
y1
3 1 0
3
1 0
4
4
20
1 0
1
y2 0 1 12
2
10
W 0 0
3
3 1 3
40 y1 + 100 y2 1,
50 y1 + 25 y2 1,
y1 , y2 0.
y1
y2
s1 s2 W
s1 40
100
1 0 0 1 40
1
s2 50
25
0 1 0 1 50
W 80, 000 60, 000 0 0 1 0
279
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 1 0 0 52 52
s1 2
3 0 1 0 53 15
s2 2
W 12 12 0 0 1 0
y1 y2 s1 s2 W
4 0 1 1 0 1 3
3
5 20
s1 3
3
2
1
1
y2 3 1 0 3 0 5 10
W 4 0 0 4 1 12
5
y1 y2 s1 s2 W
3 1 0
3
y1 1 0
4
4
20
1 0
1
y2 0 1 12
2
10
W 0 0
3
3 1 3
0
0
1
1
s3
0
1
2
s4 0
Z 60 0 90 0
s1
1
0
0
0
0
s2
0
1
0
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
0
s4
0
0
0
1
0
Z
0 6
0 9
0 8 8
0 14 14
1 0
280
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x1
x2 x3 x4 s1
2 0 0 1
s1 1
1 0 0 0
s2 1
0 1 1 0
x3 0
0
0 0 3 0
s4
Z 60 0 0 90 0
s2 s3
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 1
s4
0
0
0
1
Chapter 7 Review
Z
0
0
0
0
0 90 0 1 720
6
9
8
6
x1
x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 s4 Z
1
2
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
6
x1
0
3
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
3 1
s2
0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
8
x3 0
0
0 3 0 0 1 1 0
6
s4 0
Z 0 120 0 90 60 0 90 0 1 1080
x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2
s3 s4 Z
1
2
0 0 0
8
x1 1 0 0 0
3
3
x2 0 1 0 0 1
0
0
0
1
3
3
x3 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
8
s4 0 0 0 3
0 0 1 1 0
6
Z 0 0 0 90 20 40 90 0 1 1200
The company should employ 20 shipping clerk apprentices, 40 shipping clerks, 90 semiskilled workers, and
0 skilled workers for a total hourly wage of $1200.
x
5
2.
10
x
10
281
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8.
5
3
4.
9.
10
10
5.
10
10.
10
x
10
6.
x
10
y
yx=2
x+y=4
7.
x=3
(3, 0)
x
5
282
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x
5
Chapter 7 Review
10
x+y=5
10
20 10
,
9 9
x + 2y = 10
2x + 5y = 10
x
(4, 3)
(4, 0)
5x + 8y = 20
x=4
x
(5, 0)
10
y=1
10
10
x y = 2
x + 3y = 18
(6, 8)
(0, 6)
(0, 2)
(0, 4)
x+y=1
x 2y = 2
x
(4, 0)
4x + 3y = 15
10 5
,
3 9
(0, 0)
x 6y = 0
x
10
(0, 5)
(6, 0)
x+y=4
10
x=6
(0, 4)
x
10
(0, 0)
y
x + 2y = 8
(2, 3)
3x + 2y = 12
x
(4, 0) 5
283
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
20
x1
x2
3
s1 2
4
3
20. s2
0
1
s3
Z 18 20
s1 s2 s3 Z
1 0 0 0 18 6
0 1 0 0 24 8
0 0 1 0 5 5
0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
3
s1 2 0 1 0 3 0 3 2
s2 4 0 0 1 3 0 9 9
4
x2 0 1 0 0 1 0 5
Z 18 0 0 0 20 1 100
Z = 40
(0, 12)
(4, 6)
3x + 2y = 24
x + 2y = 16
Z = 16
(16, 0) x
20
x1
s1 1
19.
s2 1
Z 4
x1
x2 s1
1 0 0 12 2
2 0 1 0 8 4
5 0 0 1 0
x2 s1 s2 Z
6
x2 1
6
s2 23
19
Z 6
x1
x2 0
x1 1
Z 0
s2 Z
0 0
5
6
x2 s1
s2
1
4
1
4
0 12
0 34
3
2
19
4
x1 x2 s1 s2
s1 0 4 1 1
x1 1 2 0 1
Z 0 3 0 4
Thus Z = 32 when
s3
0
0 32
x1 1 0
s2 0 0 2 1 3 0 3 1
x2 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 5
Z 0 0 9 0 7 1 127
x1 x2 s1
s2 s3 Z
1
1 0 0
3
x1 1 0 2
2
1 1 0
s3 0 0 2
1
3
3
2 1 0 0
0 1
4
x2
3
3
7 0 1 134
Z 0 0 13
3
3
2 12
1 0 4 6
0 1 10
1
6
13
x1 x2 s1 s2
1 4
0 6
1 29
Z
4
0 8
1 32
x1 = 8 and x2 = 0.
284
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3
2
x1 x2 x3 s1 t1 W
21. 1 2 3 1 1 0 5
3 2 1 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3
2
3
t1 1
3 M 2 2M 1 3M
W
x1 x2 x3 s1
t1
1
2
1
1
x3 3 3 1 3
3
8
4
1
1
W
0
3+M
3
3 3
5
Thus Z = when x1 = 0, x2
3
x1
3
22.
1
1
x2
s1
s2 t1
t1 3
t2 1
W 1 4M
x1
5
0
2 5M
Chapter 7 Review
s1 t1 W
5
5 3
1 1 0
M 0 1 5M
W
5
0
3
5
1 3
5
= 0, and x3 = .
3
t2 W
5 1 0
1 0 0 20
0 0 1 0
1 0 5
2 0 0 M M 1 0
x1
x2
s1 s2 t1 t2 W
1 0 1 0 0
20 4
0 1 0 1 0
5
M M 0 0 1 25M
s1 s2
t1
t2 W
x2
x2 3
1 15
5
t2 1
0 0
1
W 5 M 0 52
x1 x2 s1 s2
x2 0
x1 1
W 0
x1
s2 0
x1 1
Z 0
20
3
1
0
1 0
5 5
M 52 + M 0 1 8 5M
t1
t2 W
1
5
0 0
1 15
3
5
1
5
53
2
5
15
52 + M
x2
s1 s2 Z
5
3
5
3
1
3
Thus Z =
13 1 0
13
0 0
1
3
0 1
1
5
+M
1 5
3
0 5
1 7
5
3
20
3
20
3
20
20
when x1 =
, x2 = 0.
3
3
285
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 t2
1 1 1 0 0 0
1
23. 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 2 0 0 0 M
x1
1
s1
1
t2
s3 1
W 1 M
W
0 12
0 5
0 10
1 0
x2
s1 s2
1
1 0
1
0 1
0
0 0
2 M 0 M
s3
0
0
1
0
t2
0
1
0
0
W
0 12 12
0
5 5
0 10
1 5M
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3
t2
W
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
7 7
s1
1 1 0 1 0
1
0 5
x2
0
0 10
s3 1 0 0 0 1
W 1 0 0 2 0 2 + M 1 10
x1 x2 s1 s2 s3 Z
s2 0 0 1 1 0 0 7
x2 1 1 1 0 0 0 12
s3 1 0 0 0 1 0 10
Z 1 0 2 0 0 1 24
Thus Z = 24 when x1 = 0 and x2 = 12.
x1
1
24.
1
2
x2 s1
s2
t2 W
2 1 0 0 0 6
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2 s1 s2 t2 W
2
1 0 0 0 6 3
s1 1
1
0 1 1 0 1 1
t2 1
W 2 M 1 M 0 M 0 1 M
2 0 4
s1 1 0 1 2
1 0 1
x2 1 1 0 1
W 1 0 0 1 1 + M 1 1
x2 x3
s1
t1
t2 W
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 12
6 3 2 0 0
1 2 1 0 M M 1 0
286
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Chapter 7 Review
x1
x2
x3
s1 t1 t2 W
1
1
1
1 1 0 0
1
t1
3
2
0 0 1 0
12 2
t2 6
W 1 5M 2 4 M 1 3M M 0 0 1 13M
x1
x2
x3
s1 t1
t2
W
3
4
1
t1 0
1 1
0
3 2
2
3
6
4
1
1
1
x1 1
0
0
0
2
2
3
6
W 0 3 3 M 2 4 M M 0 1 + 5 M 1 2 3M
2 2
3 3
6 6
x1 x2 x3
s1
t1
t2
W
2
1
x2 0 1 8 2
0 2 94
9
3
3
9
1
1
1
x1 1 0 19
0
1
3
3
9
W 0 0 2 1 1 + M 1 + M 1 5
3
3
x1 x2 x3 s1 Z
x3
9
0 98 1 34 0
4
5
1
1
x1 1 8 0
0
4
4
Z 0 3 0
1 1 7
4
2
2
7
5
9
Thus Z =
when x1 = , x2 = 0, and x3 = .
2
4
4
x1
x2 x3
s1
s2 t1 W
1 1 3 1 0
1 0 5
26.
1 4 0 1 0 0 5
2
2 3 5 0 0 M 1 0
x1
x2
x3 s1
s2 t1 W
1
1
3 1 0 1
t1
2
1
4
0 1 0
s2
W 2 M 3 M 5 3M M 0 0
x1
x2 x3 s1
s2
1
1
34
2
0 1
4
t1
1
1 1
1
x3
0
2
4
4
1 1
71M 0 M
5+3M
M
+
4 4
4 4
W 2 2
We choose t1 as the departing variable.
0
5 3
0
5 54
1 5 M
t1 W
55
4
1 0
5
45
0 0
0 1
25
4
54 M
287
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x3 12 12 1 12 0 0 2
Z 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
t1 W
4 0 5
x2 2 1 0 4 3
1
x3 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0
W 3 0 0 7 4 7 + M 1 15
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
x2 2 1 4 0 1 0 5
s1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
Z 4 0 7 0 3 1 15
s1 4 1 0 1 0 0 2
27.
5 0 1 0 2 1
s2 8 2
Z 1 4 2 0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 Z
s1 0 0 5 1 1 0 3
2
2
5
1
x2 4 1 2 0 2 0 1
Z 17 0 8 0 2 1 4
x2 x3 s1
s2
y2
1
s1 1
2
1
s2
1
s3 3
W 35 25
t2 W
1 2 1 0 0 0 4
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 M 1 0
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 t2 W
s1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 4 2
t2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
W 1 1 M 0 M 0 1 M
x1 x2 x3 s1 s2
t2 W
s1 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 2 1
x3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
W 1 1 0 0 0 M 1 0
s1 s2 s3 W
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2 2
7 72
8 8
3
0
y1 y2 s1 s2 s3 W
y1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2
s2 0 1 2 1 0 0 3
s3 0 2 3 0 1 0 2
W 0 10 35 0 0 1 70
Thus Z = 70 when x1 = 35, x2 = 0, and x3 = 0.
288
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Chapter 7 Review
30. We write the third constraint as 4 x1 x2 2. The dual is: Minimize W = 3 y1 + 4 y2 2 y3 subject to
y1 + y2 4 y3 1,
y1 + 2 y2 y3 2,
y1 , y2 , y3 0.
1 0 1 0 0 2
1 2
3 4 2 0 0 M 1 0
y1
y2
y3
s1 s2 t1
1
1
4
1 0 1
t1
2
1
0 1 0
s2 1
U 3 M 4 M 2 + 4M M 0 0
y1 y2 y3 s1 s2
t1 U
1 0
1
y1 1 1 4 1 0
1 0
1
s2 0 3 5 1 1
1 10 3 0 3 + M 1 3
U 0
U
0 1 1
0 2 2
1 M
31. Let x, y, and z denote the numbers of units of X, Y, and Z produced weekly, respectively. If P is the total profit
obtained, we want to maximize
P = 10x + 15y + 22z subject to
x + 2 y + 2 z 40,
x + y + 2 z 34,
x, y, z 0.
x
y
z s1 s2 P
2
2 1 0 0 40 20
s1 1
1
2 0 1 0 34 17
s2 1
P 10 15 22 0 0 1 0
x y z s1 s2 P
s1 0 1 0 1 1 0 6 6
z 12 12 1 0 12 0 17 34
P 1 4 0 0 11 1 374
1 1 0
6
y 0 1 0
1 0 14
z 12 0 1 12
P 1 0 0
4 7 1 398
289
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1
1
1 0 0 1 1 0 24
10 15 22 0 0 0 M 1 0
x
y
z
s1 s2 s3 t3 W
2
2
1 0 0 0 0
40 20
s1 1
1
1
2
0 1 0 0 0
34 17
s2
1
1
0 0 1 1 0
24 24
t3 1
W 10 M 15 M 22 M 0 0 M 0 1 24M
x
y
z s1
s2
s3 t3 W
0
1
0
1
1
0 0 0
6
6
s1
1
1
1
z
1 0
0 0 0
17
34
2
2
2
1
14
1
1
0 0
2
1 1 0
7
2
2
t3
M
M
M
W 1 2 4 2 0 0 11 + 2 M 0 1 374 7 M
x
y z
s1
s2 s3 t3 W
1 0
1
1 0 0 0
6
y 0
1
1
0 1
2
1 0 0 0
14
z 2
28
1
0 0
12
0 1 1 0
4
2
8
t3
M
M
W 1 2 0 0 4 + 2 7 M 0 1 398 4M
x y z
s1 s2
s3
t3 W
0 0
6
y 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 10
z
2 0
8
x 1 0 0 1 0 2
W 0 0 0 5 7 2 2 + M 1 390
The company should produce 8 units of X, 6 units of Y, 10 units of Z, for a profit of $390.
33. Let x AC , x AD , xBC , and xBD denote the amounts (in hundreds of thousands of gallons) transported from A to C,
A to D, B to C, and B to D, respectively. If C is the total transportation cost in thousands of dollars, we want to
minimize C = x AC + 2 x AD + 2 xBC + 4 xBD subject to
x AC + x AD
xBC + xBD
x AC + xBC
x AD + xBD
x AC , x AD , xBC , xBD
6,
6,
= 5,
= 5,
0.
290
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x AC
1
0
0
1
x AD
1
0
0
1
2
x AC
1
s1
0
s2
t3 1
t4 0
W 1 M
xBC
0
1
1
0
2
xBD
0
1
0
1
4
x AD
1
0
0
1
2M
s1 s2
1 0
0
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
xBC
0
1
1
0
2M
t3
0
0
1
0
M
Chapter 7 Review
t4
0
0
0
1
M
xBD
s1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
4M 0
W
0
0
0
0
1
s2
0
1
0
0
0
t3
0
0
1
0
0
6
6
5
5
0
t4
0
0
0
1
0
W
0
6 6
0
6
0
5 5
0
5
1 10M
W
0
1 1
0
6
0
5
0
5 5
1 5 5M
W
0
1
0
6
6
5
0
5
0
4
4
1 7 4M
x AC x AD xBC
xBD s1 s2
t3 t4
1 1
0 1 0
1 0
s1 0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0 0
s2
0 1
0 0 0
1 0
x AC 1
1 0
1 0 0
0 1
t4 0
1 4 M 0 0 1 + M 0
W 0 2 M
x AC x AD xBC xBD
s1
s2 t3 t4
1
0
1
0 1 0
x AD 0 1
0 0
1
1
0
1 0 0
s2
1
0
1
0
0
0 1 0
x AC
1
1
1
0 1 1
t4 0 0
W 0 0 3 M 4 M 2 + M 0 1 0
x AC x AD xBC xBD s1 s2
t3
t4 W
0
1 0
5
x AD 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1
1
1 0
2
s2
0
1 0
1
x AC 1 0 0 1 1 0
1
1 0
4
xBC 0 0 1 1 1 0
W 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 + M 3 + M 1 19
The minimum value of C is 19, when x AC = 1, x AD = 5, xBC = 4, and xBD = 0. Thus 100,000 gal from A to C,
500,000 gal from A to D, and 400,000 gal from B to C give a minimum cost of $19,000.
34. Let x and y be the weekly sales of Space Traders and Green Dwarf, respectively. We want to maximize
P = 5x + 9y subject to the constraints
30 x + 10 y 300
20 x + 10 y 200
10 x + 50 y 500
x, y 0
The constraints can be written as
291
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3 x + y 30
2 x + y 20
x + 5 y 50
x, y 0
970
50 80
The feasible region has corner points (0, 0), (0, 10), ,
at
, and (10, 0). P has a maximum of
9
9 9
50 80 5 8
,
= 5 , 8 . The possible integer values are (5, 8), (5, 9), (6, 8), and (6, 9). However, the point (6, 9)
9 9 9 9
does not satisfy the second or third constraints. Evaluating P at the other three points gives that Jason should sell
5 copies of Space Trader and 9 copies of Green Dwarf, for a weekly profit of $106.
50
3x + y = 30
(0, 10)
2x + y = 20
50 80
,
9 9
x + 5y = 50
50
(10, 0)
35. Let x and y represent daily consumption of foods A and B in 100-gram units. We want to minimize C = 8x + 22y
subject to the constraints
8 x + 4 y 176,
16 x + 32 y 1024,
2 x + 5 y 200,
x 0,
y 0.
5
The feasible region is unbounded with corner points (100, 0), , 39 and (0, 44). C has a minimum value at
2
(100, 0). Thus the animals should be fed 100 100 = 10, 000 grams = 10 kilograms of food A each day.
100
8x + 4y = 176
2x + 5y = 200
x
100
20
36.
0
0
50
292
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10
37.
0
2
10
TOXIC
UNITS
RELATIVE
DISCOMFORT
500
400
1000
600
2000
1400
1.
Requirement
Let x1 = number of ounces of drug and let x2 = number of minutes of radiation. We want to minimize the
discomfort D, where D = x1 + x2 , subject to
500 x1 + 1000 x2 2000,
400 x1 + 600 x2 1400,
where x1 , x2 0.
5
x2
7
The corner points are (0, 2), 0, , and (2, 1).
3
At (0, 2), D = 0 + 2 = 2;
7 7
7
at 0, , D = 0 + = ;
3 3
3
at (2, 1), D = 2 + 1 = 3.
Thus D is minimum at (0, 2).
The patient should get 0 ounces of drug and 2 minutes of radiation.
293
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CURATIVE
UNITS
TOXIC
UNITS
RELATIVE
DISCOMFORT
600
500
500
100
1000
1000
3000
2000
2.
Requirement
x1
x2
x3
s1 s2 t1 W
t1 600
500
1000
1 0 1 0
3000 3
s2 500
100
1000
0 1 0 0
2000 2
W 1 600M 2 500M 1 1000 M M 0 0 1 3000M
x1
x2
x3 s1
s2
t1 W
2.5
t1
100
400
0 1
1
1 0
1000
x3
0.5
0.1
1 0
0.001
0 0
2
20
x1 x2 x3
s1
s2
t1
W
x2 0.25 1 0 0.0025 0.0025
0.0025 0
2.5
294
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Chapter 8
Problems 8.1
3.
Assembly
Line
1.
A
Start
Finishing
Line
D
Production
Route
AD
AE
BD
BE
CD
CE
B
C
Red
Die
1
2.
BTU's
6000
Start
8000
10,000
Fan
Model
Speeds
Type
1
6000 1
Green
Die
1
Result
1, 1
1, 2
1, 3
1, 4
1, 5
1, 6
2, 1
2, 2
2, 3
2, 4
2, 5
2, 6
6000 2
8000 1
3, 1
8000 2
3, 2
10,000 1
3, 3
10,000 2
3, 4
3, 5
3, 6
6 model types
Start
4, 1
4, 2
4, 3
4, 4
4, 5
4, 6
5, 1
5, 2
5, 3
5, 4
5, 5
5, 6
6, 1
6, 2
6, 3
6, 4
6, 5
6, 6
36 possible results
295
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4.
Toss 1
Toss 2
Toss 3
H
H
T
H
H
T
T
Start
H
H
T
T
H
T
T
Toss 4
H
Result
H, H, H, H
H, H, H, T
H, H, T, H
H, H, T, T
H, T, H, H
H, T, H, T
H, T, T, H
H, T, T, T
T, H, H, H
T, H, H, T
T, H, T, H
T, H, T, T
T, T, H, H
T, T, H, T
T, T, T, H
T, T, T, T
16 possible results
95!
95!
=
= 95
(95 1)! 94!
13.
6 P6
6!
6! 6 5 4 3 2 1
= =
= 720
(6 6)! 0!
1
14.
9 P4
9!
9!
= = 9 8 7 6 = 3024
(9 4)! 5!
15.
4 P2 5 P3
99 P4
99 98 97 96 95
= 95
99 98 97 96
n!
n!
( n r )!
n!
1
(n r )!
4 4 4 4 4 4 = 46 = 4096 .
9. For each of the 10 questions, there are 2 choices.
By the basic counting principle, the number of
ways to answer the examination is
2 2 ... 2 = 210 = 1024 .
99 P5
6 P3
17.
11.
95 P1
16.
12.
6!
6!
= = 6 5 4 = 120
(6 3)! 3!
296
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Section 8.1
37. a.
38. a.
297
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6.
= (4 3)
7.
6!
6!
6 5 4! 6 5
=
=
=
= 15
4!(6 4)! 4! 2! 4!(2 1) 2 1
2.
6 C2
6!
6!
6 5 4! 6 5
=
=
=
= 15
2!(6 2)! 2! 4! (2 1)4! 2 1
3.
100 C100
4.
1001 C1
5.
8.
5!
3!(5 3)!
5 4 3!
= (12) 10 = 120
3! 2!
n!
r !(n r )!
=
n!
n!
=
n Cn
n!
1 1
= = =1.
n !(n n)! 0! 1
17 16 15 14 13!
= 2380
4 3 2 1(13!)
100!
1 1
= = =1
100!(100 100)! 0! 1
1001!
1001!
=
1!(1001 1)! 1!1000!
1001 1000!
=
= 1001
1000!
5 P3 4 C2
= (4 3)
Thus n Cr = n Cn r .
Problems 8.2
6 C4
n Cr
n Cn r
1.
4 P2 5C3
4!
2!(4 2)!
4 3 2!
= 5 43
2!2!
= 60 6
= 360
= 5 43
298
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Section 8.2
18. The word STREETSBORO has 11 letters with
repetition: two Ss, two Ts, two Rs, two Es,
one B, and two Os. Thus the number of
distinguishable arrangements is
11!
11!
=
= 1, 247, 400.
2! 2! 2! 2! 1! 2! 32
7 6 5 4!
= 3 35 = 105 .
4!(3 2 1)
299
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12 C8 7 C4
12!
7!
12!
7!
12 11 10 9 8! 7 6 5 4!
8! 4! 4! 3!
8! 4 3 2 1 4! 3 2 1
= 495 35 = 17,325 .
33. a.
c.
3 C2 4 C2 =
2!(3 2)! 2!(4 2)!
=
3!
4!
= 3 6 = 18
2! 1! 2! 2!
4!
4!
4!
4!
+1
2! 2! 2! 2! 3! 1! 1! 3!
= 6 6 + 4 4 + 1 = 36 + 16 + 1 = 53.
=
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 8.3
11 4
2! 2! 1! 11! 2! 2!
= 19, 008.
Problems 8.3
1. {9D, 9H, 9C, 9S]
2. {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH,
HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH,
THTT, TTHH, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
3. {1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H, 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H,
6T}
4. {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
38. a.
7. a.
5. [64, 69, 60, 61, 46, 49, 40, 41, 96, 94, 90, 91, 06,
04, 09, 01, 16, 14, 19, 10]
301
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
23. E1 E2 ; E1 E3 ; E1 E4 = ;
E2 E3 = ; E2 E4 ; E3 E4 = .
Thus E1 and E4 , E2 and E3 , and E3 and E4
are mutually exclusive.
26. E F = , E G = , E H ,
E I , F G , F H ,
F I =, GH =, GI =,
H I =.
Thus E and F, E and G, F and I, G and H,
G and I, H and I are mutually exclusive.
26 26 26 26 = 264 = 456,976 .
15. The sample points that are either in E, or in F, or
in both E and F are 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Thus
E F = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
27. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
( E1 E2 ) = S =
g.
21. ( F G ) = = S
28. a.
302
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Section 8.4
Problems 8.4
3. a.
b. {ABC, ACB}
c.
30. a.
b.
4. a.
P ( E F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) P( E F )
= 0.2 + 0.3 0.1 = 0.4
1 3
=
4 4
P(E) = 1 P(E) = 1
P ( E F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) P( E F )
b.
1 1 1 5
+ =
4 2 8 8
b. {VVV}
c.
6. P ( E F ) = P ( E ) + P( F ) P( E F )
Thus P ( F ) = P ( E F ) + P( E F ) P( E )
13 1 1 1
=
+ = .
20 10 2 4
7. a.
E8 = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
P ( E8 ) =
b.
n( E8 ) 5
=
n( S ) 36
c.
n( E2 or 3 ) 3
1
=
=
36 12
n( S )
P ( E3, 4, or 5 ) =
n( E3, 4,
or 5 )
n( S )
9 1
=
36 4
d.
event.
E12 = {(6, 6)}
P ( E12 or 13 ) =
303
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n( E12 or 13 ) 1
=
36
n( S )
E2 = {(1,1)}
e.
n( Eheart ) n( Eclub ) 13 13
+
=
+
n( S )
n( S )
52 52
26 1
=
52 2
P ( Eeven ) = P( E2 ) + P ( E4 )
+ P ( E6 ) + P ( E8 ) + P ( E10 ) + P ( E12 )
=
1
3
5
5
3
1 18 1
+
+
+
+
+
=
=
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 2
f.
P ( Eclub and 4 ) =
f.
1 1
P ( Eodd ) = 1 P ( Eeven ) = 1 =
2 2
g.
6 30 5
=
= .
36 36 6
g.
P(club or 4)
= P(club) + P(4) P(club and 4)
13 4
1 16 4
=
+
=
=
52 52 52 52 13
h.
i.
b. P(diamond) =
n( S )
1
52
n( E jack )
b.
n( Ered ) 26 1
P(red) =
=
=
n( S )
52 2
n( S )
EH,5 = {H5}
c.
n( S )
1
12
n( Ehead ) 6 1
=
=
n( S )
12 2
n( E3 ) = 2 1 = 2
P(3) =
d.
n( EH,5 )
n( Ehead ) = 1 6 = 6 .
P(head) =
4
1
=
52 13
P(jack) =
2
1
=
52 26
P(head and 5) =
n( E diamond ) 13 1
=
=
n( S )
52 4
c.
n( S )
10. n(S) = 2 6 = 12
a.
n( Eking of hearts )
9. n(S) = 52.
P(king of hearts) =
n( Eclub and 4 ) 1
=
n( S )
52
a.
n( E3 ) 2
1
=
=
n( S ) 12
6
304
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Section 8.4
14. n(S) = 52 52 = 2704
a.
b. P(tail, 3, queen)
n( ET,3,Q ) 1 1 4
1
=
=
=
n( S )
624 156
c.
P(head, 2 or 3, queen)
n( EH,2 or 3,Q ) 1 2 4 1
=
=
=
n( S )
624
78
b.
d.
n( E3 heads ) 1
=
n(S )
8
P(3 girls) =
E1 tail = {HHT,HTH,THH} .
P(1 boy) =
b.
P(all kings) =
P (all hearts) =
n( S )
1
8
n( E1 boy )
3
8
n( Eno girl )
n( S )
c.
P(no girl) =
n( E3 girls )
E1 boy = {BGG,GBG,GGB}
b.
n( S )
1
8
1
169
E3 girls = {GGG}
a.
E3 heads = {HHH}
n( E1 tail ) 3
P(1 tail) =
=
n( S )
8
c.
44
2704
15. n(S) = 2 2 2 = 8
12. n(S) = 8
P(3 heads) =
n( S )
a.
n( Eboth kings )
P(both kings) =
a.
43 2
1
=
132, 600 5525
P(blue) =
n( Eblue ) 8 4
=
=
n( S )
18 9
13 12 11 11
=
132, 600 850
305
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f.
Ered Eyellow =
d. P(no F) = 1 P(F) = 1
3 1
=
18 6
=1
e.
P(6% or more) =
=
n( E6% or more )
n( S )
48 4
=
60 5
0.4 N
= 0.4
N
a.
P(A) =
2 38
=
= 0.95
40 40
P(both red) =
n( ER,R )
n( S )
3 4 4
=
45 15
n( EA )
4
1
=
=
= 0.1
n( S )
40 10
b. P(A or B) =
n ( EF )
n( S )
19. n(S) = 40
Of the 40 students, 4 received an A, 10 a B, 14 a
C, 10 a D, and 2 an F.
a.
15 + 8 23
=
45
45
n( EA or B ) 4 + 10
=
n( S )
40
14
= 0.35
40
306
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Section 8.4
34 8 7 6 5 4!
34 2 7 5
=
1
48 4 3 2 1 4!
48
2835
=
.
32, 768
6 3
= .
10 5
a.
n( Efour of a kind )
n( S )
13 4C4 12 4C1
=
52 C5
13 12 4
=
52 C5
P(four of a kind) =
26. a.
a.
34
1 3
incorrectly is =
. Since there
4 4
48
are 8 C4 distinguishable orders in which one
can arrange 4 correct and 4 incorrect
answers, and since each arrangement has the
same overall probability of occurring, the
probability of 4 correct and 4 incorrect
34
34 8!
8 C4 =
answers is
48
48 4!4!
b.
n( Eall correct )
1
=
P(all correct) =
n( S )
65,536
P( E F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) P( E F )
Thus P ( F ) = P ( E F ) + P ( E F ) P ( E )
5 1 1 1
=
+ = .
14 7 4 4
P ( E F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) P( E F )
1 1
= 1 + P( E F )
4 4
= 1 P( E F )
Since F = ( E F ) ( E F )
and E F and E F are mutually
exclusive P ( F ) = P( E F ) + P( E F ) ,
1 1
= + P( E F )
4 7
307
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1 1 3
= . Hence,
4 7 28
3 25
P( E F ) = 1
=
.
28 28
Thus P ( E F ) =
27. n(S) =
a.
100 C3
100!
= 161, 700
3! 97!
of the pot is
35!
= 6545
3! 32!
n( E3 females )
P( E3 females ) =
n( S )
n( E3 females ) = 35C3 =
6545
0.040
161, 700
1 5
p1.
2 2
Since p1 is not known, it is not possible to
determine P ( f ) = p2 . If it is also known that
P ( S ) = 5( p1 ) + 2( p2 ) = 1, p2 =
1
P ({a, f }) = , then we have
3
24!
= 15 276 = 4140 .
2! 22!
Therefore,
P ( E1 professor & 2 associate professers )
= 15
1
P({a, f }) = P(a ) + P( f ) = p1 + p2 = .
3
1
1 51
Thus p1 = p2 and p2 = p2 .
3
2 23
4140
0.026 .
161, 700
33. a.
7 Ck
7
3
1
2
2
p2 = or p2 = and so P ( f ) = .
2
3
9
9
1 4
7 Ck
27 k = 0
1
=
(7 C0 + 7 C1 + 7 C2 + 7 C3 + 7 C4 )
27
1
=
(1 + 7 + 21 + 35 + 35)
27
99
=
128
Shilohs share of the pot is then
99
($25) $19.34.
128
k =0
1651
($50) $40.31.
2048
c.
34. a.
308
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 8.5
Problems 8.5
1. a.
P(E F ) =
n( E F ) 1
=
5
n( F )
P( E )
P( E )
=
=
P( E ) 1 P( E ) 1
4
5
( 54 )
4
5
1
5
P( E | F ) = 1 P( E | F ) = 1
4
1
c.
1
P( E )
P( E )
=
= 6 =
36.
P( E ) 1 P( E ) 1 1
6
( )
37.
38.
1
6
5
6
1
=
5
F = {3, 7,8, 9} so
P ( E | F ) =
n( E F ) 1
= .
n( F )
4
n( F E ) 1
=
n( E )
2
d.
P( F | E ) =
P( E )
P( E )
0.7
0.7 7
=
=
=
=
P( E ) 1 P( E ) 1 0.7 0.3 3
The odds are 7:3.
e.
F G = {5, 6} so
P( E | F G ) =
P( E )
P( E )
0.001
0.001
1
=
=
=
=
P( E ) 1 P( E ) 1 0.001 0.999 999
The odds are 1:999.
2. a.
1 4
= .
5 5
P( E ) =
n( E ( F G )) 0
= = 0.
n( F G )
2
n( E ) 2
=
n( S ) 5
39. P( E ) =
7
7
=
7 + 5 12
b.
P( E | F ) =
n( E F ) 0
= =0
n( F )
2
40. P( E ) =
100
100
=
100 + 1 101
c.
P( E | G ) =
n( E G ) 2
=
n(G )
3
41. P( E ) =
4
4 2
=
=
4 + 10 14 7
d.
P (G | E ) =
n(G E ) 2
= =1
n( E )
2
42. P ( E ) =
a
a
1
=
=
a + a 2a 2
e.
F = {1, 2,5}
P (G | F ) =
f.
P( E )
=
P ( E )
1
P ( E )
P( E )
1
3
5
E = {3, 4,5}
P( E | F ) =
n( E F ) 1
=
n( F )
3
3. P ( E | E ) =
P( E E ) P( E )
=
=1
P( E )
P( E )
4. P ( | E ) =
P( E ) P()
0
=
=
=0
P( E )
P( E ) P( E )
5
= , so the odds that E does
3
n(G F ) 2
=
n( F )
3
5. P ( E | F ) = 1 P( E | F ) = 1 0.57 = 0.43
309
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6. P ( F | G ) =
7. a.
b.
P ( F G ) P()
0
=
=
=0
P(G )
P(G ) P(G )
3 3 7 1
+
=
5 10 10 5
P( E F ) 1/ 5
2
Then P(E|F) =
=
= .
3 /10 3
P( F )
=
P ( E F ) 1/ 6 1
P( E | F ) =
=
=
P( F )
1/ 3 2
P( F | E ) =
P ( F E ) 1/ 6 2
=
=
P( E )
1/ 4 3
11. a.
P( F ) =
8. First we find P ( E F ) :
P( E | F ) =
P( E F )
,
P( F )
P( E F ) = P ( E F ) P( F ) =
3 1 1
= .
4 3 4
Then
P ( E F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) P( E F )
1 1 1
= +
4 3 4
1
= .
3
9. a.
b.
P( F | E ) =
P ( F E ) 1/ 6 2
=
=
P( E )
1/ 4 3
c.
d.
P ( F | II) =
c.
P(O | I) =
d.
P(III) =
e.
P (III | O) =
n(III O) 10
=
n(O)
47
f.
P (II | N ) =
n(II N )
n( N )
12. a.
b.
P ( E ) = P( E F ) + P( E F )
c.
d.
35 + 15
50 25
=
=
125 + 47 172 86
n(Public Middle)
n(Middle)
55 11
=
80 16
n(High Private)
n(Private)
14 2
=
49 7
P (Private|High)=
=
1/12
1/12 1
=
= .
1 1/ 2 1/ 2 6
64
8
=
200 25
P (High|Private)=
=
1 1
= + P ( E F )
4 6
1 1 1
so P ( E F ) = = .
4 6 12
P ( E F )
Then P ( E | F ) =
P ( F )
n(O I) 22 11
=
=
n(I)
78 39
P (Public|Middle)=
=
1
.
2
P ( E F ) 1/ 6 1
=
= .
Then P ( E | F ) =
P( F )
1/ 2 3
n( F II) 35
=
n(II)
58
b.
P ( E F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) P( E F )
7 1
1
= + P( F )
12 4
6
7 1 1 1
Thus P ( F ) =
+ = ..
12 4 6 2
125 5
=
200 8
n(Private High)
n(High)
14
25
P (Public Low)
=P (Public) + P (Low) P (Public Low)
=
126 70 60 136
+
=
175 175 175 175
310
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 8.5
18. S = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH,
HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH,
THTT, TTHH, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}.
Let E = {four tails } = {TTTT}, F = {first toss is
a tail} = {THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT, TTHH,
TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}.
n( E F ) 1
= , the
Since P ( E | F ) =
n( F )
8
corresponding odds are
P( E | F )
1/ 8
1
=
= ; that is, 1 to 7.
P( E | F ) 1 (1/ 8) 7
13. a.
P (A | B) =
P(A B) 0.20 1
=
=
P(B)
0.40 2
b.
P (B | A) =
P(B A) 0.20 4
=
=
P (A)
0.45 9
P( E | F ) =
n( E F ) 3
=
n( F )
7
b.
P( E | G ) =
n( E G ) 3
=
n(G )
4
P( E | F ) =
n( E F ) 2 1
= =
n( F )
4 2
b.
P( E | G ) =
n( E G ) 1
=
n(G )
4
n(< 4 odd)
n({1,3})
2
=
=
n(odd)
n({1,3,5}) 3
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3 1
= .
18 6
30. a.
b.
P( E | F ) =
b.
P( E F ) =
12 12 3 3
9
= =
52 52 13 13 169
31. P ( K1 Q2 J 3 )
= P ( K1 ) P(Q2 | K1 ) P ( J 3 | ( K1 Q2 ))
=
4 4 4
8
=
52 51 50 16,575
n( E F )
3 1
=
=
n( F )
24 8
a.
12 11 11
=
52 51 221
P ( F1 F2 ) = P ( F1 ) P( F2 | F1 )
=
n( E F ) 3
1
=
=
n( S )
36 12
33. P ( J1 J 2 J 3 )
= P ( J1 ) P ( J 2 | J1 ) P ( J 3 | ( J1 J 2 ))
4 3 2
1
=
52 51 50 5525
13 12 39 13 1
+ = .
52 51 52 51 4
n( E F ) 3 1
P( E | F ) =
= = .
n( F )
6 2
P(D) =
n( K H ) 1
27. P ( K | H ) =
=
n( H )
13
28. P ( H | F ) =
P ( F1 F2 ) = P ( F1 ) P( F2 | F1 )
13 12
.
52 51
Thus P ( D | R ) =
n( H F ) 3 1
=
=
n( F )
12 4
312
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
P( D R)
=
P( R)
13 12
52 51
26
52
2
.
17
Section 8.5
36. Using a probability tree, we find that there are two possible paths such that she will be on time, namely, she gets
the call and she is on time, or she doesnt get the call and she is on time.
P (T ) = P (C T ) + P(C T )
= P (C ) P (T | C ) + P (C ) P(T | C )
= (0.9)(0.9) + (0.1)(0.4) = 0.85
37. a.
b.
38. a.
P (U ) = P( F U ) + P (O U ) + P ( N U )
= P(F)P(U|F) + P(O)P(U|O) + P(N)P(U|N)
= (0.60)(0.45) + (0.30)(0.55) + (0.10)(0.35)
47
= 0.47 =
100
P( F | U ) =
P( F U ) (0.60)(0.45) 27
=
=
0.47
47
P (U )
b. 100,000(0.00028) = 28
39. a.
After the first draw, if the rabbit drawn is red, then 4 rabbits remain, 3 of which are yellow.
3
P(second is yellow | first is red) =
4
4 4 3 3 25
+ =
7 7 7 7 49
P (W ) = P ( B1 W ) + P ( B 2 W ) + P ( B3 W )
= P(B1)P(W | B1) + P(B2)P(W | B2) + P(B3)P(W | B3)
1 3 1 4 1 2 158
= + + =
3 5 3 7 3 6 315
b.
P ( R ) = P ( B1 R) + P( B 2 R) + P( B3 R)
= P(B1)P(R | B1) + P(B2)P(R | B2) + P(B3)P(R | B3)
1 2 1 3 1 2 122
= + + =
3 5 3 7 3 6 315
c.
1 1 1
P (G ) = P ( B3 G ) = P ( B3) P(G | B3) = =
3 3 9
313
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1 2 1 2 9
+ =
2 5 2 4 20
43. P (W2 ) = P( B1 G1 W2 ) + P ( B1 R1 W2 ) + P ( B 2 W1 W2 )
= P( B1) P ( G1 B1) P (W2 (G1 B1) ) + P( B1) P ( R1 B1) P (W2 ( R1 B1) ) + P( B 2) P (W1 B 2 ) P (W2 (W1 B 2) )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + =
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 4
44. P ( D1 D2 D3 D4 ) = P ( D1 ) P ( D2 D1 ) P ( D3 ( D1 D2 ) ) P ( D4 ( D1 D2 D3 ) )
5 4 3 2 1
= =
10 9 8 7 42
45. P (Und.) = P (MS Und.) + P(DS Und.)
= P (MS)P (Und.|MS) + P(DS)P(Und|DS)
20, 000 1
40, 000 3
=
50. Because Richard was not hired, the number of sample points in the reduced sample space is 7 C4 = 35, of which
Allison, Lesley, Tom, and Bronwyn form one sample point. Thus
1
P (Allison, Lesley, Tom, and Bronwyn were hired) = .
35
314
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Section 8.6
3. P ( E F ) = P ( E ) P ( F ) ,
1 2
1 7 7
= P ( F ) so P ( F ) = =
9 7
9 2 18
4
P (3 Fem)
4
C
=
= 11 3 = 33 =
2
C
5
3
1P (no Fem) 1
1 33 31
C
4. P ( E ) = P ( E | F ) =
1
,
3
11 3
so P ( E ) = 1 P ( E ) = 1
Problems 8.6
1. a.
b.
P( E F ) = P( E ) P( F ) =
3 8 2
= = P( E F )
4 9 3
Since P ( E ) P ( F ) = P ( E F ) , events E and F
are independent.
1 3 1
=
3 4 4
5. P ( E ) P ( F ) =
P ( E F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) P( E F )
=
1 3 1 5
+ =
3 4 4 6
c.
P( E | F ) = P( E ) =
d.
P( E | F ) = 1 P( E | F ) = 1
e.
P ( E F ) = P ( E ) P ( F ) =
f.
P ( E F ) = P ( E ) + P ( F ) P( E F )
1 2
=
3 3
1 1 1
=
3 4 12
1 1 1 1
= +
=
3 4 12 2
g.
P ( E | F ) =
P ( E F ) 1/12 1
=
=
P ( F )
1/ 4 3
2. a.
P ( E F ) = P ( E ) P ( F ) = (0.1)(0.3) = 0.03
b.
c.
P ( E F G ) = P ( E ) P ( F ) P (G )
= (0.1)(0.3)(0.6) = 0.018
d.
e.
1 2
= .
3 3
P( E F G )
P( F G)
0.018
=
= 0.1
0.18
P ( E ( F G) ) =
P ( E F G ) = P ( E ) P ( F ) P(G )
= (0.9)(0.3)(0.4) = 0.108
n( E F ) = 3. Thus P ( E ) P ( F ) =
and P ( E F ) =
315
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3
1
= . Since
36 12
24 5
5
=
36 36 54
a.
E F = {(3,3)}, so P(E F )=
1
. Since
49
7 7
1
=
= P( E F ) ,
49 49 49
events E and F are independent.
P( E ) P( F ) =
26 1
=
52 2
12 3
6
3
P( F ) =
=
=
, and P ( E F ) =
.
52 13
52 26
1 3
3
Because P ( E ) P ( F ) = =
= P( E F ) ,
2 13 26
events E and F are independent.
10. P ( E ) =
b.
=
P( E G ) ,
49 49 343
events E and G are dependent.
so P( E G ) =
c.
3
Thus P ( E ) =
4
2 1
P ( F ) = = , and
4 2
2 1
P ( E F ) = = . We have
4 2
3 1 3
P ( E ) P ( F ) = = P ( E F ) , so events E
4 2 8
and F are dependent.
3
.
49
Since
7 24 24
=
P( F G ) .
49 49 343
Events F and G are dependent.
P ( F ) P(G ) =
d.
14. a.
4 6 3
= = P( E F ) , so E
8 8 8
and F are independent.
Thus P ( E ) P ( F ) =
b.
E F G = , so P ( E F G ) = 0 .
However,
P ( E ) P ( F ) P(G ) 0 = P ( E F G ) ,
so events E, F and G are not independent.
E = {3}
F = {5}
E F = , so E and F are mutually
exclusive.
P( E ) = P( F ) =
1
6
P( E F ) = 0
1 1 1
=
P( E F )
6 6 36
Thus E and F are not independent.
P( E ) P( F ) =
15. P ( E F ) = P ( E ) P ( F | E ), thus
P ( E F ) 0.3
=
= 0.75
P( F | E ) 0.4
Since P(E) = 0.75 0.5 = P(E | F), E and F are
dependent.
P(E) =
316
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Section 8.6
16. P ( E F ) = P( F ) P ( E | F ) ,
thus P ( F ) =
P( E F )
=
P( E | F )
5
9
2
3
5
6
P ( E F ) = P ( E ) + P ( F ) P( E F ), so
P ( E ) = P( E F ) P( F ) + P( E F ) =
Since P ( E ) =
17 5 5 2
+ =
18 6 9 3
2
= P ( E | F ) , events E and F are independent.
3
17. Let E = {red 4} and F = {green > 4}. Assume E and F are independent.
1 1 1
P( E F ) = P( E ) P( F ) = =
6 3 18
18. Ei = {2 or 3 shows on ith roll}, where i = 1, 2, 3. Assume the Ei 's are independent.
1 1 1 1
P ( E1 E2 E3 ) = P ( E1 ) P ( E2 ) P ( E3 ) = =
3 3 3 27
19. Let F = {first person attends regularly} and S = {second person attends regularly}.
1 1 1
Then P ( F S ) = P ( F ) P( S ) = =
.
5 5 25
6 1
=
36 6
Assume that the throws are independent.
P(double on all three throws) = P(double on 1st) P(double on 2nd) P(double on 3rd)
1 1 1
1
.
= =
6 6 6 216
21. Because of replacement, assume the cards selected on the draws are independent events.
P(ace, then face card, then spade) = P(ace) P(face card) P(spade)
4 12 13
3
=
=
52 52 52 676
22. Assume the outcomes on the rolls are independent events.
a.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
=
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2187
b.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1
=
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 128
23. a.
317
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c.
a.
P ( A B ) = P ( A) P ( B) =
b.
P ( A B) = P( A) P ( B ) =
c.
1 3 1
=
3 5 5
P[( A B ) ( A B)] = P ( A) P ( B ) + P ( A) P( B ) =
2 2 1 3 7
+ =
3 5 3 5 15
e.
7 2 13
.
+ =
15 5 15
13 2
=
.
15 15
26. Assume that drawing a particular size of paper and a particular size of envelope are independent events.
P (paper A envelope A) + P (paper B envelope B) = (0.63)(0.57) + (0.37)(0.43) 0.52
27. Assume the colors selected on the draws are independent events.
7 6
7
=
18 18 54
a.
b.
5 7 7 5
35
+ =
18 18 18 18 162
318
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Section 8.6
6 1
=
36 6
1
36
1 1
1 1
1
+ =
6 36 36 6 108
1 1 1 1
=
.
6 6 6 6
Since the particular number can be any of 6 numbers,
1
1
.
P(same number in 3 throws) = 6 =
6
36
=
20 20 400
P(sum is 35) = P{(20, 15), (19, 16), (18, 17), (17, 18), (16, 19), (15, 20)}
3
1
= 6
=
400 200
=
32. a.
P({TT33}) = P(T on 1st coin) P(T on 2nd coin) P(3 on 1st die) P(3 on 2nd die)
1 1 1 1
1
= =
2 2 6 6 144
1 1 1
1
=
12 12 12 1728
4 13 2
1
=
52 52 52 1352
319
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b.
4 4 4
1
=
52 52 52 2197
c.
The queen, spade, and black ace can be drawn in any order, so there are 3! = 6 orders, thus
4 13 2
3
6
=
.
52 52 52 676
4 48 48 432
=
.
52 52 52 2197
The number of ways of getting exactly four correct answers out of five is 5 C4 = 5 . Each of these ways has a
1 1 1 1 3
3
. Thus
=
4 4 4 4 4 1024
3
15
P(exactly 4 correct) = 5
=
.
1024 1024
probability of
36. a.
The number of ways of getting exactly three correct answers out of five is
1 1 1 3 3
9
, so
=
5 C3 = 10 . Each of these ways has a probability of
4 4 4 4 4 1024
9
45
P(exactly 3 correct) = 10
=
. Thus
1024 512
P(3 or more correct) = P(exactly 3) + P(at least 4)
45
1
53
.
=
+
=
512 64 512
P(none hit) = (0.5)(0.6)(0.3) = 0.09
P(exactly one hits target) = P(only Bill) + P(only Jim) + P(only Linda)
= (0.5)(0.6)(0.3) + (0.5)(0.4)(0.3) + (0.5)(0.6)(0.7) = 0.36
37. A wrong majority decision can occur in one of two mutually exclusive ways: exactly two wrong
recommendations, or three wrong recommendations. Exactly two wrong recommendations can occur in
3 C2 = 3 mutually exclusive ways. Thus
P(wrong majority decision)
= [(0.04)(0.05)(0.9) + (0.04)(0.95)(0.1) + (0.96)(0.05)(0.1)] + (0.04)(0.05)(0.1)
= 0.0106.
320
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Section 8.7
Problems 8.7
1. P ( E | D) =
P( E ) P( D | E )
=
P( E ) P( D | E ) + P( F ) P( D | F )
2 1
5 10
2 1 + 31
5 10 5 5
2. P ( E1 | S ) =
P ( E3 | S ) =
1
4
1 4
= , and
5 5
1
9
=
. Then
10 10
P( F ) P( D | F )
=
P( E ) P( D | E ) + P( F ) P( D | F )
34
5 5
2 9 + 34
5 10 5 5
4
.
7
P ( E1 ) P ( S | E1 )
=
P ( E1 ) P ( S | E1 ) + P( E2 ) P( S | E2 ) + P( E3 ) P( S | E3 )
12
5 5
12+ 3 7
5 5 10 10
P ( E3 ) P ( S | E3 )
=
P ( E1 ) P ( S | E1 ) + P ( E2 ) P ( S | E2 ) + P ( E3 ) P ( S | E3 )
11
2 2
13+ 3 3
5 5 10 10
3. D = {is Democrat},
R = {is Republican},
I = {is Independent},
V = {voted}.
P ( D ) P (V | D)
P ( D) P(V | D) + P( R) P(V | R) + P( I ) P(V | I )
(0.42)(0.25)
=
(0.42)(0.25) + (0.33)(0.27) + (0.25)(0.15)
175
=
0.453
386
P( D | V ) =
4. D = {tire is domestic}
I = {tire is imported}
S = {tire is all-season}
2000 2
1000 1
P( D) =
= and P ( I ) =
= .
3000 3
3000 3
2
1
Note: 40% =
and 10% =
.
5
10
P( I ) P( S | I )
P(I|S) =
P( I ) P( S | I ) + P( D) P( S | D)
=
1 1
3 10
1 1 + 22
3 10 3 5
1
9
321
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11
2 2
11
2 2
4
.
27
25
.
46
P( D | R) =
P( D) P( R | D)
(0.03)(0.86)
258
=
=
0.275
P ( D) P ( R | D) + P ( D) P ( R | D) (0.03)(0.86) + (0.97)(0.07) 937
b.
P( D | N ) =
P( D) P( N | D)
(0.03)(0.14)
14
=
=
0.005
P ( D ) P ( N | D) + P ( D) P ( N | D) (0.03)(0.14) + (0.97)(0.93) 3021
6. I = {increase in earnings}
D = {declare a dividend}
3
1
Note: 60% =
and 10% =
.
5
10
P( I | D) =
P( I ) P( D | I )
=
P ( I ) P ( D | I ) + P ( I ) P ( D | I )
13
3 5
13+ 2 1
3 5 3 10
3
= 75%
4
P ( B1 | R ) =
14
2 6
14+12
2 6 2 5
5
.
8
8. B1 = {Bowl I selected}
B2 = {Bowl II selected}
B3 = {Bowl III selected}
W = {white ball selected}
P ( B1 ) = P ( B2 ) = P ( B3 ) =
P ( B1 | W ) =
1
3
P ( B1 ) P (W | B1 )
=
P( B1 ) P (W | B1 ) + P ( B2 ) P(W | B2 ) + P ( B3 ) P (W | B3 )
13
3 5
P ( A) P ( D | A)
=
P ( A) P ( D | A) + P ( B) P( D | B )
3 2
8 100
3 2 + 5 5
8 100 8 100
6
31
322
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13
3 5
13
3 7
12
3 6
63
143
Section 8.7
P( A | F ) =
P ( A) P ( F | A)
P ( A) P ( F | A) + P ( B ) P ( F | B ) + P (C ) P ( F | C ) + P ( D) P( F | D)
(0.35)(0.02)
7
=
(0.35)(0.02) + (0.20)(0.05) + (0.30)(0.03) + (0.15)(0.04) 32
Parts (b), (c), and (d) are similarly determined.
b.
10 5
=
32 16
c.
9
32
d.
6
3
=
32 16
(0.95)(0.9)
114
=
0.958
(0.95)(0.9) + (0.05)(0.75) 119
P( J D ) P( D | J D )
=
P( J D ) P( D | J D ) + P( J M ) P( D | J M )
1 50
2 50
1 50 + 1 20
2 50 2 50
5
7
P(W ) P (C | W )
=
P(W ) P (C | W ) + P ( B ) P (C | B) + P ( R) P(C | R)
1 9
2 10
1 9 +14
2 10 4 5
323
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12
4 3
27
0.551
49
P (C ) P ( S | C )
=
P (C ) P( S | C ) + P(C ) P( S | C )
1 4
10 5
1 4 + 9 1
10 5 10 8
32
0.416
77
P( J ) P( B | J )
=
P ( J ) P ( B | J ) + P ( E ) P( B | E ) + P( A) P( B | A)
3 85
5 100
3 85 + 1 50
5 100 10 100
3 40
+ 10
100
3
4
P( D | P) =
P( D) P( P | D)
(0.005)(0.80)
400
=
=
0.0261
P ( D) P ( P | D) + P ( D) P( P | D) (0.005)(0.80) + (0.995)(0.15) 15,325
b.
P( D | N ) =
P( D) P( N | D)
(0.005)(0.20)
100
=
=
0.0012
P ( D ) P ( N | D) + P( D) P ( N | D) (0.005)(0.20) + (0.995)(0.85) 84, 675
P( S ) P( D | S )
=
P ( S ) P ( D | S ) + P ( S ) P ( D | S )
23
5 5
23+ 3 1
5 5 5 10
4
5
P( S ) P (U | S )
=
P ( S ) P (U | S ) + P ( S ) P(U | S )
8 70
10 100
8 70 + 2 20
10 100 10 100
14
0.933
15
324
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Section 8.7
P (G1 ) P (G2 | G1 )
=
P (G1 ) P(G2 | G1 ) + P( R1 ) P (G2 | R1 )
54
9 8
54 + 43
9 8 9 8
5
8
b.
P(S | C ) =
c.
P(Error) = P (C S ) + P (C S )
= P ( S ) P(C | S ) + P( S ) P(C | S )
27
100
(0.20)(0.75) 0.15 15
P ( S ) P (C | S )
=
=
=
0.556
0.27
0.27 27
P ( S ) P (C | S ) + P ( S ) P (C | S )
17
100
25. a.
P( L | E ) =
b.
c.
P( L) P( E | L)
P ( L) P ( E | L) + P ( M ) P ( E | M ) + P ( H ) P( E | H )
(0.25)(0.49)
0.18
(0.25)(0.49) + (0.25)(0.64) + (0.5)(0.81)
P(M | E ) =
P( M ) P( E | M )
P( L) P( E | L) + P( M ) P( E | M ) + P( H ) P( E | H )
(0.25)(0.64)
0.23
(0.25)(0.49) + (0.25)(0.64) + (0.5)(0.81)
P( H | E ) =
P( H ) P( E | H )
P( L) P ( E | L) + P( M ) P( E | M ) + P ( H ) P ( E | H )
(0.5)(0.81)
0.59
(0.25)(0.49) + (0.25)(0.64) + (0.5)(0.81)
d. High quality
325
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3 2
26. a.
P( L | E ) =
(a)
P( L) P( E | L)
P ( L) P ( E | L) + P ( M ) P ( E | M ) + P ( H ) P( E | H )
(0.25)(0.44)
0.39
(0.25)(0.44) + (0.25)(0.32) + (0.5)(0.18)
P(M | E ) =
(b)
P( M ) P( E | M )
P( L) P( E | L) + P( M ) P( E | M ) + P( H ) P( E | H )
(0.25)(0.32)
0.29
(0.25)(0.44) + (0.25)(0.32) + (0.5)(0.18)
P( H ) P( E | H )
P( L) P ( E | L) + P( M ) P( E | M ) + P ( H ) P ( E | H )
P( H | E ) =
(c)
(0.5)(0.18)
0.32 .
(0.25)(0.44) + (0.25)(0.32) + (0.5)(0.18)
b. (a)
P( L) P( E | L)
P ( L) P ( E | L) + P ( M ) P ( E | M ) + P ( H ) P( E | H )
(0.25)(0.07)
0.54
(0.25)(0.07) + (0.25)(0.04) + (0.5)(0.01)
P(M | E ) =
(b)
(0.25)(0.04)
0.31
(0.25)(0.07) + (0.25)(0.04) + (0.5)(0.01)
P( H | E ) =
(c)
P( M ) P( E | M )
P( L) P( E | L) + P( M ) P( E | M ) + P( H ) P( E | H )
P( H ) P( E | H )
P( L) P ( E | L) + P( M ) P( E | M ) + P ( H ) P ( E | H )
(0.5)(0.01)
0.15
(0.25)(0.07) + (0.25)(0.04) + (0.5)(0.01)
(d) Low quality
1.
8 P3
2.
20 P1
= 20
3.
9 C7
9!
9!
9 8 7! 9 8
=
=
=
= 36
7!(9 7)! 7! 2! 7! 2 1
2
326
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4.
12 C5
Chapter 8 Review
of the same face value, another two with a
different face value, and the last with yet another
face value is
4!
4!
13 4C2 12 4C 2 44 = 13
12
44
2! 2!
2!2!
= 13 6 12 6 44 = 247,104.
12!
12 11 10 9 8 7!
=
= 792
5!(12 5)!
5 4 3 2 1 7!
13. a.
24 23 22 21! 24 23 22
=
= 2024 .
3 2 1 21!
3 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 = 25 = 32 .
8. A batting order consists of nine names selected
from nine names such that order is important.
The number of such selections is
9 P9 = 9! = 362,880 .
23 22 21! 23 22
=
= 253 .
2 1 21!
2 1
327
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c.
22. P ( E1 E2 ) = P( E1 ) + P( E2 ) P( E1 E2 )
0.7 = 0.6 + P ( E2 ) 0.2
P ( E2 ) = 0.3
10! 10 9 8! 10 9
=
=
= 45
2! 8! 2 1 8!
2 1
Let E be the event that box is rejected. If box is
rejected, the one defective chip must be in the
two-chip sample and there are nine possibilities
for the other chip. Thus
n(E) = 9
n( E ) 9 1
=
= = 0.2 .
and P(E) =
n( S ) 45 5
23. n(S) =
= 10, 296 .
3 C2
7! 7! 2! 1! 7! 7!
19. a.
E1 E2 = {4, 5, 6}
c.
f.
20. a.
{1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T,
5T, 6T}
21. a.
b.
b. {2H, 2T}
c.
10 C2
E1 E2 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
b.
{R1R 2 R 3 , G1G 2 G 3 }
26. a.
328
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 8 Review
b. If a person likes A but not B, then the person likes A only, and conversely. Thus
70
7
P(likes A, but not B) =
=
.
200 20
27. a.
n( Eboth red ) 16
4
=
=
.
n( S )
100 25
b. n(S) = 10 9 = 90
n( Eboth red ) = 4 3 = 12
Thus P ( Eboth red ) =
12 2
=
.
90 15
28. n(S) = 6 6 = 36
a.
E2 or 7 = {(1, 1), (1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3)}
P ( E2 or 7 ) =
n( E2 or 7 ) 7
=
n( S )
36
b.
Emultiple of 3 = E3, 6, 9 or 12
= {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 3), (3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 6)}
n( Emultiple of 3 ) 12 1
P ( Emultiple of 3 ) =
=
=
n( S )
36 3
c.
Eno less than 7 = E7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 = {(1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3), (2, 6), (6, 2), (3, 5), (5, 3),
(4, 4), (3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4), (4, 6), (6, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
n( E7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 ) 21 7
P ( Eno less than 7 ) =
=
=
n( S )
36 12
29. n(S) = 52 52 52.
a.
26 26 26 1
= .
52 52 52 8
b. There are 13 diamonds in a deck, none of which are black. If E = event that two cards are black and the other
is a diamond, then E occurs if the diamond is the first, second, or third card. Thus
3 13 26 26 3
= .
n(E) = 13 26 26 + 26 13 26 + 26 26 13 = 3 13 26 26 and P ( E ) =
52 52 52
16
329
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
30. n(S) =
a.
52 C2
52!
= 1326
2! 50!
78
1
=
.
1326 17
3
8
5
8
31.
P( E )
= 8 =
P( E ) 1 3
8
32.
P( E )
0.92
0.92 92 23
=
=
=
=
or 23:2
P( E) 1 0.92 0.08 8
2
()
33. P ( E ) =
6
6
=
6 +1 7
34. P ( E ) =
3
3
=
3+ 4 7
35. P ( F H ) =
3
or 3:5
5
P( F H )
=
P( H )
10
52
1
4
10
13
43. a.
b.
38. P (Q H AC ) = P (Q) P ( H ) P ( AC )
=
4 13 1
1
=
52 52 52 2704
P ( L | F ) =
n( L F ) 160 1
=
=
n( F )
480 3
400 2
= and
600 3
n( L M ) 80 2
P(L|M) =
=
= .
n( M )
120 3
Since P(L|M) = P(L), events L and M are
independent.
P ( L) =
44. E = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
F = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4)}
a.
330
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
b.
P( E ) =
6 1
P( E F )
=
= and P ( E | F ) =
36 6
P( F )
Chapter 8 Review
1
36
6
36
1
.
6
P( E F )
P( F )
so P ( E F ) = P ( E F ) P ( F ) =
1 1 1
= , thus
6 3 18
P ( E F ) = P( E ) + P( F ) P( E F )
47. a.
1 1 1 19
+ = .
4 3 18 36
b. The probability that a particular two shrubs take root and the remaining two do not is (0.7)(0.7)(0.3)(0.3).
The number of ways the two that take root can be chosen from the four shrubs is 4 C2 . Thus
P(exactly two take root) = 4 C2 (0.7)2 (0.3)2 = 0.2646 .
c.
For at most two shrubs to take root, either none does, exactly one does, or exactly two do.
P(none) + P(exactly one) + P(exactly two)
= 0.0081 + 4C1 (0.7)(0.3)3 + 0.2646
= 0.0081 + 0.0756 + 0.2646
= 0.3483
48. Being effective for at least three of the persons means that it is effective for exactly three of them or for all four of
them. Thus
P(exactly three) + P(all four)
= 4C3 (0.75)(0.75)(0.75)(0.25) + (0.75)(0.75)(0.75)(0.75)
0.738
49. P ( RII ) = P (GI ) P ( RII | GI ) + P ( RI ) P( RII | RI )
3 4 2 5 22
.
= + =
5 9 5 9 45
50. a.
1 2 1 3 1 3
7
+ = +
=
2 6 2 5 6 10 15
331
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
P ( BII | W )
P ( BII ) P (W | BII )
P ( BI ) P (W | BI ) + P( BII ) P (W | BII )
13
2 5
7
15
51. P (G | A) =
9
14
P (G A) 0.1 1
=
=
P ( A)
0.4 4
53. a.
b.
98 27
507 100
409 60 + 98 27
507 100 507 100
441
0.097
4531
P( F | D) =
(0.35)(0.8)
0.28 56
=
=
0.59
(0.35)(0.8) + (0.65)(0.3) 0.475 95
332
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Chapter 9
Problems 9.1
1. =
Var( X ) =
f(x)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
x
0
2. =
= 0.24 0.49
1.0
f(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x
5
3. =
x f ( x) = 1 4 + 2 4 + 3 2 = 4 = 2.25
9
Var( X ) =
1 9
x2 f ( x) 2 = 12 4 + 22 4 + 32 2 4
x
11
= 0.6875
16
11
11
=
0.83
16
4
333
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x f ( x) = 0 7 + 1 7 + 2 7 + 3 7 + 4 7 = 7
4. =
14
=2
1
12
2
1
2
1
Var( X ) = 02 + 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 22 =
1.71
7
7
7
7
7
7
12
1.31
7
5. a.
b.
2 =
c.
6a + 2a + 0.2 = 1 a = 0.1
Thus P(X = 2) = 6(0.1) = 0.6, and P(X = 4) = 2(0.1) = 0.2.
6. a.
b.
7. Distribution of X:
1
3
3
1
f (0) = , f (1) = , f (2) = , f (3) =
8
8
8
8
1 3 3 1 12 3
E( X ) =
x f ( x ) = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 =
= = 1.5
8 8 8 8 8 2
= Var( X ) =
2
x2 f ( x) [ E ( x)]2
x
1
3
3
1 3
= 02 + 12 + 22 + 32
8
8
8 2
8
24 9 6 3
=
= = = 0.75
8 4 8 4
3
3
=
0.87
4
2
8. Distribution of X: f (1) =
4 2
2 1
= , f (2) = =
6 3
6 3
2
1 4
E ( X ) = 1 + 2 = 1.33
3
3 3
2 =
1 4
x2 f ( x) [ E ( x)]2 = 12 3 + 22 3 3
= 2
16 2
= 0.22
9 9
2
0.47
9
334
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 9.1
13. a.
7999
1
+ 4998
8000
8000
11, 000
=
$1.38 (a loss)
8000
= 2
6
= = 1.2
5
2 =
x2 f ( x) [ E ( x)]2
1
3
3 6
= 02 + 12 + 22
10
5
10 5
9 36 9
=
=
= 0.36
5 25 25
E ( X ) = xf ( x)
x
7998
2
+ 4996
8000
8000
= $2.75 (a loss)
= 4
9
3
= = 0.6
25 5
10. Distribution of X:
9
12
4
f (0) =
, f (1) =
, f (2) =
25
25
25
9 12
4 20 4
E ( X ) = 0 + 1 + 2 =
=
25
25
25 25 5
= 0.8
9 2 12 2 4 4
+ 1 25 + 2 25 5
25
28 16 12
=
=
= 0.48
25 25 25
2 = 02
= $2 (a loss)
12 2 3
=
0.69
25
5
E( X ) =
11.
C
1
f (0) = P ( X = 0) = 2 2 =
10
5 C2
4
3
= 200 + (30)
7
7
710
=
$101.43
7
C C
6 3
f (1) = P ( X = 1) = 3 1 2 1 =
=
10 5
5 C2
C
3
f (2) = P( X = 2) = 3 2 =
10
5 C2
12. P ( X = x ) =
x f ( x)
6C3 x
10 C3
4 Cx
335
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 9.2
2.
3.
756
10, 000
0
81
10, 000
2!
16
1 4
f (0) = 2 C0 =
1
5
5
0!
2!
25
16 16
= 11
=
25 25
1
3! 8
2 1
1
f (3) = 3C3 =
3! 0! 27
3 3
8
8
= 1 1 =
27
27
2! 1 4
1 4
f (1) = 2C1 =
5 5 1!1! 5 5
1 4 8
= 2 =
5 5 25
2
3! 4 1
2 1
f (2) = 3C2 =
2!1! 9 3
3 3
4 1 4
= 3 =
9 3 9
Problems 9.2
= np = 3
2! 1
1 4
f (2) = 2C2 =
1
5
5
2!
0! 25
1
1
= 1 1 =
.
25
25
1 2
= np = 2 =
5 5
1 4
= npq = 2
5 5
1
1
2 1
f (0) = 3C0 = 1 1
=
27 27
3 3
3! 2 1
2 1
f (1) = 3C1 =
1! 2! 3 9
3 3
2 1 2
= 3 =
3 9 9
1.
1
1
1
2 = 1 8 1 = 8
3
2
1 1
3
= npq = 3 =
2 2
2
1
f (3) = 3C3
2
1
= np = 3 =
2
1 1 3
1 1
f (2) = 3C2 = 3 =
2
2
4 2 8
1 1 3
1 1
f (1) = 3C1 = 3 =
2 4 8
2 2
P ( X = x) = n C x p x q n x , x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
1 1
1 1
f (0) = 3C0 = 1 1 =
2
2
8 8
4.
2
2 1
= 2; = npq = 3
3
3 3
2
6
=
3
3
4!
1 (0.6)4
0! 4!
= 1 1 (0.6)4 = 0.1296
f (1) = 4C1 (0.4)1 (0.6)3 =
= 4(0.4)(0.6)3 = 0.3456
8
2 2
=
25
5
337
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4!
(0.4)(0.6)3
1! 3!
4!
(0.4) 2 (0.6) 2
2! 2!
1 1
P ( X = 8) = 11C8
2 2
1 1
= 165
256 8
165
=
0.081
2048
4!
f (3) = 4C3 (0.4) (0.6) =
(0.4)3 (0.6)
3!1!
3
4!
(0.4) 4 1
4! 0!
= 1(0.4)4 1 = 0.0256
= np = 4(0.4) = 1.6
1 2
6. P( X = 2) = 5C2
3 3
1 8
80
= 10
=
0.3292
9 27 243
9. P ( X < 2) = P ( X = 0) + P ( X = 1)
1
1 1
1 1
= 5C0 + 5C1
2
2
2 2
1
1 1
6
3
= 1 1 + 5 =
=
32
2 16 32 16
7 5
P( X = 2) = 4 C2
12 12
49 25 1225
= 6
=
0.3545
144 144 3456
8. P ( X = 4) = 7 C4 (0.2)4 (0.8)3
= 35(0.0016)(0.512) = 0.028672
16 1
4 1
7. P ( X = 2) = 4 C2 = 6
5
5
25 25
96
=
= 0.1536
625
1
,n =6
4
27
1 3
P ( X = 3) = 6C3 = 20
4 4
46
540
=
0.132
4096
1 12
1 12
P ( X = 2) = 3C2 = 3
169 13
13 13
36
=
0.016
2197
10. P ( X 2) = 1 [ P ( X = 0) + P ( X = 1)]
0
6
1
5
2 1
2 1
= 1 6 C0 + 6 C1
3 3
3 3
2
13
1
= 1 1
+ 6
= 1 729
729
729
716
=
0.982
729
16. p = 0.2, n = 3
P ( X = x) = 3C x (0.2) x (0.8)3 x
338
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 9.2
a.
b.
1
,n =3
4
9
1 3
1 3
P ( X = 2) = 3C2 = 3 =
64
4
4
16
4
1
1
1 3
P ( X = 3) = 3C3 = 1 1 =
64
4
4
64
Thus
9
1
10
5
P ( X = 2) + P( X = 3) =
+
=
=
64 64 64 32
a.
1 27
945
1 3
P ( X = 4) = 7 C4 = 35
=
0.058
256 64 16,384
4 4
b.
P ( X 4) = P ( X = 4) + P ( X = 5) + P( X = 6) + P( X = 7)
5
945
1 3
1 3
1 3
+ 7 C5 + 7 C6 + 7 C7
16,384
4
4
4
4
4 4
945
1
9
1 3
1
=
+ 21
+7
+ 1
1
16,384
1024 16
4096 4
16,384
1156
289
=
=
0.071
16,384 4096
=
1 4
1 4
= 6C0 + 6 C1
5
5
5 5
4096
1 1024
= 1 1
+ 6
15, 625
5 3125
10, 240 2048
=
=
0.655
15, 625 3125
339
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22. Let X = number of stocks that increase in value. The probability that a stock increases in value is p = 0.6.
Here n = 4. We must find
P(X 2) = 1 P(X < 2) = 1 [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)].
P ( X = 0) = 4 C0 (0.6)0 (0.4) 4 = 1 1 (0.0256) = 0.0256
P ( X = 1) = 4C1 (0.6)1 (0.4)3 = 4(0.6)(0.064) = 0.1536
P ( X 2) = 1 P ( X < 2) = 1 [0.0256 + 0.1536] = 1 0.1792 0.82
1
. Here n = 5. We must find
2
1
1
1 1
P ( X = 0) = 5C0 = 1 1
=
2
2
32
32
1
1 1
5
1 1
P ( X = 1) = 5C1 = 5 =
2 16 32
2 2
Thus,
5
3 13
1
=
P ( X 2) = 1 [ P( X = 0) + P ( X = 1)] = 1 + = 1
32
32
16
16
2
2 3
, n = 50, q = 1 p = 1 =
5
5 5
2 3
2 = npq = 50 = 12
5 5
24. p =
25. = 3, 2 = 2
Since = np, then np = 3. Since 2 = npq, then (np )q = 2, or 3q = 2, so q =
Since np = 3, then n
2
1
= 3, or n = 9. Thus
3
7
1 128
512
1 2
P ( X = 2) = 9C2 = 36
=
0.234.
9 2187 2187
3 3
26. a.
E ( X ) = = np = 15(0.06) = 0.9
b.
c.
P ( X 1) = P( X = 0) + P ( X = 1)
= 15C0 (0.06)0 (0.94)15 + 15C1 (0.06)1 (0.94)14
= 1 1 (0.94)15 + 15(0.06)(0.94)14 0.77
340
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
2
2 1
. Thus, p = 1 q = 1 = .
3
3 3
Section 9.3
Problems 9.3
a
8. 5
12
1 2
2 3
1.
3 1
2 3
No, since the entry at row 2 column 1 is
negative.
5
5
7
= 1, so a = 1
= .
12
12 12
7
5
= .
b + a = 1, so b = 1
12 12
a+
0.1 1
2.
0.9 0
Yes, since all entries are nonnegative and the
sum of the entries in each column is 1.
0.4 a a
9. a 0.1 b
0.3 b c
0.4 + a + 0.3 = 1, so a = 0.3.
a + 0.1 + b = 1, 0.3 + 0.1 + b = 1, so b = 0.6.
a + b + c = 1, 0.3 + 0.6 + c = 1, so c = 0.1.
1 1 1
2 8 3
3. 14 85 13
3 1 1
4 4 3
No, since there is a negative entry.
10. a
0.2 0.6 0
4. 0.7 0.2 0
0.1 0.2 0
No, since the sum of the entries in column 3 is
not 1.
a
b
1
4
a + a + a = 1, 3a = 1, a =
1
3
1
1
1
5
= 1, + b + = 1, b =
4
3
4
12
1 5
1
a + b + c = 1, + + c = 1, c =
3 12
4
a+b+
0.4 0 0.5
5. 0.2 0.1 0.3
0.4 0.9 0.2
Yes, since all entries are nonnegative and the
sum of the entries in each column is 1.
0.4
11.
0.6
Yes, all entries are nonnegative and their sum is
1.
1
12.
0
Yes, all entries are nonnegative and their sum is
1.
0.2
13. 0.7
0.5
No, the sum of the entries is not 1.
2 b
3
7.
a 1
4
2
1
+ a = 1, so a = .
3
3
1
3
b + = 1, so b = .
4
4
0.9
14. 0.1
0.2
No, the entry in the second row is negative.
341
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2 1 1 11
4 = 12
15. X1 = TX0 = 31
1
3 0 34 12
2 1 11 25
12 = 36
X 2 = TX1 = 31
1
0
3
12
11
36
2 1 25 83
36 = 108
X3 = TX2 = 31
25
3 0 11
36 108
1
16. X1 = TX0 = 12
2
1 1
4 2
3 1
4 2
3
= 85
8
1
X 2 = TX1 = 12
2
1 3
4 8
3 5
4 8
11
= 32
21
32
1
X3 = TX2 = 12
2
1 11
4 32
3
21
4 32
0.3
17. X1 = TX0 =
0.7
0.3
X 2 = TX1 =
0.7
43
= 128
85
128
0.1
18. X1 = TX0 =
0.9
0.1
X 2 = TX1 =
0.9
0.1
X3 = TX2 =
0.9
0.1
19. X1 = TX0 = 0.2
0.7
0.1
X 2 = TX1 = 0.2
0.7
0.1
X3 = TX2 = 0.2
0.7
0
0.4
0.6
0
0.4
0.6
0
0.4
0.6
342
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 9.3
0.4
0
20. X1 = TX0 =
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.4
0
X 2 = TX1 =
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.4
0
X3 = TX2 =
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.1
21. a.
1
T2 = 4
3
4
3 1
44
13
44
5
8
T3 = T2 T =
3
8
3
4
1
4
5
8
=
3
8
3 1
8 4
5 3
84
3
4
1
4
3
8
5
8
7
16
=
9
16
9
16
.
7
16
3
.
8
c.
22. a.
11
23
12
23
4
9
T3 = T2 T =
5
9
4 5
9 12
=
5 7
9 12
5 1 1 23
12 3 2 54
=
7 2 1 31
12 3 2 54
1
2
1
2
c.
23. a.
9
.
16
31
72
41
72
5
.
9
31
.
72
3
2
T = T T = 0.40 0.69 0.54 1 0.4 0.3 = 0.690 0.530 0.543
0.10 0.08 0.19 0 0.1 0.4 0.080 0.101 0.130
2
c.
24. a.
2
1 2 1 0 1
2 3
2
3
25. T I =
=
1 1 0 1 1 2
3
2 3
2
1
1 0 4
1 1
7
2 0 " 0 1 3
1
3
7
2
1 2 0
0 0 0
3
2
4
Q = 73
7
1
2
26. T I =
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
4
14
1
4 1
3 0
1
0 2
=
1 1
2
1
4
14
1 0 1
1
3
2
0 " 0 1 3
0 0 0
0
1
3
Q=
1
2
1 3 1 0 4 3
5
5
5 5
27. T I =
4
2
4
0 1
53
5 5
5
1
1 0 3
1 1
7
4 3 0 " 0 1 4
7
5 5
4 3 0
0 0 0
5
3
7
Q=
4
7
344
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Section 9.3
1 1 1 0 3 1
4 3
4
3
28. T I =
3
3
2
0 1
13
4 3
4
1
1 0 4
1 1
13
3 1 0 " 0 1 9
13
4 3
3 1 0
0 0 0
4
4
13
Q=
9
13
0.4
29. T I = 0.3
0.3
1
1
0.6 0.6
0.3 0.7
0.1
0.3
"
0 0 1 0.25
0.1 0
0
0.7 0
0 0 0
0.5
Q = 0.25
0.25
0.1 0.4 0.3 1 0 0 0.9 0.4 0.3
30. T I = 0.2 0.2 0.3 0 1 0 = 0.2 0.8 0.3
0.7 0.4 0.4 0 0 1 0.7 0.4 0.6
1
1
1
1
1 0 0 0.2707
0.9 0.4 0.3 0
" 0 1 0 0.2481
0.2 0.8 0.3 0
0 0 1 0.4812
0
0.7 0.4 0.6 0
0 0 0
0.2707
Q 0.2481
0.4812
Flu
31. a.
b.
No flu
b.
H
L
H 0.55 0.25
32. T =
L 0.45 0.75
0.65
X0 =
0.35
35. a.
c.
A B
A 0.7 0.4
T=
B 0.3 0.6
D R
O
D 0.8 0.1 0.3
T=
R 0.1 0.8 0.2
O 0.1 0.1 0.5
0.6165
38.35% of the members will be performing highimpact exercising.
2
33. a.
X 2 = TX1
0.7 0.2 0.2 0.30
= 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.48
0.2 0 0.6 0.22
0.350
= 0.458
0.192
X1 = TX0
0.8 0.1 0.3 0.40
= 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.40
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.20
0.42
= 0.40
0.18
X1 = TX0
0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2
= 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.5
0.2 0 0.6 0.3
0.30
= 0.48
0.22
a.
346
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b.
Section 9.3
X3 = T3 X0
37. a.
b.
c.
A Compet.
A 0.8 0.3
T=
Compet. 0.2 0.7
0.8 0.3 0.70
X1 = TX0 =
0.35
A is expected to control 65% of the market.
0.8
TI =
0.2
1
1
0.2 0.3
0.2 0.3
=
0.7 0 1 0.2 0.3
1
1 0 0.6
0 0 1 0.4
0 0
0
0
0.6
Q=
0.4
In the long run, A can expect to control 60% of the market.
38. a.
b.
Fords Non-Fords
Fords 0.75 0.35
T=
Non-fords 0.25 0.65
0.75 0.35 1 0 0.25 0.35
TI =
0.25 0.35 0
0 0
0
0.5833
Q
0.4167
In the long run, 58.33% of car purchases in the region are expected to be Fords.
39. a.
T=
1 2
5 3
1 7 7
22 4
7 7
347
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31 27 1 29 0.5918
49 49 2 49
=
b. X 2 = T X0 =
18
22 1 20 0.4082
49 49 2 49
About 59.18% in compartment 1 and 40.82% in compartment 2.
2
c.
40. a.
b.
c.
3
5 3 1 0 2
7
7
7 7
=
TI =
2 4 0 1 2 3
7
7 7
7
1
1 0 3
1 1
5
2 3 0 0 1 2
5
7 7
2 3 0
0 0 0
7
3 0.6
5
Q= =
2 0.4
5
In the long run, there will be 60% in compartment 1 and 40% in compartment 2.
Doesn't
Works Work
T=
Works 0.8
0.1
0.438 0.781
The probability is 0.562.
0.8 0.1 1 0 0.2 0.1
TI =
0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2
0.2 0.1 0
0 0 0
1
3
Q=
2
3
1
In the long run, the number of machines working properly is (42) = 14 .
3
348
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41. a.
3
TI = 4
1
4
1
2 1
1 0
1
4
1
4
1 0
1
0 0 1
0 0
0
1
1
2
12
0 4
=
1 1
4
1
Section 9.3
1
2
12
2
3
1
3
2
3
Q=
1
3
b. Presently, A accounts for 50% of sales and in long run A will account for
percentage increase in sales above the present level is
42. a.
b.
c.
66 23 50
50
100% =
2
2
, or 66 % , of sales. Thus the
3
3
16 23
50
1
100% = 33 % .
3
A
B C
A 0.8 0.2 0.2
T=
B 0.1 0.7 0.1
C 0.1 0.1 0.7
0.68 0.32 0.32
T2 = 0.16 0.52 0.16
0.16 0.16 0.52
The probability is 0.52.
Initially 500 customers are to be considered. The probability that a customer goes to branch A is
0.4
200
100
= 0.4 ; and to branch C,
= 0.2 . Thus X0 = 0.4 .
to branch B,
500
500
0.2
0.8 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.44
X1 = TX0 = 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.4 = 0.34
0.1 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.22
349
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200
= 0.4 ;
500
d.
0 1 0 0.25
0.1 0.3 0.1 0
0 0 1 0.25
0
0.1 0.1 0.3 0
0 0 0
In the long run, 0.50(500) = 250 can be expected to go to A, 0.25(500) = 125 to B, and 0.25(500) to C.
1
43. T2 = TT = 2
1
2
1 12
0 12
1 34
=
0 14
1
2
1
2
In either case there are nonpositive entries, and thus A is not regular.
Var( X ) =
f(x)
x
1
2. =
xf ( x) = 0 6 + 1 2 + 2 3 = 6
1
Var( X ) =
x 2 f ( x) 2
x
1
1
1 7
= 02 + 12 + 22
6
2
3 6
11 49 17
=
=
6 36 36
17
17
=
0.69
36
6
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1/2
Chapter 9 Review
f(x)
192
32
,
=
1326 221
6
1
.
f (2) = P ( E2 aces ) =
=
1326 221
f (1) = P ( E1 ace ) =
1/3
1/6
b.
E( X ) =
x
0
3. a.
n(S) = 2 6 = 12
E0 = {H1}, E1 = {T1, H2} , E2 = {T 2, H 3} ,
E3 = {T3, H4} , E4 = {T4, H5} ,
E5 = {T5, H6} , E6 = {T6}
f (1) = P ( E1 ) =
n ( E0 )
n( S )
n ( E1 )
n( S )
b.
E( X ) =
n ( E6 )
n( S )
2 1
=
12 6
1
.
6
1
12
n ( Etwo 10's ) = 4 4 .
xf ( x)
Dist. of X:
1 48 48 144
,
f =
=
4 52 52 169
1 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
1
+
+ 6
12
6
12
15 6 36
= 0+ +
=
=3
6 12 12
= 0
3 2 4 48 24
,
f =
=
4 52 52 169
44
1
7
.
f =
=
4 52 52 169
1 144 3 24 7 1
E( X ) =
+
+
4 169 4 169 4 169
144 + 72 + 7
65
5
=
=
=
0.10
4 169
676
52
There is a loss of $0.10 per play.
52!
52 51
n( S ) = 52 C2 =
=
= 1326 . In a
2! 50!
2
deck there are 4 aces and 48 non-aces. Thus
48!
48 47
n ( E0 aces ) = 48 C2 =
=
2! 46!
2
= 1128 .
For E1 ace to occur, one card is an ace and
the other is non-ace. Thus
n ( E1 ace ) = 4 48 = 192 .
n ( E2 aces ) = 4 C2 =
4!
43
=
=6.
2! 2!
2
Therefore,
f (0) = P ( E0 aces ) =
34
2
=
221 13
4. a.
32
1
12
188
f (0) = P ( E0 ) =
1128 188
,
=
1326 221
351
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10.
1
f (5) = 5C5
3
1
= np = 5 =
3
1
1
2
1 =
= 1
243
243
3
5
3
1 2
10
10
=
=
1.05
3 3
9
3
= npq = 5
3 1
3 1
= 5C0 + 5C1
4
4
4 4
1
3 1
16
1
= 11
+ 5
=
=
1024
4 256 1024 64
40,999,999
1.00
0.63
41, 000, 000
There is a loss of about $0.63 per play.
= 0.522
1 4 40
1 2
f (3) = 5C3 = 10 =
27 9 243
3 3
4
1
1 2 10
1 2
f (4) = 5C4 = 5 =
3
3
81
3 243
= 14,999,999
1 16 80
1 2
f (1) = 5C1 = 5 =
3 81 243
3 3
2
3
1 8
80
1 2
f (2) = 5C2 = 10
=
9 27 243
3 3
9.
32
32
1 2
f (0) = 5C0 = 1 1
=
3
3
243
243
4!
1(0.522)
0!4!
6!
2 1
1
(1)
12. P ( X = 0) = 6 C0 =
3
3
0!
6!
729
1
1
= 1(1)
=
729 729
(0.15)(0.614) = 0.368
1!3!
6! 2 1
2 1
P ( X = 1) = 6C1 =
1! 5! 3 243
3 3
2 1 12
= 6
=
3 243 729
6! 4 1
2 1
P ( X = 2) = 6C2 =
2! 4! 9
3 3
81
6 5 4! 4 1
4 1 60
= 15 =
2 1 4! 9 81
9 81 729
P(X > 2) = 1 P(X 2)
= 1 [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)]
12
60
73 656
1
= 1
+
+
= 1
=
729 729
729 729 729
(0.000506)1 = 0.0005
4!0!
= np = 4(0.15) = 0.6
352
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Chapter 9 Review
1 2 8
1 2
P ( X = 3) = 4C3 = 4 =
27 3 81
3 3
243
243
2 3
P( X = 0) = 5C0 = 1 1
=
3125 3125
5 5
1
4
2 81
810
2 3
P( X = 1) = 5C1 = 5
=
5 625 3125
5 5
P(X 2) = 1 [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)]
810
1053 2072
243
= 1
+
= 1
=
3125 3125
3125 3125
0.7095
1024
1 4
P ( X = 0) = 5C0 = 1 1
5
5
3125
1024
=
3125
1
1 64
1 4
P ( X = 2) = 5C2 = 10
5
5
25
125
640
=
3125
P ( X 2) = P ( X = 0) + P( X = 1) + P( X = 2)
1 256
1 4
P ( X = 1) = 5C1 = 5
5 625
5 5
1280
=
3125
353
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c.
1 2 1 0 2 2
3 3
3
3
=
23. T I =
2 1 0 1 2 2
3
3 3
3
1
1
1 0 2
1 1
2 2 0 0 1 1
2
3 3
2 2 0
0 0 0
3
1
Q = 2
1
2
0.3489
21. a.
1
7
T2 = TT =
6
7
19
49
T =T T=
30
49
109 117
343 343
=
234 226
343 343
3
3 1
7 7
46
7 7
3
7
4
7
15 1
49 7
34 6
49 7
19
49
=
30
49
3
7
4
7
15
49
34
49
22. a.
1
1
1
1
0.6 0.4 0.3 0
0.3 0.8 0.3 0
0 0 1 0.36
0 0 0 0
15
.
49
0.36
Q 0.27
0.36
T2 = TT
0 0.4 0.3 0 0.4 0.3
= 0 0.3 0.5 0 0.3 0.5
1 0.3 0.2 1 0.3 0.2
= 0.3 0.21 0.26
0.5 0.24 0.25
Japanese Non-Japanese
Japanese 0.8
0.6
25. T =
Non-Japanese 0.2
0.4
a.
0.21 0.26 0 0.4 0.3
0.24 0.25 0 0.3 0.5
0.55 0.49 1 0.3 0.2
0.261 0.247
0.347 0.32
0.392 0.433
0.24 0.28
From row 1, column 1, the probability that a
person who currently owns a Japanese car
will buy a Japanese car two cars later is
0.76. Thus 76% of people who currently
own Japanese cars will own Japanese cars
two cars later.
354
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b.
0.2 0.6 0
0 0 0
0.75
Q=
0.25
In the long run, 75% Japanese cars, 25% non-Japanese cars.
c.
26. a.
0.1 0.1 0.8 0
b.
1
1
1
0.3 0.4 0.1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
3
7
5
21
1
3
0.429
Q 0.238
0.333
In the long run, 43% will vote for party 1, 24% for party 2, and 33% for party 3.
355
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2. T I =
0 0.9 0 0.09 0
0 0.81 0
0 0
1
1
1
1 1
0 0.1 0.1 0.01 0
0 1 0.9 0.09 0
0 0.9 1 0.09 0
0 0
0 0.19 0
0
1
0
0
1 0 0
0 0.19
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0 .
0
0
3 0 0 0 0
4 0 0.9 0 0.9
Against Always Cooperate,
1 2 3 4
1 1 0.1 1 0.1
2 0 0 0 0 .
T=
3 0 0.9 0 0.9
4 0 0 0 0
Against regular Tit-for-tat,
1 2 3 4
1 1 0.1 0 0
2 0 0 1 0.1 .
T=
3 0 0.9 0 0
4 0 0 0 0.9
4. With Player 2 always defecting, after one round the game is in a stable pattern of Player 1 cooperating with
0
0.1
probability 0.1 and defecting with probability 0.9. The steady state vector in this case is .
0
0.9
With Player 2 always cooperating, after one round the game settles into steady mutual cooperation.
1
0
With Player 2 playing standard Tit-for-tat, the probabilities gradually tilt toward mutual cooperation: is the
0
0
steady state vector. In this case, it takes only one forgiving Tit-for-tat-er to guarantee mutual cooperation in the
long run.
356
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Chapter 10
Problems 10.1
1. a.
b. 0
10
10
10
x a
2. a.
c.
3. a.
c.
4. a.
4
4
2. lim V ( r ) = lim r 3 = lim r 3
3 r 1
r 1
r 1 3
4
4
= (1)3 =
3
3
x 8
c.
x 8
x 8
4. lim p = lim
) = lim 50 (t + 4t )
+ 3t + 20 lim ( t + 3t + 20 )
(
50 t 2 + 4t
t 2 t 2
3
1
x a
t 2
c.
b. 1
10
x 8
t 2
t 2
50 22 + 4(2) 600
=
= 20
2
30
2 + 3(2) + 20
5. f(0.9) = 3.7
f(0.99) = 3.97
f(0.999) = 3.997
estimate of limit: 4
f(1.1) = 4.3
f(1.01) = 4.03
f(1.001) = 4.003
6. f(3.1) = 6.1
f(3.01) = 6.01
f(3.001) = 6.001
estimate of limit: 6
f(2.9) = 5.9
f(2.99) = 5.99
f(2.999) = 5.999
7. f(0.1) 0.9516
f(0.01) 0.9950
f(0.001) 0.9995
estimate of limit: 1
f(0.1) 1.0517
f(0.01) 1.0050
f(0.001) 1.0005
8. f(0.1) 0.5132
f(0.01) 0.5013
f(0.001) 0.5001
estimate of limit: 0.5
f(0.1) 0.4881
f(0.01) 0.4988
f(0.001) 0.4999
9. lim 16 = 16
x2
h0
357
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11.
12.
13.
lim t 2 5 = (5) 2 5 = 25 5 = 20
t 5
21.
16
1
lim (5t 7) = 5 7 =
3
3
22.
t 1/ 3
lim (3 x3 4 x 2 + 2 x 3)
24. lim
lim x 2 + 6
lim ( x 6)
) = (6)
x 6
+6
(6) 6
2
t2 4
(t + 2)(t 2)
= lim
= lim(t + 2) = 4
t2
t 2 t 2
t 2
t 2
26. lim
0 7(0) + 1
h 0
x2 2 x
x( x 2)
= lim
= lim ( x 2) = 2
x
x
x 0
x 0
x 0
lim h 2 7h + 1
h0
28. lim
=0
z 2 5z 4
z 0
z +1
2
29. lim
= z 0
lim ( z 2 + 1)
lim
p2 + p + 5 =
= lim
z 0
02 5(0) 4
= 4
p 4
x 2 9 x + 20
x 3x 4
x5
1
= lim
=
5
x4 x + 1
lim ( z 2 5 z 4)
19.
x3
1
1
= lim
=
x 3 ( x + 3)( x 3) x 3 x + 3 6
= lim
lim h
x4
18. lim
x3
x 3 x 2
30.
02 + 1
x4
x 4 81
lim
x 3 x 2
+ 8 x + 15
lim
y 15
y+3 =
( x 4)( x 5)
( x 4)( x + 1)
( x 2 + 9)( x 2 9)
x 3 ( x + 3)( x + 5)
= lim
( x 2 + 9)( x + 3)( x 3)
( x + 3)( x + 5)
x 3
= lim
lim p 2 + p + 5
p 4
( x 2 + 9)( x 3)
x+5
x 3
= 54
= lim
= 42 + 4 + 5 = 25 = 5
20.
t 3
3
=
4
4
t
t 0
= lim
=5
27. lim
t 0 t 2 (t 4)
x 3
x 6
7h + 1
t 2 (t + 3)
x2 x 6
( x 3)( x + 2)
= lim
x 3
x3
x 3
x 3
= lim ( x + 2)
42
7
=
12
2
4t
= lim
25. lim
t 3
x 1
t 3 + 3t 2
t 0 t 3
lim (t 2)
t 2 t 3
3 2 5
5
15. lim
=
=
=
=
lim (t + 5) 3 + 5
2
2
t 3 t + 5
h 0 h 2
= lim 1 = 1
x 2
4r 3 4(9) 3 36 3 33
=
=
=
=3
14. lim
11
11
11
r 9 11
17. lim
x +1
x2 x 2
( x 2)( x + 1)
= lim
x2
x2
x2
x 2
= lim ( x + 1) = 3
lim
x 1 x + 1
23. lim
x 2
x2 + 6
=
16. lim
t 6 x 6
x2 + 2 x
x( x + 2)
= lim
= lim x = 2
x 2 x + 2
x 2 x + 2
x 2
lim
lim ( y + 3) = 15 + 3 = 18
31. lim
y 15
3x 2 x 10
=3 2
358
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(3x + 5)( x 2)
x 2 ( x + 7)( x 2)
= lim
+ 5 x 14
3 x + 5 11
= lim
=
9
x2 x + 7
x2 x 2
32.
x2 + 2 x 8
lim
x 4 x 2
+ 5x + 4
Section 10.1
x2
( x + 4)( x 2)
= lim
=2
x 4 x + 1
x 4 ( x + 4)( x + 1)
= lim
4 + 4h + h 2 4
(2 + h) 2 22
4h + h 2
h(4 + h)
= lim
33. lim
= lim
= lim
= lim (4 + h) = 4
h
h
h
h
h 0
h 0
h0
h 0
h 0
( x + 2) 2 4
x2 + 4 x
= lim
= lim ( x + 4) = 4
x
x
x 0
x 0
x 0
34. lim
( x + h) 2 x 2
2 xh + h 2
= lim
= lim (2 x + h) = 2 x
h
h
h 0
h0
h0
35. lim
3( x + h) 2 + 7( x + h) 3x 2 7 x
3 x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 + 7 x + 7 h 3 x 2 7 x
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
6 xh + 3h 2 + 7h
h(6 x + 3h + 7)
= lim
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
= lim (6 x + 3h + 7) = 6 x + 7
36. lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
[7 3( x + h)] (7 3x)
3h
= lim
= lim
= lim 3 = 3
h
h
h 0
h 0
h 0 h
h 0
37. lim
38. lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
[2( x + h) + 3] (2 x + 3)
2h
= lim
= lim
= lim 2 = 2
h
h
h 0
h 0 h
h0
( x + h ) 2 3 x 2 3
f ( x + h) f ( x )
39. lim
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
= lim
h 0
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 3 x 2 3
) = lim 2 xh + h
h 0
)
= lim (2 x + h) = 2 x
h 0
( x + h)2 + ( x + h) + 1 x 2 + x + 1
2 xh + h 2 + h
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
= lim (2 x + h + 1) = 2 x + 1
= lim
h
h
h
h 0
h 0
h 0
h 0
40. lim
f ( x + h) f ( x )
[( x + h)3 4( x + h)2 ] [ x3 4 x 2 ]
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
3
2
2
x + 3 x h + 3xh + h3 4 x 2 8 xh 4h 2 x3 + 4 x 2
= lim
h
h 0
2
2
3
3 x h + 3xh + h 8 xh 4h 2
= lim
h
h 0
h(3x 2 + 3xh + h 2 8 x 4h)
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (3 x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 8 x 4h) = 3x 2 8 x
41. lim
h 0
359
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
f ( x + h) f ( x )
[3 ( x + h) + 4( x + h)2 ] (3 x + 4 x 2 )
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
3 x h + 4 x 2 + 8 xh + 4h 2 (3 x + 4 x 2 )
= lim
h
h 0
h + 8 xh + 4h 2
= lim
h
h 0
h(1 + 8 x + 4h)
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (1 + 8 x + 4h)
42. lim
h 0
= 1 + 8 x
x2 2
= lim
x6
x 6
x 6
43. lim
x 6 ( x 6)
x 6
x2 2
( x 6)
( x 2) 4
= lim
= lim
x2 +2
1
x2 +2
x2 +2
x2 +2
= lim
x6
x 6 ( x 6)
x2 +2
1
4
x2 + x + c
x 3 x 2
)(
5x + 6
x2 + x + c
to exist, x 3 must be a factor of the numerator x 2 + x + c :
x 3 ( x 3)( x 2)
= lim
x + x + c = ( x 3)( x + r ) = x 2 + (r 3) x 3r
Thus r 3 = 1, or r = 4. So c = 3r = 3(4) = 12.
For c = 12,
x2 + x + c
x 2 + x 12
( x 3)( x + 4)
x+4 7
lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
= =7
2
2
1
x 3 x 5 x + 6 x 3 x 5 x + 6
x 3 ( x 3)( x 2) x 3 x 2
2
Th Tc Th 0 Th
=
=
=1
Th
Th
Tc 0 Th
45. a.
lim
Th Tc Th Th
0
=
=
=0
Th
Th
Tc Th Th
b.
46.
lim
lim
r 7.5107
47.
E=
lim
r 7.5107
7.0
7.0 1017
7.0 1017
=
=
1010 9.33 109 ft-lb
7
7.5
r
7.5 10
15
11.00
360
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 10.2
48.
lim P ( x) = 2343.056
x 53.2
x 53.2
10
49.
0
5
= 2343.056
15
4.00
50.
10
550
0.80
51. The graph of C(p) is shown. (Negative amounts
of impurities and money are not reasonable, so
only the first quadrant is shown.)
100,000
1000
p 0
not exist.
52. The graph of P(x) is shown with the value
x = 53.2 indicated.
3500
1000
75
x 1
361
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x 1
x 1+
6.
x 1+
lim 19 = 19
x 2.5
lim
x 2.5
f ( x) = lim
x 2.5+
7.
f ( x) = 250
6x
lim
x 0
= lim
x 0
6
x3
= since x3 is negative
Problems 10.2
1. a.
lim 7
7
7
x2
8. lim
=
= =7
1
lim
(
1)
1
x
x
x 2
x 2
b. 3
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
9.
10.
11.
j.
12.
13.
k. 1
2. a.
14.
b.
c.
15.
3.
f.
g.
h is close to 0 when h is
5h = 0
lim
h 5
lim
x 2
3
=
x+2
x 0
lim 4 x 1 . As x 1+ , then x 1
x 1+
lim 4 x 1 = 4 lim
16.
lim ( x 2)
17.
x 3+
As x 3 , then x 2 1 .
5.
h = 0 since
lim
h 0 +
x 1+
4.
lim (t 1)3 =
d.
e.
h. 0
i.
x 1+
x 1 = 4 0 = 0 .
lim x x 2 4 = 0
x 2+
lim
x + 10
lim (1 x 2 ) = 0
x 1+
18.
lim 5 x
lim 1 10 x
362
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
lim
= 3 lim
lim
x 5 x
=
x
1
x
Section 10.2
= 3 0 = 0
1
2
30.
6
1
6
lim
= 0 = 0
4
/
3
5 x x
5
31.
x +8
x
= lim = lim 1 = 1
x x 3 x x
x
lim
lim
2x 4
2x
= lim
= lim (1) = 1
3 2 x x 2 x x
x2 1
lim
x x3
r3
lim
r r 2
25. lim
+ 4x 3
+1
= lim
= lim
= lim
x x3
r3
r r 2
3t 3 + 2t 2 + 9t 1
5t 5
2
x2
1
=0
x
33.
3t 3
t 5t
7 5 x3 + 2 x 2
2 2
= lim
=
5
x 5
x
x+3
lim
x 3
34.
3t
t 5
3
= lim t
5 t
=
27.
28.
= lim
35.
36.
5x
x +4
5
5
1 5
= lim
= lim
= 0 = 0
6
3 x x 6 3
x 3 x
x 3 x 7
5w + 7 w 1
2
4 3 x3
lim
x3 1
4 + 5x 7 x
3 x x3
lim
x x3
x 3 x 7
37.
lim
3 x3
x3
+ x +1
x 3
lim
(4 x 1)
lim
= lim
43 x x3
lim
3 4x 2x
5x 8x + 1
2
2
= lim
=
5
x 5
x
2
43
= lim
38. lim
x + 3x
t 2 4t + 3
= lim (1) = 1
x
= lim
(t 1)(t 3)
t 3 (t + 1)(t 3)
2t 3
t 1 2 1
= lim
= =
2
t 3 t + 1 4
t 3 t 2
2 x
x3
x
=
x 7
= lim
(5 x 1)( x + 3)
x( x + 3)
x 3
5x 1
= lim
x
x 3
16
=
3
16
=
3
0 = 0
7 x
= lim
x 43 x 3
2 2
=
5 5
= lim (3) = 3
x3
7
7
7
1 7
= lim
= lim = 0 = 0
2 x x 2
x 2 x + 1 x 2 x
x3
= lim
5w
= lim
= lim
5 x 2 + 14 x 3
2 w2
= lim
6 4 x 2 + x3
lim
= lim
lim
29.
5x
lim
x+3
x 3 ( x + 3)( x 3)
2 w2 3w + 4
lim
= lim
26.
5 x3
= lim
x 9
1
= lim
=
x 3 x 3
2
2 x3
= lim
x 3 9 x 2
= lim r =
= lim
3 2 x 2 x3
lim
5 x3
39. lim
x 1
363
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x 2 3x + 1
x2 + 1
) = 1 = 1
lim x 2 3 x + 1
x 1
lim x 2 + 1
x 1
3 x3 x 2
=
40. lim
x 1 2 x + 1
lim 3 x3 x 2
x 1
lim (2 x + 1)
) = 4 = 4
48.
x 1
1
. Thus
x 1
41. As x 1+ , then
lim 1 +
=
+
x 1
x 1
42.
lim
x5 + 2 x3 1
x
x5 4 x 2
= lim (1) = 1
= lim
x
x5
x5
50.
43.
lim
x 7
x2 + 1
x 49
2
51.
x 2 + 1 50 and x 2 49
approaches 0 through positive values. Thus
x2 + 1
.
x 2 49
lim x = lim x = 0
x 0 +
x 0 +
lim x = lim ( x) = 0
x 0
x 0
Thus, lim x = 0.
x 0
16 x 4 0
52.
lim
1
1
= lim =
+
x x 0 x
lim
1
1
= lim
=
x x0 x
x 0
x 0
=
lim
+
x
3
x 3
7
lim
= +
x 3 x 3
Answer: does not exist.
. As x 7 , then
1
=
2x 1
1
=
lim
+ 2x 1
x 1/ 2
Answer: does not exist
lim
x 1/ 2
Thus, lim
x 0
53.
1
0 . Thus
x
54.
lim x + = .
x
x
lim
x +1
x
= lim
= lim 1 = 1
x
x x x
3 2 x2
3 x 2 + 3 2 x3
= lim
lim
x x x 2 + 1 x
x3 + x
= lim
x
47. lim
=
x 1 x 1
x
lim
=
+ x 1
x 1
Answer: does not exist
55.
1
= .
x
2 x3
x3
= lim (2) = 2
x
2 if x 2
f ( x) =
1 if x > 2
a.
b.
lim f ( x) = lim 1 = 1
x 2+
x 2+
lim f ( x) = lim 2 = 2
x 2
364
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x 2
Section 10.2
x 2+
x 2
lim g ( x) = lim x = 0
a.
x 2
x 0 +
x 0 +
not exist.
d.
e.
56.
b.
c.
d.
e.
x 0 +
lim g ( x) = 0
if x 2
x 2
59.
b.
c.
5000
lim c = lim
+ 6 = 0 + 6 = 6
q
q q
x 2
lim f ( x) = lim (2 + 4 x x 2 ) =
lim c = 6
lim f ( x) = lim x =
6
q
if x < 0
x
57. g ( x) =
x if x > 0
a.
lim g ( x) = lim x 2 =
e.
lim f ( x) = lim x = 2
x 2+
lim g ( x) = lim x =
d.
if x > 2
x 2+
x 2
x 0
x 0
lim f ( x) = lim (2 + 4 x x 2 ) = 2
x 2+
x 0
lim g ( x) = lim g ( x ) = 0 , so
c.
lim f ( x) = lim 2 = 2
x2
x 0
x
f ( x) =
2
2 + 4 x x
a.
lim g ( x) = lim x 2 = 0
b.
lim f ( x) = lim 1 = 1
5000
60.
lim g ( x) = lim ( x) = 0
x 0 +
x 0 +
7q + 12, 000
q
12, 000
= lim 7 +
= 7+0 = 7
q
q
lim g ( x) = lim x = 0
x 0
lim c = lim
x 0
lim g ( x) = lim g ( x ) = 0 , so
x 0 +
x 0
c=7+
lim g ( x) = 0
x 0
12,000
q
lim c = 7
d.
lim g ( x) = lim ( x ) =
e.
lim g ( x) = lim x =
x 2
58. g ( x) =
x
12,000
2000
if x < 0
if x > 0
365
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
62.
lim x 2 + x x
x
x2 + x x x2 + x + x
= lim
x
(x
= lim
x
= lim
x2 + x + x
= lim
x 1+
1
+x
x
x
1
x 1 + + 1
x
1
1
=
=
1+ 0 +1 2
10
1
x 2 1 + + x
x
69.
= lim
20
1
1+
1
+1
x
c.
1.
f ( x) = x3 5 x; x = 2
2 x
if x < 2
f ( x) =
3
x + k ( x + 1) if x 2
2 x = 0
x2
which exists.
(iii) lim f ( x) = 2 = f (2)
lim f ( x) = lim x3 + k ( x + 1) = 8 + 3k
x 2+
x2
x 2+
Thus f is continuous at x = 2.
8
If lim f ( x) exists, then 8 + 3k = 0. So k = .
3
x 2
2.
f ( x) =
x 3
; x = 3
5x
44
(ii)
67.
Problems 10.3
x 2
11
b. 9
900 x
900 x
= lim
x
x 10 + 45 x x 45 x
= lim 20 = 20
lim f ( x) = lim
a.
lim y = lim
x 2
64.
10
68.
x2 + x + x
+ x x2
= lim
63.
(iii) lim f ( x) =
0
x 3
x3 2
= , which exists
5
x 3 5 x
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3
2
= f (3)
5
Thus f is continuous at x = 3.
366
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
6 2
=
15 5
Section 10.3
8. Continuous at 2 and 2 because f is a polynomial
function (which is continuous everywhere).
3. g ( x) = 2 3 x ; x = 0
(i) g is defined at x = 0; g (0) = 2 .
x 0
Thus g is continuous at x = 0.
4.
f ( x) =
11.
x
;x=2
8
x 2+
2 1
(i) f is defined at x = 2; f (2) = = .
8 4
x 2
x 0
x 0
x 2
x 0
x4
;x=4
x+4
12.
f ( x) = x
0
if x 0
if x = 0
1
= , lim f ( x)
x 0
x 0
x 0 x
does not exist. Thus f is discontinuous at x = 0.
At x = 1, f is defined; f(1) = 1.
1
lim f ( x) = lim = 1 . Since
x 1
x 1 x
lim f ( x) = 1 = f (1) , f is continuous at
x4 0
= = 0 , which exists.
(ii) lim h( x) = lim
8
x4
x4 x + 4
Thus h is continuous at x = 4.
6.
x 2
lim f ( x) = 4 . In addition,
x 2 1
= = , which exists.
8 4
x2 8
1
(iii) lim f ( x) = = f (2) .
4
x2
Thus f is continuous at x = 2.
5. h( x) =
x 2+
x 2
x + 2 if x 2
f ( x) = 2
if x < 2
x
f is defined at x = 2 and x = 0; f(2) = 4, f(0) = 0.
Because lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 2) = 4 and
x 1
f ( x) = 3 x ; x = 1
x = 1.
Answer: Discontinuous at 0, continuous at 1.
lim f ( x) = lim
x 1
x 1
x = 3 1 = 1 , which
f ( x) = 5 + 5 x 5 x .
exists.
(iii) lim f ( x) = 1 = f (1)
x 1
Thus f is continuous at x = 1.
7. Continuous at 2 and 0 because f is a rational
function and at neither point is the denominator
zero.
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
30.
x 1
31.
23. x 2 + 2 x 15 = 0 , (x + 5)(x 3) = 0, x = 5 or 3.
Discontinuous at 5 and 3.
24. x 2 + x = 0 , x(x + 1) = 0, x = 0 or 1.
Discontinuous at 0 and 1.
32.
28. x 4 1 = 0 , x 2 + 1 x 2 1 = 0 ,
( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x 1) = 0 , x = 1.
2
33.
Discontinuous at 1.
1 if x 0
f ( x) =
1 if x < 0
For x < 0, f(x) = 1, which is a polynomial and
hence continuous. For x > 0, f(x) = 1, which is a
polynomial and hence continuous. Because
lim f ( x) = lim (1) = 1 and
x 0
x 0 +
x 3 if x > 2
f ( x) =
3 2 x if x < 2
For x < 2, f(x) = 3 2x, which is a polynomial
and hence continuous. For x > 2, f(x) = x 3,
which is a polynomial and hence continuous.
Because f is not defined at x = 2, it is
discontinuous there.
x 2 + 1 if x > 2
f ( x) =
if x < 2
8 x
For x < 2, f(x) = 8x, which is a polynomial and
34.
x 0 +
x 1
x = 1.
f has no discontinuities.
3
26. Discontinuous at x = , for which the
2
denominator is zero.
x 0
x 1+
x = 0, 1. Discontinuous at 0, 1.
29.
x 1
x 1+
)(
x 1
if x 1
0
f ( x) =
x 1 if x > 1
For x < 1, f(x) = 0, which is a polynomial and
hence continuous. For x > 1, f(x) = x 1, which
is a polynomial and hence continuous. For x = 1,
f is defined [f(1) = 0]. Because
lim f ( x) = lim 0 = 0 and
x 1
x 1+
x 1
x 1+
g ( x) = 15 x 5 x + 5 x 5
2 x + 1 if x 1
f ( x) =
if x < 1
1
For x < 1, f(x) = 1, which is a polynomial and
hence continuous. For x > 1, f(x) = 2x + 1,
which is a polynomial and hence continuous.
Because lim f ( x) = lim 1 = 1 and
x 0
exist.
Thus f is discontinuous at x = 0.
16
if
f ( x) = x 2
3x 2 if
x2
x<2
Section 10.4
38.
x 2
lim f ( x) = lim
16
x 2
x2
x = 2.
f has no discontinuities.
35.
0.34
Answer: Yes
0.28
0.22
0.16
0.10
x
1
Discontinuous at 1, 2, 3, 4.
36.
10
10
= 4, then lim f ( x) = 4.
x2
x2
Since lim f ( x) = 4 = f (2), f is continuous at
x2
x
5
Problems 10.4
1. x 2 3 x 4 > 0
f ( x) = x 2 3x 4 = ( x + 1)( x 4) has zeros 1
1000
2. x 2 8 x + 15 > 0
f ( x) = x 2 8 x + 15 = ( x 3)( x 5) has zeros 3
f is continuous at 2.
f is discontinuous at 5.
f is discontinuous at 10.
20
3. x 2 3x 10 0
f(x) = (x + 2)(x 5) has zeros 2 and 5. By
considering the intervals (, 2), (2, 5), and
(5, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (2, 5).
Answer: [2, 5]
369
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4. 14 5 x x 2 0 , or equivalently,
x 2 + 5 x 14 0
f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x 14 = ( x + 7)( x 2) has zeros 7
5. 2 x 2 + 11x + 14 < 0
f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 11x + 14 = (2 x + 7)( x + 2) has zeros
7
and 2. By considering the intervals
2
7 7
f(x) < 0 on , 2 .
2
Answer: , 2
2
13. x3 + 4 x 0
8. 2 x 2 x 2 0 . f ( x) = 2 x 2 x 2 has zeros
)
f ( x) = ( x + 2) ( x 1) = ( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x 1)
1 17
. By considering the intervals
4
1 17 1 17 1 + 17
,
,
,
, and
4 4
4
1 + 17
1 17 1 + 17
,
4
4
15. x3 + 8 x 2 + 15 x 0
f(x) = x(x + 3)(x + 5) has zeros 0, 3, and 5. By
considering the intervals (, 5), (5, 3),
(3, 0), and (0, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (, 5)
and (3, 0).
Answer: (, 5], [3, 0]
1 17 1 + 17
,
Answer:
4
4
370
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Section 10.4
discontinuous at x = 5 and x = 1; f has zeros 3
and 2. By considering the intervals (, 5),
(5, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3), and (3, ), we find
f(x) > 0 on (, 5), (2, 1), and (3, ).
Answer: (, 5), [2, 1), [3, )
16. x3 + 6 x 2 + 9 x < 0
f ( x) = x( x 2 + 6 x + 9) = x( x + 3)2 has zeros 3
x
x 9
2
22.
<0
x2 1
<0
x
23.
24.
4
0
x 1
3
x 5x + 6
x2 + 4 x 5
f ( x) =
2x +1
x2
0
2x +1
x2
Answer: ,
2
25. x 2 + 2 x 2 , or equivalently, x 2 + 2 x 2 0 .
f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x 2 has zeros 1 3 . By
(
)
( 1 3, 1 + 3 ) , and ( 1 + 3, ) , we find
f(x) > 0 on ( , 1 3 ) and ( 1 + 3, ) .
Answer: ( , 1 3 , 1 + 3, )
considering the intervals , 1 3
x + 4x 5
2
x + 6x + 5
f(x) < 0 on , .
2
>0
x2 x 6
( x + 5)( x 1)
is
( x + 2)( x + 1)
1
as a zero. By considering the intervals
2
1 1
3
is never zero, but is
( x 2)( x 3)
discontinuous when x = 2, 3. By considering the
intervals (, 2), (2, 3),and (3, ), we find
f(x) > 0 on (, 2) and (3, ).
Answer: (, 2), (3, )
21.
f ( x) =
x2 x 6
f ( x) =
4
is discontinuous when x = 1, and
x 1
f(x) = 0 has no root. By considering the intervals
(, 1) and (1, ), we find f(x) > 0 on (1, ).
Note also that f(x) 0 for any x.
Answer: (1, )
3
is never zero,
x + 6 x + 5 ( x + 5)( x + 1)
but is discontinuous at x = 5 and x = 1. By
considering the intervals (, 5), (5, 1), and
(1, ), we find that f(x) < 0 on (5, 1).
Answer: (5, 1)
f ( x) =
20.
x2 + 4 x 5
f ( x) =
x2 1
is discontinuous at x = 0; f has
x
zeros at 1. By considering the intervals
(, 1), (1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, ), we find
f(x) < 0 on (, 1) and (0, 1).
Answer: (, 1), (0, 1)
f ( x) =
19.
x + 3x + 2
discontinuous at x = 1 and 2; f has zeros 5
and 1. By considering the intervals (, 5),
(5, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), and (1, ), we find
f(x) < 0 on (5, 2) and (1, 1).
Answer: [5, 2), (1, 1]
is discontinuous when x = 3;
x2 9
f has 0 as a zero. By considering the intervals
(, 3), (3, 0), (0, 3), and (3, ), we find
f(x) < 0 on (, 3) and (0, 3).
Answer: (, 3), (0, 3)
18.
x 2 + 3x + 2
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
x2 + 4 x 5
( x 3)( x + 2)
is
( x + 5)( x 1)
371
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26. x 4 16 0 .
4( x 8)2 324
( x 8)2 81
x 2 16 x 17 0
(x 17)(x + 1) 0
Solving gives x 1 or x 17. Since x must
be positive, we have x 17.
Answer: 17 in. by 17 in.
n 25 n 0
2
q 2 140q + 3750 0
Using the quadratic formula,
q 2 140q + 3750 = 0 when q 36.09, 103.91.
28.
x
10
(2 2 x)(1 2 x)
21
16
10
64 x 96 x + 11 0
(8x 11)(8x 1) 0
1
11
Solving gives x or x . From the
8
8
1
diagram, clearly, x cannot exceed . Thus
2
1
x .
8
1
Answer:
mi
8
32.
5
5
5
(, 1.51)
5
33.
x8
4
10
(, 7.72]
29.
10
31.
x 1
x8
(, 0.5), (0.667, )
4
372
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 10 Review
34.
9. As x , x + 1 . Thus lim
10.
5
11.
x2 + 1
lim
2x
x2
= lim
2x
= lim
2
=0.
x +1
1 1
=
2 2
2x + 5
2x
2 2
= lim
= lim =
x 7 x 4 x 7 x x 7 7
lim
12.
x 1
2. lim
2 x 3x + 1
2
2 x2 2
x 0
13.
lim 2 x 2 3x + 1
= x 0
lim 2 x 2 2
x 0
1
1
=
2
2
14.
x 9
( x + 3)( x 3)
3. lim
= lim
2
x( x 3)
x 3 x 3 x x 3
x+3 6
= lim
= =2
3
x 3 x
2
2x + 3
15.
2t 3
2t 3
= and lim
= . Thus
+ t 3
t
3
t 3
t 3
2t 3
does not exist.
lim
t 3 t 3
lim
x6
lim
= lim x =
x x 5
x+3
lim
x 1 x
x4
lim (2 x + 3)
17.
5. lim ( x + h) = x + 0 = x
x2 1
lim
(3 x + 2)2
x
x 9 x
x 4
2
= lim
3x + 2
x+2 4
= lim
= =4
1
x2 x 1
x2 x 2
x2
x3 + 4 x 2
lim
x 4 x 2
+ 2x 8
( x + 2)( x 2)
( x 2)( x 1)
= lim
x 9 x 2
x2 1
+ 12 x + 4
1 1
=
9
x 9
= lim
x2 + x 2
( x + 2)( x 1)
= lim
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
= lim ( x + 2) = 3
x 1
x 2 ( x + 4)
x 4 ( x + 4)( x 2)
19.
= lim
x2
16
8
=
=
6
3
x 4 x 2
lim
x+3
x+3
x 3 ( x + 3)( x 3)
= lim
x 9
1
= lim
=
x3
x 3
x 3
2 x
x 2
= lim
= lim (1) = 1
x2 x 2 x2 x 2 x 2
( x 1)( x + 2)
x 1 ( x 1)( x + 5)
20. lim
= lim
+ 4x 5
x+2 3 1
= lim
= =
6 2
x 1 x + 5
x 1 x 2
x
= lim (1) = 1
x x
18. lim
lim
x2 + x 2
x4
= lim
h 0
6. lim
= lim
x 4
x 4
8. lim
=0
x x 4
5
5
4. lim
=
=
=
2
12
12
x 4 x 2 4
lim ( x 4)
7.
lim
373
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23.
lim
= lim
x
97
x3 x100 + 13
x103 + 1
= lim
x3 x100
h 0
y 5 = 0.
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
[8( x + h) 2] [8 x 2]
= lim
h
h0
8h
= lim
= lim 8 = 8
h 0 h
h 0
29. lim
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
h 0
x103
= lim
30. lim
x100
( )
x3 x
x
97
2( x + h)2 3 2 x 2 3
= lim
h
h0
= lim x3 =
x
24.
ex 2 x 4
lim
x 31x 2 x3
4 xh + 2h 2
h
h0
h(4 x + 2h)
= lim
= lim (4 x + 2h) = 4 x
h
h0
h 0
x4
= lim
= lim
2 x 3
x
= lim
=
x 2
25.
31. y = 23 1
1 + 2x
1
Considering
, we have
1 + 2x
1
1
1 1
= lim = 0 = 0 . Thus
lim
2 x x 2
x 1 + 2 x
lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 = 1
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x) = lim x = 1
x 1+
x 1+
Thus lim f ( x) = 1 .
x 1
26.
lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 5) = 8
x 3
x 3
1
lim y = lim 23 1
= 23(1 0) = 23
1 + 2 x
x
x
Answer: 23
lim f ( x ) = lim 6 = 6
x 3+
x 3+
x 3+
32.
x 3
27.
x 2 16
= lim
4 x
x 4+
lim
x4
= lim
x4
33. f(x) = x + 5; x = 7
(i) f is defined at x = 7; f(7) = 12
x 4 approaches 0 through
x + 4 8 . Thus
x 7
x+4
lim
x 5
x 2 3x 10
x 5
10 x
x 0.1x
x 7
exists
.
x4
Answer:
28.
= lim
Answer: 100
x4
10 x
x 1 + 0.1x
x4 x+4
( x 4)
x+4
As x 4+ ,
lim y = lim
= lim
x 5
= lim
x 5+
Thus f is continuous at x = 7.
( x 5)( x + 2)
x5
x 5( x + 2)
= 07
=0
374
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34.
x 5
x +2
2
Chapter 10 Review
; x=5
43.
x 5
x 5 x 2
x 5
+2
0
= 0, which
27
x + 4 if x > 2
f ( x) =
3x + 6 if x 2
For x < 2, f(x) = 3x + 6, which is a polynomial
and hence continuous. For x > 2, f(x) = x + 4,
which is a polynomial and hence continuous.
Because lim f ( x) = lim (3x + 6) = 0 and
x 2
x 2
exists
x 2+
x 2+
x 2
44.
Thus f is continuous at x = 5.
1
35. Since f ( x) = x 2 is polynomial function, it is
5
continuous everywhere.
38.
x2
is a rational function and the
x+3
denominator is zero at x = 3. Thus f is
discontinuous at x = 3.
x 1+
x 1
45. x 2 + 4 x 12 > 0
f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 12 = ( x + 6)( x 2) has zeros 6
is a rational function
2x + 3
whose denominator is never zero, f is continuous
everywhere.
2
46. 3x 2 3 x 6 0
4 x2
4 x2
is a rational
41. f ( x) =
=
x 2 + 3 x 4 ( x + 4)( x 1)
function and the denominator is zero only when
x = 4 or x = 1, so f is discontinuous at x = 4, 1.
42.
f ( x) =
2x + 6
x +x
3
2x + 6
x x2 + 1
x 1
x = 1.
f is discontinuous at x = 0.
x 1+
39. Since f ( x) =
if x 1
1
, which is a rational
x
function whose denominator is zero when x = 0.
Thus f is discontinuous at x = 0. If x > 1, then
f(x) = 1, which a polynomial function and hence
continuous. At x = 1, f is defined [f(x) = 1].
1
Because lim f ( x) = lim = 1 and
x 1
x 1 x
lim f ( x) = lim 1 = 1 , then lim f ( x) = 1 .
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
if x < 1
If x < 1, then f ( x) =
f ( x) = x
1
47. x5 7 x 4 , x5 7 x 4 0
f ( x) = x5 7 x 4 = x 4 ( x 7) has zeros 0 and 7.
is a rational function
375
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49.
x+5
x2 1
53.
48. x3 + 8 x 2 + 15 x 0
1.00
<0
54.
x+5
is discontinuous when
( x + 1)( x 1)
x = 1, and f has 5 as a zero. By considering the
intervals (, 5), (5, 1), (1, 1), and (1, ),
we find f(x) < 0 on (, 5) and (1, 1).
Answer: (, 5), (1, 1)
f ( x) =
50.
51.
0
1
0.25
x( x + 5)( x + 8)
<0
3
x( x + 5)( x + 8)
has zeros 0, 5, and 8.
f ( x) =
3
By considering the intervals (, 8), (8, 5),
(5, 0), and (0, ), we find f(x) < 0 on (, 8)
and (5, 0).
Answer: (, 8), (5, 0)
x 2 + 3x
x2 + 2 x 8
f ( x) =
x2 9
x 2 16
f ( x) =
55.
5
x( x + 3)
is
( x + 4)( x 2)
0.50
5
5
10
57.
5
[2.00, )
( x + 3)( x 3)
is discontinuous
( x + 4)( x 4)
5
10
10
58.
x 16
when x = 4 and has zeros x = 3. By
considering the intervals (, 4), (4, 3),
(3, 3), (3, 4), and (4, ) we find f(x) < 0 on
(4, 3) and (3, 4).
Answer: (4, 3], [3, 4)
2
x2 + 3x
x2 9
56.
x + 2x 8
discontinuous when x = 4, 2 and has zeros
x = 3, 0. By considering the intervals (, 4),
(4, 3), (3, 0), (0, 2), and (2, ) we find
f(x) > 0 on (, 4), (3, 0), and (2, ).
Answer: (, 4), [3, 0], (2, )
52.
10
(1, 1.32]
376
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2. D = 8432e 0.06t
We want to find t when D =
8432
.
2
8432
= 8432e 0.06t
2
1
= e0.06t
2
1
0.06t = ln
2
1
ln 2
ln 2
t=
=
12
0.06 0.06
It would take about 12 years.
377
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Chapter 11
Principles in Practice 11.1
1.
dH d
=
6 + 40t 16t 2
dt
dt
H (t + h) H (t )
= lim
h
h 0
6 + 40(t + h) 16(t + h)2 6 + 40t 16t 2
= lim
h
h0
= lim
Problems 11.1
1. a.
f ( x) = x3 + 3 , P = (2, 5)
[(3)3 + 3] (5)
[(2.5)3 + 3] (5)
= 19. If x = 2.5, then mPQ =
= 15.25.
3 (2)
2.5 (2)
Continuing in this manner, we complete the table:
b.
2. a.
x-value of Q
2.5
2.2
2.1
2.01
2.001
mPQ
19
15.25
13.24
12.61
12.0601
12.0060
x-value of Q
mPQ
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.001
6.3891
3.4366
2.4591
2.2140
2.0201
2.0020
f ( x) = lim
378
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Section 11.1
10. f(x) = 7.01
4. f(x) = 4x 1
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
7.01 7.01
= lim
h
h 0
0
= lim = lim 0 = 0
h 0 h h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
[4( x + h) 1] [4 x 1]
= lim
h
h 0
4h
= lim
= lim 4 = 4
h 0 h
h 0
f ( x) = lim
f ( x) = lim
h 0
h 0
5. y = 3x + 5. Let y = f(x).
dy
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
dx h0
h
[3( x + h) + 5] [3x + 5]
= lim
h
h 0
3h
= lim
= lim 3 = 3
h 0 h
h 0
11. Let f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 8.
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 4 x + 4h 8 x 2 4 x + 8
h
h 0
= lim
2 xh + h 2 + 4h
h
h 0
= lim (2 x + h + 4) = 2 x + 0 + 4 = 2 x + 4
= lim
h 0
12. y = f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 1
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
[( x + h) 2 + 5( x + h) + 1] [ x 2 + 5 x + 1]
= lim
h
h 0
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 5 x + 5h + 1 x 2 5 x 1
= lim
h
h 0
2 xh + h 2 + 5h
= lim
h
h 0
= lim (2 x + h + 5) = 2 x + 0 + 5 = 2 x + 5
y = lim
h 0
x
2
h 0
1 x + h 1 x
d x
2
2
1
lim
dx 2 h0
h
= lim
h2
h 0
d 2
x + 4x 8
dx
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
h
h 0
( x + h)2 + 4( x + h) 8 x 2 + 4 x 8
= lim
h
h 0
13. p = f (q) = 3q 2 + 2q + 1
dp
f ( q + h) f ( q )
= lim
dq h0
h
1
1
= lim =
2
h0 2
= lim
h
h 0
9. f(x) = 3
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
h 0
33
0
= lim
= lim = lim 0 = 0
h 0 h
h 0 h h 0
f ( x) = lim
6qh + 3h 2 + 2h
h
h 0
= lim (6q + 3h + 2) = 6q + 0 + 2 = 6q + 2
= lim
h 0
379
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14. Let f ( x) = x 2 x 3.
x+h+2 x+2
h
d 2
x x3
dx
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
h
( x + h ) 2 ( x + h ) 3 x 2 x 3
= lim
h
h 0
h
x+h+2 + x+2
( x + h + 2) ( x + 2)
1
=
=
x+h+2 + x+2
h x+h+2 + x+2
Thus f ( x) = lim
2 xh + h 2 h
= lim
= lim (2 x + h 1) = 2 x 1
h
h 0
h 0
15. y = f ( x) =
h 0
18. H ( x) =
6
x
6
x+h
3
x2
H ( x + h) H ( x )
h
h 0
3 3
= lim x + h 2 x 2
h
h 0
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by
(x + h 2)(x 2) gives
3( x 2) 3( x + h 2)
H ( x ) = lim
h 0 h( x + h 2)( x 2)
3h
= lim
h 0 h( x + h 2)( x 2)
3
3
= lim
=
h 0 ( x + h 2)( x 2)
( x 2) 2
6
6
6
= lim
=
=
x( x + 0)
h 0 x ( x + h)
x2
16. C = f (q) = 7 + 2q 3q 2
dC
f ( q + h) f ( q )
= lim
dq h0
h
19. y = f ( x) = x 2 + 4
= lim
h
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
2
( x + h) + 4 x 2 + 4
= lim
h
h0
y = lim
h 0
2h 6qh 3h 2
= lim (2 6q 3h)
h
h 0
h 0
= 2 6q
= lim
2 xh + h 2
= lim (2 x + h) = 2 x + 0 = 2 x
h
h0
h 0
The slope at (2, 8) is y (2) = 2(2) = 4 .
= lim
17.
f ( x) = x + 2
f ( x) = lim
h 0
1
2 x+2
H ( x ) = lim
6
x
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by
x(x + h) gives
6 x 6( x + h)
6h
y = lim
= lim
h 0 hx( x + h)
h0 hx( x + h)
y = lim
1
x+h+2 + x+2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
20. y = f ( x) = 1 x 2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
y = lim
h
h 0
1 ( x + h)2 1 x 2
= lim
h
h 0
x+h+2 x+2
h
h 0
Rationalizing the numerator gives
= lim
2 xh h 2
h
h 0
= lim (2 x h) = 2 x
= lim
h 0
Section 11.1
26. y = ( x 7) 2 = x 2 14 x + 49
21. y = f ( x) = 4 x 2 5
f ( x + h) f ( x )
y = lim
h
h 0
4( x + h) 2 5 4 x 2 5
= lim
h
h 0
( x + h)2 14( x + h) + 49 x 2 14 x + 49
y = lim
h
h 0
2 xh + h 2 14h
= lim (2 x + h 14) = 2 x 14
h
h 0
h 0
If x = 6, then y = 2(6) 14 = 2 . The tangent line
at (6, 1) is y 1 = 2(x 6), or y = 2x + 13.
= lim
8 xh + 4h 2
= lim (8 x + 4h) = 8 x
h
h 0
h 0
The slope when x = 0 is y (0) = 8(0) = 0 .
= lim
d
22. As shown in Example 5,
dx
( x) = 2
3
x 1
27. y =
1
x
y = lim
1
.
2
3
3
( x + h ) 1 x 1
h
h 0
3( x 1) 3( x + h 1)
( x + h 1)( x 1)
= lim
23. y = x + 4
h
3h
3
= lim
= lim
h0 h( x + h 1)( x 1) h0 ( x + h 1)( x 1)
h0
[( x + h) + 4] [ x + 4]
h
= lim = 1
h
h 0
h 0 h
If x = 3, then y = 1 . The tangent line at the
point (3, 7) is y 7 = 1(x 3), or y = x + 4.
y = lim
24. y = 3 x 4
3
( x 1)2
3
If x = 2, then y = = 3 . The tangent line at
1
(2, 3) is y 3 = 3( x 2) , or y = 3 x + 9 .
[3( x + h) 2 4] [3x 2 4]
y = lim
h
h 0
6 xh + 3h 2
= lim
= lim (6 x + 3h) = 6 x
h
h 0
h 0
If x = 1, then y = 6(1) = 6.
28. y =
5
1 3x
y = lim
5
13( x + h )
153 x
h
5(1 3 x) 5[1 3( x + h)]
= lim
h0 h[1 3( x + h)](1 3 x)
h 0
25. y = x 2 + 2 x + 3
( x + h)2 + 2( x + h) + 3 x 2 + 2 x + 3
y = lim
h
h 0
15h
h0 h[1 3( x + h)](1 3 x)
= lim
2 xh + h 2 + 2h
h
h 0
= lim (2 x + h + 2) = 2 x + 2
15
h0 [1 3( x + h)](1 3 x)
= lim
= lim
h 0
15
(1 3 x)2
15 3
= . The tangent line at
25 5
3
3
11
(2, 1) is y + 1 = ( x 2) , or y = x .
5
5
5
If x = 2, then y =
381
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dC
29. r =
rL
1
dD
+
dC
(1 + )r = rL
dD
dC
r + r = rL
dD
dC
r = rL
r
dD
dC
r
r = rL
dD
r
=
dC
rL r dD
= lim
h
h 0
f ( x) = lim
h 0
2 xh + h 2 + h
= lim (2 x + h + 1) = 2 x + 1
h
h 0
h 0
If x = 2, then f ( x) = 3 . The tangent line at the point (2, 2) is y 2 = 3(x + 2), or
y = 3x 4.
= lim
5
3
35.
382
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Section 11.1
For the x-values of the points where the tangent to the graph of f is horizontal, the corresponding values of f ( x)
are 0. This is expected because the slope of a horizontal line is zero and the derivative gives the slope of the
tangent line.
3
36. n = 4: ( z x) xi z 3i = ( z x)( z 3 + xz 2 + x 2 z + x3 )
i =0
= z 4 xz 3 + xz 3 x 2 z 2 + x 2 z 2 x3 z + x3 z x 4
= z 4 x4
n = 3: ( z x) xi z 2i = ( z x)( z 2 + xz + x 2 )
i =0
= z 3 xz 2 + xz 2 x 2 z + x 2 z x3
= z 3 x3
n = 2: ( z x) xi z1i = ( z x)( z + x) = z 2 x 2
4
i =0
3
f ( x) = 2 x + x 3 x 2
f ( z ) f ( x)
zx
zx
2 z 4 + z 3 3z 2 (2 x 4 + x3 3x 2 )
= lim
zx
zx
2( z 4 x 4 ) + ( z 3 x3 ) 3( z 2 x 2 )
= lim
zx
zx
2( z x)( z 3 + xz 2 + x 2 z + x3 ) + ( z x)( z 2 + xz + x 2 ) 3( z x)( z + x)
= lim
zx
zx
= lim [2( z 3 + xz 2 + x 2 z + x3 ) + ( z 2 + xz + x 2 ) 3( z + x)]
f ( x) = lim
zx
= 2(4 x3 ) + (3 x 2 ) 3(2 x)
= 8 x3 + 3 x 2 6 x
4
37. n = 5: ( z x) xi z 4i = ( z x)( z 4 + xz 3 + x 2 z 2 + x3 z + x 4 )
i =0
= z 5 xz 4 + xz 4 x 2 z 3 + x 2 z 3 x3 z 2 + x3 z 2 x 4 z + x 4 z x5
= z 5 x5
n = 3: ( z x) xi z 2i = ( z x)( z 2 + xz + x 2 )
i =0
= z 3 xz 2 + xz 2 x 2 z + x 2 z x3
= z 3 x3
f ( x ) = 4 x5 3 x3
383
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f ( z ) f ( x)
zx
zx
4 z 5 3z 3 (4 x5 3x3 )
= lim
zx
zx
4( z 5 x5 ) 3( z 3 x3 )
= lim
zx
zx
4( z x)( z 4 + xz 3 + x 2 z 2 + x3 z + x 4 ) 3( z x)( z 2 + xz + x 2 )
= lim
zx
zx
= lim [4( z 4 + xz 3 + x 2 z 2 + x3 z + x 4 ) 3( z 2 + xz + x 2 )]
f ( x) = lim
zx
= 4(5 x 4 ) 3(3x 2 )
= 20 x 4 9 x 2
1. r (q) =
)
d
d
= 50 (q ) 0.3 ( q 2 )
dq
dq
= 50(1) 0.3(2q) = 50 0.6q
The marginal revenue is r (q) = 50 0.6q .
Problems 11.2
1. f(x) = 5 is a constant function, so f ( x) = 0
2.
6
f ( x) =
7
2/3
is a constant function, so f ( x) = 0
3. y = x 6 , y = 6 x61 = 6 x5
4.
5. y = x80 ,
dy
= 80 x801 = 80 x79
dx
f ( x) = 9 x 2 , f ( x) = 9 2 x 21 = 18 x
8. y = 4 3 x31 = 12 x 2
9. g ( w) = 8w7 , g ( w) = 8(7 w7 1 ) = 56w6
384
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Section 11.2
10. v ( x) = exe 1
11. y =
28.
2 4
2
8
x , y = 4 x 41 = x3
3
3
3
13.
1
7
t7
(7t 7 1 ) = t 6
f (t ) = , f (t ) =
25
25
25
h( x) = 4 4 x 41
31.
16.
f ( x) = 3(1) 0 = 3
17.
f ( x) = 4(2 x) 2(1) + 0 = 8 x 2
( ) ( )
32. p ( x) =
f (t ) = 13 ( 2t ) + 14(1) + 0 = 26t + 14
1
1 1 1
21. y = 3 x31 x 2 = 3 x 2
2 x
2
34.
28 19
14 ( 14 )1
= x 5
f ( x) = 2 x 5
5
5
37.
= 39 x + 28 x 2
f ( x) = 2 0 4 x
) = 8x
38. y = x7 / 2 , y =
(
(
39.
1
13 x 4 ,
3
1
4
g ( x) = 0 4 x 41 = x3
3
3
27. g ( x) =
f ( x) = 11 x = 11x 2 ,
11
1 ( 1 )1 11 1
f ( x) = 11 x 2 = x 2 =
2
2 x
2
5 ( 5 )1 3 1 10 2
3 ( 34 )1
x
+ 2 x 3 = x 4 + x3
4
3
3
4
2 7
2 7
36. y = 5(3x 2 ) x 5 = 15 x 2 + x 5
5
5
4 1
3 35 1 3 2 / 5
x
= x
5
5
f ( x) =
( )
1
2
2
7 x 6 + (1) = x 6 +
7
3
3
33.
35. y =
22. y = 8 4 x 41 + 0 = 32 x3
3 4 7 3
x + x
10
3
3
7
6
f ( x) =
4 x3 + 3 x 2 = x3 + 7 x 2
10
3
5
19. g ( p ) = 4 p 41 3 3 p31 0 = 4 p3 9 p 2
20.
9 2
x + 8x
2
9
+ 3 x31 (2 x) + 8(1)
2
f ( x) =
5
5
30. k ( x) = 2(2 x) + (1) + 0 = 4 x +
3
3
f ( x) = x + 3, f ( x) = 1 + 0 = 1
= 16 x3 + 3 x 2 9 x + 8
1
7 x 7 1 = x 6
7
15.
f ( p ) = 3 4 p 41 = 4 3 p3
5 4
5
x 6 , f ( x) = 4 x 41 0 = 10 x3
2
2
29. h( x) = 4 x 4 + x3
12.
14. y =
f ( x) =
7 72 1 7 5 / 2
x
= x
2
2
1
2
1 2
f (r ) = 6r 3 , f (r ) = 6 r 3 = 2r 3
3
1
3
1 3
40. y = 4 x 4 , y = 4 x 4 = x 4
4
41.
f ( x) = x 4 , f ( x) = 4 x 41 = 4 x 5
385
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42.
f ( s ) = 2(3s 4 ) = 6 s 4
43.
f ( x) = x 3 + x 5 2 x 6 ,
53.
) (
f ( x) = 3x 31 + 5 x 51 2 6 x 61
= 3 x
44.
5x
+ 12 x
54. ( x) =
12
55.
56.
f ( x) = 2 x 3
f ( x) = 2(3 x
47. y =
) = 6 x
1
5
58.
4x
1
5
y = 5 x 6 = x 6
4
4
49. g ( x) =
4
3
50. y =
51.
1
x
2/3
1 2 / 3
x
2
3
4 3
= 3x
34
2
1
= 2x
12
x2
3
1 3
y = 2 x 2 = x 2
2
4 3
x
3
1 12
x
2
1 3
y = x 2
4
60. y =
= x 2 , y = 2 x 3
5
2+( 1 )
1
61. y = x 2 x = x 2 x 2 = x 2 = x 2
5 32
y = x
2
1 1 1
f (t ) = = t 1
2t 2
1
1
f (t ) = 1 t 2 = t 2
2
2
f ( x) =
59. y =
3x
4
g ( x) = 3 x 4 = 4 x 4
3
3 2
x
9 7
3 7
f ( x) = 3 x 4 = x 4
4
4
1 5
x
4
1
3
2x
8 x
1 2
1
q ( x) = x 5 / 3 = x 5 / 3
2 3
3
y = 8 5 x 6 = 40 x 6
48. y =
7
1 3
3 7 3 3
f ( z ) = 3 z 4 0 8 z 4 = z 4 + 6 z 4
4
4
4
57. q( x) =
= 8 x 5
x5
f ( x) = 9 x1/ 3 + 5 x 2 / 5 ,
2
7
1 2 2 7
f ( x) = 9 x 3 + 5 x 5 = 3 x 3 2 x 5
3
5
1
45. y = = x 1
x
dy
1
= 1 x 11 = x 2 =
dx
x2
46.
1 3
x 3 x 3 ,
3
1
( x) = (3x 2 ) 3(3x 4 ) = x 2 + 9 x 4
3
1 1
f ( x) = 100 3 x 4 + 10 x 2
2
= 300 x 4 + 5 x
1
x + 7 x 1
7
1
1
f ( x) = (1) + 7 1x 2 = 7 x 2
7
7
f ( x) =
7 1
x
9
7
7
g ( x) = (1x 2 ) = x 2
9
9
62.
52. g ( x) =
f ( x) = (8 x5 ), f ( x) = 40 x 4
386
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63.
Section 11.2
f ( x) = x 3 x 2 10 x + 7 = 3x3 10 x 2 + 7 x
72.
f ( x ) = 3 x9 5 x5 + 4 x3
73. w( x ) =
65.
( ) = 9x
f ( x) = x (3 x) = x 9 x
74.
f ( x) = 45 x 4
66. s ( x) = 3 x
( 4 x 6 x + 3)
= x1/ 3 ( x1/ 4 6 x + 3)
= x 7 /12 6 x 4 / 3 + 3x1/ 3
7
s ( x) = x 5 /12 8 x1/ 3 + x 2 / 3
12
67. v( x) = x
v( x) =
68.
23
( x + 5) = x 3 + 5 x
f (q) =
13
f ( w) =
w5
6 x
1 7 x3
x
=
+
1/
2
1/
6 x
x 2
1
= (7 x5 / 2 + x1/ 2 )
6
1 35
1
f ( x) = x3 / 2 + x 1/ 2
6 2
2
1 1/ 2
1
= x (35 x + x )
12
39
2
y x =3 = 60
78. y = 3 2 x 1/ 2 = 3
2
q2
y x =4 = 2
7
y x =9 =
3
13
y x = 25 =
5
= w4 5w5
71.
7 x3 + x
y x =3 / 2 =
3q 2 + 4q 2 3q 2 4q 2
=
+
q
q
q q2
w5
= 1+ x
y x =0 = 6
f (q ) = 3(1) + 0 2( q 2 ) = 3 + 2q 2 = 3 +
70.
x2
76. y = 6 6 x 2
= 3q + 4 2q
f ( x) =
x3
y x = 2 = 16
y x =3 = 14
13 8 56 3 33 2
f ( x) = x 5 + x 5 + x 5
5
5
5
1 52
= x 13x 2 + 56 x + 33
5
69.
x2
y x =0 = 4
f ( x) = x 5 x 2 + 7 x + 11 = x 5 + 7 x 5 + 11x 5
75. y = 6 x + 4
32
1 23 10 53 1 35
x x = x ( x 10)
3
3
3
3
x 2 + x3
x2
x2
w( x) = 0 + 1 = 1
f ( x) = 27 x8 25 x 4 + 12 x 2
= x 2 27 x6 25 x 2 + 12
f ( x) = 4 x3 + 6 x 2 16 x = 2 x 2 x 2 + 3 x 8
f ( x) = 9 x 2 20 x + 7
64.
f ( x) = x 2 ( x 2)( x + 4) = x 4 + 2 x3 8 x 2
f ( x) = ( x + 1)( x + 3) = x 2 + 4 x + 3
f ( x) = 2 x + 4 = 2( x + 2)
387
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2
x
79. y = 4 x 2 + 5 x + 6
y = 8x + 5
84. y =
y x =1 = 13
1
x3
85. y =
( 2 x2 ) = 2 x
1
2
x2 .
3 12
x
2
5 2
x x3
2
3
x4
3
16
An equation of the tangent line is
1
3
3
1
y = ( x 2), or y = x + .
8
16
16
2
y x =2 =
82. y = 3 x = x
1
2
y = 5 x 3x 2
A horizontal tangent line has slope 0, so we set
= x 3
y = 3x 4 =
32
) = x
1
25
y x =4 = 3 =
8
8
When x = 4, then y = 7. The tangent line is
25
25
11
y + 7 = ( x 4) , or y = x + .
8
2
8
1
1 x2
5
1
y = ( 2 x )
5
8
y x =4 =
5
An equation of the tangent line is
8
8
17
y + 3 = ( x 4) , or y = x + .
5
5
5
81. y =
y = x
x 2 x2
86. y =
x5
x +1
5
y = x4 1
A horizontal tangent line has slope 0, so we set
1
3
x 4 1 = 0 . Then x 4 = 1 , so x = 1 or x = 1. If
1
9
x = 1, then y = ; if x = 1, then y = . This
5
5
9
1
1 2
1
y = x 3 = 2
3
3x 3
1
1
1
=
=
y x =8 =
3 4
12
23
3 8
An equation of the tangent line is
1
4
1
y + 2 = ( x 8) , or y = x .
12
3
12
87. y = x 2 5 x + 3
y = 2 x 5
Setting 2x 5 = 1 gives 2x = 6, x = 3. When
x = 3, then y = 3. This gives the point (3, 3).
83. y = 3 + x 5 x 2 + x 4
y = 1 10 x + 4 x3 .
88. y = x 4 31x + 11
y = 4 x3 31
If 4 x3 31 = 1, then x3 = 8, x = 2. When x = 2,
then y = 35. This gives the point (2, 35).
388
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89.
f ( x) = x +
= x2 + x
Section 11.3
Principles in Practice 11.3
12
1. Here
1 32
1
1
x 1
=
x =
2
2 x 2x x 2x x
x 1
x 1
f ( x) =
=0.
Thus
2x x
2x x 2x x
1
x
2
x 1
f ( x) =
12
dP
= 5 and p = 25.5 25 = 0.5.
dp
dP
p = 5(0.5) = 2.5
dp
The profit increases by 2.5 units when the price
is changed from 25 to 25.5 per unit.
P
90. z = (1 + b) w p bwc
dw p
dz
= (1 + b)
b
dwc
dwc
Rewriting the right side and factoring out 1 + b
dw p b(1 + b)
dz
,
gives
= (1 + b)
dwc
dwc
1+ b
2.
dy d
=
16t 16t 2 = 16 16(2t ) = 16 32t
dt dt
dy
= 16 32(0.5) = 16 16 = 0
dt t =0.5
The graph of y(t) is shown.
5
dw p
dz
b
= (1 + b)
.
dwc
dwc 1 + b
91. y = x3 3x
y ( x ) = 3x 2 3
( )3 = 9
y x =2 = 3 2
3. V (r ) =
( )
4
3r 2 + 4(2r ) = 4r 2 + 8r
3
5
2
92. y = 3 x = x1/ 3
1 2 / 3
1
=
x
3 2
3
3 x
1
y x =8 =
12
The tangent line at (8, 2) is given by
1
4
1
y + 2 = ( x + 8), or y = x .
12
3
12
y ( x ) =
Problems 11.3
1. s = f (t ) = 2t 2 + 3t
If t = 1, then over [1, 2] we have
s f (2) f (1) 14 5
=
=
= 9.
2 1
1
t
If t = 0.5, then over [1, 1.5] we have
s f (1.5) f (1) 9 5
=
=
= 8.
1.5 1
0.5
t
Continuing this way, we obtain the following
table:
1
15
389
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
t
s
t
0.5
0.2
7.4
0.1
7.2
0.01
0.001
7.02
7.002
2. y = f ( x) = 2 x + 5 .
If x = 1, then over [3, 4] we have
y f (4) f (3)
13 11
=
=
0.2889
x
x
1
If x = 0.5, then over [3, 3.5] we have
y f (3.5) f (3)
12 11
=
=
0.2950
x
x
0.5
Continuing in this way we obtain the following table:
x
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.001
y
x
0.2889
0.2950
0.2988
0.3002
0.3014
0.3015
0.3015.
Note: The actual rate of change is
11
3. s = f (t ) = 2t 2 4t
a.
b.
c.
v=
ds
= 4t 4. If t = 7, then v = 4(7) 4 = 24 m/s
dt
1
4. s = f (t ) = t + 1
2
a.
When t = 2, s =
1
(2) + 1 = 2 m.
2
b.
1
s f (2.1) f (1) 2 (2.1) + 1 2
=
=
= 0.5 m/s
0.1
0.1
t
c.
v=
ds 1
1
= . If t = 2, then v = m/s
dt 2
2
390
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ds
= 4t + 3,
dt
Section 11.3
5. s = f (t ) = 2t 3 + 6
a.
b.
c.
b.
When t = 1, s = 2(1)3 + 6 = 8 m.
s f (1.02) f (1)
=
0.02
t
2(1.02)3 + 6 8
=
0.02
= 6.1208 m/s
v=
c.
ds
= 6t 2 . If t = 1, then
dt
9.
v = 6(1)2 = 6 m/s
6. s = f (t ) = 3t 2 + 2t + 1
a.
b.
c.
( )
When t = 1, s = 3 12 + 2(1) + 1 = 0 m.
s f (1.25) f (1)
=
0.25
t
3(1.25) 2 + 2(1.25) + 1 0
=
= 4.75 m/s
0.25
v=
b.
c.
7/2
1
4
ds
7
= 12t 3 t 5 / 2 . If t = 0, then
dt
2
7
v = 12(0)3 (0)5 / 2 = 0 m/s.
2
v=
dy 25 32
dy 25
=
x . If x = 9,
=
(27) = 337.50 .
dx 2
dx 2
dT
= 0 + 0.27(1 0) = 0.27
dTe
12.
dV
= 4r 2
dr
dc
= 10 . When q = 100,
dq
dc
= 10 .
dq
s f (2.1) f (2)
=
0.1
t
(2.1)4 2(2.1)3 + 2.1 2
=
= 10.261 m/s
0.1
15.
ds
= 4t 3 6t 2 + 1. If t = 2, then
dt
dc
dc
=6.
= 6 . When q = 36,
dq
dq
dc
= 0.1(2q ) + 3 = 0.2q + 3 . When q = 5,
dq
dc
= 0.2(5) + 3 = 4.
dq
( ) ( )
v = 4 23 6 22 + 1 = 9 m/s
a.
1
m/s
64
( 14 ) ( 14 )
11.
( )
8. s = f (t ) = 3t t
1
4
3
=
dA
dA
= 2r . If r = 3,
= 2(3) = 6 .
dr
dr
ds
= 6t + 2. If t = 1, v = 4 m/s
dt
f (0)
10.
When t = 2, s = 24 2 23 + 2 = 2 m.
v=
( )
1
4
7. s = f (t ) = t 4 2t 3 + t
a.
s
=
t
16.
7/2
When t = 0, s = 3 04 = 07 / 2 = 0.
17.
dc
dc
= 0.2q + 3 . When q = 3,
= 3.6 .
dq
dq
dc
= 2q + 50 . Evaluating when q = 15, 16 and
dq
17 gives 80, 82 and 84, respectively.
391
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18.
1
1
24. r = q 15 q = 15q q 2
30
30
dr
1
= 15 q
dq
15
dc
= 0.12q 2 q + 4.4
dq
Evaluating when q = 5, 25, and 1000 gives 2.4,
54.4 and 119,004.4, respectively.
19. c = 0.01q + 5 +
500
q
For q = 5,
c = cq = 0.01q 2 + 5q + 500
q = 150,
dc
= 0.02q + 5
dq
dr
= 250 + 90q 3q 2 . Evaluating when
dq
q = 5, 10 and 25 gives 625, 850 and 625,
respectively.
dc
=7
dq q =100
1000
20. c = 2 +
q
c = cq = 2q + 1000
dr
= 60 0.4q
dq
Evaluating when q = 10 and 20 gives 56 and 52,
respectively.
dc
= 2 for all q
dq
3
27.
dc
= 6.750 0.000328(2q) = 6.750 0.000656q
dq
dc
= 6.750 0.000656(2000) = 5.438
dq q = 2000
c 10, 484.69
+ 6.750 0.000328q
c= =
q
q
dc
= 4.6 . If q = 500, then
dq
dc
= 11 .
dq
10, 484.69
+ 6.750 0.000328(2000)
2000
= 0.851655
c (2000) =
dc
= 0.006q 2 q + 60
dq
If q = 15, then
dr
=5.
dq
dc
=6
dq q =50
If q = 100, then
dr 44
dr
; for q =15,
=
= 14 ; for
dq 3
dq
dc
= 0.79 + 0.04284q 0.0003q 2
dq
dc
= 0.7388
dq q =70
dc
= 46.35. If q = 25, then
dq
dc
= 38.75.
dq
23. r = 0.8q
dr
= 0.8 for all q.
dq
30.
dv
= 10,500 for all t.
dt
392
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31. a.
Section 11.3
e.
dy
= 1.5 x
dx
dy
= 1.5 6 = 7.5
dx x =6
32. c = f (q ) = 0.4q 2 + 4q + 5
dc
= 0.8q + 4
dq
dc
= 5.6 . Over the interval [2, 3],
dq
33. a.
y
1
=
y x+4
c.
y (5) = 1
d.
1
1
= 0.111
5+ 4 9
e.
11.1%
34. a.
b.
9 x 2
y
=
y 5 3x3
c.
y (1) = 9
d.
9
9
= = 4.5
53
2
e.
450%
y = 3 x 2
37. a.
y = 1
b.
y = 9 x 2
36. a.
If q = 2, then
63.2%
b.
y 3 x 2
=
y 8 x3
c.
y (1) = 3
d.
3
3
= 0.429
8 1
7
e.
42.9%
y = 2 x + 3
38. a.
y = 3
b.
y
2x + 3
=
y x2 + 3x 4
c.
y (1) = 2(1) + 3 = 1
d.
1
1
= 0.167
1 3 4
6
e.
16.7%
b.
y
3
3
=
=
y 7 3x 3x 7
c.
y (6) = 3
d.
3
3
= 0.2727
3(6) 7 11
e.
27.27%
35. a.
y = 6 x
dc
= 0.6q + 3.5
dq
b.
y
6x
=
y 3x 2 + 7
c.
y (2) = 6(2) = 12
d.
12
12
=
0.632
12 + 7 19
dc
= 0.6(10) + 3.5 = 9.5. If
dq
q = 10, then c = 74 and
If q = 10, then
dc
dq
(100) =
393
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9.5
(100) 12.8% .
74
40. y =
100
= 100 x 1
x
dy
100
= 100 x 2 =
dx
x2
dy
100
y
1
=
= 1 and (100) = (100) = 10% .
If x = 10,
dx
100
y
10
41. a.
dr
= 30 0.6q
dq
b. If q = 10,
c.
42. a.
9%
dq
= 10 0.4q
dr
b. If q = 25,
c.
43.
r
30 6
24
4
=
=
=
0.09 .
r 300 30 270 45
r
10 0.4(25)
=
= 0.
r 10(25) 0.2(25) 2
0%
44. a.
R1 1855.24 1.3
= 1.3 =
I
R1
I
1855.24
1.3 I 0.3
R2 1101.29 1.3
= 1.3 =
I
R2
I
1101.29
f x nC1 x n 1 n
=
=
f ( x)
x
C1 x n
g ( x ) nC2 x n 1 n
=
=
g ( x)
x
C2 x n
The rates are equal.
45. The cost of q = 20 bikes is qc = 20(150) = $3000 . The marginal cost, $125, is the approximate cost of one
additional bike. Thus the approximate cost of producing 21 bikes is $3000 + $125 = $3125.
394
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Section 11.4
dc
dq
dc
1 dq 1
dc c
= = c , and the marginal cost
46. The relative rate of change of c is
, which is given to be :
= . Thus
c
dq q
q c q
dc
function and the average cost function (c ) are equal.
dq
dR
d
d
= (2 0.15 x) (225 + 20 x) + (225 + 20 x) (2 0.15 x)
dx
dx
dx
= (2 0.15x)(20) + (225 + 20x)(0.15)
= 40 3x 33.75 3x = 6.25 6x
dR
= 6.25 6 x
dx
1
2. T ( x) = x 2 x3
3
T ( x ) = 2x x 2
2.
6. C ( I ) = 2 I 2 3 (6 I 4) + 3I 2 4 I + 1 (4 I ) = 12 I 3 8I 2 18I + 12 + 12 I 3 16 I 2 + 4 I = 2 12 I 3 12 I 2 7 I + 6
7. Without the product rule we have
f ( x) = x 2 2 x 2 5 = 2 x 4 5 x 2
f ( x) = 8 x3 10 x
f ( x ) = 3 x3 x 2 2 x + 2 = 3 x5 6 x 4 + 6 x3
f ( x) = 15 x 4 24 x3 + 18 x 2
395
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9. y = x 2 + 3x 2 (4 x 1) + 2 x 2 x 3 (2 x + 3)
) (
= 4 x3 + 12 x 2 8 x x 2 3x + 2 + 4 x3 2 x 2 6 x + 6 x 2 3x 9
= 8 x3 + 15 x 2 20 x 7
11.
f ( w) = ( w2 + 3w 7)(6 w2 ) + (2 w3 4)(2w + 3)
= 6 w4 + 18w3 42 w2 + 4 w4 + 6 w3 8w 12
= 10w4 + 24w3 42 w2 8w 12
12.
f ( x) = 3 x x 2 (1 2 x) + 3 x x 2 (3 2 x)
= 3 x 5 x 2 + 2 x3 + 9 3x 3 x 2 6 x + 2 x 2 + 2 x3
= 4 x3 6 x 2 12 x + 9
)(
) (
13. y = x 2 1 9 x 2 6 + 3 x3 6 x + 5 (2 x) 4(8 x + 2)
= 9 x 4 15 x 2 + 6 + 6 x 4 12 x 2 + 10 x 32 x 8
= 15 x 4 27 x 2 22 x 2
( ) (
= 20 x 4 + 3(16 x 2 10 + 32 x 2 + 32 x)
= 20 x 4 + 144 x 2 + 96 x 30
3 1/ 2
1
(5 p 2)(3) + (3 p 1) 5 p 1/ 2
2
2
3
15
5
= 15 p1/ 2 6 + p1/ 2 p 1/ 2
2
2
2
3
1/ 2
1/ 2
= [45 p 12 5 p
]
4
15. F ( p ) =
3
1
1 1/ 6 5 1/ 3 2 2 / 3 3 15 1/ 2
1
3
= x
+ x x
x + 3 x 1/ 2 + x 1/ 6 + 5 x1/ 3 15 x1/ 2
3
3
3
2 2
2
2
1
1/ 2
1/ 3
1/ 6
1/ 2
2 / 3
= (135 x + 40 x + 5 x
+ 18 x
4x
18)
6
17. y = 7
2
is a constant function, so y = 0 .
3
18. y = x3 6 x 2 + 11x 6
y = 3x 2 12 x + 11
396
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 11.4
19. y = 6 x3 + 47 x 2 + 31x 28
y = 18 x 2 + 94 x + 31
20.
21.
dy (4 x + 1)(2) (2 x 3)(4) 8 x + 2 8 x + 12
=
=
dx
(4 x + 1)2
(4 x + 1)2
14
=
(4 x + 1)2
( x 1)(5) (5 x)(1)
f ( x) =
=
( x 1)
5x 5 5x
( x 1)2
5
( x 1)2
(5 x)(5) (5 x)(1)
22. H ( x) =
(5 x)2
25 + 5 x 5 x
25
=
=
2
(5 x)
(5 x) 2
23.
f ( x) =
24.
f ( x) =
13
5
13 5
x
3
3x
13
65
f ( x) = (5 x 6 ) =
3
3x6
5 2
x 2
7
5
10
f ( x) = (2 x) = x
7
7
25. y =
=
( x 1)(1) ( x + 2)(1)
( x 1)2
x 1 x 2
( x 1)2
3
( x 1)2
26. h( w) =
=
=
397
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
27.
z 2 4 ) (2) (6 2 z )(2 z )
(
h( z ) =
2
( z 2 4)
=
2 z 2 + 8 12 z + 4 z 2
( z 2 4)
2 ( z2 6z + 4)
=
2
( z2 4)
2 z 2 12 z + 8
( z 2 4)
(3 x 2 + 5 x + 3)(4 x + 5) (2 x 2 + 5 x 2)(6 x + 5)
28. z =
=
(3x 2 + 5 x + 3) 2
12 x3 + 35 x 2 + 37 x + 15 (12 x3 + 40 x 2 + 13x 10)
(3x 2 + 5 x + 3)2
2
5 x + 24 x + 25
(3x 2 + 5 x + 3) 2
( x2 5x ) (16 x 2) (8x2 2x + 1) (2 x 5)
2
( x2 5x )
16 x3 82 x 2 + 10 x (16 x3 44 x 2 + 12 x 5 ) 38 x 2 2 x + 5
=
=
2
2
2
x
5
x
(
)
( x2 5x )
29. y =
30.
x 2 + 1)( 3x 2 2 x ) ( x3 x 2 + 1) (2 x)
(
f ( x) =
2
( x2 + 1)
=
31.
3 x 4 2 x3 + 3 x 2 2 x 2 x 4 + 2 x3 2 x
x x3 + 3 x 4
( x2 + 1)
( x 2 + 1) 2
2 x 2 3 x + 2 ) (2 x 4) ( x 2 4 x + 3) (4 x 3)
(
y =
2
( 2 x 2 3x + 2 )
4 x3 14 x 2 + 16 x 8 ( 4 x3 19 x 2 + 24 x 9 )
=
2
( 2 x 2 3x + 2 )
=
5x2 8x + 1
( 2 x 2 3x + 2 )
398
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 11.4
so F ( z ) =
33.
38.
1
3z 4 4
.
3 z 2 4 z 2 =
3
3z 2
9
= x 5
5
2
2x
45 6
y =
x
2
34. y =
35. u (v) =
41. y =
3x2 x 1
1
5
3
x+5
=
3
16 x 2
2
3
= 3x x x
13
x3
2
2 13 1 43
2
1
x + x = 5x 3 1 + 4
3
3
3x 3 3x 3
15 x 2 2 x + 1
3x
(3 x + 1)2
(3 x 5)(5) (5 x + 1)(3)
(3 x 5)2
28
(3 x 5)
+ 6 x 4
+ 6 x 4
[( x + 2)( x 4)]
x 2 10 x + 18
[( x + 2)( x 4)]2
(9 x 1)(3 x + 2) 27 x 2 + 15 x 2
=
4 5x
4 5x
y =
=
42. y =
4
3
x 2 2 x 8 2 x 2 12 x + 10
y = 5 x 3
=
( x 8)(0) (4)(1)
= 6 x2
1 1
1
= x 2 5x 2
8 x 8
x0.7 2 x 2.1 + 1
40. q ( x) = 6 x 2 +
x5
2(v3 + 4)
=
v2
1 1 1 5 3 1 1
5
y = x 2 + x 2 = 1 + 3
8 2
2
16 x 2 x 2
37. y =
(2 x 2.1 + 1) 2
( x 8)
4
2
=
+
2
( x 8)
(3 x + 1) 2
v3 8 v3 8
=
= v 2 8v 1
v
v v
3x 2 x 1
39. y =
u(v) = 2v + 8v 2 = 2 v +
v2
36. y =
(4 5 x) 2
135 x 216 x 50
399
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
(4 5 x)2
)(
)(
t 2 1 t 3 + 7 (2t + 3) t 2 + 3t 5t 4 3t 2 + 14t
43. s(t ) =
2
t 2 1 t3 + 7
44.
)(
)(
t 2 1 t3 + 7
17
f ( s) =
5s 10 s 2 + 4s
0 17 15s 2 20s + 4
17 15s 2 20s + 4
=
f ( s ) =
2
2
5s3 10s 2 + 4 s
5s3 10s 2 + 4 s
45. y = 3x
2
x
2( x 1) 3 x
x ( x 1)
x31
= 3x
x2
x2
x+2
x+2
= 3x +
= 3x +
3
x( x 1)( x 2)
x 3x2 + 2 x
y = 3 +
= 3
( x3 3 x 2 + 2 x)(1) ( x + 2)(3 x 2 6 x + 2)
[ x( x 1)( x 2)]2
2 x3 + 3 x 2 12 x + 4
[ x( x 1)( x 2)]2
46. y = 3 12 x +
y = 36 x 2 +
47.
f ( x) =
1 25
x +2
x2 + 5
= 3 12 x +
x 2 + 2 5
x2 + 2
2
x +5
= 3 12 x3 +
( x 4 + 7 x 2 + 10)(2 x) ( x 2 3)(4 x3 + 14 x)
( x 4 + 7 x 2 + 10) 2
(a x)(1) (a + x)(1)
(a x)
x2 3
x 4 + 7 x 2 + 10
= 36 x 2 +
2 x5 + 12 x3 + 62 x
[( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 5)]2
2a
(a x)2
x 1 + a 1 ax a + x
=
x 1 a 1 ax a x
(a x)(1) (a + x)(1)
2a
=
f ( x) =
2
(a x)
(a x)2
48. Simplifying, f ( x) =
(
)(
)
y = ( 4 x 2 + 2 x 5 )( 3 x 2 + 7 ) + ( x3 + 7 x + 4 ) (8 x + 2)
49. y = 4 x 2 + 2 x 5 x3 + 7 x + 4
400
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
50. y =
y =
x3
x4 + 1
( x 4 + 1)(3 x 2 ) ( x3 )(4 x3 )
( x 4 + 1)2
y(1) =
51. y =
y =
Section 11.4
(2)(3) (1)(4)
(2)
6
x 1
( x 1)(0) (6)(1)
( x 1)
y(3) =
6
2
1
2
( x 1) 2
3
2
3
3
15
The tangent line is y 3 = ( x 3) , or y = x + .
2
2
2
52. y =
x+5
x2
= x 1 + 5 x 2
y = x 2 10 x 3 =
y (1) = 1 10 = 11
1
x
10
x3
(
)
y = (2 x + 3) 2 ( 4 x3 10 x ) + 2 ( x 4 5 x 2 + 4 ) (2)
53. y = (2 x + 3) 2 x 4 5 x 2 + 4
54. y =
x +1
2
x ( x 4)
x +1
3
x 4 x2
x3 4 x 2 ) (1) ( x + 1) ( 3 x 2 8 x )
(
y =
2
( x3 4 x 2 )
y(2) =
(8)(1) (3)(4)
(8)
4
1
=
64 16
3 1
1
1
= ( x 2) , or y = x .
8 16
16
2
401
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
55. y =
y =
x
2x 6
(2 x 6)(1) x(2)
(2 x 6)
500
q
r = pq = 500
60. p =
=
6
(2 x 6) 2
dr
=0
dq
1
1
If x = 1, then y =
= and
26
4
3
6
6
y =
=
= .
8
(4)2 16
61. p =
3
y 8 3
=
= = 1.5 .
Thus
y 1 2
4
56. y =
y =
r = pq =
1 x
1+ x
(1 + x)(1) (1 x)(1)
(1 + x) 2
v=
=
=
t +1
58. s =
v=
6
= 1.5 m/s.
4
ds (t 2 + 7)(1) (t + 3)(2t )
=
dt
(t 2 + 7) 2
2
(t + 7)
(7 + t )(1 t )
2
(t + 7)
q 2 + 750q
q + 50
2
dr (q + 50)(2q + 750) q + 750q (1)
=
dq
(q + 50)2
q 2 + 100q + 37,500
(q + 50)2
63.
dC
= 0.672
dI
64.
dC
= 0.712
dI
t2 + 7
7 6t t 2
q + 750
q + 50
r = pq =
t +3
(q + 2)2
62. p =
ds (t 3 + 1)(0) 2(3t 2 )
6t 2
=
=
dt
(t 3 + 1)2
(t 3 + 1)2
If t = 1, then v =
216
(1 + x )2
. When t = 1, then s = 1 m.
108q
3q
q+2
dr (q + 2)(108) (108q)(1)
=
3
dq
(q + 2) 2
1
y 18 1
=
=
When x = 5, then
.
y 2 12
3
57. s =
108
3
q+2
65. C = 3 + I 1/ 2 + 2 I 1/ 3
dC
1
2
1
2
= 0 + I 1/ 2 + I 2 / 3 =
+
dI
2
3
2 I 33 I 2
dC 1 2 7
= + = .
When I = 1, then
dI 2 3 6
dS
dC
1
2
= 1
= 1
dI
dI
2 I 33 I 2
When I = 1, then 1
402
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
dC
7
1
= 1 = .
dI
6
6
66.
Section 11.4
1
dC 3
=
dI 4 6 I
dC
43
dS
43 17
=
, so
= 1
=
60 60
dI I = 25 60
dI I = 25
dC
=
67.
dI
I +4
( )
) ( 8I + 1.2
2 I
I +4
dS
dC
0.615 , so
1 0.615 = 0.385 when I = 36.
dI
dI I =36
dC
=
68.
dI
I +5
) ( 10I + 0.75
( )
2 I
I +5
dS
dC
0.393 , so
1 0.393 = 0.607 when I = 100.
dI
dI I =100
1
b.
dC
0.1
1
= 0.7 0.1I 2 = 0.7
dI
I
dS
dC
0.1
= 1
= 0.3 +
dI
dI
I
dS
0.1
= 0.3 +
= 0.32
5
dI I = 25
dC
dI
when I = 25 is
0.7 0.1
5
10 + 0.7(25) 0.2(5)
I 2 I 8
I +2
)(
I 4
)=
I 4
I +2
I +2
dS 1 1/ 2
1
Thus
.
= I
=
dI 2
2 I
dS
1
dC
=
0.04082 and
1 0.04082 0.9592.
dI I =150 2 150
dI I =150
71.
0.026
dc
(q + 2)(2q ) q 2 (1)
q 2 + 4q 6q(q + 4)
= 6
= 6
=
dq
(q + 2) 2
(q + 2) 2
(q + 2) 2
403
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
dc
dc
d c q dq c (1)
d
=
72. We assume that
(c ) = 0 . Thus 0 =
.
=
dq dq q
dq
q2
dc
dc c
dc
=c,
c = 0 , q
= = c , so the marginal cost function
dq
dq q
dq
dc
and the average
dq
900 x
10 + 45 x
dy (10 + 45 x)(900) (900 x)(45)
=
dx
(10 + 45 x )2
73. y =
dy
(100)(900) (1800)(45) 9
=
=
dx x = 2
10
(100)2
0.05V
A + xV
d
( A + xV )(0.05) (0.05V )( x)
(RT) =
dV
( A + xV ) 2
74. RT =
0.05 A
( A + xV ) 2
d
(RT) > 0 . This rate of change means that if V
dV
75. y =
76.
0.7355
(1 + 0.02744 x)2
a (1 + x) b(2 + n) x
a (2 + n)(1 + x ) b(2 + n) x
For convenience let c = 2 + n.
a (1 + x) bcx 1 a (1 + x) bcx
=
.
Then f ( x) =
ac(1 + x) bcx c a(1 + x) bx
f ( x) =
=
2
2 + n [a(1 + x) bx]
[a(1 + x) bx]2 (2 + n)
A + Bx
g ( x) =
C + Dx
404
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
g ( x) =
=
=
Section 11.5
(C + Dx )( B ) ( A + Bx)( D)
(C + Dx) 2
CB + BDx + AD BDx
(C + Dx)2
BC AD
(C + Dx )2
Thus, g ( x) has the form given. When g ( x) is defined for x , its sign is constant.
D
dc
d c
77.
=
=
dq dq q
78.
dc c(1)
q dq
. When q = 20 we have
dc
dq
dc c
q dq
q2
20(125) 20(150)
(20)2
150
1
120
dy
= (3)(2 x 1)( x 4) + (3 x + 1)(2)( x 4) + (3 x + 1)(2 x 1)(1)
dx
= 18 x 2 50 x + 3
( )
Problems 11.5
1.
dy dy du
=
= (2u 2)(2 x 1) = 2 x 2 x 2 (2 x 1) = 2 x 2 2 x 2 (2 x 1) = 4 x3 6 x 2 2 x + 2
dx du dx
2.
dy dy du
=
= 6u 2 8 7 3x 2 = 2 3x6 42 x 4 + 147 x 2 4 7 3 x 2
dx du dx
3.
dy dy dw 2
2
2
=
=
(1) = 3 =
3
dx dw dx w
w
(2 x)3
4.
5.
)(
) (
)(
dy dy dz 1 3 / 4 4
5 x 4 4 x3
=
= z
(5 x 4 x3 ) =
dx dz dx 4
4 4 ( x5 x 4 + 3)3
(t + 1) (t 1)
dw dw du
2
1 1
dw
2
2
= 0, so
= 3(0) 2 = 0 .
=
= (3u 2 )
= 3u
. If t = 1, then u =
2
2
dt du dt
+
1
1
dt
4
t =1
(t + 1)
(t + 1)
405
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
6.
dz dz du
1
=
= 2u +
(4 s ) . If s = 1, then
ds du ds
2 u
dz
5
u = 1, so
= (4) = 10
ds s =1 2
14.
= 3 x 2 2
)(
52
d 3
x 8x2 + x
dx
1
2
1
1
(10 x 1) 5 x 2 x 2
2
1
1
5 x 2 x 2 (10 x 1)
2
20. y = 3x 2 7 = 3 x 2 7
y =
(
) (3x 16 x + 1)
99
= 200 ( 3 x 2 16 x + 1)( x3 8 x 2 + x )
= 200 x 8 x + x
99
52
d 2
( x + x)
dx
= 4( x 2 + x)3 (2 x + 1)
) ( 7 4 x3 )
19. y = 5 x 2 x = 5 x 2 x
12. y = 4( x 2 + x)3
= 6 7 4 x3 7 x x 4
y =
d 2
x 2
dx
(2 x) = 6 x x 2 2
= 30 x 2 (3 + 2 x3 )
99
3
18. y = 4 7 x x 4
2
d
(3 + 2 x3 )
dx
= 5(3 + 2 x3 ) 4 (6 x 2 )
d
(2 x3 8 x)
dx
= 12(6 x 2 8)(2 x3 8 x) 13
11. y = 5(3 + 2 x3 ) 4
d
5
17. y = 2 ( x 2 + 5 x 2)12 / 7 ( x 2 + 5 x 2)
dx
7
10
2
12 / 7
= (2 x + 5)( x + 5 x 2)
7
= 4 x 4 (2 x) = 8 x x 4
13. y = 2 100 x3 8 x 2 + x
16. y = 12(2 x3 8 x) 13
d
(3 x + 2)
dx
d 2
x 4
dx
15. y = 3 x 2 2
10. y = 4 x 2 4
4
1
2x2 + 1
2
2
3 d
1
2
y = 4 2 x + 1
(2 x 2 + 1)
dx
2
= 2(2 x 2 + 1)3 (4 x) = 8 x 2 x 2 + 1
dy dy du
8.
=
= 9u 2 2u + 7 (5) . If x = 1, then
dx du dx
dy
u = 3, so
= (82)(5) = 410
dx x =1
9. y = 6(3 x + 2)5
dy dy dw
7.
=
2 x 2 + 1)
(
y=
1
2
1
1
1
3 x 2 7 2 (6 x) = 3 x 3 x 2 7 2
2
1
21. y = 4 2 x 1 = (2 x 1) 4
y =
1
1
3
3
(2 x 1) 4 (2) = (2 x 1) 4
4
2
22. y = 8 x 2 1 = 8 x 2 1
y =
1
3
2
2
1
16
8 x 2 1 3 (16 x) = x 8 x 2 1 3
3
3
406
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
( )
12
2
y = 2 ( x3 + 1) ( 3 x 2 ) = x 2 ( x3 + 1)
5
5
23. y = 2 5 x3 + 1
= 2 x3 + 1
Section 11.5
2
5
3
5
6
2
2x x +1
= 6 2x2 x + 1
y = 6(1) 2 x x + 1
= 6(4 x 1) 2 x 2 x + 1
26. y =
= 3 x4 + 2
x +2
y = 3(1) x 4 + 2
27. y =
x 2 3x
28. y =
1
(2 + x)
32. y = 2 x +
= (2 x)
4
2
= (2 x) 2 + (2 x)
12
12
(2 x)
32
= x( x 4)4 [5 x + 2( x 4)]
= x( x 4)4 (7 x 8)
= ( x + 4)3 (4 x + x + 4) = ( x + 4)3 (5 x + 4)
35. y = 4 x 2 5 x + 1 = 4 x 2 (5 x + 1) 2
1
1
y = 4 x 2 (5 x + 1) 2 (5) + 5 x + 1(8 x)
2
= (2 + x) 4
= 10 x 2 (5 x + 1)
29. y =
53
2x
1
1
3
1
y = (2 x) 2 (2) + (2 x) 2 (2)
2
2
(2 x 3)
= 2(2 x 3) x 2 3x
(6 x 1)
1
7
2
2
y = (7 x) 3 (7) + 3 7(1) = (7 x) 3 + 3 7
3
3
) ( 4x3 ) = 12 x3 ( x4 + 2)
23
5
3
31. y = 3 7 x + 3 7 x = (7 x) 3 + 3 7 x
2
3
= 2(6 x 1) 3 x 2 x
(4 x 1)
= x 3x
y = 2 x 2 3x
= 3 3x 2 x
( 3x2 x )
2
y = 3 ( 3 x 2 x )
3
3
5
30. y =
= 4(9 x 2 + 1)1/ 2
9x +1
1
y = 4 (9 x 2 + 1) 3 / 2 (18 x)
2
= 36 x(9 x 2 + 1)3 / 2
407
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
12
+ 8x 5x + 1
36. y = 4 x3 1 x 2 = 4 x3 (1 x 2 ) 2
1
y = 4 x3 (1 x 2 ) 1/ 2 (2 x) + 1 x 2 (12 x 2 )
2
4
4x
=
+ 12 x 2 1 x 2
2
1 x
3
2
37. y = x 2 + 2 x 1 (5) + (5 x) 3 x 2 + 2 x 1 (2 x + 2)
(
) (
)
2
= 5 ( x 2 + 2 x 1) ( 7 x 2 + 8 x 1)
2
= 5 x 2 + 2 x 1 x 2 + 2 x 1 + 3 x(2 x + 2)
)( ) (
3
4
38. y = x 2 4 x3 1 3 x 2 + x3 1 (2 x)
) = 2 x ( 7 x3 1)( x3 1)
= 2 x x3 1 6 x3 + x3 1
x + 2
( x + 2)2
11
5
x 3
= 12
x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
60( x 3)11
=
( x + 2)13
2x
42. y = 4
x+2
1 x2
43. y =
2 x+3
=
( x + 2)2
( x + 2)5
12
( x + 3)(1) ( x 2)(1)
( x + 3)2
x2
=
2 x + 3
2( x + 3)
5
12
5
2( x + 3)
x+3
x2
408
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 8x2 3
44. y =
3 x 2 + 2
1 8x2 3
=
3 x 2 + 2
=
Section 11.5
2
x + 2 (16 x) 8 x 3 (2 x)
x2 + 2
23
23
38 x
( x2 + 2)
38 x
3 8x2 3
) ( x2 + 2)
2
3
( x2 + 4)
45. y =
4
3
(2) (2 x 5) 3 x 2 + 4
(2 x )
( x2 + 4)
2
x 2 + 4 ) {( x 2 + 4 ) (2) (2 x 5)[3(2 x)]}
(
=
6
( x2 + 4)
2 x 2 + 8 12 x 2 + 30 x
=
=
47. y =
( x2 + 4)
2 5 x 2 15 x 4
46. y =
( x2 + 4)
10 x 2 + 30 x + 8
( x2 + 4)
6
(3 x 1)
409
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
48. y = 3 ( x 2) 2 ( x + 2) = [( x 2) 2 ( x + 2)]1/ 3
1
y = [( x 2) 2 ( x + 2)]2 / 3 [(1)( x 2)2 + 2( x 2)( x + 2)]
3
1
= [( x 2) 2 ( x + 2)]2 / 3 ( x 2)[ x 2 + 2( x + 2)]
3
1
= [( x 2) 2 ( x + 2)]2 / 3 ( x 2)(3 x + 2)
3
1
= ( x 2)1/ 3 ( x + 2)2 / 3 (3 x + 2)
3
49. y = 6 5 x 2 + 2
x4 + 5 = 6 5x2 + 2 x4 + 5 2
)(
1
1
1
y = 6 5 x 2 + 2 x 4 + 5 2 4 x3 + x 4 + 5 2 (10 x)
2
1
1
= 6 5 x 2 + 2 x 4 + 5 2 2 x3 + x 4 + 5 2 (10 x)
1
1
= 12 x 5 x + 2 x 4 + 5 2 x 2 + x 4 + 5 2 (5)
) (
)(
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
)(
) ( ) (
Factoring out x 4 + 5
12
gives
= 12 x ( x 4 + 5 ) (10 x 4 + 2 x 2 + 25 )
y = 12 x x 4 + 5
12
1
2
51. y = 8 +
= 8+
(t + 4)(1) (t 1)(1)
(t + 4)
5
(t + 4)
8t 7 1
2
8
4 4
(8t 7) = 15 8t +
5
(t + 4)2
410
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
52. y =
y =
=
=
=
53. y =
(2 x3 + 6)(7 x 5)
(2 x + 4) 2
Section 11.5
14 x 4 10 x3 + 42 x 30
(2 x + 4)2
) ( 12 ) ( x + 2)
(9 x 3) x + 2(2) 4 x 2 1 (8 x) + 4 x 2 1
54. y =
(9 x 3)2
55.
dy
= 0.
dx
dz dz dy dx
=
= (4 y 4)(6)(2)
dt dy dx dt
57. y = 3 x 2 7 x 8
2
x + 2 4 x 1 (9)
3
dy dy du
dx du dx
When x = 0, then
56.
1
2
dz
= (24)(6)(2) = 288 .
dt t =1
(2 x 7)
58. y = ( x + 1) 2
1
1
( x + 1) 2
2
1
If x = 8, y = .
6
y =
411
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
59. y = x 2 8
y =
2
3
2 2
x 8
3
64. y =
13
4x
(2 x) =
3 x2 8
If x = 1, y = 3(2)2 = 12.
( x + 1)
( ) (7 x + 2)
m = 6, then q = 30, so
(7) 7 x + 2(1)
Also,
( x + 1) 2
( 72 )
7 x+2
2
( x + 1)
If x = 1, then y =
7x + 2
( )( ) 3 = 1 . The
1
3
4
6
3
1
tangent line is y = ( x 1) , or
2
6
1
5
y = x+ .
6
3
62. y = 3 3 x 2 + 1
dr
= 0.2q + 70 . If
dq
dq
1
dq
=6.
(200 2m) . When m = 40,
=
dm
dm 20
dr
Thus
= (6)(6) = 36 .
dm m = 40
(6 x)
and y = 6 x x 2 + 9
dq
dr
= 5. Thus
= (26)(5) = 130.
dm
dm m =6
= 24 + 50 = 26.
m =6
r = pq = 0.1q 2 + 70q , so
y = 3(3) 3x 2 + 1
dr
dq
dr
= 0.8q + 50, . For
dq
1
200m m 2
20
p = 0.1q + 70; m = 40
dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
66. q =
7
2
( x 1)4
1
12
4
and y =
= , so
4
27
27
3
r = pq = 0.4q 2 + 50q,
6x
2
dm dq dm
61. y =
and y =
y
4
(100) = 27(100) = 400%
y
27
12
= 4 . Thus the tangent line
3(1)
is y 1 = 4(x 3), or y = 4x 11.
1
2
( x 1)
When x = 2, y =
1
3
If x = 3, then y =
12
1
2
. When
67. q =
10m 2
m2 + 9
525
p=
;m=4
q+3
dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
r = pq =
525q
, so
q+3
dr
(q + 3)(1) q(1)
1575
.
= 525
=
2
dq
(q + 3)
(q + 3)2
412
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
dr
dq
If m = 4, then q = 32, so
m +9
dq
=
dm
m2 + 9 )
(
=
=
1
2
=
m=4
(20m) 10m2 12
2
Section 11.5
1575 9
= .
1225 7
(m
+9
12
b.
20m m 2 + 9 10m3
2
m +9
3
10m + 180m
m2 + 9
c.
3
2
70. p =
q
q 2 + 20 100 q 2 + 20
q
100 q 2 + 20 q 2 20
r = pq = 100q q q 2 + 20
dr
45, 000
4500q
, so
.
=
dq (q + 10) 2
q + 10
dr
dq
If m = 9, then q = 90, so
( m2 + 19)
3
2
=
m =9
71.
9
.
2
. When m = 9, then
dq 19
=
.
dm 10
72.
dr
9 19
= = 8.55 .
dm m =9 2 10
1
dp
= 0 q 2 + 20
2
dq
q + 20
12
(2q) + q 2 + 20(1)
q 2 + 20
k
; q = f(m)
q
r = pq = k, so
1900
q2
dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
69. a.
100 q 2 + 20
= 100
m 2 + 19
4500
p=
;m=9
q + 10
Thus
q 2 + 20
100m
dq
=
dm
1
= 100 q q 2 + 20
2
dr
9 272
=
13.99 .
dm m = 4 7 25
r = pq =
dr
dq
When m = 4, then
dq 10(64) + 180(4) 1360 272
. Thus
=
=
=
3
dm
125
25
(25) 2
68. q =
(2m)
m +9
12
dp
dq
12
(2q ) =
dr
dq
dr
= 0 . Thus
= 0
=0.
dm
dm
dq
dc dc dq
=
250 + t
2
250
250
f (t ) = 3
250 + t (250 + t )2
250 250
f (100) = 3
350 3502
25 1
= 3
49 490
15
.
=
4802
Thus when t increases from 100 to 101, the
proportion discharged increases by
15
approximately
.
4802
q + 20
413
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
73.
dc
=
dq
( q 2 + 3)
1
2
(10q ) 5q 2 12 q 2 + 3
q2 + 3
( ) (
12
(2q )
)
(
1
2
gives
74. a.
dS
dS
= 6520 .
= 680 E 4360 . If E = 16,
dE
dE
( )
dV dV dr
=
= 4r 2 108 (2t ) + 107 . When t = 10, then r = 108 102 + 107 (10) = 106 + 106 = 2(10)6 .
dt
dr dt
Thus
2
dV
= 4 2(10) 6 108 (2)(10) + 107 = 4 4(10)12 3 107 = 48(10)19
dt t =10
76. a.
b.
77. a.
dp 1
1
1
= (2 VI ) 2 (2 V ) = V (2 VI ) 2
dI 2
dp
dI
V (2 VI )
(2 VI )
12
1
2
1
2I
d
( I x ) = 0.001416 x3 + 0.01356 x3 + 1.696 x 34.9
dx
d
If x = 65,
( I x ) = 256.238.
dx
b. If x = 65,
d (I )
dx x
Ix
256.238
0.01578
16, 236.484
d (I )
dx x
Ix
25, 623.8
= 1.578%.
16, 236.484
78. (P + a)(v + b) = k
k
v+b =
P+a
k
v=
b
P+a
v = k ( P + a ) 1 b
dv
k
= k (1)( P + a )2 =
dP
( P + a)2
414
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 11.5
dq
100
dc dc dq
100
=
100 1
dc
dc dc 100
= 0.01 . Therefore
= and we are given that
=
2 . When q = 200, then p =
dp dq p
200 2
dq
dc
100
= 0.01
= 4 .
2
dp
12
( )
80. a.
b.
( )
c.
=
q =3000
12
(3)
2750
11
=
10, 000 40
dr dr dq
dr
=
Thus
81.
dr
11
671
=
610 =
.
dm m =12 40
4
dy dy dx
=
= f ( x) g (t ) . We are given that g(2) = 3, so x = 3 when t = 2. Thus
dt dx dt
dy
dy
dx
=
82. a.
b.
324
5 19
19 19
lim c = lim
+ + = 0+0+ =
2
q 18
18 18
q
q
q + 35
c = cq =
dc
=
dq
dc
dq
c.
324q
q 2 + 35
+5+
19
q
18
q 2 + 35(324) 324q
( 12 ) ( q2 + 35)
q 2 + 35
12
(2q ) 19
+
18
=3
q =17
From part (b) the increase in cost of the additional unit is approximately $300. Since the corresponding
revenue increases by $275, the move should not be made.
415
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
83. 86,111.37
84. 5.25
Chapter 11 Review Problems
1.
f ( x) = 2 x 2
2 ( x + h) 2 2 x 2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
2 x 2 2hx h 2 2 x 2
2hx h 2
= lim
= lim
h
h
h0
h 0
h(2 x + h)
= lim
= lim (2 x + h) = 2 x
h
h0
h 0
2.
f ( x) = 2 x 2 3 x + 1
f ( x) = lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
2( x + h) 2 3( x + h) + 1 2 x 2 3x + 1
= lim
h
h0
2 x 2 + 4hx + 2h 2 3 x 3h + 1 2 x 2 3x + 1
= lim
h
h0
4hx + 2h 2 3h
h(4 x + 2h 3)
= lim
h
h
h0
h0
= lim (4 x + 2h 3) = 4 x 3
= lim
h0
3.
f ( x) = 3x
f ( x) = lim
h 0
3( x + h) 3x 3( x + h) + 3 x
h
3( x + h) + 3 x
= lim
h0
= lim
h0 h
= lim
h0
3( x + h) 3x
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim
h
h
h 0
3( x + h) 3 x
3( x + h) + 3x
= lim
h0 h
3h
3( x + h) + 3x
3
3( x + h) + 3x
3
3x + 3x
3
2 3x
3
2 x
416
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
4.
f ( x) =
Chapter 11 Review
2
1 + 4x
2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
1+ 4( x + h ) 1+ 4 x
f ( x) = lim
= lim
h
h
h 0
h 0
2(1 + 4 x) 2[1 + 4( x + h)]
= lim
h0 h[1 + 4( x + h)](1 + 4 x )
8h
h0 h[1 + 4( x + h)](1 + 4 x )
= lim
8
8
=
x
h
x
x
[1
+
4(
+
)](1
+
4
)
[1
+
4(
)](1 + 4 x)
h0
= lim
=
8
(1 + 4 x)2
5. y is a constant function, so y = 0 .
6. y = e(1) x11 = ex0 = e
( ) ( )
7. y = 7 4 x3 6 3 x 2 + 5(2 x) + 0
= 28 x3 18 x 2 + 10 x = 2 x 14 x 2 9 x + 5
8. y = 4(2 x + 0) 7(1) = 8 x 7
9.
f ( s ) = s 2 s 2 + 2 = s 4 + 2s 2
f ( s ) = 4s 3 + 2(2 s ) = 4 s3 + 4 s = 4 s s 2 + 1
1
10. y = ( x + 3) 2
y =
1
1
1
1
( x + 3) 2 (1) = ( x + 3) 2
2
2
1 2
x +1
5
1
2x
y = (2 x) =
5
5
11. y =
12. y =
2
2x
= x 2 , so y = 1(2) x 3 = 2 x 3 .
14. y = x 2 + 1
100
(1) + ( x 6)(100) x 2 + 1
99
) ( 201x2 1200 x + 1)
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
99
99
15.
f ( x) = 100 2 x 2 + 4 x
16.
f ( w) = w w + w2 = w 2 + w2 f ( w) =
3 12
w + 2w
2
6
(2 x + 1)2
5x2 8x 5
= x4
2x
2
5
y =
2
18. y =
3
4
( )
( )
3
= 2 ( x 2 + 1) ( 32 x + 8 x 2 + x 2 + 1)
3
= 2 ( x 2 + 1) ( 9 x 2 + 32 x + 1)
3
= 2 x 2 + 1 4 x(8 + 2 x) + x 2 + 1
6
2
2
3
20. g ( z ) = (2 z ) 5 (2) + 0 = (2 z ) 5
5
5
21.
z 2 + 4 ) (2 z ) ( z 2 1) (2 z )
(
10 z
f ( z ) =
=
2
2
( z2 + 4)
( z2 + 4)
22. y =
12 x
( x + 2)3
23. y = (4 x 1) 3
1
4
2
2
y = (4 x 1) 3 (4) = (4 x 1) 3
3
3
12
3
3
1
y = (1 x 2 ) 2 (2 x) = x(1 x 2 ) 2
2
418
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
26. y =
Chapter 11 Review
x2 + x
2 x2 + 3
2 x 2 + 3) (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + x ) (4 x) 2 x 2 + 6 x + 3
(
y =
=
2
2
2
2
x
+
3
(
)
( 2 x 2 + 3)
2
27. h( x) = ( x 6) 4 3 ( x + 5 ) + ( x + 5)3 4( x 6)3
28. y =
29. y =
30.
x2
( x + 6)(5) (5 x 4)(1)
( x + 6)
( x + 3)4 (4 x 3)
x2
34
( x + 6)2
f ( x) = 5 x3 3 + 2 x 4 = 5 x3 (3 + 2 x 4 )1/ 2
1
f ( x) = (3 + 2 x 4 )1/ 2 (15 x 2 ) + 5 x3 (3 + 2 x 4 ) 1/ 2 (8 x3 )
2
= 15 x 2 (3 + 2 x 4 )1/ 2 + 20 x 6 (3 + 2 x 4 )1/ 2
3 11 3 11 11
11
3 11 3
31. y = 2 x 8 + (2 x) 8 (2) = x 8 2 8 x 8
4
4
8
8
11
11
11
11
3
3
= x 8 1 + 2 8 = 1 + 2 8 x 8
4
4
1 x
32. y =
22
12
1 12
+
2 2 x
12
1 2 2 1 2
2 x 2 =
4 x
x2 x
12
2
=
x
12
1 x2 x
x 2 1
= =
2 2 x x2 2 x2 2
33.
x2 + 5)
(
y =
1
2
(2 x) x 2 + 6
) ( 12 ) ( x2 + 5)
12
(2 x)
x2 + 5
3
2
1
2
gives
3
2
419
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 2 1
4 x 2
x
34. y = 7 3 x 2
2
3
2
y = 7 3 x 2
3
35. y =
41. y = x 3
13
( 6 x ) = 4 x 7 3 x
3 3
x + 6 x2 + 9
5
y =
1
2 3
1
. An
12
1
equation of the tangent line is y 2 = ( x 8) ,
12
1
4
or y = x + .
12
3
) (3x2 + 12 x )
52
3 3
x + 6 x 2 + 9 5 (3x)( x + 4)
5
2
9
= x( x + 4) x3 + 6 x 2 + 9 5
5
x2
x 12
42. y =
y =
37. g ( z ) = z ( z 1)2 = z 3 + 2 z 2 z
g ( z ) = 3z 2 + 4 z 1
)
5
( z 5 + 2 z 5)
43.
4
3 5
z + 2z 5
4
3
g ( z ) = (4) z 5 + 2 z 5
4
( x 12)(2 x) x 2 (1)
x 2 24 x
( x 12) 2
( x 12)2
When x = 13, then y = 169 and y = 143. An
equation of the tangent line is
y 169 = 143(x 13) or y = 143x + 2028.
= 0.4( x + 1)4 ( x 2 + 2 x)
38. g ( z ) =
1 23
x
3
) (5z 4 + 2)
5
f ( x) = 4 x 2 + 2 x + 8
f ( x) = 8 x + 2
f(1) = 14 and f (1) = 10 . The relative rate of
f (1) 10 5
=
= 0.714 , so the
f (1) 14 7
percentage rate of change is 71.4%.
change is
3 5z 4 + 2
44.
39. y = x 2 6 x + 4
y = 2 x 6
When x = 1, then y = 1 and y = 4 . An
equation of the tangent line is
y (1) = 4(x 1), or y = 4x + 3.
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
x
x+4
( x + 4)(1) x(1)
( x + 4)
4
( x + 4)2
1
4
and f (1) =
. The relative rate of
5
25
f (1) 4
change is
= = 0.8 , so the percentage rate
f (1) 5
of change is 80%.
f (1) =
40. y = 2 x3 + 6 x + 1
y = 6 x 2 + 6
When x = 2, then y = 3 and y = 18 . An
equation of the tangent line is
y (3) = 18(x 2), or y = 18x + 33.
46.
dc
= 0.0003q 2 0.04q + 3
dq
dc
dq
=2
q =100
420
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
47.
Chapter 11 Review
1
dC
1 1
= 0.6 0.25 I 2 = 0.6
2
dI
I
8
dC
0.569
dI I =16
Thus the marginal propensity to consume is
0.569, so the marginal propensity to save is
1 0.569 = 0.431.
54. y = 12
dy
36
= 12(1)(1 + 3 x)2 (3) =
dx
(1 + 3x )2
36
1
Setting
= gives (1 + 3x) 2 = 108,
2
3
(1 + 3 x)
1 + 3 x = 6 3, x =
dp (q + 5)(1) (q + 12)(1)
7
=
=
48.
2
dq
(q + 5)
(q + 5)2
dr
= 500 0.2q.
dq
dt
dT
d
dT
55. a.
3
50. Since c = 0.03q + 1.2 + , then
q
c = qc = 0.03q 2 + 1.2q + 3 . Thus
dc
dc
= 0.06q + 1.2 , so
dq
dq
51.
= 7.2 .
q =100
when T = 38 is
175
4
4
4
=
= .
3T 4
T =38 3 T =38 3
when T = 35 is
11
1
1
1
.
=
=
24 T + 4
T =35 24 T =35 24
56. s = 9 2t 2 + 3
= 0.7396
v=
q = 70
52. q = 50m m2
p = 0.01q + 9; m = 10
dr dr dq
=
dm dq dm
ds
= 9 2t 2 + 3
dt
If t = 1, then v =
57. V =
(4t ) =
36t
( 2t 2 + 3)
36
m/s.
25
ft 3
1 2
d . If d = 4 ft, then V = 8
.
ft
2
r = pq = 0.01q 2 + 9q , so
dr
= 0.02q + 9 .
dq
dr
dq
59. c = cq = 2q 2 +
= 8 + 9 = 1 .
m =10
dq
dq
= 30 .
= 50 2m . When m = 10,
dm
dm
dr
Thus
= (1)(30) = 30 .
dm m =10
53.
dt
dT
d
dT
b.
dc
= 0.125 + 0.00878q
dq
dc
dq
1 6 3
, x 3.13 or
3
x 3.80.
Because we must have x 0, then x 3.13.
12
1 + 3x
10, 000
= 2q 2 + 10, 000q 1
q
dc
10, 000
= 4q 10, 000q 2 = 4q
dq
q2
dy
= 42 x 2 34 x 16
dx
dy
= 84 eggs/mm
dx x = 2
421
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
60. y =
( x3 + 2) x + 1
x4 + 2 x
( x3 + 2) x + 1
x( x3 + 2)
65. 0.32
x +1
x
x 12 ( x + 1) 2 (1) x + 1(1)
dy
=
dx
x2
dy
3
=
2 and y = 2 when x = 1. An
dx x =1
4
equation of the tangent line is
3
3
7
y 2 =
2( x 1) or y =
2x +
2.
4
4
4
61. a.
q = 10 m 2 + 4900 700
p = 19,300 8q ; m = 240
dr dr dq
=
.
dm dq dm
r = pq = q 19,300 8q , so
dr
1
1
= q (19,300 8q ) 2 (8) + 19,300 8q (1).
dq
2
If m = 240, then q = 1800, so
dr
230
=
32.86.
dq m = 240
7
1
dq
= 10 m2 + 4900
2
dm
dq
= 9.6. Thus
dm m = 240
12
(2m) .
dr
(32.86)(9.6) = 315.456
dm m = 240
b.
dr
dm
=
m = 240
315.456
r
q =1800
315.456
1800 4900
= 0.0025
c.
dr
< 0, there would be no
dm
additional revenue generated to offset the
cost of $400.
No. Since
62. 21.094
63. 0.305
64. $5.05
422
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 12
Principles in Practice 12.1
1.
dq d
=
25 + 2 ln 3 p 2 + 4
dp dp
= 0+2
d
ln 3 p 2 + 4
dp
1 d
2
= 2
3 p2 + 4 =
(6 p)
2
3 p 2 + 4 dp
3p + 4
12 p
=
3 p2 + 4
Problems 12.1
1.
dy
d
1 4
= 4 (ln x) = 4 =
dx
dx
x x
2.
dy 5 1 5
=
=
dx 9 x 9 x
3.
dy
1
3
=
(3) =
dx 3x 7
3x 7
4.
dy
1
5
=
(5) =
dx 5 x 6
5x 6
5. y = ln x 2 = 2 ln x
dy
1 2
= 2 =
dx
x x
6.
dy
1
6x + 2
(6 x + 2) =
=
2
dx 3x 2 + 2 x + 1
3x + 2 x + 1
7.
dy
1
2x
( 2 x ) =
=
dx 1 x 2
1 x2
423
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
8.
9.
dy
1
2 x + 6
(2 x + 6) =
=
dx x 2 + 6 x
x2 + 6 x
2( x 3) 2( x 3)
=
=
x( x 6) x( x 6)
f ( X ) =
=
=
=
10.
f (r ) =
=
1
6
(24 X 5 + 6 X 2 )
4X + 2X
24 X 5 + 6 X 2
4X 6 + 2X 3
6 X 2 (4 X 3 + 1)
2 X 3 (2 X 3 + 1)
3(4 X 3 + 1)
X (2 X 3 + 1)
( 8r
+ 2r + 1
1
4
2r 3r
6r + 2
8r 3 6r + 2
2r 4 3r 2 + 2r + 1
2 4r 3 3r + 1
2r 4 3r 2 + 2r + 1
11.
1
f (t ) = t + (ln t )(1) = 1 + ln t
t
12.
dy
1
= x 2 + (ln x)(2 x) = x + 2 x ln x
dx
x
= x(1 + 2 ln x)
13.
dy
1
(2) + ln(2 x + 5) 3 x 2
= x3
dx
2x + 5
=
14.
2 x3
+ 3x 2 ln(2 x + 5)
2x + 5
dy
= (ax + b)3
(a ) + [ln(ax + b)]3(ax + b) 2 (a )
dx
(ax + b)
= a(ax + b)2 + 3a (ax + b)2 ln(ax + b)
= a(ax + b)2 [1 + 3ln(ax + b)]
424
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15. y = log3 (8 x 1) =
Section 12.1
ln(8 x 1)
ln 3
21.
dy
1 d
=
[ln(8 x 1)]
dx ln 3 dx
1
1
8
=
(8) =
ln 3 8 x 1
(8 x 1)(ln 3)
16.
f ( w) = log w2 + w = log10 w2 + w
=
ln w2 + w
23. y = ln x 2 + 4 x + 5
ln x 2 + 4
ln 2
25. y = 9 ln 1 + x 2 =
ln x
1
=
( x 2 ln x)
ln 2 ln 2
dy
1 21
=
+ ln x(2 x)
x
dx ln 2 x
x
(1 + 2 ln x)
=
ln 2
20.
26.
( 1z ) (ln z)(1) = 1 ln z
z
( )
2 x ln x x
2
ln x
27.
x[2 ln x 1]
ln 2 x
t5
f (t ) = ln
= 5ln t ln(1 + 3t 2 + t 4 )
1 + 3t 2 + t 4
1
1
f (t ) = 5
(6t + 4t 3 )
t 1 + 3t 2 + t 4
5(1 + 3t 2 + t 4 ) t (6t + 4t 3 )
=
t (1 + 3t 2 + t 4 )
2 1
dy (ln x)(2 x) x x
=
dx
(ln x)2
= 3ln x 2 + 4 x + 5
9
ln 1 + x 2
2
dy 9
1
9x
(2 x) =
=
dx 2 1 + x 2
1 + x2
18. y = x 2 log 2 x = x 2
1
24. y = 6 ln 3 x = 6 ln x = 2 ln x
3
dy
1 2
= 2 =
dx
x x
1 1
dy
(2 x)
= 2x +
dx
ln 2 x 2 + 4
1
= 2 x 1 +
(ln 2) x 2 + 4
dy
1
(2 x + 4)
= 3
2
dx
x + 4x + 5
3(2 x + 4)
6( x + 2)
=
=
2
2
x + 4x + 5 x + 4x + 5
17. y = x + log 2 x + 4 = x +
f ( z ) =
x(ln x )3
dy
1 100
= 100 =
dx
x
x
1
1
(2 w + 1)
f ( w) =
2
ln10 w + w
2w + 1
=
(ln10) w2 + w
19.
2 x 2 ln x 2( x 2 + 3)
ln10
2
2
1
dy (ln x) (2 x) ( x + 3)2(ln x) x
=
dx
(ln x) 4
t 4 + 9t 2 + 5
t (1 + 3t 2 + t 4 )
1+ l
f (l ) = ln
= ln(1 + l ) ln(1 l )
1 l
1
1
f (l ) =
(1)
1+ l 1 l
(1 l ) + (1 + l )
2
=
=
(1 + l )(1 l )
1 l2
425
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2x + 3
28. y = ln
= ln(2 x + 3) ln(3 x 4)
3x 4
dy
2
3
=
dx 2 x + 3 3x 4
2(3x 4) 3(2 x + 3)
17
=
=
(2 x + 3)(3 x 4)
(2 x + 3)(3 x 4)
29. y = ln 4
1 + x2
2
2
1 2x 1 x + 2x 1 + x
=
4
1 + x2 1 x2
)(
) =
= 6 ln x 6 ln(2 x + 1) 2
2x +1
= 6 ln x 3ln(2 x + 1)
dy 6
1
6
6
= 3
(2) =
dx x
2x + 1
x 2x +1
x
1 x4
35.
1
30. y = ln 3
= [ln( x3 1) ln( x3 + 1)]
3
x +1 3
36.
) + 2 x ln(2 x + 1)
2 x2 + 1
2x + 1
dy
1
= (ax + b) (a ) + ln(ax) (a )
dx
ax
2 x2
dy
1
(2) + ln(2 x + 1) (2 x)
= x2 + 1
dx
2x + 1
=
dy 1 3x 2
3x 2
=
dx 3 x3 1 x3 + 1
1 3x 2 ( x3 + 1) 3 x 2 ( x3 1)
=
3
( x3 1)( x3 + 1)
ax + b
+ a ln(ax)
x
x6 1
dy
1
1 3 3(ln x) 2
= 3 + 3(ln x )2 = +
dx
x
x x
x
) ( x + x 1)
= 2 ln ( x + 2 ) + ln ( x + x 1)
31. y = ln x 2 + 2
dy
1
1
= 2
(2 x) +
3x 2 + 1
2
3
dx
x +2
x + x 1
=
34. y = 6 ln
x3 1
1
ln 1 + x 2 ln 1 x 2
1 x2
dy 1 2 x
2 x
=
2
dx 4 1 + x
1 x2
) (
33. y = 13ln x 2 3 5 x + 2
4x
x2 + 2
38.
3x2 + 1
3 1 + ln 2 x
dy
= (ln 2) x (ln 2) 1
dx
x3 + x 1
3
dy
1 4 ln (ax)
= 4[ln(ax )]3 a =
dx
x
ax
= 4 ln(5 x + 2) + 6 ln(8 x 3)
dy
1
1
= 4
(5) + 6
(8)
dx
5x + 2
8x 3
20
48
=
+
5x + 2 8x 3
dy
1
4 ln(2 x + 11)
= 2[ln(2 x + 11)]
(2) =
dx
2 x + 11
2 x + 11
426
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41. y = x ln x 1 =
Section 12.1
1
x ln( x 1)
2
47. y =
dy 1 1
= x
+ ln( x 1) (1)
dx 2 x 1
x
=
+ ln x 1
2( x 1)
y =
1
ln(2 x + 1)
4
dy
1 1
1
3
1
= 3 +
(2) = +
dx
x 4 2x + 1
x 2(2 x + 1)
x
1+ x 2
x + 1 + x2
1
(ln 3) 1
ln 2 3
( )
= 25
(q + 2) ln(q + 2) q
(q + 2) ln 2 (q + 2)
1
q+2
49. c = 25 ln(q + 1) + 12
dc
25
dc
25
=
, so
.
=
dq q + 1
dq q =6 7
1
1
2 2
+
+
1
1
(2 x)
x
1 + x2 + x
1 + x 2 x + 1 + x 2
50. c =
500
ln(q + 20)
c = cq =
1 + x2
500q
ln(q + 20)
( )
1
[ln(q + 20)](1) q q + 20
dc
= 500
dq
[ln(q + 20)]2
45. y = ln( x 2 3 x 3)
y =
ln 2 x
ln(q + 2)(1) q
dr
= 25
dq
ln 2 (q + 2)
dy 1
3
1 3
= (4 + 3ln x) 2 =
dx 2
x 2 x 4 + 3ln x
1+
ln x
25
25q
, so r = pq =
. Thus the
ln(q + 2)
ln(q + 2)
marginal revenue is
48. p =
dy
1
=
dx x + 1 + x 2
( ) = ln x 1
(ln x)(1) x 1x
42. y = ln x3 4 2 x + 1 = 3ln x +
44.
x
ln x
2x 3
2
x 3x 3
The slope of the tangent line at x = 4 is
83
y(4) =
= 5. Also, if x = 4, then
16 12 3
y = ln(16 12 3) = ln 1 = 0. Thus an equation
of the tangent line is y 0 = 5(x 4), or
y = 5x 20.
50
ln 70 70
dc
= 500
$97.90
dq q =50
(ln 70)2
51.
dq d
=
[25 + 10 ln(2 p + 1)]
dp dp
= 0 + 10
46. y = x[ln(x) 1]
1
y = x + [ln( x) 1](1) = ln x
x
When x = e, y = 0 and y = 1 . The equation of
the tangent line is y 0 = 1(x e), or y = x e.
1 d
d
[ln(2 p + 1)] = 10
[2 p + 1]
dp
2 p + 1 dp
10
20
(2) =
2 p +1
2 p +1
427
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
I
.
17
dt dt
dt
dL d
I
d
10 log = 10 [log I log17]
=
17
dI dI
dI
= 10
=
d
dI
ln I
1 1
10
I ln10
( ) dtd [kt ] = Ce
= C ekt
53. A = 6 ln
a . Rate of change of A with
a T
respect to T:
(a T )(1) T (1)
dA
1
= 6
T a
dT
(a T )2
a T
= 6
= 6
=
1
T a ( a T )
a T
1. y = 5
2. y =
T a 2 + aT (a T ) 2
6a
(T a
d x
(e ) = 5e x
dx
2e x
5
3. y = e 2 x
+3
(4 x) = 4 xe2 x
+3
4. y = e 2 x
+5
(4 x) = 4 xe2 x
+5
+ aT (a T )
dy
f ( x)
1
=
f ( x) =
,
dx f ( x)
f ( x)
which is the relative rate of change of y = f(x)
with respect to x.
6.
7.
1 d
1 1 du
(ln u ) =
ln b dx
ln b u dx
x4
f ( x) = 0 for x 1.65, 1.65
+ 4r + 4
+ 6 x3 +1
( 3q
+6
+ 6 q 1
+ 4r + 4
(2 x + 18 x 2 )
2
+ 6 x3 +1
( )
9. y = x e x + e x (1) = e x ( x + 1)
10. y = 3x 4 e x (1) + e x (12 x3 ) = 3 x3e x (4 x)
f (r ) = e3r
= 2 x(1 + 9 x)e x
f ( x) = x (1 + 3ln x)
f ( x) = 0 for x 0.72
f ( x) =
+ 6 q 1
8. y = e x
x 2 12 (2 x) ln( x 2 ) 2 x
du
1 du 1
= ( logb e ) = ( logb e )
dx
u dx u
56.
f (q) = e q
= 3 q 2 2 e q
d
d ln u
( logb u ) =
dx
dx ln b
=
d
( 9 5 x ) = e95 x (5) = 5e95 x
dx
5. y = e95 x
55.
(k ) = Ckekt
Problems 12.2
2
(a T )
a T
kt
2
2
11. y = x 2 e x (2 x) + e x (2 x)
2 2 ln( x 2 )
x3
= 2 xe x 1 x 2
428
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 x
e + e x
3
13. y =
y =
14.
1 x
e x e x
e + e x (1) =
3
3
15.
Section 12.2
(e x + e x ) 2 (e x e x ) 2
x
(e + e
x 2
(e + e x ) 2
x
( )
d 2 x3
d (ln 5)2 x3
5
=
e
dx
dx
3
= (6 x 2 )52 x ln 5
16. y = 2 x x 2 = e(ln 2) x x 2
y = e(ln 2) x (2 x) + x 2 e(ln 2) x (ln 2)
( )
( )
( )
= 2 x 2 x + x 2 2 x (ln 2) = x 2 x (2 + x ln 2)
17.
w2 e2 w (2) e2 w [2 w]
f ( w) =
w4
=
2e 2 w ( w 1)
w3
18. y = e x
19. y = e1+
1
1 12
x x
1
1 2 x = e
2 x
1+ x
1 12 e
2x =
2 x
22.
f ( z ) = e1/ z = e z
2
f ( z ) = e1/ z [(2 z 3 )] =
2 1/ z 2
e
z3
429
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
e x + 1 e x e x 1 e x
dy
23.
=
2
dx
ex +1
=
2e
33.
dp
= 0.015e0.5
dq q =500
( e + 1)
x
dp
= 15e0.001q (0.001) = 0.015e0.001q
dq
34.
dp
5
5q / 750
= 9e5q / 750
= 0.06e
dq
750
dp
= 0.06e2
dq q =300
25. y = ln e x = x so y = 1.
q
7000e 700
35. c =
, so c = cq = 7000e 700 . The
q
1
1
26. y = e x + (ln x) e x = e x ln x
x
x
27. y = e x
ln x 2
= 2 xe
2 1
2
x 2 (2 x) + (ln x )(2 x)
x
x 2 ln x 2
(1 + ln x )
28. y = ln e4 x +1 = 4 x + 1 , so
29.
f ( x) = ee x e x = e1+ x + x
dc
= 10e0.5 and
dq q =350
dc
= 10e .
dq q =700
dy
= 4.
dx
2q+6
f ( x) = e1+ x + x (1 + 2 x) = (1 + 2 x)e1+ x + x
850
e 800
36. c =
+ 4000
q
q
f (1) = [1 + 2(1)]e1+ ( 1) + ( 1) = e
30.
f ( x) = 5
x 2 ln x
( )
= e
ln 5
x 2 ln x
=e
c = cq = 850 + 4000e
37. w = e x
4 x
q +3
dc
= 10e 400 .
dq
+ x ln( x 1) and x =
q +3
dc
dc
= 10e0.25 and
= 10e0.5 .
dq q =97
dq q =197
2
= e(ln 5) x ln x (ln 5)[ x + 2 x ln x]
2q+6
800
(ln 5) x 2 ln x
q
dc
1
= 7000e 700
dq
700
t +1
t 1
dw dw dx
=
dt
dx dt
1
= e x 4 x 3 x 2 4 + x
+ [ln( x 1)(1)]
x 1
= e ( x + 2) , or y = e x + 3e .
(t 1)(1) (t + 1)(1)
(t 1) 2
32. y = e x
When x = 1, y = e and y = e. Thus an equation
3
x
2
= 3x2 4 e x 4 x +
+ ln( x 1)
.
x 1
(t 1) 2
430
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
When t = 3, then x =
Section 12.2
3 +1 4
= = 2 and
3 1 2
42.
dw
1
= [8 + 2 + 0] = 5 .
dt
2
38.
( )
f ( x) = 10
= (ln10)10
x2
rPert
Pert
dS
= Pert r = rPert . Thus
dt
= r.
dy
= K e ax (a ) = aKe ax
dx
= aK + 1 = a( y + K ) = a (K y), as
dx
K
was to be shown.
1
+ 10
dq
= 500 e0.2t
dt
dq
Thus
= 100e2 .
dt t =10
46. y = K 1 e ax
1
+ 0.01e x 2
8+ x
)
) (0.2) = 100e
d (ln )t
[e
]
dt
+ 0.01
f (2) (ln10)10
=
0.0374
2
f (2)
10 + ln(10) + 0.01
d t
[ ]
dt
= k ( t ln ) ln
1
+
+ 0.01e x 2
8+ x
2
/2
Y = ke(ln ) (ln )
= k (ln )
+ ln(8 + x) + 0.01e
f ( x) = e(ln10)( x ) ( ln10) +
e x
/2
44. Y = k = ke(ln )
d x
(c x c )
= (ln c)c c
dx
x =1
If this is zero, (ln c)c c = 0, or c[ln(c) 1] = 0.
Since c > 0, we must have ln(c) 1 = 0, ln c = 1,
or c = e.
40.
43. P = 1.92e0.0176t
dP
= 1.92e0.0176t (0.0176) = P(0.0176)
dt
= 0.0176P = kP for k = 0.0176.
e x
( x)
2
1 1/ 2
e
(1) 0.242
2
f (1) =
d
dy
[ f (u )] =
and by the chain rule
dx
dx
d
dy dy du
du
[ f (u )] =
=
= f (u )
= u3 e x
dx
dx du dx
dx
= ( e x )3 e x = e 3 x e x = e 4 x
x
2
1
f ( x) =
d x
d ln c
39.
c xc =
e
dx
dx
d (ln c ) x
=
e
xc
dx
f ( x) =
0.2t
431
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
a.
52. S = ln
dP
= 0.89 0.99(0.85)t ln(0.85)
dt
a.
= 0.8811(0.85)t ln(0.85)
This represents the rate of change of
proportion of correct recalls with respect to
length of recall interval.
b. If
50. C (t ) =
a.
b.
C (t )
7
$0.847 billion
3
= $(0.847)(1000) million
= $847 million
R
R
1 e0 = [1 1] = 0
r
r
53.
3
2
f ( x) = (6 x 2 + 2 x 3)e2 x + x 3 x
54.
f ( x) = 1 e x
f ( x) = 0 gives e x = 1 or x = 0.
( r )t
R r R
1 1 e V
V R r
Problems 12.3
R r
R r
= 1 C (t ) = C (t )
V R
V V
1. =
p
q
dp
dq
p
q
f (t ) = 1 e0.008t
f (t ) = 0.008e
I = ln
( r )t
R
= 1 1 e V
V
51.
dS 1
e I
1
= , then
= .
I
8
dI 8
3+ e
1
(e )(3 + e ) 8
1
1
=
I
3e + 1 8
3e I + 1 = 8
7
eI =
3
dC R r ( Vr )t R ( Vr )t
= e
= e
dt
r V
V
dC
dS
e I
3
.
= 1
= 1
=
I
dI
dI
3+ e
3 + e I
( Vr )t
R
1 e
C (0) =
dC
dS
= 1
.
dI
dI
(e I ) e I
( r )t r
dC
= C0 e V
dt
V
r
= V
Recall that
Thus
( Vr )t
r
= [C (t ) ]
V
3+e
= ln 5 ln(3 + e I )
dS
1
e I
(e I )(1) =
=
dI
3 + e I
3 + e I
b. If t = 2, then
dp
= 0.8811(0.85)2 ln(0.85) 0.10
dt
49. C (t ) = C0 e
30
5
= 3
2
Because > 1 , demand is elastic.
0.008t
p
q
= 100 = 1.5
0.04 0.04
Because > 1, demand is elastic.
2. =
432
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3. p =
Section 12.3
9. q = 1200 150p
3500
= 3500q 1
q
dp
3500
= 3500q 2 =
dq
q2
p
q
dp
dq
p
q
3500
q2
(3500 / q )
q
3500
q2
= 1
4. =
5. =
p
q
dp
dq
(500 / q )
p
q
500 2
( q + 2)
q
1000
3
q
1
= , inelastic
2
[500 /( q + 2)]
q
500 2
( q + 2)
6. =
(2 q +1) 2
When q = 24, =
7. =
p
q
dp
dq
p
q
dp
dq
q+2
q
p
q
dp
dq
2q + 1
2q
8. =
e
q
200
p dq
q dp
p 1
p
= 2
q 2q
2q
49
, elastic
48
p
q
400
= 2. > 1 , so demand is elastic.
200
12. q = 2500 p 2
150
=
1 . Because > 1 ,
e
100e
q
p dq
q dp
200
q
When q = 200, =
12
dq 1
= 2500 p 2
(2 p)
dp 2
q
200
q
200
p
q
dp
dq
demand is elastic.
p
q
1
1
dq 1
1
= (500 p ) 2 (1) =
=
2q
dp 2
2 500 p
p dq
q dp
11. q = 500 p
e100
100
150 e
100
e
100
50
dq
= 1 , so =
(1) = 1 , unit elasticity.
50
dp
106
53
= . Because
When q = 104, then =
104
52
> 1 , demand is elastic.
p
q
1600 2
(2 q +1)
p dq p
= (150)
q dp q
10. q = 100 p
When p = 50, then q = 50.
p
q
1000
q3
p
q
dp
dq
p
2500 p 2
200
= 1, so demand has
200
p p
=
q q
p
q
p2
q2
unit elasticity.
433
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
400
4
= , inelastic.
2100
21
13. q =
( p 100) 2
2
p
q
dp
dq
p dq
q dp
(20 100) 2
= 3200 . Thus
2
20
1
=
(20 100) = . Demand is inelastic.
3200
2
q=
p dq
q dp
18. =
p =15
p
q
dp
dq
dq
=
dp
demand
10
60
10
3
elastic
3
10
inelastic
unit elasticity
130
Setting
p dq
q dp
2500 p
p p
=
q q
p2
q2
p
, so
q
= . If the price of 30
p =30
2
16
(40)
decreases to 28.5, that is, it changes by
1.5
= 5%, then demand would change by
30
9
approximately 5 %, or 2.8%. (That is,
16
demand increases by 2.8%.)
p = 36 0.25q
p
q
dp
dq
16. a.
p dq
q dp
q = 2500 p 2
6.50
1
%,
2
then the change in demand is approximately
1
2 % (1.2) = 0.6%. Thus demand decreases
approximately 0.6%.
p
0.05q
200
p
q
dp
dq
= 1 yields q = 10.
15
6
(30 40) = = 1.2. Now,
125
5
(% change in price) ( ) = % change in
so
15. p = 13 0.05q
2q 2
dq
p
= 2 p 50, so = (2 p 50).
dp
q
If p = 20, then q = 250, and
20
200
4
=
= , inelastic.
(40 50) =
250
250
5
p
q
dp
dq
300 q 2
dq
p
= 40 + 2 p , so = (2 p 40).
dp
q
14. q = p 2 50 p + 850
17. q = 500 40 p + p 2
p
( p 100) . If p = 20, then
q
p
q
dp
dq
p
q
dp
dq
dq 1
= (2)( p 100)(1) = p 100 , so
dp 2
p = 300 q 2
b.
36 0.25q
0.25q
36 0.25q
= 1 yields q = 72.
0.25q
434
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 12.3
22. p = mq + b
19. p = 500 2q
p
q
dp
dq
500 2 q
q
Note: q =
q 250
q
q 250
< 1. For
q
q > 0, we have q 250 < q, 2q < 250, so
q < 125. Thus, if 0 < q < 125, demand is elastic.
q 250
> 1.
If demand is inelastic, then =
q
For q > 0, the inequality implies q > 125. Thus if
125 < q < 250, then demand is inelastic.
p b
b.
= a (b + cq 2 ) 1/ 2
= acq (b + cq 2 )3 / 2
3q 50
=
=
3
3q
p
q
dp
dq
a(b + cq 2 ) 1/ 2
acq 2 (b + cq 2 ) 3 / 2
b + cq 2
cq 2
c.
1000
q2
=
+ 1
2
cq
cq
b
+ 1 > 1 so || > 1 and
If b, c > 0, then
cq 2
demand is elastic.
b + cq 2
2
If || = 1, then
b
cq 2
occur if b = 0.
1000
r = pq =
q
24. =
dr
1000
= 1000q 2 =
dq
q2
=
b + cq
1
dp
= a (b + cq 2 )3 / 2 (2cq)
2
dq
3q
p 1 + = (50 3q) 1 +
3
50
q
3q 50 + 3q
= (50 3q)
3q 50
dr
= 50 6q =
dq
p=
23. a.
50 3q
q
1000
q3
2000
q3
p
p b
Thus if p = 0, then = 0.
dr
= 50 6q
dq
p
q
dp
dq
p b
r = pq = 50q 3q 2
21. p =
p
( p b ) / m
= lim
p
=
b
p
p b
= lim
20. p = 50 3q
p
q
p b dp
dq
lim = lim
a.
p
q
dp
dq
pb
m
p
q
dp
dq
p dq
q dp
1
=
2
dq
.
dp
q 2 (1 + p) 2 = p
dq
q 2 2(1 + p)(1) + 1 + p 2 2q = 1
dp
dq
2q 2 (1 + p) + 2q (1 + p) 2
=1
dp
1 1000
1000 dr
p 1 + =
(1 2) =
=
2
dq
q
q2
435
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Thus
dq 1 2q 2 (1 + p)
=
dp
2q(1 + p) 2
q 2 (1 + p) 2 1 2q 2 (1 + p) 1 2q 2 (1 + p)
=
q
2
2q(1 + p) 2
If p = 9, we find q from the given equation:
Hence =
q 2 (1 + 9)2 = 9
q2 =
9
100
( )
3
1 2 10
(1 + 9)
3
since q > 0. Thus p =9 =
q=
= 0.4
10
2
25. a.
q=
60
+ ln 65 p3
p
p
q
dp
dq
p dq p 60
3 p2
=
q dp q p 2 65 p3
If p = 4, then q =
60
4 60 3(16)
207
=
13.8, and demand is elastic.
+ ln1 = 15 , so =
4
15 16 65 64
15
ln p = ln 50 + 0.02 q + 19 ln(151 q)
q + 19
1 dp
1
= 0 + 0.02
(1) + ln(151 q)
p dq
2 q + 19
151 q
b.
q =150 =
p
q
dp
dq q =150
dp
13 0
= 0.02(50) + = 13
dq q =150
1 26
50
= 150 0.0256
13
% change in price =
= 260%
15 0.0256
Thus price per unit of $50 changes by 2.6(50) = $130, so it is approximately 50 + 130 = $180.
Section 12.4
5
25
50
100 = % and the percentage change in quantity is
100 = 10%.
80
4
500
Thus, since (elasticity)(% change in price) % change in demand,
25
(elasticity) 10.
4
40
8
= = 1.6
25
5
dr
To estimate
when p = 80, we have
dq
elasticity
1
dr
1
= 30.
= p 1 + = 80 1 +
8
dq
5
28. =
p
q
dp
dq
2000 q 2
2q
For 5 q 40, =
1 1000
2 q2
1000
2
1
2000
and =
. Since < 0 , is decreasing on [5, 40] and thus is
2
q3
q
maximum at q = 5 and a minimum at q = 40.
29.
dp
200
= 200(1)(q + 5) 2 =
dq
(q + 5)2
Thus =
p
q
dp
dq
200
q ( q + 5)
200 2
( q + 5)
For 5 q 95, =
q+5
.
q
5
q+5
5
= 1 + and =
.
q
q
q2
Since < 0, is decreasing on [5, 95], and thus is maximum at q = 5 and minimum at q = 95.
Principles in Practice 12.4
P
1. Assume that P is a function of t and differentiate both sides of ln
= 0.5t with respect to t.
1 P
d
dt
P d
ln
= [0.5t ]
1 P dt
1 d P
= 0.5
P dt 1 P
1 P
1 P (1)(1 P) P (1) dP
= 0.5
P
dt
(1 P )2
1 P + P dP
= 0.5
P (1 P ) dt
dP
= 0.5P (1 P )
dt
437
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
2.
( )
3. 6 y 2 y 14 x = 0
14 x
7x
y =
=
2
6y
3y2
dV
d 4
dr
dr
4
= r 3 = 3r 2
= 4r 2
dt
dt 3
3
dt
dt
dr
= 5 and r = 12,
When
dt
dV
= 4(12) 2 (5) = 2880 . The balloon is
dt
increasing at the rate of 2880 cubic
inches/minute.
4. 4 x 6 yy = 0
y =
5.
2x
3y
x1/ 3 + y1/ 3 = 3
1 2 / 3 1 2 / 3
x
+ y
y = 0
3
3
y 2 / 3 y = x 2 / 3
y =
=
x 2 / 3
y 2 / 3
y2 / 3
x2 / 3
3
x + 8 = 100
x 2 = 100 64 = 36
x=6
= 3
When x = 6, y = 8, and
2(6)(3) + 2(8)
dx
= 3 , we have
dt
y2
x2
1 4 1 4
6. x 5 + y 5 y = 0
5
5
dy
=0
dt
dy
=0
dt
dy
36
9
=
=
dt
16
4
dy
9
= , thus the top of the ladder is sliding
dt
4
9
down the wall at the rate of
feet/sec.
4
y =
y5
4
x5
y 5
=
x
3 1 3 1
7. x 4 + y 4 y = 0
4
4
1
y =
y4
1
x4
Problems 12.4
8. 3 y 2 y = 4
1. 2 x + 8 yy = 0
x + 4 yy = 0
4 yy = x
y =
4
3y2
x
4y
y =
2. 6 x + 12 yy = 0
y =
3 2
36 + 16
y =
y2
y
x
x
2y
438
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 12.4
10. 2 x + xy + y (1) 4 yy = 0
xy 4 yy = 2 x y
2x + y
2 x y
y =
=
x 4y
x + 4 y
11. xy + y (1) y 11 = 0
y( x 1) = 11 y
y =
11 y
x 1
3x 2 3 y 2 y = 3x 2 y + 6 xy 3x(2 yy ) 3 y 2
12.
y (3 y 2 3x 2 + 6 xy ) = 6 xy 3 y 2 3 x 2
y = 1
13. 6 x 2 + 3 y 2 y 12 ( xy + y ) = 0
3 y 2 y 12 xy = 12 y 6 x 2
(
y ( y
y 3 y 2 12 x = 12 y 6 x 2
y =
4 x = 4 y 2 x2
4 y 2x2
y2 4x
(
)
y ( x + y ) = 2 x
y 3 x + 3 y 2 = 6 x 2 3 y
2
y =
15. x =
2x 2 + y
x + y2
y + 4 y = y1/ 2 + y1/ 4
1 1/ 2
1
y
y + y 3 / 4 y
2
4
2 y1/ 4 + 1
1
1
= y
+
= y
2 y1/ 2 4 y3 / 4
4 y3 / 4
1=
y =
4 y3 / 4
2 y1/ 4 + 1
( )
16. x3 3 y 2 y + y 3 3 x 2 + 1 = 0
y =
1 + 3x2 y3
3 x3 y 2
439
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
)( ) x +1 y (1 + y)
6e (1 + e ) ( x + y ) = 1 + y
y = 6e (1 + e ) ( x + y ) 1
17. 5 x3 (4 y 3 y ) + 15 x 2 y 4 1 + 2 yy = 0
y (20 x3 y 3 + 2 y ) = 1 15 x 2 y 4
y =
23. 2 1 + e3 x 3e3 x =
1 15 x 2 y 4
3x
20 x3 y 3 + 2 y
3x
1
x
1
(2 y + 1) y =
x
1
y =
x(2 y + 1)
18. 2 yy + y =
24.
( )
1
19. y + (ln x) y = x e y y + e y (1)
x
ln( x ) xe y y = e y y
20.
1
(1 + y )
x+ y
1
y
+
e x + y + y e x + y =
x+ y x+ y
1
1
e x+ y
y e x+ y
=
+
+
x
y
x
y
y = 1
e x + y (1 + y ) =
y =
xe y y
xy = y ( x + 1)
y ( x + 1)
x
( )
21. x e y y + e y (1) + y = 0
x
y
x + 1 y =
y +1
2 y +1
2 x +1
xe y y + e y + y = 0
y
y =
1+ 2
3
= .
1+ 4
5
1
y + y + 1(1)
26. x
2 y +1
1
= y
+ x + 1( y)
2 x +1
x
y
y x + 1 y =
y +1
2 y +1
2 x +1
xy + y (1)
+1 = 0
xy
xy + y + xy = 0
( xe + 1) y = e
1+ y
x + 2y
x ln( x) xe y
y =
3x
25. 1 + [ xy + y (1)] + 2 yy = 0
xy + 2 yy = 1 y
( x + 2 y ) y = (1 + y )
y
ln( x ) xe y y = xe y
y =
3x
y =
ey
xe y + 1
2 x +1
x
2 y +1
y +1
x +1
3
At (3, 3),
22. 8 x + 18 yy = 0
8 x = 18 yy
8x
4x
y =
=
18 y
9y
dy 4 2
=
= 1.
dx 3 2
4
440
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 12.4
27. 8 x + 18 yy = 0
32. p = 400 q
8x
4x
y =
=
18 y
9y
d
d
( p) =
400 q
dp
dp
1
Thus at 0, , y = 0; at ( x0 , y0 ) ,
3
4 x0
y =
.
9 y0
28.
1=
33. p =
x + x yy + xy + y y = 2 yy
( x 2 y + y 3 2 y ) y = x3 xy 2
y =
x( x 2 + y 2 )
y ( x 2 + y 2 2)
40
(q + 5)
dq
dp
dq
(q + 5)3
=
dp
40
3x2 + y
y =
x + 2y
At (1, 1), y = 4 and the tangent line is given
34.
by y 1 = 4[x (1)], or y = 4x 3.
30. 2 yy + [ xy + y (1)] 2 x = 0
2x y
2y + x
1
and the tangent line is given by
2
1
1
y 3 = ( x 4), or y = x + 1.
2
2
At (4, 3), y =
p=
10
2
q +3
d
d 10
( p) =
dp
dp q 2 + 3
dq
20q
1=
2
2 dp
(q + 3)
dq
(q 2 + 3)2
=
dp
20q
From the original equation, we have
10
dq
q 2 + 3 = . Thus we can write
as
p
dp
31. p = 100 q 2
(q + 5)2
1=
29. 3x 2 + xy + y + 2 y = 0
d
d
( p) =
100 q 2
dp
dp
20
d
d 20
( p) =
dp
dp (q + 5)2
d
d
( p) =
20(q + 5)2
dp
dp
At (0, 2), y = 0.
y =
1 dq
2 q dp
dq
= 2 q
dp
2( x 2 + y 2 )(2 x + 2 yy ) = 8 yy
( x 2 + y 2 )( x + yy ) = 2 yy
3
( )
dq
=
10
p
dq
1 = 2q
dp
dp
dq
1
=
dp
2q
35. ln
20q
I
= t
I0
ln I ln I 0 = t
1 dI
=
I dt
dI
= I
dt
441
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
5
qp 2
E
36. 1.5M = log
11
2.5 10
d
dM
d
dM
1 2
I = SI + I . Differentiating implicitly
4
with respect to I:
dS 1
dS
2S
+ I = S (1) + I
+ 1,
dI 2
dI
39. S 2 +
(
)
ln E
dS
dS
I
I
= S +1 ,
dI
dI
2
dS 2S + 2 I dS 2S + 2 I
(2 S I )
=
,
=
.
dI
2
dI
2(2S I )
2S
11
1 1 dE
ln10 E dM
dE
= 1.5E ln10
dM
d
d ln E
log(2.5 1011 )
(1.5M ) =
dE
dE ln10
dM
1 1
=
1.5
dE ln10 E
dM
1
=
dE 1.5E ln10
Thus
df
df
f
,
= .
d d
f (t )
1
+
= C1 + C2t. Thus
1 f (t )
1 f (t )
f (t )
f (t )
f (t )
+
+
= C2
f (t ) 1 f (t ) [1 f (t )]2
to :
dC
24 + 2 16
10 6 3
= 1
= 1
=
= .
dI
2(24 16)
16 16 8
dC
2S + 2 I
= 1
. When I = 16 and
dI
2(2 S I )
S = 12,
40. ln
dC
dS
= 1
.
dI
dI
+
+
f (t )
= C2
2
f (t ) 1 f (t ) [1 f (t )]
[1 f (t )]2 + f (t )[1 f (t )] + f (t )
f (t )
= C2
f (t )[1 f (t )]2
[1 f (t )][1 f (t ) + f (t )] + f (t )
f (t )
= C2
f (t )[1 f (t )]2
[1 f (t )] + f (t )
f (t )
= C2
2
f (t )[1 f (t )]
df
v
f
f
=
=
= , which is the same
2
2
d
as before.
so
38. (P + a)(v + b) = k
d
d
[( P + a )(v + b)] =
(k )
dP
dP
dv
( P + a)
+ (v + b)(1) = 0
dP
dv
v+b
=
. From the original equation,
dP
P+a
dv
k
. Thus we can write
as
v+b =
dP
( P + a)
Thus f (t ) =
dv
k
.
=
dP
( P + a)2
442
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
C2 f (t )[1 f (t )]2
f (t ) + [1 f (t )]
Section 12.5
Problems 12.5
ln y = ln ( x + 1) 2 ( x 2) x 2 + 3 .
ln y = 2 ln( x + 1) + ln( x 2) + ln x 2 + 3 .
x + 3
Expressing y in terms of x,
2
1
2x
y = ( x + 1)2 ( x 2) x 2 + 3
+
+
2
1
2
x
+
x
x + 3
2. ln y = ln (3 x + 4)(8 x 1) 2 3x 2 + 1
= ln(3x + 4) + 2 ln(8 x 1) + 4 ln 3 x 2 + 1
y
3
8
6x
=
+ 2
+ 4
y 3x + 4
8x 1
3x2 + 1
3
16
24 x
y = y
+
+
3x + 4 8 x 1 3x2 + 1
4 3
16
24 x
= (3 x + 4)(8 x 1)2 3 x 2 + 1
+
+
3
4
8
1
x
+
x
3x2 + 1
3. ln y = ln 3x3 1 (2 x + 5)3
= 2 ln 3 x3 1 + 3ln(2 x + 5)
y
9 x2
2
= 2
+ 3
3
y
2
x
+5
3x 1
18 x 2
6
y = y
+
3
3 x 1 2 x + 5
18 x 2
2
6
y = 3 x3 1 (2 x + 5)3
+
3
3x 1 2 x + 5
443
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
4.
y = (2 x 2 + 1) 8 x 2 1
ln y = ln (2 x 2 + 1) 8 x 2 1
1
= ln(2 x 2 + 1) + ln(8 x 2 1)
2
y
4x
1 16 x
=
+
y 2x2 + 1 2 8x2 1
4x
8x
+
y = y
2
2 x + 1 8x2 1
4x
8x
= (2 x 2 + 1) 8 x 2 1
+
2
2x + 1 8x2 1
5. y = x + 1 x 2 2 x + 4
ln y = ln x + 1 x 2 2 x + 4
1
1
1
2
ln y = ln( x + 1) + ln x 2 + ln( x + 4)
2
2
2
y 1 1
2x
1
=
+
+
y 2 x + 1 x 2 2 x + 4
y =
=
y 1
2x
1
+
+
2 x + 1 x 2 2 x + 4
x + 1 x2 2 x + 4 1
2x
1
+
+
2
2
x +1 x 2 x + 4
6. ln y = ln (2 x + 1) x3 + 2 3 2 x + 5
1
1
= ln(2 x + 1) + ln( x3 + 2) + ln(2 x + 5)
2
3
y
2
1 3x 2
1
2
=
+
+
3
y 2x + 1 2 x + 2 3 2x + 5
2
3x2
2
y = y
+
+
3
2 x + 1 2( x + 2) 3(2 x + 5)
2
3x 2
2
= (2 x + 1) x3 + 2 3 2 x + 5
+
+
3
2 x + 1 2( x + 2) 3(2 x + 5)
444
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 12.5
1 x2 1
7. ln y = ln
= ln 1 x 2 ln(1 2 x)
1 2x
2
y 1 2 x
2
=
y 2 1 x2 1 2 x
x
2
y = y
+
2 1 2x
1 x
y =
10. ln y = ln
y =
9. y =
11.
x2 + 5 2 x
1
x + 9 x 2 + 5 x + 9
1
2
( 2x
+2
( x + 1)2 (3x + 2)
2
2x + 2
ln y = ln
2
( x + 1) (3x + 2)
= 2 ln 2 x + 2 2 ln( x + 1) ln(3 x + 2)
+2
1
4x
x
+
2
2 + x2
2 + x2 x 1 + x
( x + 3)( x 2)
2x 1
( x + 3)( x 2)
ln y = ln
2x 1
1
1
1
= ln( x + 3) + ln( x 2) ln(2 x 1)
2
2
2
y 1 1
1 1
1
2
=
+
y 2 x + 3 2 x 2 2 2x 1
y 1
1
2
y =
+
2 x + 3 x 2 2 x 1
1 ( x + 3)( x 2) 1
1
2
=
+
2
2x 1
x + 3 x 2 2x 1
y=
6 x3 + 1
x6 e4 x
(
(
)
)
1
ln(6) + 2 ln x3 + 1 6 ln( x) (4 x ) ln e
3
1
= ln(6) + 2 ln x3 + 1 6 ln( x) + 4 x
3
=
8x
2
3
y = y
2
+
+ 2
x
x
1
3
2x + 2
2
x 1 + x2
12. ln y = ln
y
4x
1
3
= 2
2
2
y
x + 1 3x + 2
2x + 2
( 2x
1
4x
x
y = y +
2
x
1+ x
2 + x2
y 1 2 x
1
=
2
y 2 x + 5 x + 9
y 2x
1
y =
2 x 2 + 5 x + 9
y =
2 + x2
x +5 1
ln x 2 + 5 ln( x + 9)
=
2
x+9
8. ln y = ln
1
= ln x + 2 ln 1 + x 2 ln 2 + x 2
2
y 1
2x
1 2x
= + 2
y x
1 + x2 2 2 + x2
1 x2 x
2
+
2
1 2 x x 1 1 2 x
2
x 1 + x2
y 1 3 x 2
6
= 2
+ 4
y 3 x3 + 1 x
y 6x
6
y =
+ 4
3
3 x + 1 x
4x
2
3
=
2
( x + 1) (3x + 2) x + 1 x + 1 3 x + 2
3
1 3 6 x +1
y=
3
x 6 e4 x
445
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
6 x2
6
+ 4
3
x + 1 x
17. y = (3 x + 1) 2 x . Thus
13. y = x x +1 , thus ln y = ln x x +1 = ( x 2 + 1) ln x.
y
1
= ( x 2 + 1) + (ln x)(2 x)
y
x
2
x +1
y = y
+ 2 x ln x
x
2
x
+
1
= x x +1
+ 2 x ln x
x
14. y = (2 x)
ln y = ln ( 3x + 1)
3x
= 2(3 x + 1) 2 x
+ ln(3x + 1)
3
x
1
+
18. y = ( x 2 + 1) x +1 , thus
ln y = ln( x 2 + 1) x +1 = ( x + 1) ln( x 2 + 1).
y
2x
= x + 1
+ ln( x 2 + 1) 1
2
y
x +1
2 x( x + 1)
y = y
+ ln( x 2 + 1)
2
x +1
2
x
(
x
1)
+
= ( x 2 + 1) x +1
+ ln( x 2 + 1)
2
x +1
y
1
1
= x + [ln 2 + ln x]
y
2 x
x
1 ln(2 x)
y = y
+
2 x
x
2 + ln(2 x)
y = (2 x) x
2 x
( )
1
ln x
ln x =
.
x
x
19. y = 4e x x3 x . Thus
= ln 4 + x + 3 x ln x.
1
y
= 1 + 3 x + (ln x)(1)
y
x
y = y (4 + 3ln x)
x x (1 ln x)
y = 4e x x3 x (4 + 3ln x)
x2
3
16. y = . Thus
x2
3
ln y = x ln = x[ln 3 2 ln x].
x2
y
2
= x + (ln 3 2 ln x)(1)
y
x
3
= 2 + ln
x2
3
y = y 2 + ln
x2
ln y = ln 4 + ln e x x3 x = ln 4 + ln e x + ln x3 x
1
y x x (ln x)(1)
=
y
x2
1 ln x
y = y
x2
y =
= 2 x ln(3 x + 1)
3x
y = 2 y
+ ln(3 x + 1)
3
x
1
+
ln y = ln(2 x) x = x [ln 2 + ln x ].
y
= 2 x
+ [ln(3x + 1)](1)
y
3
x
1
+
. Thus
15. y = x x . Thus ln y =
2x
y
1
x
= ex
+ [ln(ln x)]e
y
x ln x
1
+ ln(ln x) e x
y = y
ln
x
x
x
1
= (ln x)e
+ ln(ln x ) e x
ln
x
x
3
3
= 2 2 + ln 2
x
x
446
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Section 12.5
21. y = (4 x 3) 2 x +1
25. y = e x ( x 2 + 1) x
ln y = ln(4 x 3) 2 x +1 = (2 x + 1) ln(4 x 3)
ln y = ln e x + ln( x 2 + 1) x
y
4
= (2 x + 1)
+ [ln(4 x 3)](2)
y
4x 3
2 x
y
2
= 1+ x
+ ln x + 1 (1)
2
y
x + 1
4(2 x + 1)
y = y
+ 2 ln(4 x 3)
4
x
2 x2
+ ln x 2 + 1
y = y 1 +
2
x + 1
dy
12
= 1 + 2 ln(1) = 12.
When x = 1, then
dx
1
26.
1 ln(ln x)
y = y +
x
x
1 + ln(ln x)
y = (ln x)ln x
y = xx
ln y = x ln x
y
1
= x + (ln x )(1) = 1 + ln x
y
x
When x = 1,
dy 1 1 + ln(1)
1
=1
When x = e,
=e .
dx
e
y
= 1 + ln1 = 1 + 0 = 1.
y
27. y = (3x )2 x
ln y = 2x ln(3x)
1
23. y = ( x + 1)( x + 2) 2 ( x + 3) 2
ln y = ln(x + 1) + 2 ln(x + 2) + 2 ln(x + 3)
y
1
2
2
=
+
+
y x +1 x + 2 x + 3
= 2[1 + ln(3x)]
y
100 gives the percentage rate of change.
y
Thus 2[1 + ln(3x)](100) = 60
1 + ln(3x) = 0.3
ln(3x) = 1.3
2
2
1
y = y
+
+
x +1 x + 2 x + 3
When x = 0, then y = 36 and y = 96. Thus an
equation of the tangent line is
y 36 = 96(x 0), or y = 96x + 36.
24.
= x + x ln x 2 + 1
3x = e 1.3
1
x=
3e1.3
y = xx
ln y = x ln x
y
1
= x + (ln x )(1) = 1 + ln x
y
x
y = y (1 + ln x) = x x (1 + ln x)
When x = 1, then y = 1 and
y = 11 (1 + ln1) = 1(1 + 0) = 1. An equation of the
28. y = [ f ( x)]g ( x )
ln y = g(x) ln[f(x)]
1
y
= g ( x)
f ( x) + ln[ f ( x)]g ( x)
y
f ( x)
g ( x)
y = y f ( x)
+ g ( x) ln[ f ( x)]
f ( x)
g ( x)
y = [ f ( x)]g ( x ) f ( x)
+ g ( x) ln[ f ( x)]
f ( x)
447
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29.
r
p
q
100% = 100% + 100%
r
p
q
p
= (1 + ) 100%
p
where =
p
q
dp
dq
p dq
.
q dp
p
500 40 p + p 2
(40 + 2 p)
1
1
% increase in price will result in a (1 1.2) % = 0.1% change in
2
2
revenue, which is a 0.1% decrease in revenue.
30.
r
p
q
100% = 100% + 100%
r
p
q
p
= (1 + ) 100%
p
where =
p
q
dp
dq
p dq
.
q dp
(40 + 2 p)
500 40 p + p 2
When p = 15, then = 1.2 and a 10% decrease in price will result in a (1 1.2)(10%) = 2% change in revenue,
which is a 2% increase in revenue.
=
=
f ( xn )
f ( xn )
= xn
+3
x2 = 50
f (50)
42.82602
f (50)
x3 = 42.82602
f (42.82602)
42.85459
f (42.82602)
448
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x4 = 42.85459
Section 12.6
f (42.85459)
42.85459
f (42.85459)
Since the values of x3 and x4 differ by less than 0.0001, we take the first break-even quantity
to be x 42.85459 or 43 televisions.
f(1900) 1073 and f(2000) 827, so we use 2000 to be
the first approximation, x1 , for the break-even quantity between 1900 and 2000.
x2 = 2000
f (2000)
1958.63703
f (2000)
x3 = 1958.63703
f (1958.63703)
1957.74457
f (1958.63703)
x4 = 1957.74457
f (1957.74457)
1957.74415
f (1957.74457)
x5 = 1957.74415
f (1957.74415)
1957.74415
f (1957.74415)
Since the values of x4 and x5 differ by less than 0.0001, we take the second break-even quantity to be
x 1957.74415 or 1958 televisions.
Problems 12.6
1. We want a root of f ( x) = x3 4 x + 1 = 0. We see that f(0) = 1 and f(1) = 2 have opposite signs, so there must be
a root between 0 and 1. Moreover, f(0) is closer to 0 than is f(1), so we select x1 = 0 as our initial estimate. Since
f ( x) = 3x 2 4, the recursion formula is
xn +1 = xn
f ( xn )
x3 4 xn + 1
= xn n
.
f ( xn )
3 xn2 4
Simplifying gives xn +1 =
2 xn3 1
3 xn2 4
. Thus we obtain:
xn
xn +1
0.00000
0.25000
0.25000
0.25410
0.25410
0.25410
449
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
xn
xn +1
xn +1
2.50000
2.58974
0.50000
0.63636
2.58974
2.58425
0.63636
0.61838
2.58425
2.58423
0.61838
0.61803
2.58423
2.58423
0.61803
0.61803
xn
approximately x5 = 2.58423.
approximately x5 = 0.61803.
(Note that f (0) = 0, so we cannot use 0 for
x1.)
xn +1 = xn
f ( xn )
f ( xn )
2 xn3 + 1
3xn2
= xn
xn3 xn 1
3xn2 1
xn
xn +1
1.00000
1.50000
1.50000
1.34783
1.34783
1.32520
1.32520
1.32472
1.32472
1.32472
3xn2 + 1
xn
xn +1
0.75000
0.75000
0.68605
0.68605
0.68234
0.68234
0.68233
approximately x5 = 0.68233.
6. x3 = 2 x + 5, so use f ( x) = x3 2 x 5 = 0. We
have f(2) = 1 and f(3) = 16, so f(2) is closer to 0
than is f(3). We choose x1 = 2. Since
f ( x) = 3x 2 2, the recursion formula is
approximately x6 = 1.32472.
xn +1 = xn
2 xn3 1
f ( xn )
x3 + xn + 1
= xn n
f ( xn )
3 xn2 + 1
xn3 9 xn + 6
3xn2 9
xn3 2 xn 5
3 xn2 2
2 xn3 + 5
3 xn2 2
xn
xn +1
2.00000
2.10000
2.10000
2.09457
2.09457
2.09455
Section 12.6
7. x 4 = 3x 1 , so use f ( x) = x 4 3x + 1 = 0 . Since
f(0) = 1 and f(1) = 1 (note the sign change), f(0)
and f(1) are equally close to 0. We shall choose
x 4 2 xn3 + xn2 3
f ( x)
= xn n
f ( xn )
4 xn3 6 xn2 + 2 xn
3xn4 1
xn
xn +1
4 xn3 3
2.00000
1.91667
1.91667
1.90794
1.90794
1.90785
xn
xn +1
0.00000
0.33333
0.33333
0.33766
0.33766
0.33767
xn +1 = xn
xn4 + 4 xn 1
4 xn3 + 4
3xn4 + 1
4 xn3 + 4
xn4 xn3 + xn 2
4 xn3 3 xn2 + 1
xn
xn +1
1.00000
1.50000
1.50000
1.34677
1.34677
1.31040
xn
xn +1
1.31040
1.30858
2.00000
1.75000
1.30858
1.30857
1.75000
1.67092
1.67092
1.66332
1.66332
1.66325
approximately x5 = 1.66325.
451
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xn
xn +1
xn
xn +1
4.146
2.37
4.146
4.141
2.37
2.03
4.141
4.141
2.03
1.94
1.94
1.94
71 = 4.141.
f ( xn )
x 4 19
= xn n
f ( xn )
4 xn3
3 xn4 + 19
xn
4 xn3
xn
xn +1
xn
xn +1
3.676
2.09
2.676
3.693
2.09
2.09
3.693
3.693
4 19
= 2.09.
If x1 = 5, we obtain
n
xn
xn +1
4.99
4.99
4.99
3q 250 + 2q 0.1q3 = 0, or
qn
qn +1
13
13.33
13.33
13.33
Thus q 13.33.
If x1 = 3, we obtain:
452
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 12.6
= qn
qn
qn +1
2.875
2.875
2.880
2.880
2.880
Thus q 2.880.
18. In the same manner as problem 17, we must find
a root of f (q) = 0.2q3 + 1.5q 8 = 0, so
3q 2
b. Since f (q) =
8q + 40, the recursion
1000
formula is
f ( qn )
qn +1 = qn
f ( qn )
qn3
4qn 2 + 40qn
1000
3qn2
8qn + 40
1000
f (qn )
0.2qn3 + 1.5qn 8
= qn
f (qn )
0.6qn2 + 1.5
We select q1 = 5 as suggested.
+1
We select q1 = 10 as suggested.
qn
qn +1
3.54
3.54
2.85
qn
qn +1
2.85
2.71
10
10.05
2.71
2.70
10.05
10.05
2.70
2.70
Thus q 10.05.
17. The equilibrium quantity is the value of q for
which supply and demand are equal, that is, it is
100
, or of
a root of 2q + 5 =
q2 + 1
100
f ( q ) = 2q + 5
= 0. Since
q2 + 1
200q
, the recursion formula is
f (q) = 2 +
2
2
q +1
qn +1 = qn
f ( qn )
f ( qn )
= qn
100
qn 2 +1
200 qn
2qn + 5
2+
( q +1)
n
x3
x 2 5 x + 1,
3
xn
xn +1
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.45
3.45
3.45
Thus x 3.45.
453
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
6.
dh
= 0 16(2t ) = 32t ft/sec
dt
d 2F
dq
d 2h
d
= [32t ] = 32 feet/sec2
2
dt
dt
The acceleration of the rock at time t is
32 feet/sec2 or 32 feet/sec2 downward.
dq
7.
2
(q + 1)3
1
= x 1
x
y = x 2
y = 2 x 3
y = 6 x 4 =
2. y = 5 x 4 8 x3 + 14 x
9.
y = 20 x3 24 x 2 + 14
2
y = 60 x 48 x
f (q) =
1
2q
6
x4
1 4
q
2
f (q) = 2q 5
f (q ) = 10q 6
dy
= 1
3.
dx
f (q ) = 60q 7 =
=0
10.
dy
= 1 2 x
dx
dx 2
(q + 1) 2
f ( x) = x 2 ln x
8. y =
1. y = 12 x 2 24 x + 6
y = 24 x 24
y = 24
d2y
2
f ( x) = x + (1 + 2 ln x)(1) = 3 + 2 ln x
x
Problems 12.7
4.
1
f ( x) = x 2 + (ln x)(2 x) = x(1 + 2 ln x)
x
c(q) = 14q + 11
c = 14
When x = 3, the rate of change of the marginal
cost function is 14 dollars/unit2.
dx 2
d 3F
d2y
dF
1
=
dq q + 1
60
q7
f ( x) = x = x 2
1 12
x
2
1 3
1
f ( x) = x 2 = 3
4
4x 2
f ( x) =
= 2
5. y = 3x 2 + e x
11.
y = 6 x + e x
f (r ) = 9 r = (9 r ) 2
1
1
f (r ) = (9 r ) 2
2
1
1
3
f (r ) = (9 r ) 2 =
3
4
4(9 r ) 2
y = 6 + e x
y (4) = e x
454
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12. y = e4 x
(2 x + 5)(5 x 2)
x +1
= ln(2 x + 5) + ln(5 x 2) ln( x + 1)
18. y = ln
y = 8 xe4 x
y = 8 x 8 xe4 x
= 8e4 x
13. y =
Section 12.7
(8x 1)
+ e4 x 2 (1)
2
5
1
+
2 x + 5 5x 2 x + 1
4
25
1
y =
+
2
2
(2 x + 5)
(5 x 2)
( x + 1) 2
y =
1
= (2 x + 3)1
2x + 3
19.
dx 2
= 8(2 x + 3)
20. y =
y =
=
( x 1)
dx
= 2( x 1)2
y = 4( x 1) 3 =
1
2
16. y = 2 x + (2 x)
ex
d2y
( x 1) 2
2
( )
x +1
x 1
( x 1)(1) ( x + 1)(1)
2
( )
x
x
dy e (1) x e
1 x
=
=
2
dx
ex
ex
y = 180(3x + 7)3
15. y =
(2 x + 3)3
14. y = (3 x + 7)5
y = 15(3 x + 7)
( )
( )
f ( z ) = ( ze ) (1) + ( z + 2) ze + e (1)
= e ( z + 4z + 2)
f ( z ) = z 2 e z + e z (2 z ) = ze z ( z + 2)
dy
= 2(2 x + 3)2
dx
d2y
f ( z) = z 2e z
e x (1) (1 x)e x
(e )
x
x2
ex
21. y = e2 x + e3 x
dy
= 2e 2 x + 3e3 x
dx
4
( x 1)3
d2y
dx 2
1
2
1
1
1
1
y = x + (2 x) 2 (2) = x 2 + (2 x) 2
2
1 3 1
1
1
3
y = x 2 (2 x) 2 (2) = 3 +
3
2
2
2
(2 x) 2
2x
d3y
12
dx3
d4y
dx
d5 y
dx
= 4e2 x + 9e3 x
= 8e 2 x + 27e3 x
= 16e 2 x + 81e3 x
= 32e2 x + 243e3 x
d5 y
1
1
+
= x 1 + ( x + 6)1
x x+6
1
1
y = x 2 + (1)( x + 6) 2 = +
2
( x + 6)2
x
y =
dx
455
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22. y = e
) = eln( x +1)
2 ln x3 +1
= x3 + 1
26. 9 x 2 + 16 y 2 = 25
18 x + 32 yy = 0
y = 6 x 2 x 3 + 1 = 6 x 5 + 6 x 2
y =
y = 30 x 4 + 12 x
When x = 1, then y = 30 + 12 = 42.
27.
( ) = 4y
16 y 2
=
+ x2
16 y3
y3
y =
=
x
y
y (1) x( y)
y
y 2 x2
y
16
y
yx
1
12 1 12
1
x 2 y y y 2 12 x 2
y =
4
x
1
1
1
1
2
x2 y y2
1 y2
1
1
1
4x 2 x 2
1 y2
1 4 x2
=
=
x
x
8
8
2
1 + y1
1
12
4
2
1
x2 1 x + 4y
=
=
8 x 8 4 x 32
1 4
1
= 3= 3
8 4 x 2 8x 2
()
x
y
16
y3
25. y 2 = 4 x
2 yy = 4
y =
2
= 2 y 1
y
y = 2 y 2 y = 2 y 2 2 y 1 =
1 x 2
1 y2
= 1
y =
1
2 2 y 2
4 x2
24. x 2 y 2 = 16
2 x 2 yy = 0
y =
1 12
1
x + 2 y 2 y = 0
2
1 1
1
2 y 2 y = x 2
2
16 y 2
16 y 3
9 16 y 2 + 9 x 2
225
=
3
16
16 y
256 y 3
x + 4y 2 = 4
4 y (1) x(4 y)
16
x +4 y = 4
1
2
4 y 4 x 4xy
=
=
x
4y
y =
9x
9 y (1) xy
9 y x 16 y
y =
=
16
16
y2
y2
23. x 2 + 4 y 2 16 = 0
2 x + 8 yy = 0
8 yy = 2 x
y =
9x
16 y
4
y3
456
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Section 12.7
31. y = e x + y
28. y 2 6 xy = 4
2 yy 6[ xy + y (1)] = 0
2 yy 6 xy = 6 y
(2 y 6 x) y = 6 y
y = e x + y (1 + y)
y e x + y y = e x + y
y = 3
( y 3 x) y y ( y 3)
( y 3x) 2
= 9
= 9
y 6 xy
( y 3 x)
= 9
4
( y 3x)
y xy
y =
36
3
29. xy + y x = 4
xy + y (1) + y 1 = 0
xy + y = 1 y
( x + 1) y = 1 y
(1 + x)2
(1 y )
y
1 y
(1 y )
y
(1 y ) 2
y
(1 y )3
e x e y y = 2 x + 2 yy
y =
2(1 y )
(1 + x) 2
ex 2x
ey + 2y
(e
y =
) (
)(
2( y 1)
(1 + x) 2
30. x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = 1
2 x + 2 y + 2 xy + 2 yy = 0
( x + y ) y = ( x + y )
y = 1
y = 0
)(
+ 2 y e x 2 e x 2 x e y y + 2 y
(e + 2 y )
( e + 2 y )( e 2) ( e 2 x )( e + 2) y
=
(e + 2 y )
( e + 2 y ) ( e 2) ( e 2x ) ( e + 2)
=
(e + 2 y )
(1 y )
(1 + x) (1+ x ) (1 y )
(1 + x)2
(1 y ) (1 y )
(1 y ) y y ( y)
32. e x e y = x 2 + y 2
1 y
y =
1+ x
(1 + x)( y) (1 y )(1)
y =
(1 + x) 2
=
x+ y
1 e x+ y
y
y =
1 y
( y 3x) 2
( y 3x)
y =
3y
y x y 3 x
= 9 y ( y 3 x) 3 xy
= 9
2
( y 3 x)
( y 3 x )3
2
y 1 e x + y = e x + y
6y
3y
y =
=
2 y 6 x y 3x
33. x 2 + 3x + y 2 = 4 y
2 x + 3 + 2 yy = 4 y
2 yy 4 y = 2 x 3
2x + 3 2x + 3
y =
=
2y 4 4 2y
457
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y =
=
=
(4 2 y )(2) (2 x + 3)(2 y )
(4 2 y ) 2
2(4 2 y ) + 2(2 x + 3)
( )
2 x +3
4 2 y
(4 2 y )2
2(4 2 y ) 2 + 2(2 x + 3)2
(4 2 y )3
d2y
dx
2(4)2 + 2(3) 2
3
25
.
32
f ( x) = (3 x 5)e2 x
f ( x) = (3x 5) 2e2 x + e2 x [3] . Thus,
= 2e2 x [(13 6 x) 3]
= 4(3 x 8)e2 x
f ( x) + 4 f ( x) + 4 f ( x)
= 4(3 x 8)e2 x + 4 (13 6 x)e2 x + 4 (3x 5)e2 x = [4(3 x 8) + 4(13 6 x) + 4(3 x 5)]e2 x
35.
f ( x) = (5 x 3)4
f ( x) = 20(5 x 3)3
f ( x) = 300(5 x 3)2
36.
1
2
f ( x) = 6 x +
f ( x) = 3x
12
12
6
3
x 2
12
5
3 3 x 2
f ( x) = x 2 +
2
8
7
9 5 5x 2
f ( x) = x 2
4
16
458
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37.
Chapter 12 Review
dc
= 0.6q + 2
dq
d 2c
dq 2
= 0.6
d 2c
dq 2
42.
= 0.6
q =100
39.
= 3e x + 2 xe x + e2 xe
d r
dq 2
= 104.
f ( x) = x 4 6 x 2 + 5 x 6
f ( x) = 4 x 12 x + 5
f ( x) = 12 x 2 12 = 12( x + 1)( x 1)
Clearly f ( x) = 0 when x = 1.
a.
b.
y =
41.
e y 2ey
( y 2)2
( ) =
y
y 2
2
( y 2)
x
2y
( y 2)3
3r + 7r + 1
+ 4 x +5
+ 4 x +5
(2 x + 4) = 2( x + 2)e x
f (t ) = log 6 t 2 + 1 =
8. y = 35 x = e(ln 3)5 x
+ 4 x +5
1
log 6 t 2 + 1
2
3
3
y = e(ln 3)5 x (ln 3)(15 x 2 ) = 15 x 2 ln 3 35 x
2 y
( y 2)2
9. y = ( x 6)( x + 5)(9 x)
2y
ln y = ln ( x 6)( x + 5)(9 x)
(2 y )3
1
[ln( x 6) + ln( x + 5) + ln(9 x)]
2
y 1 1
1
1
=
+
+
y 2 x 6 x + 5 9 x
f ( x) = 6e 3x 30 x
6r + 7
2
7. y = e x (2 x) + x 2 + 2 e x = e x x 2 + 2 x + 2
f ( x) = 6 e x x 5
3r + 7 r + 1
(6r + 7) =
1
y
=
=
2
y
2
1 y
( y 2)( y) y ( y)
1
2
2 x
y
y2 e 2
y e
y
y =
=
y
x
y
e 2 ye
ey 2y e2
y
e
f (r ) =
2
1 ln t + 1
=
. Thus
2
ln 6
1 1
1
t
.
f (t ) =
[2t ] =
2 ln 6 t 2 + 1
(ln 6) t 2 + 1
2 x
3.
6.
f ( w) = we w + e w + 2 w = we w + e w + 2 w
y = e x
( e ) + e (2 yy)
( e 2 ye ) y = y e
e y = y
2.
5. y = e x
40. e y = y 2 e x
2
4. y = eln x = x. Thus y = 1.
x 4 x3 5 x 2
+
+
+x
4
3
2
1. y = 3e x + 0 + e x (2 x) + (e2 ) xe
= 80 6q
When q = 4,
f ( x) =
dr
= 400 80q 3q 2
dq
dq 2
x5 x 4 5 x3 x 2
+
+
+
20 12
6
2
f ( x) = x3 + x 2 + 5 x + 1
f ( x) = 0 when x 0.21.
d 2r
f ( x) =
y =
=
10.
ex
e1/ t
t
18. y =
=
e2 x
xe
2x
1 x ln x
xe
x 2 e x e x e x + e x (2 x)
x4
x 2 e x x 2 e x 2 xe x 2 xe x
x3
f (q) = ln (q + 1) 2 (q + 2)3
= 2 ln(q + 1) + 3ln(q + 2)
21.
x + 2 x +1 x 2
4
2
3
= ( x + 2)3 ( x + 1)4 ( x 2)2
+
+
2
1
2
x
x
x
+
+
ln 2 x
e x ( x ln x 1)
x ln 2 x
1 + 2l + 3l 2
1 + l + l2 + l3
1 + 2l + 3l 2
1 + l + l 2 + l3
22. y = ( x 2 ) x
ln y = x 2 ln x 2 = 2 x 2 ln x
y
1
= 2 x 2 + (ln x) ( 4 x )
y
x
y = 2 xy (1 + 2 ln x)
2
y = 2 x( x 2 ) x (1 + 2 ln x)
+ 2 x 5)(ln 2)
= (4 x + 2)(ln 2)2
( 1x ) = e x ( ln x 1x )
f (l ) = ln 1 + l + l 2 + l 3
y = e
(ln x) 2
f (l ) =
2
3
f (q) =
+
q +1 q + 2
(2 x 2 + 2 x 5)(ln 2)
(ln x)e x e x
= ln 5 2 ln x
1
2
y = 0 2 =
x
x
e x ( x 2) e x ( x + 2)
4e2 x +1
x
5
20. y = ln
x2
x4
15. y = e(2 x
=
ln 2 8 x + 5 (8 x + 5) ln 2
) (
4e3 x
xe x 1
x e2 x +1 (2) e2 x +1[1] 4e 2 x +1 (2 x 1)
=
y = 4
x2
x2
( 1x ) (ln x) ( e x )
e x xe x ln x
12. y =
=
17. y =
( x 6)( x + 5)(9 x) 1
1
1
+
+
2
x 6 x +5 x 9
11. y =
13.
y 1
1
1
+
2 x 6 x + 5 9 x
f (t ) = e1/ t (1 t 2 ) =
23. y = ( x + 1) x +1
ln y = ( x + 1) ln( x + 1)
(4 x + 2)(ln 2)
2 x 2 + 2 x 5
y
1
= ( x + 1)
+ ln( x + 1)[1] = 1 + ln( x + 1)
y
x +1
16. y is a constant, so y = 0.
460
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(1 e ) e (1 + e )( e ) = 2e
y =
(1 e )
(1 e )
x
24.
Chapter 12 Review
1
25. (t ) = ln t 4 t 2 = ln t + ln(4 t 2 )
2
1 1
1
1
t
(t ) = +
(2t ) =
2
t 2 4t
t 4 t2
26. y = ( x + 3)ln x
ln y = [ln x] ln(x + 3)
y
1
1
= (ln x)
+ ln( x + 3)
y
x+3
x
ln x ln( x + 3)
y = y
+
x
x+3
ln( x + 3)
ln x ln x
= ( x + 3)
+
x
x+3
27.
y=
ln y =
y
=
y
y =
=
28. y =
( x 2 + 1)1/ 2 ( x 2 + 2)1/ 3
(2 x3 + 6 x) 2 / 5
1
1
2
ln( x 2 + 1) + ln( x 2 + 2) ln(2 x3 + 6 x)
2
3
5
1 1
1 1
2
1
(2 x) + 2
(2 x) 3
(6 x + 6)
2 x2 + 1
3 x + 2
5 2x + 6x
x
2x
6( x 2 + 1)
y
+
2
2
3
x + 1 3( x + 2) 5( x + 3 x)
2x
6( x 2 + 1)
( x 2 + 1)1/ 2 ( x 2 + 2)1/ 3 x
+
2
2
3
(2 x3 + 6 x) 2 / 5
x + 1 3( x + 2) 5( x + 3x)
x
( 1x ) ln x ( 12 ) x
1
2
( )
29. y = x x
= xx
2 ln x
3
2x 2
ln y = ln x x = x 2 ln x
y
1
= x 2 + (ln x)(2 x) = x + 2 x ln x
y
x
( )
y = y ( x + 2 x ln x) = x x
( x + 2 x ln x)
461
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30. y = x
(x )
x
ln y = ln x
( x ) = x x ln x
x
( )
y
d x
1
= x x + (ln x )
x
y
x
dx
Note: If v = x x , then ln v = ln x x = x ln x;
v
1
= x + (ln x)(1) = 1 + ln x
v
x
d x
v =
x = v(1 + ln x) = x x (1 + ln x)
dx
y
1
Thus
= x x + (ln x) x x (1 + ln x)
y
x
( )
= x x + (1 + ln x) ln x
x
y = yx x + (1 + ln x) ln x
x
=x
( x ) x x 1 + (1 + ln x) ln x
x
31. y = ( x + 1) ln x 2 = 2( x + 1) ln x
1
x +1
y = 2 ( x + 1) + (ln x)(1) = 2
+ ln x
x
x
32. y =
ex
+1
x2 + 1
2
1
1
ln y = ln e x +1 ln( x 2 + 1) = x 2 + 1 ln( x 2 + 1)
2
2
y
1
1
1
= 2x
(2 x) = x 2
2
y
2 x2 + 1
x + 1
1
y = yx 2
2
x + 1
y =
ex
+1
1
x 2
2
x + 1
x +1
2
When x = 1, then y =
e1+1
1 3e2 2
(1) 2
= 4 .
1 + 1 1 + 1
462
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33. y = e
e + x ln
Chapter 12 Review
( 1x ) = ee x ln x
y = ee x ln x x + (ln x)(1)
x
= (1 + ln x)ee x ln x
2
3
( x 3 x + 7)
ln y = 1 5 x ln 2 + ln( x 2 3x + 5) 3ln( x 2 3 x + 7)
3
y
1
2x 3
2x 3
= 5ln 2 +
3
2
2
y
3 x 3x + 5
x 3x + 7
2x 3
3(2 x 3)
y = y 5ln 2 +
3( x 2 3 x + 5) x 2 3 x + 7
25 x ( x 2 3x + 5)1/ 3
y = (1)
2
3
( x 3 x + 7)
When x = 0, then y =
2x 3
3(2 x 3)
5ln 2 +
2
3( x 3x + 5) x 2 3x + 7
343
1 9
1862
5ln 2 + = 343(ln 2)52 / 3
.
1/ 3
5
7
5
54 / 3
35. y = 3e x
y = 3e x
36. y = x + x 2 ln x
1
y = 1 + x 2 + (ln x)(2 x) = 1 + x + 2 x ln x
x
When x = 1, then y = 1 + 1(0) = 1 and y = 1 + 1 + 2(0) = 2 . Thus an equation of the tangent line is y 1 = 2(x 1),
or y = 2x 1.
2
37. y = x 22 x . To find y we shall use logarithmic differentiation.
2 x 2
2
ln y = ln x 2
= ln x + 2 x ln 2
y 1
= + (2 x) ln 2
y x
y = y 2(ln 2) x
x
463
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When x = 1, then y = 2 and y = 2(1 2 ln 2). The equation of the tangent line is
y 2 = 2(1 2 ln 2)(x 1). The y-intercept of the tangent line corresponds to the point where x = 0:
y 2 = 2(1 2 ln 2)(1) = 2 + 4 ln 2
Thus y = 4 ln 2 and the y-intercept is (0, 4 ln 2).
38. w = 2 x +1 + ln(1 + x 2 ) = e(ln 2)( x +1) + ln(1 + x 2 )
2
x = log 2 (t 2 + 1) e(t 1) =
dw dw dx
=
dt
dx dt
2x
= 2 x +1 (ln 2) +
1 + x2
ln(t 2 + 1) (t 1)2
e
ln 2
2t
e(t 1) [2(t 1)]
2
(ln 2)(t + 1)
y = e x
2 x +1
2 x +1
[2 x 2] = (2 x 2)e x
y = 2( x 1)e x
= 2e x
2 x +1
2 x +1
2 x +1
(2 x 2) + 2e x
2 x +1
(2( x 1)2 + 1)
y = x 2 e x + e x (2 x) = e x x 2 + 2 x
(
y = e (2 x + 4) + ( x
y = e x (2 x + 2) + x 2 + 2 x e x = e x x 2 + 4 x + 2
x
+ 4 x + 2 e x = e x x2 + 6 x + 6
At (1, ln 2), y =
2
x3
2
13
=2
464
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dw
2
= (21 ln 2 + 0)
1(0) = 2.
dt
2 ln 2
Chapter 12 Review
47. x + xy + y = 5
1 + xy + y (1) + y = 0
( x + 1) y = 1 y
42. y = x ln x
1
y = x + (ln x )(1) = 1 + ln x
x
1 1
y = 0 + =
x x
1
At (1, 0), y = = 1
1
1+ y
x +1
( x + 1) y (1 + y )
y =
( x + 1) 2
1+1
2
= and
At (2, 1), y =
2 +1
3
y =
43. 2 xy + y 2 = 10
2 ( xy + y ) + 2 yy = 0
2 xy + 2 yy = 2 y
( x + y ) y = y
y =
y =
y
x+ y
y =
3 x 2 y 3
3 x3 y 2
y =
=
y =
y
x
( )
ln x + 2 ln y = xy
1 2
+ y = xy + y
x y
y =
(e
xy y
2 x x2 y
y [ y (2 + y ln x)] =
y2
x(2 + y ln x)
4
27
e x y = ( y + 1)e x
( y + 1)e x
y 2 e y ln x y + (ln x) y + e y ln x [ 2 yy] = 0
x
y =
y =
y 2 (ln x) y + 2 yy =
( ) ( )=
3 23 2 13
e y y e x y = ( y + 1)e x
2x x 2 y y = xy 2 y
=e
( x + 2 y ) y y (1 + 2 y)
e y y = ( y + 1)e x + e x ( y)
2xy x yy = xy y
46. y e
y
x + 2y
49. e y = ( y + 1)e x
y + 2 xy = x 2 yy + xy 2
2 y ln x
4
9
( x + 2 y )2
2
At (1, 2), y = and
3
45. ln xy 2 = xy
y =
48. xy + y 2 = 2
x( y) + y (1) + 2 yy = 0
44. 3x 2 y3 + 3 x3 y 2 y = 0
y (3x3 y 2 ) = 3x 2 y3
( )
3 23 2
y3
x
e y ex
1
y =
y
x
465
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1
y +1
( )=
(
) e
( y + 1)
ey
ey
y +1
ey
y +1
ey
y
ey
y +1
y +1
y
y ( y) ( y + 1)( y)
y
y
y
y +1
y
2
y +1
y3
54.
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 dy
+ y
=0
x
2
2
dx
y
dy
=
dx
x
( x ) 2 1 y dydx ( y ) ( 2 1 x )
=
2
dx 2
( x)
=
51.
y
2 x
x+ y
2x x
x5 x 4 2 x3
+
+
+ x2 + 1
10 6
3
f ( x) =
x 4 2 x3
+
+ 2 x2 + 2 x
2
3
f ( x) = 2 x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2
f ( x) = 0 when x 0.57.
d2y
1
2
f ( x) =
55. p =
2x x
f (t )
= 0.8e0.01t (0.01) 0.2e0.0002t (0.0002)
500 / q
q
500
q2
= 1
56. p = 900 q 2
52. log N = A bM
d
d
(log N ) =
( A bM )
dM
dM
d ln N
d
( A bM )
=
dM ln10 dM
p
q
dp
dq
900 q 2
q
2q
900 q 2
2q 2
1
1 dN
= b
ln10 N dM
1 dN
(log e)
= b
N dM
dN
bN
=
dM log e
57. p = 18 0.02q
180.02 q
q
0.02
18 0.02q
0.02q
58. p = 20 2 q
p
q
dp
dq
a.
When p = 8, then =
b.
b
b
= log + ( A bM ) = A + log bM
q
q
4
p
q
dp
dq
dN
log
= log
N
dM
log e
b
= log
+ log N
log e
f ( x) = (12 x3 + 6 x 2 25)e3 x
f ( x) = 0 when x 1.13.
p
q
dp
dq
= 0.008e0.01t + 0.00004e0.0002t
53.
500
q
+ 2 x 25 x
p
q
1
q
p
q
p
10
p
2
2p
p 20
2(8)
4
= .
8 20
3
2p
p 20
20
, then < 1, so > 1 and
3
demand is elastic.
If p >
466
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59. =
p
q
dp
dq
Chapter 12 Review
40
1
=
80 200
3
% change in q (% change in price) ( )
b.
p dq
q dp
p
2500 p
p
, so
q
p p
p2
p =30
(30) 2
(40)
9
16
2
%, then demand
3
would change by approximately
3
2 9
3 16 %, or 8 %. (That is, demand
3
increases by approximately %.)
8
60. a.
p
q
dp
dq
5
1
= 5 % = % = 1.67%. Thus
3
3
q = 2500 p 2
dq
=
dp
p = 40
p dq
=
q dp
2 xn3 + 2
3xn2 2
xn
xn +1
2.00000
1.80000
1.80000
1.76995
1.76995
1.76929
1.76929
1.76929
dq
1
. Thus
=
dp 2 100 p
approximately x5 = 1.7693.
100 p 2 100 p
p
p
=
=
2(100 p) 2 p 200
p
< 1.
2 p 200
Noting that the denominator is negative for
0 < p < 100, we multiply both sides of the
inequality by 2p 200 and reverse the
direction of the inequality
200
p > 2 p + 200, 3 p > 200, p >
3
200
Thus
< p < 100 for elastic demand.
3
f ( xn )
f ( xn )
= xn
If x1 = 0.5, we obtain
n
xn
xn +1
0.5
0.610
0.610
0.619
0.619
0.619
467
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e xn 3 xn
e xn 3
If x1 = 1.5, we obtain
n
xn
xn +1
1.5
1.512
1.512
1.512
C (q) =
+ RV m +
2
q
FD RVq
=
+
+ RVm
2
q
d
( RVm) = 0, the maintenance of a
dq
safetly margin does not affect the calculation of
the economic order quantity.
Since
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Chapter 13
maximum, since C (t ) changes from + to . The
drug is at its greatest concentration 2 hours after
the injection.
Problems 13.1
C(q)
q
2 5
CV: x = 3, 1, 2
C (t ) =
0.14t
(t + 2) 2
f ( x) = ( x + 3)( x 1)( x 2)
f ( x) = 0 when x = 3, 1, 2
+
2
.
6.
(t + 2)4
0.14(t + 2) 0.28t 0.28 0.14t
=
=
(t + 2)3
(t + 2)3
0.14(2 t )
=
(t + 2)3
C (t ) = 0 when t = 2 and is undefined when
t = 2. However, since t denotes the number of
hours after an injection, negative values of t are
+
not reasonable. If 0 t < 2, C (t ) = = + , so
+
f ( x) = 2 x( x 1)3
CV: x = 0, 1
+
f ( x) = ( x + 1)( x 3)2
CV: x = 1, 3
469
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8.
f ( x) =
x( x + 2)
1
1
on , 2 ; relative maximum when x = ;
3
3
x +1
CV: x = 0, 2
+
13. y =
y = x 2 4 x + 5 = x 2 + 4 x 5
y = 6 x2
CV: x = 0
+
0
14. y =
10. y = x 2 + 4 x + 3
y = 2 x + 4 = 2( x + 2)
CV: x = 2
y = 4 x3 4 x = 4 x x 2 1 = 4 x( x + 1)( x 1)
CV: x = 0, 1
1
2
Increasing on , ; decreasing on , ;
2
1
relative maximum when x = .
2
16. y = 3 + 12 x x3
y = 12 3 x 2 = 3 4 x 2 = 3(2 + x)(2 x)
5 2
x 2x + 6
2
CV: x = 2
y = 3x 2 5 x 2 = (3x + 1)( x 2)
1
CV: x = , 2
3
15. y = x 4 2 x 2
1
CV: x =
2
12. y = x3
11. y = x x 2 + 2
y = 1 2 x
x4
+ x3
4
CV: x = 3, 0
y = x3 + 3x 2 = x 2 ( x + 3)
= ( x + 5)( x 1)
CV: x = 5, 1
9. y = 2 x3 + 1
x3
2 x2 + 5x 2
3
17. y = x3
7 2
x + 2x 5
2
y = 3x 2 7 x + 2 = (3 x 1)( x 2)
1
CV: x = , 2
3
470
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+
1
3
Section 13.1
21. y =
y = x 2 10 x + 22
1
1
on , 2 ; relative maximum when x = ,
3
3
18. y = x3 6 x 2 + 12 x 6
(5
22. y =
)(
)(
2
, 5
3
+
2
3
)( x 5 )( x + 5 )
+
5
2
3
2
2
Increasing on , 5 ,
,
, and
3
3
2
5, ; decreasing on 5,
and
3
y = 15 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = (5 x + 1)(3 x 1)
1 1
CV: ,
5 3
5
9 5 47 3
x
x + 10 x
5
3
CV: x =
20. y = 5 x + x + x 7
3, 5 + 3 ; increasing on 5 + 3, ;
5
2
= 3x 2 3x + 2
y = 9 x 4 47 x 2 + 10 = 9 x 2 2 x 2 5
Increasing on , and , ;
3
2
5
5+ 3
minimum at x = 5 + 3.
2 5
CV: x = ,
3 2
3
y = 6 x 2 11x 10 = (2 x 5)(3 x + 2)
or x = 5 3.
Increasing on , 5 3 ; decreasing on
5 3
19. y = 2 x3
2(1)
CV: x = 2
+
10 (10) 2 4(1)(22)
CV: x = 5 3
y = 3x 2 12 x + 12 = 3 x 2 4 x + 4 = 3( x 2) 2
x3
5 x 2 + 22 x + 1
3
2
2
, 5.
; relative minima when x =
3
3
1
3
23. y = 3x5 5 x3
Decreasing on , and , ;
5
3
1 1
increasing on , ; relative minimum when
5 3
1
1
x = ; relative maximum when x = .
5
3
y = 15 x 4 15 x 2 = 15 x 2 ( x + 1)( x 1)
CV: x = 0, 1
+
471
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
24. y = 3x
x6
2
28. y =
y = 3 3x5 = 3(1 x5 )
4
30. y = 3 x ( x 2)
27. y = 8 x 4 x8
(
= 8 x3 ( 2 + x 2 )( 2 x 2 )
= 8 x3 ( 2 + x 2 ) ( 2 x )(
y = 32 x3 8 x7 = 8 x3 4 x 4
2+x
y =
(
decreasing on (
1
2
1
2
1
Decreasing on (, 0) and 0, ; increasing
2
1
1
relative maximum.
Increasing on , 2 and 0, 2 ;
2, 0 and
CV: x = 0,
2(2 x 1)
3x 3
CV: x = 0, 2
0
1
2
29. y = ( x 2 1) 4
3x4
4 x3 + 17
26. y =
2
y = 6 x3 12 x 2 = 6 x 2 ( x 2)
CV: x = 0, 2
1 1
Increasing on , 3 , , , 3, ;
2 2
1
decreasing on 3, and , 3 ;
2
1
relative maxima when x = 3, ; relative
2
1
minima when x = , 3 .
2
y = 5 x 4 20 x3 = 5 x3 ( x + 4)
CV: x = 0, 4
3 1
25. y = x5 5 x 4 + 200
)(
1
CV: x = , 3
2
)(
= (2 x 1)(2 x + 1) x + 3 x 3
y = 4 x 4 13x 2 + 3 = 4 x 2 1 x 2 3
= 3(1 x)( x + x + x + x + 1)
CV: x = 1
+
4 5 13 3
x x + 3x + 4
5
3
2, ; relative
472
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 13.1
sign chart because it is a point of discontinuity of
y.
5
= 5( x 1)1
x 1
31. y =
y = 5( x 1)
y = 8 x
x2
CV: None, but x = 0 must be included in the sign
chart because it is a point of discontinuity of y.
= 10 x
y = 5 x
32
12
. [Note: x > 0]
5
y =
3x
2x + 5
3(2 x + 5) (3 x)(2)
(2 x + 5)2
(2 x + 5) 2
5
must be included in the
2
sign chart because it is a point of discontinuity of
y.
Increasing on , and , ; no
2
relative extremum
x + 4x + 3
2
38. y =
y =
( x + 1)( x + 3)
2x2
4 x 2 25
(4 x 2 25)(4 x) (2 x 2 )(8 x)
(4 x 2 25)2
100 x
100 x
=
=
2
2
(4 x 25)
(2 x 5)2 (2 x + 5)2
x2
2 x
2
( x + 2)
3 2
(2 x)(2 x) x 2 (1)
y =
( x + 2)(2 x ) x 2 3 (1)
35. y =
( x + 2)
( x + 2)2
CV: x = 3, 1, but x = 2 must be included in
the sign chart because it is a point of
discontinuity of y.
15
(2 x 1)(4 x 2 + 2 x + 1)
1
2
y =
=
x2 3
x+2
37. y =
34. y =
Increasing on , ; decreasing on (, 0)
2
1
1
and 0, ; relative minimum when x = .
2
2
33. y =
1
x
x2
x2
1
CV: x = , but x = 0 must be included in the
2
sign chart because it is a point of discontinuity of
y.
3
= 3 x 1
x
36. y = 4 x 2 +
y = 3x 2 =
32. y =
+
2
( x 1)2
CV: None, but x = 1 must be included in the sign
chart because it is a point of discontinuity of y.
x(4 x)
(2 x)
(2 x)2
CV: x = 0, 4, but x = 2 must be included in the
CV: x = 0, but x =
473
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
5
must be included in the
2
+
5
2
5
Increasing on , and ,
2
0;
y =
2
2
( x 1)1/ 3 =
3
3
3 x 1
CV: x = 1
y =
5x + 2
42. y = x 2 ( x + 3) 4
y = x 2 (4)( x + 3)3 + ( x + 3) 4 (2 x)
= 2 x( x + 3)3 [2 x + ( x + 3)]
2 29
5
formula, x =
2 29
5
+
5
2 29
Decreasing on ,
and
5
2 + 29
, ; increasing on
2 29 2 + 29
,
; relative minimum
5
5
) ( 3x 2 9 ) =
23
= x 2 ( x 6)3 (7 x 18)
CV: x = 0, 6,
+
+
0
18
7
3 3 0
+
3
( x + 3 )( x 3 )
2
[ x( x + 3)( x 3)] 3
+
3
)(
Increasing on (, 3), 3, 3 ,
18
7
+
6
18
Increasing on (, 0), 0, , and (6, );
7
18
decreasing on , 6 ; relative maximum when
7
18
x=
; relative minimum when x = 6.
7
CV: x = 3, 0, 3
+
( )
= x 2 ( x 6)3 [4 x + 3( x 6)]
40. y = x3 9 x
y = x3 4( x 6)3 + ( x 6) 4 3 x 2
2 29
; relative maximum when
5
1 3
x 9x
3
43. y = x3 ( x 6) 4
2 + 29
x=
.
5
y =
3 1
2 29 2 + 29
when x =
x2 + 1
CV: x =
41. y = ( x 1) 2 / 3
5
5
maximum at x = 0.
39. y =
5
2
3, 3 , and
474
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 13.1
3 2
Decreasing on 0,
; increasing on
2
3 2
3 2
.
, ; relative minimum when x =
2
2
44. y = x(1 x) 5
2
3
2
y = x (1 x) 5 + (1 x) 5 (1)
5
35 2
3 7
= (1 x) x + (1 x) = (1 x) 5 x 1
5
5
CV: x = , 1
7
48. y = x 1e x
1 1
x 1
y = x 1e x x 2 e x = e x = e x
2
x
x
x2
CV: x = 1, but x = 0 must also be included in the
sign chart because it is a point of discontinuity of
y.
+
1
5
7
5
5
y = e
45. y = e
49. y = e x + e x
y = e x e x
Setting y = 0 gives e x e x = 0 , e x = e x ,
x = x, x = 0
CV: x = 0
1
x=e =
e
1
CV: x =
e
50. y = e x
1
e
1
Decreasing on 0, ; increasing on
e
1
relative minimum when x = .
e
, ;
e
/2
y = x + (ln x)(1) 1 = ln x
x
CV: x = 1
/2
y = xe x
CV: x = 0
CV: x =
(, ); no relative extremum.
9 2 x2 9
=
x
x
3 2
2
0 3 2
5
475
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
( )
y = ( x 2 + 1)( e x ) + e x (2 x)
= e x ( x 2 + 1) 2 x = e x ( x 1) 2
52. y = x 2 + 1 e x
x
5
CV: x = 1
12
55. y = 3x x3 = x
)(
3x
y = 3 3 x 2 = 3(1 + x )(1 x)
CV: x = 1
Decreasing on (, 1) and (1, ); increasing on
(1, 1); relative minimum when x = 1; relative
maximum when x = 1.
3
2
Decreasing on , ; increasing on
2
3
3
3+x
53. y = x 2 3x 10 = ( x + 2)( x 5)
CV: x =
x
6
56. y = x 4 16 = x 2 + 4 ( x + 2)( x 2)
Intercepts (2, 0), (0, 16)
Symmetric about y-axis.
54. y = 2 x 2 5 x 12 = (2 x + 3)( x 4)
y = 4 x 3
CV: x = 0
Decreasing on (, 0); increasing on (0, );
relative minimum when x = 0.
3
Intercepts , 0 , (4, 0), (0, 12)
2
5
y = 4 x 5 = 4 x
4
5
CV: x =
4
5
Decreasing on , ; increasing on , ;
4
4
5
relative minimum when x = .
4
x
2
16
476
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57. y = 2 x3 9 x 2 + 12 x = x 2 x 2 9 x + 12
Section 13.1
y = 6 x 2 18 x + 12 = 6 x 2 3 x + 2
= 6(x 2)(x 1)
CV: x = 1, 2
Increasing on (, 1) and (2, ); decreasing on
(1, 2); relative maximum when x = 1; relative
minimum when x = 2.
8
2 1
6
6
60. y = x 6 x5 = x5 x
5
5
6
Intercepts (0, 0), , 0
5
5
4
y = 6 x5 6 x 4 = 6 x 4 ( x 1)
CV: x = 0, 1
Increasing on (1, ); decreasing on (, 0) and
(0, 1); relative minimum when x = 1.
x
1 2
58. y = 2 x3 x 2 4 x + 4
The x-intercept is not convenient to find.
y-intercept is (0, 4).
y = 6 x 2 2 x 4 = 2(3 x + 2)( x 1)
x
3
2
CV: x = , 1
3
2
61. y = ( x 1) 2 ( x + 2)2
Intercepts: (1, 0), (2, 0), (0, 4)
y = ( x 1) 2 2( x + 2) + ( x + 2) 2 2( x 1)
= 2(x 1)(x + 2)[(x 1) + (x + 2)]
= 2(x 1)(x + 2)(2x + 1)
1
CV: x = 1, 2,
2
1
Decreasing on (, 2) and , 1 ; increasing
2
1
2
2
on , 1 ; relative maximum when x = ;
3
3
x
5
59. y = x 4 + 4 x3 + 4 x 2 = x 2 ( x + 2)2
Intercepts (0, 0), (2, 0)
y = 4 x3 + 12 x 2 + 8 x = 4 x( x + 1)( x + 2)
CV: x = 0, 1, 2
Increasing on (2, 1) and (0, ); decreasing on
(, 2) and (1, 0); relative maximum when
x = 1; relative minima when x = 2 or x = 0.
4
x
2
477
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
62. y = x ( x 2 x 2) = x ( x 2)( x + 1)
[Note x 0.]
Intercepts (0, 0), (2, 0)
10
y = x5 / 2 x3 / 2 2 x1/ 2
x
10
5 3 / 2 3 1/ 2
1
x
x 2 x 1/ 2
2
2
2
1
2
(5 x 3 x 2)
=
2 x
1
(5 x + 2)( x 1)
=
2 x
CV: x = 0, 1 (x 0)
Decreasing on (0, 1); increasing on (1, );
relative minimum when x = 1.
y =
65.
y
10
x
10
66.
cf
q
25, 000
q
d
25, 000
cf =
< 0 for q > 0, so c f is a
dq
q2
( )
68. c = 3q 3q 2 + q3
x
1
dc
= 3 6q + 3q 2 .
dq
dc
d dq
dc
64. y = x 3 + 5 x 3 = x 3 ( x + 5)
Intercepts (0, 0), (5, 0)
5 2 10 5( x + 2)
y = x 3 + 1 =
1
3
3x 3
3x 3
CV: x = 0, 2
Increasing on (, 2) and (0, ); decreasing on
(2, 0); relative maximum when x = 2; relative
minimum when x = 0.
478
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Section 13.1
69. p = 400 2q
Revenue is given by
r = pq = (400 2q )q
T
73. E = 0.711 c
Th
T
dE
= 0.71 c
T2
dTh
h
= 400q 2q 2
Marginal revenue is r = 400 4q . Marginal
revenue is increasing when its derivative is
positive. But (r) = 4 < 0 . Thus marginal
revenue is never increasing.
increases.
a2
a
74. r = 2 F + 1 p p 2 +
b
b
dr a
ba
ba
= 1 2 p =
2 p = 2
dp b
b
2b
dr
Setting
= 0 gives the critical value
dp
70. c = q
dc
1
=
. Since
Marginal cost =
dq 2 q
dc
d dq
= 1 < 0 for q > 0, marginal cost is
dq
4 q3
decreasing for q > 0.
Average cost = c =
ba
dr
, then
< 0 and r is
2b
dp
decreasing. Thus revenue is maximum for
ba
.
p=
2b
increasing. If p >
c
1
. Since
=
q
q
144
71. r = 240q + 57 q 2 q3
r = 240 + 114q 3q 2 = 3(40 q )(2 + q )
Since q 0, we have q = 40 as the only CV.
Since r is increasing on (0, 40) and decreasing
on (40, ), r is a maximum when output is 40.
a.
C(1) = 25,300
b.
9k 2 144
144
C (k ) = 100 9
= 100
2
k2
9(k + 4)(k 4)
= 100
k2
b > 0.
dw p
dz
= (1 + b)
b(1)
dwc
dwc
dw p
b
= (1 + b)
(factoring)
dwc 1 + b
dw p
c.
dw p
b
b
, then
<0.
dwc b + 1
dwc b + 1
Because b > 0, then 1 + b > 0. Thus from
dz
part (a),
< 0 so z is a decreasing
dwc
b. If
ba
ba
dr
> 0 and r is
. If p <
, then
2b
2b
dp
p=
dc
1
=
< 0 for q > 0, average cost is
dq
2 q3
decreasing for q > 0.
a.
> 0 , so as Th increases, E
C(4) = 17,200
<
function of wc .
479
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76. P =
100
1 + 100, 000e0.36h
dP d
100 1 + 100, 000e0.36 h
=
dh dh
3, 600, 000
=
2
e0.36h 1 + 100, 000e0.36 h
Since
dP
> 0 , P is an increasing function of h.
dh
84.
Problems 13.2
1.
2.
f ( x) = 4 x 6 = 4 x +
2
3
The only critical value on (3, 2) is x = . We
2
3
19
2.5
2.5
f ( x) = 4 6 x 3 x 2
10
b.
3.
5
c.
f ( x) = 4 x3 2 x 2( x + 2)
= 4 x3 4 x 4
CV: x 1.32
10
83. a.
10
d.
1 3 1 2
x + x 2 x + 1 and f is continuous
3
2
over [1, 0].
f ( x) = x 2 + x 2 = ( x + 2)( x 1)
f ( x) =
480
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4.
f ( x) =
[0, 1].
Section 13.2
1 4 3 2
x x and f is continuous over
4
2
)(
f ( x) = x3 3 x = x x + 3 x 3
8.
f ( x) = 7 x 2 + 4 x 3 = (7 x 3)( x + 1)
9.
= 6x
2x
)(
2+x
= 6(2 x + 3)( x 1)
1
The only critical value on , 3 is x = 1. We
2
evaluate f at this point and the endpoints:
19
1
f = ; f(1) = 8, f(3) = 84.
4
2
Absolute maximum: f(3) = 84;
absolute minimum: f(1) = 8
10.
2 13
x .
3
The only critical value on (8, 8) is x = 0. We
have f(8) = 4, f(0) = 0, and f(8) = 4. Thus there
is an absolute maximum when x = 8 or
x = 8, and an absolute minimum when x = 0.
Absolute maximum: f(8) = f(8) = 4;
absolute minimum: f(0) = 0
f ( x) =
1 4 1 2
x x + 3 and f is continuous over
4
2
( 2) = 4 ;
[2, 3].
f ( x) = x3 x = x( x 2 1) = x( x 1)( x + 1)
f ( x) = 15 x 4 + 15 x 2 = 15 x 2 1 x 2
( 2 ) = 4 , and
2.
f ( x) =
7.
3
. We
7
3 13
have f(0) = 1, f =
, and f(3) = 73.
7 49
Absolute maximum: f(3) = 73;
3 13
absolute minimum: f =
7 49
f ( x) = 12 x3 6 x5 = 6 x3 2 x 2
f ( x) = 12 x + 6 x 18 = 6 2 x + x 3
6.
f ( x) = 4 x3 + 3 x 2 18 x + 3 and f is continuous
1
over , 3 .
2
7 3
x + 2 x 2 3x + 1 and f is continuous
3
over [0, 3].
f ( x) =
11.
= 15 x 2 (1 + x)(1 x)
The only critical value on (2, 0) is x = 1. We
have f(2) = 56, f(1) = 2, and f(0) = 0.
Absolute maximum: f(2) = 56;
absolute minimum: f(1) = 2.
f ( x) = 4 x3 18 x = 2 x 2 x 2 9
= 2x
2x 3
)(
2x + 3
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3 2
73
f
= , and f(3) = 2.
4
2
Absolute maximum: f(0) = f(3) = 2;
3 2
73
absolute minimum: f
=
4
2
12.
f ( x) =
x +1
a.
( x + 1)
c.
d. 14,283
Problems 13.3
1.
3
4
+
0
3
down on , 0 . Inflection points when
4
3
x = , 0. .
4
10
28
1
2.
f ( x) =
x5 x 4
+
2 x2
20 4
f ( x) = ( x 1)( x + 2) 2
f ( x) is 0 when x = 1, 2. Sign chart for f :
26
f ( x ) = 2 x 4 + 3 x3 + 2 x 3
f ( x) = 6 x(4 x + 3)
3
f ( x) is 0 when x = 0, . Sign chart for f :
4
[26, 28].
14.
3.22, 0.78
b. 2.75
(1 + x)(1 x)
2
9
0
x 2 + 1) x(2 x)
(
1 x2
f ( x) =
=
2
2
( x2 + 1)
( x2 + 1)
=
10
15.
+
1
3.
10
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
2 + x x2
x2 2 x + 1
2(7 x)
( x 1) 4
f ( x) is 0 when x = 7. Although f is not
defined when x = 1, f is not continuous at x = 1.
So there is no inflection point when x = 1, but
x = 1 must be considered in concavity analysis.
482
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Section 13.3
6.
f ( x) =
( x 1)2
2(2 x + 1)
f ( x) =
( x 1) 4
1
f ( x) = 0 when x = . Although f is not
2
defined when x = 1, f is not continuous at x = 1.
So there is no inflection point when x = 1, but
x = 1 must be considered in concavity analysis.
Sign chart of f :
8. y = 74 x 2 + 19 x 37
y = 148 x + 19
y = 148 < 0 for all x. Thus the graph is
concave down on (, ).
1
2
9. y = 4 x3 + 12 x 2 12 x
x +1
f ( x) =
y = 12 x 2 + 24 x 12
y = 24 x + 24 = 24( x + 1)
Possible inflection point when x = 1. Concave
down on (, 1): concave up on (1, );
inflection point when x = 1.
x 2
f ( x) =
(
) = 6 ( 3x 2 + 2 )
3
3
( x2 2) ( x 2 )( x + 2 )
6 3x2 + 2
10. y = x3 6 x 2 + 9 x + 1
y = 3x 2 12 x + 9
y = 6 x 12 = 6( x 2)
Possible inflection point when x = 2. Concave
down on (, 2); concave up on (2, );
inflection point when x = 2.
+
2
Concave up on , 2 and
down on , .
2
7. y = 2 x 2 + 4 x
y = 4 x + 4
y = 4 < 0 for all x, so the graph is concave
1
Concave up on , 1 and (1, ); concave
2
5.
( 4 x2 )
3
2
2 x x2 6
x2
f ( x) =
f ( x) = x 4 x 2
11. y = 2 x3 5 x 2 + 5 x 2
2, ;
y = 6 x 2 10 x + 5
y = 12 x 10 = 12 x
6
point.
5
Possible inflection point when x = . Concave
6
483
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
down on , ; concave up on , ;
6
6
5
inflection point when x =
6
15. y = 2 x 5
2 54
x
5
8 9
8
y = x 5 =
9
25
25 x 5
y =
12. y = x 4 8 x 2 6
y = 4 x3 16 x
4
y = 12 x 2 16 = 12 x 2
3
2 3
2 3
= 12 x
x +
3
3
16. y =
x 4 19 x3 7 x 2
+
+ x+5
2
6
2
19
y = 2 x 3 + x 2 7 x + 1
2
2
y = 6 x + 19 x 7 = (3 x 1)(2 x + 7)
17. y =
y = 8 x3 96 x + 7
y = 24 x 2 96 = 24( x 2 4) = 24( x + 2)( x 2)
7 1
Possible inflection points when x = , .
2 3
7
Concave up on , and , ;
2
7 1
concave down on , ; inflection points
2 3
7 1
when x = , .
2 3
x4 9 x2
+
+ 2x
4
2
y = x 3 + 9 x + 2
y = 3x 2 + 9 = 3( x 2 3)
)(
84
x5
Although y is not defined when x = 0, y is not
continuous there. Thus there is no possible
inflection point. However, x = 0 must be
considered in concavity analysis. Concave down
on (, 0); concave up on (0, ); no inflection
point
2 3
.
3
= 3 x + 3 x 3
= 7 x 3
y = 84 x 5 =
13. y = 2 x 4 48 x 2 + 7 x + 3
14. y =
y = 21x 4
2 3
Possible inflection points x =
. Concave
3
2 3
2 3
, ; concave
up on ,
and
3
2 3 2 3
down on
,
; inflection points when
3
3
x=
5
1
1
1
2
18. y = x 4 x3 + x 2 + x
2
6
2
3
5
1
1
y = 10 x3 x 2 + x +
2
3
3, ;
y = 30 x 2 x + 1 = (5 x + 1)(6 x 1)
1 1
Possible inflection points when x = , .
5 6
1
484
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Section 13.3
(
(
1 1
concave up on , ; inflection points when
5 6
1 1
x= , .
5 6
1 5 1 4 1 3 1
2
x x + x x
20
4
6
2
3
1 4
1
1
y = x x 3 + x 2
4
2
2
y = 30 x 4 36 x 2 = 30 x 2 x 2
5
6
6
= 30 x 2 x
x +
5
5
6
.
5
6
, ;
Concave up on ,
and
5
5
6
concave down on , 0 and 0,
.
5
5
3 5
. Thus possible inflection points
2
3 5
occur when x = 0,
. Concave down on
2
3 5 3+ 5
,
(, 0) and
; concave up on
2
2
3 5
3+ 5
x=
3 5
.
2
23. y =
y =
1 5
x 3x3 + 17 x + 43
10
1
y = x 4 9 x 2 + 17
2
y = 2 x3 18 x = 2 x( x 2 9)
20. y =
1 6 7 4
x x + 5x2 + 2 x 1
21. y =
30
12
1
7
y = x5 x3 + 10 x + 2
5
3
)(
24. y = 1
y =
x2
x3
6
x4
No possible inflection point, but we must
consider x = 0 in the concavity analysis.
Concave down on (, 0) and (0, ).
)( x 2 )( x + 5 )( x 5 )
)(
y =
y = x 4 7 x 2 + 10 = x 2 2 x 2 5
( x 1)2
( x 1)3
No possible inflection point, but we consider
x = 1 in the concavity analysis. Concave down
on (, 1); concave up on (1, ).
6
.
5
x +1
x 1
2
y =
= 2 x( x + 3)( x 3)
= x+ 2
y = 6 x5 12 x3
22. y = x 6 3 x 4
y = x3 3x 2 + x = x x 2 3 x + 1
when x = 0,
x = 5, 2 .
19. y =
Concave up on , 5 , 2, 2 , and
485
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25. y =
x2
27. y =
x +1
x 2 + 1) (2 x) x 2 (2 x)
(
2x
y =
=
2
2
( x2 + 1)
( x2 + 1)
2
x 2 + 1) (2) 2 x(2) ( x 2 + 1) (2 x)
(
y =
4
( x2 + 1)
x 2 + 1) (2) 8 x 2
(
=
3
( x2 + 1)
2 (1 3x 2 ) 2 (1 + 3x )(1 3 x )
=
=
3
3
2
x
+
1
( )
( x2 + 1)
y =
4 x2
x+3
y =
y =
=
( x + 3)(8 x) 4 x 2 (1)
( x + 3) 2
4 x2 + 6 x
6
( x + 3)4
6
( x + 3)3
1 21x 17
1 21x + 17
=
3
6 ( x + 3)
6 ( x + 3)3
1 42 x + 12
7x 2
=
=
4
6 ( x + 3)
( x + 3)4
.
3
1
Concave down on ,
, ;
and
3
3
1
1
concave up on
,
; inflection points
3
3
1
when x =
.
3
26. y =
6( x + 3)2
3
2
y =
6
( x + 3)6
1 ( x + 3)(21) (21x + 17)(3)
=
6
( x + 3) 4
21x + 40
2
(x = 3
7
must be considered in concavity analysis).
2
2
x= .
7
28. y = 3( x 2 2) 2
y = 12 x( x 2 2) = 12( x3 2 x)
2
y = 12(3x 2 2) = 36 x 2
3
6
6
= 36 x
x +
3
3
( x + 3) 2
( x + 3)3
No possible inflection point, but we must include
x = 3 in the concavity analysis. Concave down
on (, 3); concave up on (3, ).
6
.
3
6
6
, 0;
Concave up on ,
and
6
6
,
concave down on
; inflection
3
3
points when x =
486
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6
.
3
Section 13.3
29. y = 5e x
3
3
2
2
e , ; inflection point when x = e .
y = 5e x
y = 5e x
Thus y > 0 for all x. Concave up on (, ).
34. y =
30. y = e e
y = e + e
y = e e
y =
y = 3xe x + 3e x = 3e x ( x + 1)
y = 3e x (1) + 3( x + 1)e x = 3e x ( x + 2)
y = 0 if x = 2. Concave down on (, 2);
2
2
y = 2 x 2 e x + e x = e x (2 x 2 + 1)
x2
y = e (4 x) + 2 x(2 x + 1)e
x2
x2
3e x (2 x) x 2 + 1 3e x
9e
2x
3e
3e x
3e x (2 2 x) 2 x x 2 1 3e x
9e 2 x
(2 2 x) 2 x x 2 1
3e x
x2 4 x + 3
x
( x 1)( x 3)
35. y = x 2 x 6 = ( x 3)( x + 2)
= e (4 x + 6 x)
y = 2x 1 = 2 x
2
CV: x =
33. y =
1
2
Decreasing on , ; increasing on
2
2 x 1x (ln x)(2)
25
1
1
2 , ; relative minimum at 2 , 4 .
y = 2
No possible inflection point. Concave up on
(, ).
y =
ln x
. (Note: x > 0.)
2x
y =
2x x 1
= 2 xe (2 x + 3)
y = 0 when x = 0. Concave down on (, 0);
x2
2 x x2 + 1
3e
3e x
Possible inflection points when x = 1, 3.
Concave up on (, 1) and (3, ); concave
down on
(1, 3); inflection point when x = 1, 3.
3e x
y =
31. y = 3xe x
x2 + 1
4x2
( )
1 ln x
2x2
2 x 2 1x (1 ln x)(4 x)
4 x4
2 x (1 ln x)(4 x)
4x
1 (1 ln x)(2)
2 x3
x
10
2 ln( x) 3
2 x3
y is 0 if 2ln(x) 3 = 0, ln x =
3
3
, x = e2 .
2
487
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 9
relative maximum at ,
2 4
y = 2
No possible inflection point. Concave down on
(, ).
36. y = x 2 + 2
Intercept (0, 2)
y = 2 x
CV: x = 0
Decreasing on (, 0); increasing on (0, );
relative minimum at (0, 2).
y = 2
No possible inflection point. Concave up on
(, ). Symmetric about the y-axis.
8
39. y = x3 9 x 2 + 24 x 19
The x-intercepts are not convenient to find; the
y-intercept is (0, 19).
x
5
y = 3x 2 18 x + 24 = 3( x 2)( x 4)
CV: x = 2, x = 4
Increasing on (, 2) and (4, ); decreasing on
(2, 4); relative maximum at (2, 1); relative
minimum at (4, 3).
y = 6 x 18 = 6( x 3)
Possible inflection point when x = 3. Concave
down on (, 3); concave up on (3, );
inflection point at (3, 1).
37. y = 5 x 2 x 2 = x(5 2 x)
5
Intercepts (0, 0) and , 0
2
y = 5 4 x
CV: x =
5
4
Increasing on , ; decreasing on , ;
4
4
5 25
relative maximum at ,
.
4 8
y = 4
No possible inflection point. Concave down on
(, ).
y
x
2
40. y = x3 25 x 2 = x 2 ( x 25)
Intercepts: (0, 0) and (25, 0)
50
y = 3 x 2 50 x = 3 x x
3
x
5
CV: x = 0,
38. y = x x 2 + 2 = ( x 2)( x + 1)
Intercepts (2, 0), (1, 0), and (0, 2)
y = 1 2 x
CV: x =
50
3
50
50
on 0,
; relative maximum at (0, 0); relative
3
1
2
62,500
50
.
minimum at ,
3
27
Increasing on , ; decreasing on , ;
2
488
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Section 13.3
42. y = x3 6 x 2 + 9 x = x( x 3) 2
Intercepts (0, 0) and (3, 0)
25
y = 6 x 50 = 6 x
3
y = 3x 2 12 x + 9 = 3( x 1)( x 3)
CV: x = 1 and x = 3
Increasing on (, 1) and (3, ); decreasing on
(1, 3); relative maximum at (1, 4); relative
minimum at (3, 0).
y = 6 x 12 = 6( x 2)
Possible inflection point when x = 2. Concave
down on (, 2); concave up on (2, );
inflection point at (2, 2).
25
. Concave
3
25
concave up on , ;
3
;
down on ,
3
31, 250
25
.
inflection point at ,
27
3
1200
y
x
48
x
8
41. y =
x3
x3 12 x
4x =
3
3
)(
1
= x x+2 3 x2 3
3
43. y = x3 3 x 2 + 3 x 3
Intercept (0, 3)
y = 3x 2 6 x + 3 = 3( x 1) 2
CV: x = 1
Increasing on (, 1) and (1, ); no relative
maximum or minimum
y = 6( x 1)
Possible inflection point when x = 1. Concave
down on (, 1); concave up on (1, );
inflection point at (1, 2).
y = x 2 4 = ( x + 2)( x 2)
CV: x = 2
Increasing on (, 2) and (2, ); decreasing on
16
16
minimum at 2, .
3
y = 2 x
Possible inflection point when x = 0. Concave
down on (, 0); concave up on (0, ); inflection
point at (0, 0). Symmetric about the origin.
10
x
5
5 2
5
x + 2 x = x 2x2 + x + 2
2
2
Intercept (0, 0)
44. y = 2 x3 +
x
10
y = 6 x 2 + 5 x + 2
CV: none
Increasing on (, ).
5
y = 12 x + 5 = 12 x +
12
5
. Concave
12
down on , ; concave up on
12
235
5
5
, ; inflection point at ,
.
12
12
432
1
on , 1 ; relative minimum at
3
relative maximum at (1, 4)
2
y = 6 x + 4 = 6 x
3
1 104
3 , 27 ;
2
. Concave
3
2
concave down on , ;
3
up on , ;
3
2 106
inflection point at ,
3 27
45. y = 4 x3 3 x 4 = x3 (4 3 x)
4
Intercepts (0, 0), , 0
3
y = 12 x 2 12 x3 = 12 x 2 (1 x)
CV: x = 0 and x = 1
Increasing on (, 0) and (0, 1); decreasing on
(1, ); relative maximum at (1, 1).
y = 24 x 36 x 2 = 12 x(2 3x)
x
5
47. y = 2 + 12 x x3
Intercept (0, 2)
2
Possible inflection points at x = 0 and x = .
3
2
2
up on 0, ; inflection points at (0, 0) and
3
2 16
,
3 27
3
y = 12 3x 2 = 3(2 + x)(2 x)
CV: x = 2
Decreasing on (, 2) and (2, ); increasing on
(2, 2); relative minimum at (2, 18); relative
maximum at (2, 14).
y = 6 x
Possible inflection point when x = 0. Concave up
on (, 0); concave down on (0, ); inflection
point at (0, 2).
20
x
3
x
5
46. y = x3 + 2 x 2 x + 4
Intercept (0, 4)
y = 3x 2 + 4 x 1 = (3 x 1)( x 1)
48. y = (3 + 2 x)3
1
CV: x = , 1
3
3
Intercepts (0, 27), , 0
2
y = 6(3 + 2 x)2
CV: x =
490
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3
2
Section 13.3
x3 3 x 2 x 2
( x 3)
=
5
5
5
Possible inflection points when x = 0 and x = 3.
Concave down on (, 0) and (0, 3); concave up
on (3, ); inflection point at (3, 1.62).
Increasing on , and , ; no
2
2
y =
3
.Concave
2
3
down on , ; concave up on , ;
2
inflection point at , 0 .
2
40
10
x
10
)
= x ( 5 + x 2 )( 5 x 2 )
= x ( 5 + x 2 ) ( 4 5 + x )( 4 5 x )
Intercepts (0, 0) and ( 4 5, 0 )
51. y = 5 x x5 = x 5 x 4
x
5
49. y = 2 x3 6 x 2 + 6 x 2 = 2( x 1)3
Intercepts (0, 2), (1, 0)
( ) (
= 5(1 x)(1 + x) (1 + x 2 )
)(
y = 5 5 x 4 = 5 1 x 4 = 5 1 x 2 1 + x 2
y = 6( x 1)
CV: x = 1
Increasing on (, 1) and (1, ); no relative
maximum or minimum.
y = 12( x 1)
Possible inflection point when x = 1. Concave
down on (, 1); concave up on (1, );
inflection point at (1, 0).
CV: x = 1
Decreasing on (, 1) and (1, ); increasing on
(1, 1); relative minimum at (1, 4); relative
maximum at (1, 4).
y = 20 x3
Possible inflection point when x = 0. Concave
up on (, 0); concave down on (0, );
inflection point at (0, 0).
y
3
3
x
5
x5 x 4
x4
=
( x 5)
100 20 100
Intercepts (0, 0), (5, 0)
x 4 x3 x3
y =
=
( x 4)
20 5 20
CV: x = 0 and x = 4
Increasing on (, 0) and (4, ); decreasing on
(0, 4); relative maximum at (0, 0); relative
minimum at (4, 2.56).
50. y =
52. y = x 2 ( x 1)2
Intercepts: (0, 0), (1, 0)
y = x 2 [2( x 1)(1)] + 2 x ( x 1) 2
= 2 x( x 1)(2 x 1)
= 4 x3 6 x 2 + 2 x
CV: x = 0, 1 and x =
491
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1
2
1
Decreasing on (, 0) and , 1 ; increasing
2
1
on 0, and (1, ); relative minima at (0, 0)
2
x
3
1 1
and (1, 0); relative maximum at ,
2 16
y = 12 x 2 12 x + 2 = 2(6 x 2 6 x + 1)
From the quadratic formula, there are possible
3 3
. Concave up
inflection points when x =
6
3+ 3
3 3
, ; concave
on ,
and
6
3 3 3+ 3
down on
,
; inflection points at
6
6
3 3 1
3+ 3 1
,
,
and
.
36
36
6
6
5
5
5
= 3x3 x +
x
3
3
5
Intercepts (0, 0) and , 0
3
Symmetric about the origin.
y = 15 x 4 15 x 2 = 15 x 2 ( x + 1)( x 1)
CV: x = 0 and x = 1
Increasing on (, 1) and (1, ); decreasing on
(1, 0) and (0, 1); relative maximum at (1, 2);
relative minimum at (1, 2).
2
2
y = 60 x3 30 x = 60 x x +
x
2
2
x
5
2
.
2
2
2
Concave down on ,
and 0,
;
2
2
2
concave up on
, 0 and
, ;
2
7 2
inflection points at
,
, (0, 0), and
2
8
2 7 2
,
.
2
8
53. y = 3x 4 4 x3 + 1
Intercepts (0, 1) and (1, 0) [the latter is found by
inspection of the equation]. No symmetry.
y = 12 x3 12 x 2 = 12 x 2 ( x 1)
CV: x = 0 and x = 1
Decreasing on (, 0) and (0, 1); increasing on
(1, ); relative minimum at (1, 0).
y = 36 x 2 24 x = 12 x(3 x 2)
2
.
3
2
down on 0, ; inflection points at (0, 1) and
3
2 11
,
.
3 27
x
3
492
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Section 13.3
55. y = 4 x 2 x 4 = x 2 (2 + x)(2 x)
Intercepts (0, 0) and (2, 0)
Symmetric about the y-axis.
y = 8 x 4 x = 4 x 2 x
= 4x
2+x
)(
2x
1
1
,
4
2
y = 12 x 2 2 = 12 x 2
6
1
1
= 12 x +
x
6
6
CV: x = 0, 2
(
) ( )
decreasing on ( 2, 0 ) and ( 2, ) ; relative
maxima at ( 2, 4 ) ; relative minimum at (0, 0).
Increasing on , 2 and 0, 2 ;
2
.
x=
3
2
, ;
and
3
2
Concave down on ,
2 2
concave up on ,
; inflection points at
3 3
2 20
,
.
3 9
5
( 2, 63 2 ) ( 2, 7.56) .
56. y = x x = x ( x + 1)( x 1)
Intercepts (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 0)
Symmetric about the y-axis.
y = 4 x 3 2 x = 2 x
CV: x = 0,
)(
2x + 1
1
Concave up on ,
, ;
and
6
6
1
1
concave down on
,
; inflection
6
6
1
5
points at
, .
36
6
y = 8 12 x 2 = 12 x 2
3
2
2
= 12
x
+ x
3
3
4 2 / 3 16 5 / 3
+ x
x
9
9
4 1
4 4( x + 4)
=
+
=
9 x 2 / 3 x5 / 3
9 x5 / 3
Possible inflection points when x = 4, 0.
Concave up on (, 4) and (0, ); concave
y =
2x 1
1
2
1
1
Decreasing on ,
;
and 0,
2
2
increasing on
, 0 and
, ;
2
2
493
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21
4
4
4 1
+ x1/ 3
y = x 2 / 3 + x1/ 3 =
2
/
3
3
3
3 x
4(1 + x)
=
3x 2 / 3
CV: x = 0, 1
Decreasing on (, 1); increasing on (1, 0)
and (0, ); rel. min at (1, 3)
8
4
4 1
2
y = x 5 / 3 + x 2 / 3 =
2
/
3
5
9
9
9 x
x /3
x
16
8
3
(2, 6 2 )
58. y = ( x 1) 2 ( x + 2)2
Intercepts (0, 4), (1, 0), (2, 0)
y = ( x 1)2 [2( x + 2)] + ( x + 2)2 [2( x 1)]
= 2(x 1)(x + 2)(2x + 1)
1
CV: x = 2, , 1
2
1
Decreasing on (, 2) and , 1 ; increasing
2
4( x 2)
9 x5 / 3
Possible inflection points when x = 0, 2.
Concave up on (, 0) and (2, ); concave
down on
1 81
2 , 16 ; relative minima at
(2, 6 2 )
1 + 3
1 3
, ; concave
,
and
2
2
1 3
2
60. y = ( x + 1) x + 4 [Note: x 4]
1 3 1 + 3
,
down on
; inflection points
2
2
when x =
3 2( x + 4) ( x + 3)
3( x + 5)
=
3/ 2
4
( x + 4)
4( x + 4)3 / 2
No possible inflection point. Concave up on
(4, ).
=
494
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Section 13.3
Observe that at the origin the tangent line exists
but it is vertical.
x
5
61. y = 6 x 2 / 3
x1/ 3
x
= 6 x 2 / 3 1
2
12
63.
2 2 3 x 2 3 x
CV: x = 0, 512
Increasing on (0, 512); decreasing on (, 0)
and (512, ); relative maximum at (512, 128);
relative minimum at (0, 0).
4
4
y = x 4 / 3 =
3
3x 4 / 3
Possible inflection point at x = 0. Concave down
on (, 0) and (0, ). Observe that at the origin
the tangent line exists but it is vertical.
y = 4 x 1/ 3
4
x
2
64.
300
4
x
2500
65.
x
1
62. y = 5 x 2 / 3 x5 / 3 = x 2 / 3 (5 x)
Intercepts (0, 0) and (5, 0)
10 1/ 3 5 2 / 3 5 2
y =
x
x
=
x2 / 3
1/
3
3
3
3x
66.
5(2 x)
3 x1/ 3
CV: x = 0, 2
Increasing on (0, 2); decreasing on (, 0) and
(2, ); relative minimum at (0, 0); relative
4
x
495
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100
q+2
67. p =
g ( x) =
dp
100
=
< 0 for q > 0, so p is
dq
(q + 2)2
d2 p
200
=
> 0 for q > 0,
dq 2 (q + 2)3
the demand curve is concave up.
decreasing. Since
c =
U0
A
2
2
x x
x
x e 2A + e 2A
A
A
2x A
2x A
(x
( x + A )( x A )
q2
y = 5.8(0.42) x ln(0.42)
Since ln(0.42) < 0, we have y < 0 , so the
function is decreasing.
y = 5.8(0.42) x ln 2 (0.42) > 0 , so the function is
concave up.
q3
Since c > 0 for q > 0, the graph of the average
cost function is concave up for q > 0.
dH
(0.0464t + 0.0670)
= 0.0464e
> 0 , so H is
dt
increasing.
d 2H
= (0.0464)2 e (0.0464t + 0.0670) < 0 , so H is
dt 2
concave down.
34
A2
U0
A
c
1
= q+2+
q
q
c = 1
U0
A
A2
If 0 x <
68. c = q 2 + 2q + 1
c=
73. n = f (r ) = 0.1ln(r ) +
a.
A
625
U0
U0
A
x2
xe 2 A
A
7
0.8 , 1 r 10
r
=
=
<0
dr
r
r2
r2
r2
for 1 r 10. Thus the graph of f is
always falling. Also,
d 2n
0.1 14 14 0.1r
=
+
=
2
dr
r 2 r3
r3
0.1(140 r )
=
>0
r3
for 1 r 10. Thus the graph is concave
up.
496
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b.
10
Section 13.3
f(r)
2a
concave downon , 0 . In either case, y has
3
2a
.
two points of inflection, when x = 0 and x =
3
76.
r
1
10
3
c.
dn
dr
0.26.
74.
150
77. y = x3 2 x 2 + x + 3
y = 3 x 2 4 x + 1
When x = 2, then y = 5 and y = 5 . Thus an
equation of the tangent line at x = 2 is
y 5 = 5(x 2), or y = 5x 5. Graphing the
curve and the tangent line indicates that the
curve lies above the tangent line around x = 2.
Thus the curve is concave up at x = 2.
20
20
50
a.
10
75.
2
2
3
0
78.
f ( x ) = 2 x3 + 3 x 2 6 x + 1
f ( x) = 6 x 2 + 6 x 6
f ( x) = 12 x + 6
12
y = x5 ( x a) = x 6 ax5
y = 6 x5 5ax 4
y = 30 x 4 20ax3 = 10 x3 (3 x 2a)
Possible inflection points when x = 0 and
2a
x=
. If a > 0, y is concave up on (, 0) and
3
2a
2a
, ; concave down on 0,
. If a < 0,
3
3
2a
y is concave up on ,
and (0, );
3
79.
f ( x ) = x 6 + 3 x5 4 x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1
f ( x) = 6 x5 + 15 x 4 16 x3 + 4 x
f ( x) = 30 x 4 + 60 x3 48 x 2 + 4
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80.
f ( x) =
x +1
1
.
4
Because there is only one relative extremum and
f is continuous, the relative maximum is an
absolute maximum.
x +1
f ( x ) =
x2 + 2 x 1
( x + 1)
2 ( x + 3 x 3x 1)
f ( x) =
( x + 1)
2
4. y = 3x 2 5 x + 6
y = 6 x 5
CV: x =
y = 6
5
y = 6 > 0
6
Problems 13.4
1. y = x 2 5 x + 6
y = 2 x 5
CV: x =
y = 2
5
6
5
.
6
Because there is only one relative extremum and
f is continuous, the relative minimum is an
absolute minimum.
5
2
5
y = 2 > 0
2
5. y =
1 3
x + 2 x2 5x + 1
3
y = x 2 + 4 x 5 = ( x + 5)( x 1)
5
.
2
Because there is only one relative extremum and
f is continuous, the relative minimum is an
absolute minimum.
CV: x = 5, 1
y = 2 x + 4
y (5) = 6 < 0 relative maximum when
x = 5
y (1) = 6 > 0 relative minimum when x = 1
2. y = 5 x + 20 x + 2
y = 10 x + 20
CV: x = 2
y = 10
y (2) = 10 > 0
6. y = x3 12 x + 1
y = 3x 2 12 = 3( x + 2)( x 2)
CV: x = 2
y = 6 x
y (2) = 12 < 0 relative maximum when
x = 2
y (2) = 12 > 0 relative minimum when
x=2
7. y = x3 + 3 x 2 + 1
1
CV: x =
4
y = 8
y = 3 x 2 + 6 x = 3x( x 2)
CV: x = 0, 2
y = 6 x + 6
y (0) = 6 > 0 relative minimum when x = 0
1
y = 8 < 0
4
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Section 13.4
8. y = x 4 2 x 2 + 4
1
y = 60 > 0 relative minimum when
3
1
x=
3
y = 4 x3 4 x = 4 x( x + 1)( x 1)
CV: = 0, 1
y = 12 x 2 4
y (0) = 4 < 0 relative maximum when x = 0
y (1) = 8 > 0 relative minimum when x = 1
y (1) = 8 > 0 relative minimum when
x = 1
y = 55 x 2 2 x 21 = (5 x + 3)(11x 7)
3 7
CV: x = ,
5 11
y = 110 x 2
9. y = 7 2 x 4
y = 8 x3
CV: x = 0
y = 24 x 2
3
y = 68 < 0 relative maximum when
5
3
x=
5
7
y = 68 > 0 relative minimum when
11
x=
10. y = 2 x7
y = 14 x6
CV: x = 0
y = 84 x5
11. y = 81x5 5 x
)(
CV: x = 2, 5,
7
2
y = 2 x 2 + 7 x + 10 (2) + (2 x + 7)(2 x + 7)
= 5(3 x + 1)(3x 1) 9 x 2 + 1
CV: x =
= 2( x + 2)( x + 5)(2 x + 7)
= 5 9x 1 9x + 1
y = 2 x 2 + 7 x + 10 (2 x + 7)
y = 81 5 x 4 5 = 5 81x 4 1
11
7
13. y = x 2 + 7 x + 10
55 3
x x 2 21x 3
3
12. y =
7
2
y (2) = 18 > 0 relative minimum when
x = 2
x=
1
3
y = 81 5 4 x3
14. y = x3 + 3 x 2 + 9 x 2
1
y = 60 < 0 relative maximum when
3
1
x=
3
y = 3x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 3( x 2 2 x 3)
= 3( x + 1)( x 3)
CV: x = 1, 3
y = 6 x + 6
y (1) = 12 > 0 relative minimum when
x = 1
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4
x
When x = 0 the denominator is zero but the
numerator is not zero, so x = 0 is a vertical
asymptote.
4
4
lim = 0. Similarly, lim = 0, so
x x
x x
y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
5. y = f ( x) =
Problems 13.5
x
x 1
When x = 1 the denominator is zero but the
numerator is not zero. Thus x = 1 is a vertical
asymptote.
x
x
lim
= lim = lim 1 = 1 .
x x 1 x x
x
Similarly lim f ( x) = 1 . Thus the line y = 1 is a
1. y = f ( x) =
x2 2
x2
x2
When x = 0 the denominator is zero but the
numerator is not. Thus x = 0 is a vertical
2
asymptote. lim 1 = 1 0 = 1. Similarly
x
x2
lim f ( x) = 1, so y = 1 is a horizontal
horizontal asymptote.
x +1
x
When x = 0 the denominator is zero but the
numerator is not. Thus x = 0 is a vertical
x +1
x
= lim = lim 1 = 1 .
asymptote. lim
x x
x x
x
Similarly lim f ( x) = 1 . Thus y = 1 is a
2. y = f ( x) =
asymptote.
1
x
x + 1)
(
1)(
x 1
Vertical asymptotes are x = 1 and x = 1.
1
1
lim
= lim
= 0 . Similarly,
2
x x 1 x x 2
lim f ( x ) = 0 . Thus y = 0 is a horizontal
7. y = f ( x) =
horizontal asymptote.
3.
6. y = f ( x) = 1
x+2
3x 5
5
When x = the denominator is zero but the
3
5
numerator is not. Thus x = is a vertical
3
x
1 1
asymptote. lim f ( x) = lim
= lim = .
x
x 3 x
x 3 3
1
1
Similarly lim f ( x) = . Thus y = is a
3
3
x
horizontal asymptote.
f ( x) =
asymptote.
x
x
x + 2)
(
2)(
x 4
Vertical asymptotes: x = 2, x = 2.
x
x
1
lim
= lim
= lim = 0 . Similarly,
2
2
x x 4 x x
x x
lim f ( x ) = 0 . Thus y = 0 is a horizontal
8. y = f ( x) =
asymptote.
9. y = f ( x) = x 2 5 x + 5 is a polynomial function,
so there are no horizontal or vertical asymptotes.
2x + 1
4. y = f ( x) =
2x + 1
Observe that both the numerator and
1
1
denominator are zero for x = . For x ,
2
2
we have f(x) = 1. Thus f is a constant function
1
for x . Hence there are no vertical or
2
horizontal asymptotes.
10. y = f ( x) =
x4
x3 4
x4
x3
(3 4)
x4
( x 22 / 3 )( x 2 + 22 / 3 x + 24 / 3 )
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x4
x3 (22 / 3 )3
Section 13.5
Vertical asymptote: x = 22 / 3.
x4
4x
= x+
so the line y = x is an
x3 4
x3 4
oblique asymptote.
11.
2 x2
16.
17.
asymptote.
x3
is a polynomial function, so there are
5
no horizontal or vertical asymptotes.
f ( x) =
13. y =
2 x 2 + 3x + 1
2
x 5
2 x2 + 3x + 1
( x 5 )( x + 5 )
2 x2
asymptote.
14. y = f ( x) =
x2 1
(2 x 1)( x 4)
3 x4
3 x4
x3 + x 2 x 2 ( x + 1)
Vertical asymptotes are x = 0 and x = 1.
3 x4
3 x2
so the line y = x + 1
= x +1+
x3 + x 2
x3 + x 2
is an oblique asyptote.
x 2 + 4 x3 + 6 x 4
3x2
Observe that both the numerator and the
denominator are zero when x = 0. For x 0, we
have
1
x2
(1 + 4 x + 6 x 2 ) = (1 + 4 x + 6 x 2 ).
f ( x) =
2
3
3x
Thus f is a polynomial function for x 0. Hence
there are neither horizontal nor vertical
asymptotes.
= lim 2 = 2
x
x2
Similarly, lim = 2. Thus y = 2 is a horizontal
x
f ( x) =
18. y = f ( x) =
2x2 9 x + 4
1
and x = 4.
2
x2
1 1
= lim = ,and
lim f ( x) = lim
2
x
x 2 x 2
x 2
1
1
lim f ( x) = . Thus y = is a horizontal
2
2
x
asymptote.
12.
x2 1
2 x2
x 2 + x 6 ( x + 3)( x 2)
Vertical asymptotes are x = 3 and x = 2.
2 x2
lim f ( x) = lim
= lim 2 = 2 , and
x
x x 2
x
lim f ( x) = 2 . Thus y = 2 is a horizontal
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
2 x3 + 1
3x(2 x 1)(4 x 3)
19. y = f ( x) =
1
, and
2
3
2 x3
1
1
x = . lim f ( x) = lim
= lim
=
.
4 x
x 24 x3
x 12 12
1
1
Similarly, lim f ( x ) =
. Thus y =
is a
12
12
x
horizontal asymptote.
x 2 3x 4
x2 3x 4
(1 + 2 x)2
1
From the denominator, x = is a vertical
2
asymptote.
x2
1 1
= lim = , and
lim f ( x) = lim
2
4
x
x 4 x
x 4
1
1
lim f ( x) = , so y = is a horizontal
4
4
x
asymptote.
2
5 x 13
+5 =
x3
x3
From the denominator, x = 3 is a vertical
asymptote.
5x
= lim 5 = 5, and
lim f ( x) = lim
x
x x
x
lim f ( x) = 5. Thus, y = 5 is a horizontal
15. y = f ( x) =
20. y = f ( x) =
1 + 4 x + 4 x2
x4 + 1
1 x4
x4 + 1
(1 + x ) (1 x)(1 + x)
2
asymptote.
501
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lim f ( x) = lim
x4
24.
= lim 1 = 1 , and
x 4 x
lim f ( x) = 1 . Thus y = 1 is a horizontal
asymptote.
9 x 2 16
(3 x + 4)(3 x 4)
2(3 x + 4)
2(3 x + 4)2
4
When x = , both the numerator and
3
denominator are zero. Since
3x 4
lim f ( x) = lim
= , the
+
+ 2(3 x + 4)
x 4 / 3
x 4 / 3
line x =
lim
3
x
Symmetric about the origin. Vertical asymptote
3
3
is x = 0. lim = 0 = lim
, so y = 0 is a
x x
x x
horizontal asymptote.
3
y =
x2
CV: None, however x = 0 must be included in
the inc.-dec. analysis. Decreasing on (, 0) and
(0, ).
6
y =
x3
No possible inflection point, but we include x =
0 in the concavity analysis. Concave down on
(, 0); concave up on (0, ).
25. y =
4
is a vertical asymptote.
3
9 x 2 16
2(3x + 4)
= lim
9 x2
x 18 x
Similarly, lim f ( x) =
x
1 1
= .
2
x 2
= lim
1
1
. Thus y =
is a
2
2
horizontal asymptote.
2
2x
24 x 2 + 20 x 4
+
=
5 12 x 2 + 5 x 2 5(12 x 2 + 5 x 2)
4( x + 1)(6 x 1)
=
5(3 x + 2)(4 x 1)
22. y = f ( x) =
1
24 x 2
2 2
= lim = .
x = . lim f ( x) = lim
2
4 x
x 60 x
x 5 5
2
2
Similarly, lim f ( x) = . Thus, y = is a
5
5
x
horizontal asymptote.
26. y =
2
2x 3
Intercept: 0,
3
3
.
2
lim y = 0 = lim y, so y = 0 is a horizontal
Vertical asymptote is x =
23. y = f ( x) = 2e x + 2 + 4
We have lim f ( x) = + and
asymptote.
4
y =
(2 x 3) 2
2
1
When x = or x = , the denominator is 0,
3
4
but the numerator is not. Thus, vertical
2
asymptotes are x = and
3
21. y = f ( x) =
f ( x) = 12e x
lim f ( x) = 0 and lim f ( x) = + . Thus y = 0
= 2(0) + 4 = 4
Thus y = 4 is a horizontal asymptote. There is no
vertical asymptote because f(x) neither increases
nor decreases without bound around any fixed
value of x.
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Section 13.5
3
must be considered in the
2
3
(Note: x > 0)
x
lim y = 0 , so y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
x 0+
2 , .
16
y =
(2 x 3)3
asymptote.
5
y =
< 0 for x > 0. Decreasing on (0, ).
x3
15
y =
> 0 for x > 0. Concave up on (0, ).
2 x5
3
must be
2
considered in the concavity analysis. Concave
3
down on , ; concave up on , .
2
2
10
28. y =
16
y
x
16
x
5
29. y = x 2 +
x
x 1
Intercept (0, 0)
Vertical asymptote is x = 1
lim y = 1 = lim y , so y = 1 is a horizontal
x4 + 1
asymptote.
( x 1)(1) x(1)
1
y =
=
2
( x 1)
( x 1)2
CV: None, but x = 1 must be included in the
inc.-dec. analysis. Decreasing on (, 1) and
(1, ).
2
y =
( x 1)3
No possible inflection point, but x = 1 must be
included in concavity analysis. Concave up on
(1, ), concave down on (, 1).
y
x2
x2
x 0, so there is no y-intercept. Setting
y = 0 no x-intercept. Replacing x by x
yields symmetry about the y-axis. Setting
27. y =
y = x 2 + x 2
y = 2 x 2 x
=
= 2x
2
x
2 x + 1 ( x + 1)( x 1)
2 x4 2
x
2 x4 1
x
.
x3
CV: x = 1, but x = 0 must be included in the
inc.-dec. analysis. Decreasing on (, 1) and
(0, 1); increasing on (1, 0) and (1, ); relative
minima at (1, 2) and (1, 2),
6
y = 2 +
>0
x4
for all x 0. Concave up on (, 0) and
(0, ).
x
5
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50
x
5
x
5
3x2 5 x 1
x2
1
Intercept: 0,
2
Vertical asymptote is x = 2.
3x 2 5 x 1
1
= 3x + 1 +
so y = 3x + 1 is an
x2
x2
oblique asymptote.
1
+
(
x
1)(
x 1)
x 1
Intercept (0, 1)
Symmetric about the y-axis.
Vertical asymptotes are x = 1 and x = 1.
1
1
= 0 = lim
, so y = 0 is a
lim
x x 2 1
x x 2 1
horizontal asymptote.
2x
y =
2
2
x 1
31. y =
30. y =
y =
=
( x 2)(6 x 5) (3 x 2 5 x 1)(1)
( x 2)2
6 3
,
3
but x = 2 must be included in the inc.-dec.
6 3
analysis. Increasing on ,
and
3
( x 1)
y = 2
2
(1) x 4 x x 2 1
( x 1)
( x 1) ( x 1) 4x
= 2
( x 1)
2 ( 3 x + 1)
2 ( 3 x + 1)
=
=
( x 1) [( x + 1)( x 1)]
2
6+ 3
6 3
, ; decreasing on
, 2 and
6+ 3
2,
; relative maximum at
3
6 3
, 7 2 3 ; relative minimum at
6+ 3
, 7 + 2 3 .
3 x 2 12 x + 11
y =
( x 2)2
( x 2) (6 x 12) (3 x 12 x + 11)2( x 2)
( x 2)4
( x 2)(6 x 12) 2(3 x 2 12 x + 11)
x
5
( x 2)3
2
( x 2)3
No possible inflection point, but x = 2 must be
included in the concavity analysis. Concave
down on (, 2); concave up on (2, )
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Section 13.5
32. y =
y =
(1 x )3
No possible inflection point, but x = 1 must be
included in the concavity analysis. Concave up
on (, 1); concave down on (1, ).
x +1
Intercept (0, 1)
Symmetric about the y-axis.
1
1
lim
= 0 = lim
, so y = 0 is a
2
2
x x + 1
x x + 1
horizontal asymptote.
2 x
y =
2
2
x +1
3
5x
CV: x = 0
Increasing on (, 0); decreasing on (0, );
relative maximum at (0, 1)
y =
2 3x 2 1
x2 + 1
34. y =
1
3
x2
Intercept is (1, 0)
Vertical asymptote is x = 0.
1+ x
x
1
lim
= lim
= lim = 0
x x 2
x x 2
x x
1+ x
= lim
, so y = 0 is the only horizontal
x x 2
asymptote.
x+2
y =
x3
CV: x = 2, but x = 0 must be included in the
inc-dec. analysis. Increasing on (2, 0);
decreasing on (, 2) and (0, ); relative
1
minimum at 2, .
4
. Concave
1
, ; concave
up on ,
and
3
3
1
1
,
down on
; inflection points at
3
3
1 3
,
3 4
1+ x
x
5
y =
2(3 + x)
x4
Possible inflection point when x = 3, but x = 0
must be included in the concavity analysis.
Concave up on (3, 0) and (0, ); concave down
2
1+ x
1 x
Intercepts: (0, 1) and (1, 0).
x = 1 is the only vertical asymptote. Since
1+ x
x
lim
= lim
= lim 1 = 1
x 1 x
x x x
1+ x
= lim
x 1 x
the only horizontal asymptote is y = 1.
(1 x)(1) (1 + x )(1)
2
=
y =
2
(1 x)
(1 x) 2
No critical values, but x = 1 must be considered
in the ind.-dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 1)
and (1, ).
33. y =
x
5
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x2
7x + 4
Intercept: (0, 0)
x3 + 1
x
Intercept: (1, 0)
Vertical asymptote is x = 0. Because the degree
of the numerator is greater than the degree of the
denominator, no horizontal asymptote exists.
35. y =
36. y =
Vertical asymptote is x =
4
.
7
1
4
x2
1
4
16
so y = x
= x +
7
49
7x + 4 7
49 49(7 x + 4)
is an oblique asymptote.
(7 x + 4)(2 x) x 2 (7)
y =
(7 x + 4)2
=
7 x2 + 8x
(7 x + 4)
Since y = x 2 + x 1 ,
y = 2 x x 2 = 2 x
x (7 x + 8)
(7 x + 4) 2
1
1
minimum at 3 , 33 .
2
4
4
8
and (0, ); decreasing on , and
7
7
y = 2 + 2 x
= 2+
10
2 x3 + 1
3
(7 x + 4) (7 x + 4)(14 x + 8) 14 7 x 2 + 8 x
=
4
(7 x + 4)
=
x2
x
x
Possible inflection point when x = 1, but x = 0
must be included in concavity analysis. Concave
up on (, 1) and (0, ); concave down on
(1, 0); inflection point at (1, 0).
16
4
8
7 , 0 ; relative maximum at 7 , 49 ;
x2
2 x3 1
1
, but x = 0 must be included in inc.2
dec. analysis. Decreasing on (, 0) and
1
0, 3 ; increasing on 3 , ; relative
2
8
4
, but x = must be included in
7
7
8
CV: x = 3
CV: x = 0,
(7x
y =
x
10
32
(7 x + 4)3
4
must be
7
included in concavity analysis. Concave down
4
on , ; concave up on , .
7
7
37. y =
9
2
9x 6x 8
9
(3x + 2)(3 x 4)
Intercept: 0,
8
2
4
Vertical asymptotes: x = , x =
3
3
9
1
lim y = lim
= lim
= 0 = lim y
x
x 9 x 2
x x 2
x
Thus y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote. Since
y
3
x
3
y = 9 9 x2 6 x 8
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y = 9(1) 9 x 2 6 x 8
=
Section 13.5
(18 x 6)
54(3x 1)
[(3x + 2)(3x 4)]2
1
2
4
, but x = and x = must be included in inc.-dec. analysis.
3
3
3
2
2 1
1 4
4
3 3
3 3
3
CV: x =
(9x
y = 54
6x 8
(3) (3 x 1) 2 9 x 2 6 x 8 (18 x 6)
(9x
6x 8
)(
)
( 9 x 6 x 8)
162 ( 27 x + 18 x 12 ) 486 ( 9 x 6 x + 4 )
=
=
[(3x + 2)(3 x 4)]
9
x
6
x
8
(
)
= 54
3 9 x 2 6 x 8 9 x 2 6 x 8 4(3x 1)(3x 1)
2
4
and x = must be included in concavity analysis. Concave up on
3
3
, 3
2 4
3 , 3 .
x
3
38. y =
8 x2 + 3x + 1
2x2
8x2
2x2
= lim 4 = 4 = lim y
x
3 1 1 2
x + x , we have
2
2
3 2
1
3x + 2
x x 3 = x 3 (3 x + 2) =
2
2
2 x3
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1
4
, .
3
12
2
CV: x = , but x = 0 must be included in the
3
2
2
(0, ); increasing on ,
3
y = 3
0 ; relative
= 3
y
2
3x + 1
(3 x 2)2
x
3
1 1
Intercepts: , 0 , 0,
3 4
2
Vertical asymptote is x = .
3
3x
1
lim y = lim
= lim
= 0 = lim y
x
x 9 x 2
x 3 x
x
Thus y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
y =
=
7
Possible inflection point when x = , but
3
2
x = must be included in concavity analysis.
3
7
7 2
2
2
7
, .
27
3
x
10
39. y =
(3x 2)6
(3x 2)6
3(6 x 14) 18(3 x + 7)
= 3
=
(3x 2) 4
(3x 2) 4
2 23
minimum at ,
.
3 8
3
y = 3 x 3 + 3x 4 =
( x + 1).
x4
Possible inflection point when x = 1, but x = 0
must be included in the concavity analysis.
Concave down on (, 1); concave up on
(1, 0) and (0, ); inflection point at (1, 3).
16
40. y =
(6 x + 5)2
1 1
Intercepts: , 0 , 0,
3 25
5
Vertical asymptote is x = .
6
3x
1
= lim
= 0 = lim y
lim y = lim
2
x
x 36 x
x 12 x
x
Thus y = 0 is horizontal asymptote.
(6 x + 5)2 (3) (3 x + 1)[12(6 x + 5)]
y =
(6 x + 5)4
3(6 x + 5)[(6 x + 5) 4(3 x + 1)]
=
(6 x + 5)4
3(6 x + 1) 3(6 x 1)
=
=
(6 x + 5)3
(6 x + 5)3
3x + 1
(3 x 2) 4
3(3 x + 4)
(3 x 2)3
4
2
CV: x = , but x = must be included in
3
3
inc.-dec. analysis.
4
Decreasing on , and , ;
3
4
2
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 13.5
1
5
, but x = must be included in
6
6
5
CV: x =
6 , ; increasing on
41. y =
5 1
6 , 6 ; relative
= 3
( 0, 3 ) ; decreasing on ( , 3 ) and
(6 x + 5)4
2
Possible inflection point when x = , but
3
5
x = must be included in concavity analysis.
6
5
5 2
Concave down on , and , ;
6
6 3
y = 2 x 3 12 x 5 = 2 x 5 x 2 6 =
2 x2 6
5
x
Possible inflection points when x = 6 , but
x = 0 must be included in the concavity analysis.
)
concave up on ( 6, 0 ) and (
2 1
3 , 27 .
5 6
6,
.
36
x
3
3
3
509
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x
3
6, ;
5 6
inflection points at 6,
and
36
( 16 , 241 ) ( 23 , 271 )
2 3
3, ; relative maximum at 3,
;
2 3
relative minimum at 3,
.
3 x2
x4
CV: x = 3 , but x = 0 must be included in the
12 x + 8
y = x 2 + 3x 4 = x 4 x 2 + 3 =
(6 x + 5)6
(6 x + 5)
3x 2
( x + 1)( x 1)
= 18
= 72
6
(6 x + 5)
x
x3
Intercepts are (1, 0) and (1, 0).
Symmetric about the origin.
Vertical asymptote x = 0.
x2 1
x2
1
lim
= lim
= lim
3
3
x x
x x
x x
1 x
= 0 = lim
, so y = 0 is the only horizontal
x x 2
1 1
maximum at ,
. Finding y gives:
6 24
y = 3
x2 1
42. y =
3x
( x 2)2
Intercept (0, 0)
Vertical asymptote at x = 2
3x
3x
3
= lim
= lim = 0 and
lim
2
2
x x 4 x + 4 x x
x x
3x
= 0, so y = 0 is the only
lim
x x 2 4 x + 4
horizontal asymptote.
3( x + 2)
y =
( x 2)3
CV: x = 2, but x = 2 must be included in the
inc.-dec. analysis. Decreasing on (, 2) and
(2, ); increasing on (2, 2); relative maximum
3
at 2,
8
y =
y =
( x + 1)(2 x + 2) x 2 + 2 x [2]
3
y
5
x
5
6( x + 4)
16
44. y =
3x 4 + 1
x3
No intercepts
Symmetric about the origin.
Vertical asymptote is x = 0.
Since y = 3 x + x 3 ,
1
x2 + x + 1
=
x +1
x +1
Intercept: (0, 1). x = 1 is the only vertical
asymptote. y = x is an oblique asymptote.
43. y = x +
( x + 1)(2 x + 1) x 2 + x + 1
( x + 1)
x2 + 2 x
2
= 3
10
= 3x +
1
x3
so
3 x 2 + 1 ( x + 1)( x 1)
x
x4
CV: 1, but x = 0 must be considered in the inc.dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 1) and (1, );
decreasing on (1, 0) and (0, 1); relative
maximum at (1, 4); relative minimum at
(1, 4).
12
y =
x5
No possible inflection point, but x = 0 must be
included in the concavity analysis. Concave
down on (, 0); concave up on (0, ).
x
10
3x 4 + 1
x
y = 3x is an oblique asymptote.
y = 3 3 x
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
( x + 1)3
No possible inflection point, but x = 1 must be
included in the concavity analysis. Concave
down on (, 1); concave up on (1, ).
( x 2)4
Possible inflection point when x = 4, but x = 2
must be included in the concavity analysis.
Concave down on (, 4); concave up on
1
y =
x ( x + 2)
( x + 1)
( x + 1)2
CV: 0 and 2, but x = 1 must be included in the
inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 2) and
(0, ); decreasing on (2, 1) and (1, 0);
relative maximum at (2, 3); relative minimum
x
10
510
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
45. y =
3x 2 + 2 x 5
3 x 2 + 2 x 5
(3 x + 1)( x 1)
3x2 2 x 1
Section 13.5
3 x 2
= lim 1 = 1 = lim y
x
x
3x 2
Thus y = 1 is horizontal asymptote.
x
( 3x
y =
(3x 2 x 1)
2(3x 1) ( 3x 2 x 1) (1) ( 3 x
=
(3x 2 x 1)
2
12(3x 1)
( 3x
2x 1
+ 2x 5
2 x 1 (6 x + 2) 3x 2 + 2 x 5 (6 x 2)
12(3 x 1)
1
1
, but x = and x = 1 must be included in inc.-dec. analysis.
3
3
1
1 1
1
Decreasing on , and , ; increasing on , 1 and (1, ); relative minimum at
3
3
3
CV: x =
( 3x
y = 12
( 3x
= 12
= 12
( 3x
) (
2x 1
2 x 1 3 3 x 2 2 x 1 2(3 x 1)(6 x 2)
( 3x
2 x 1 (3) (3 x 1) 2 3 x 2 2 x 1 (6 x 2)
27 x 2 + 18 x 7
( 3x
1 7
3, 2.
2x 1
2x 1
12 27 x 2 18 x + 7
1
and x = 1 must be included
3
1
1
in concavity analysis. Concave down on , and (1, ); concave up on , 1 .
3
511
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10
1
3
5x
1
(3 x + 2)2 + 1
=
3x + 2
3x + 2
9 x 2 + 12 x + 5
=
3x + 2
46. y = 3x + 2 +
= 3
(3x + 2) 2
2
9 x + 12 x + 3
(3 x + 2)
(3 x + 2)2 1
(3 x + 2)2
= 9
(3 x + 1)( x + 1)
(3x + 2)2
1
2
and x = 1, but x = must be included in inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 1) and
3
3
1
2
2 1
, ; decreasing on 1, and , ; relative maximum at (1, 2); relative minimum at
3
3
3
3
1
, 2 .
3
18
y = 3(2)(3 x + 2)3 (3) =
(3 x + 2)3
2
2
No possible inflection point, but x = must be included in concavity analysis. Concave down on , ;
3
3
concave up on , .
3
CV: x =
10
x
5
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Section 13.5
3
lim 6 3e x = lim 6 = 6 3(0) = 6
x
x
ex
Thus the line y = 6 is a horizontal asymptote for
x
5
48.
of y = 6 + 3e x .
y
16
x
5
y = 6 + 3ex
8
4
49.
y = 6 3ex
76
53. lim 150 76et = lim 150
t
t
et
= 150 0 = 150
Thus y = 150 is a horizontal asymptote.
x
5
54.
50.
x
16
y
15
15
x
5
x 0.08, y = 0
55.
a
a
51. When x = , then a + bx = 0 so x = is a
b
b
vertical asymptote.
x
x
1 1
= lim
= lim =
lim
b
x a + bx x bx
x b
1
Thus y = is a horizontal asymptote.
b
x 2.45, x 0.67, y = 2
56.
10
10
10
10
513
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0.15625
1.54255
6.54255
A =
25
0
Stream
1
(9000 30 x)
18
Setting A = 0 x = 300 . Since
1
A(300) = (30) < 0 , we have a maximum at
18
9000 15(300)
x = 300. Thus y =
= 250 . The
18
dimensions are 300 ft by 250 ft.
40
.
3
0.15625
57.
20
.
3
0.34e
0.7 x
4.2 + 0.71e0.7 x
0.34
= lim
x 4.2
e0.7 x
+ 0.71
0.34e0.7 x
e0.7 x
lim
0.7 x
x 4.2 + 0.71e
e0.7 x
y
x
1200
, and
x
want to minimize N = 2x + 6y. We have
1200
N = 2x + 6 y = 2x + 6
, x> 0
x
0.34
0.48
0 + 0.71
Problems 13.6
1. Let the numbers be x and 82 x. Then if
P = x (82 x) = 82 x x 2 , we have P = 82 2 x.
Setting P = 0 x = 41. Since P = 2 < 0,
there is a maximum when x = 41. Because
82 x = 41, the required numbers are 41 and 41.
N = 2
7200
x2
dP
= 0 gives
Setting
dx
from which x =
514
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Section 13.6
5. c = 0.05q 2 + 5q + 500
Avg. cost per unit = c =
c = 0.05
500
q2
500
1
. The answer
B
does not depend on A because A represents the
initial value of q, so it doesnt change q over
time.
c
500
= 0.05q + 5 +
q
q
. Setting c = 0 yields
9.
a.
Setting f ( p) = 0 gives 1 +
900
( p + 10)2
=0,
= 1 , ( p + 10)2 = 900,
( p + 10)2
p + 10 = 30 , from which p = 20.
Since f ( p ) =
1800
d 2C
9
, so we have an
11
9
absolute minimum of f (100) = 51 grams.
11
2
D3
C D CD
10. R = D 2 =
2
3
2 3
dR
= CD D 2 . This
The rate of change of R is
dD
is the function to be maximized. Setting
C
d dR
= C 2 D = 0 gives D = . Since
dD dD
2
7. p = 5q + 30
Since total revenue = (price)(quantity),
r = pq = (5q + 30)q = 5q 2 + 30q
Setting r = 10q + 30 = 0 q = 3 . Since
r = 10 < 0 , r is maximum at q = 3 units, for
which the corresponding price is
p = 5(3) + 30 = $15.
8. q = Ae
900
, where 0 p 100.
p + 10
900
f ( p) = 160 p
d 2 dR
Bp
Revenue = r = pq = pAe Bp
r = A[e Bp (1) + pe Bp ( B)]
= A(1 Bp )e Bp
1
= AB p e Bp
B
1
Critical value: p =
B
1
If p < , then r > 0 and r is increasing. If
B
1
p > , then r < 0 and r is decreasing. Thus
B
11. p = 85 0.05q
c = 600 + 35q
Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost
P = pq c = (85 0.05q )q (600 + 35q )
= (0.05q 2 50q + 600)
Setting P = (0.1q 50) = 0 yields q = 500.
Since P (500) = 0.1 < 0, P is a maximum
when q = 500 units. This corresponds to a price
of p = 85 0.05(500) = $60 and a profit of
P = $11,900.
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MR =
20 1
= = MC.
60 3
2 2
10, 000
q 40q +
3
q
Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost
Since total revenue r = pq and
total cost = c = cq ,
P = pq cq
c=
1
= q3 60q 2 + 3200q 10, 000
3
13. p = 42 4q
80
c = 2+
q
Total Cost = c = cq = 2q + 80
Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost
P = pq c = (42 4q)q (2q + 80)
P = (8q 40)
1
and MC = , then for q = 3600 we
3
5 3
Moreover, we have P = q 2 < 0 for q > 0,
2
25
. The
so P is maximum when q =
9
corresponding price is p = $6.
have MR =
25
5
3 = 0 yields q =
Setting P =
.
9
q
= 4q 2 40q + 80
20
40
16. a.
1 2000
c= +
3
q
q
+ 2000
3
Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost
q
P = pq c = 40 q 2000
3
20 1
= 0 yields q = 3600.
Setting P =
q 3
Total cost = c = cq =
q = 7 + 11 10.32. Evaluating c at q = 3,
7 11, 7 + 11, and 12 gives
570, 434 + 44 11 579.93,
434 44 11 288.07, and 354,
respectively. Thus the minimum cost is
when q = 7 + 11 10.32.
c(10) = 290 and c(11) = 298, so production
should be fixed at q = 10 for a minimum
cost of $290.
516
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Section 13.6
= 2 50 q q 600
25
Setting P = 2
1 = 0 yields q = 625. We
q
y=
32
x2
32
128
S = 4 x + x2 =
+ x 2 , from which
2
x
x
128
S =
+ 2 x . Setting S = 0 gives
x2
256
2 x3 = 128 , x3 = 64 , x = 4. Since S =
+2,
x3
we get S (4) > 0 , so x = 4 gives a minimum. If
32
32
= 2 . The dimensions are
16
4 ft 4 ft 2 ft.
x = 4, then y =
192 x 2 1
V = x2
= 192 x x3 , x > 0
4x 4
1
3
2
V = 192 3 x = 64 x 2
4
4
Setting V = 0 gives x = 8. Since
3
V = (2 x) , then V (8) < 0 , so x = 8 gives
4
a maximum. If x = 8, then y = 4.
The dimensions are 8 ft 8 ft 4 ft.
y=
) (
517
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23. V = x ( L 2 x )
If S = 0 , then r 3 K = 0 , r 3 = K ,
= L2 x 4 Lx 2 + 4 x3
L
where 0 < x < .
2
r=3
= 12 x 2 8 Lx + L2
= (2x L)(6x L)
L
L
For 0 < x < , setting V = 0 gives x = .
6
2
L
L
length of the side of the square must be
in.,
6
which results in a volume of
2
V = r 2 h
240
, x > 0. We want
x
K r 2
. Thus Equation
2r
Setting V = 0 gives r =
h=
K 3K
2 3K
2
3
K
K
3
=
K
3
K
3
2
3
K
. Thus
3
2 3K
=
K
3
(2)
K
r
(2) becomes
Kr r 3
V=
2
dV K 3r 2
=
.
2
dr
becomes
2K
S=
+ r 2
r
r3
(2)
240
A = ( x + 10)( y + 6) = ( x + 10)
+ 6
x
2400
= 300 + 6 x +
x
2400
A = 6
x2
Setting A = 0 gives x = 20. Since
4800
A =
> 0 for x = 20, we have a minimum.
x3
Thus y = 12, so the dimensions are 20 + 10 by
12 + 6, that is, 30 in. 18 in.
4K
to minimize A where
S = 2rh + r
2
3
have a minimum.
2L
L
L
in 3 .
L =
6
3
27
( K )
K
K 3
.
= =3
h=
V = L2 8Lx + 12 x 2
K
. Thus
P = (4.4q 572)
Setting P = 0 yields q = 130. Since
P = 4.4 < 0 , P is maximum when q = 130
units. The corresponding price is
p = 600 2(130) = $340, and the profit is
P = $36,980. If a tax of $22/unit is imposed on
the manufacturer, then the cost equation is
2 r 3 K
dS
2K
.
=
+ 2r =
dr
r2
r2
518
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Section 13.6
minimize the sum C of carrying costs and set-up
costs.
q
1000
C = 0.128 10 + 40
2
q
= 0.64q +
C = 0.64
P1 = (4.4q 550)
= 600q 2q
) ( 0.2q
+ 28q + 1200
q2
40, 000
= 62,500 ,
0.64
80, 000
q = 250 (since q > 0). Since C =
>0,
q3
C is minimum when q = 250. Thus the economic
lot size is 250/lot (4 lots).
40, 000
Setting C = 0 yields q 2 =
40, 000
q
(
P = ( 0.012q + 8q 430 )
= 2 ( 0.006q + 4q 215 )
Setting P = 0 yields
0.006q 2 + 4q 215 = 0
4 21.16 4 4.6
=
0.012
0.012
4 + 4.6
Since q 0, choose q =
= 50 . Since P
0.012
is increasing on [0, 50) and decreasing on
(50, ), P is maximum when q = 50 units.
q=
q
carrying costs are 0.128 10 . The number
2
1000
, and total
of production runs per year is
q
1000
set-up costs are 40
. We want to
q
519
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N
640
= 200 + 0.04 N +
N
640
C = 0.4
N2
Setting C = 0 yields N 2 = 1600, so N = 40
(since N > 0). Since C =
units
beyond
5000
c=
q
1280
s
s
of operating the truck for the trip is
s
700 0.165 +
.
200
+ 700 0.165 +
C=
s
200
c = 55
55, 000
q
20, 000
< 0 and
q2
thus c is decreasing. If q > 5000, then
55, 000
c =
> 0 and thus c is increasing.
q2
Hence c is minimum when q = 5000 units.
(
)
= 50 ( m 15m + 72m 60 ) , where 0 m 8
P = 50 ( 3m 30m + 72 )
= 150 ( m 10m + 24 ) = 150(m 4)(m 6)
= 50 m3 15m2 + 92m 1000m 3000
12, 600
7
Setting C =
+ = 0 yields s 2 = 3600 ,
2
2
s
25, 200
or s = 60 (since s > 0). Since C =
>0
s3
for s > 0, C is a minimum when s = 60 mi/h.
520
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Section 13.6
P
/ton, then
2
P 24 6 x
12 3 x
= P x +
PT = Px +
2 5 x
5 x
x 2 10 x + 22
PT = P
2
(5 x)
when x = 5 3 tons.
100(q + 4)(q 3)
q+5
Setting P = 0 gives the critical value 3 (since
q > 0). We find that P > 0 for 0 < q < 3, and
P < 0 for q > 3. Thus there is a maximum profit
when q = 3000 jackets.
=
R = 2
5 x
( x 2 + 39 x + 48) 2
(4
3, , R is a maximum when
12 3 x
= 2000 x +
5 x
(5 x) 2
3
= 2000 1
2
(5 x)
39. P ( j ) = Aj
L4
V 3 L2
+B
1+ j
V
dP AL4 BV 3 L2
=
=0
dj
V
(1 + j )2
x 2 10 x + 22
= 2000
2
(5 x)
40. a.
BV 4
AL2
d
2al
2al
2atr + v
= 1+
= 0 when
dv
v
v2
v = 2al . Note that
5 3, 4 , PT is a maximum for x = 5 3
48 x 2
d2
2al 4al
2atr + v
=
> 0 for
2
v
dv
v3
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2al
v
c.
N=
2(19.6)
(2)(19.6)(0.5) + 28
2( 19.6)(20)
28
500
100
=
2atr + 2 2al atr 2al
The relative change in N when l is reduced
N (15) N (20)
from 20 ft to 15 ft is
.
N (20)
1. y =
N (20) =
(19.6)(0.5) 2(19.6)(20)
0.5185
19.6
N (15) =
(19.6)(0.5) 2(19.6)(15)
0.5756
The relative change is
N (15) N (20) 0.5756 0.5158
0.1101
N (20)
0.5158
41. c =
x+3
3
(3 x )
x
9 x 3x
When x = 0 or x = 3, the denominator is zero and
the numerator is not zero. Thus x = 0 and x = 3
are vertical asymptotes.
x
1
1
= lim = 0
lim y = lim
3 x x
x
x 3 x 2
Similarly, lim y = 0. Thus y = 0 is the only
2. y =
dc
18 120 3q 2 18q 120
= 3
=
dq
q q2
q2
=
3x 2
horizontal asymptote.
c
120
= 3q + 50 18ln(q ) +
,q>0
q
q
3 q 2 6q 40
12
2 al
2 al
x+3
horizontal asymptote.
q
3(q 10)(q + 4)
3. y =
5x2 3
5x2 3
(3x + 2) 2 9 x 2 + 12 x + 4
2
When x = , the denominator is zero and the
3
2
numerator is not zero. Thus x = is a vertical
3
asymptote.
q
Critical value is q = 10 since q 0.
dc
dc
Since
< 0 for 0 < q < 10, and
> 0 for
dq
dq
q > 10, we have a minimum when q = 10 cases.
This minimum average cost is
3(10) + 50 18 ln 10 + 12 $50.55.
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5x2
Chapter 13 Review
5 5
=
9
x
x 9 x
x 9
5
5
Similarly, lim y = . Thus y = is the only horizontal asymptote.
9
9
x
lim y = lim
4. y =
= lim
4 x + 1 3x + 1
x 2 30 x 6
=
3x 5 2 x 11 (3x 5)(2 x 11)
5
5
11
11
or x =
, the denominator is zero and the numerator is not zero. Thus x = and x =
are
3
3
2
2
vertical asymptotes.
x2
1
1
lim y = lim
= lim =
2
6
x
x 6 x
x 6
When x =
Similarly, lim y =
x
5.
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
1
1
. Thus y = is the only horizontal asymptote.
6
6
5x2
3 x2
(3 x 2 )(10 x) 5 x 2 (2 x)
2 2
(3 x )
Thus x = 0 is the only critical value.
10 x(3 x 2 + x 2 )
2 2
(3 x )
30 x
(3 x 2 ) 2
Note: Although f 3 is not defined, 3 are not critical values because 3 are not in the domain of f.
6.
f ( x) = 8( x 1)2 ( x + 6)4
f ( x) = 8(2)( x 1)( x + 6) 4 + 8( x 1)2 (4)( x + 6)3
= 16( x 1)( x + 6)3 [ x + 6 + 2( x 1)]
= 16( x 1)( x + 6)3 (3x + 4)
Thus x = 1, x = 6, and x =
7.
f ( x) =
4
are the critical values.
3
x +1
3 4x
1
2
(3 4 x) 13 ( x + 1) 3 ( x + 1) 3 (4)
f ( x) =
=
(3 4 x) 2
(3 4 x)
8 x + 15
2
3( x + 1) 3 (3 4 x)2
15
3
3
f ( x) is zero when x = ; f ( x) is not defined when x = 1 or x = . However
is not in the domain of f.
8
4
4
15
Thus x =
and x = 1 are critical values.
8
523
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5x
8.
13xe 6
f ( x) =
6x + 5
5x
5x
5x
(6 x + 5) x 56 e 6 + e 6 (1) xe 6 (6)
f ( x ) = 13
(6 x + 5) 2
13 e
=
6
56x
{(6 x + 5)[5 x 6] + 36 x}
(6 x + 5)2
2
13 30 x + 25 x 30
5x
6
e 6 (6 x + 5) 2
2
13 5 6 x + 5 x 6
65(2 x + 3)(3x 2)
=
=
5x
5x
6
2
e 6 (6 x + 5)
6e 6 (6 x + 5) 2
2
5
5
3
or x = . Although f ( x) is not defined when x = , is not in the
6
6
3
2
2
3
domain of f. Thus x = and x = are the only critical values.
3
2
f ( x) is zero when x =
9.
5
f ( x) = x3 + 15 x 2 + 35 x + 10
3
f ( x) = 5 x 2 + 30 x + 35
= 5( x 2 6 x 7) = 5( x 7)( x + 1)
CV: x = 1 and x = 7. Decreasing on (, 1) and (7, ); increasing on (1, 7)
10.
2 x2
f ( x) =
( x + 1) 2
4 x( x + 1)2 2 x 2 (2)( x + 1)
f ( x) =
4x
( x + 1)
( x + 1)3
CV: x = 0, but x = 1 is also considered in the inc.-dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 1) and
(0, ); decreasing on (1, 0).
11.
f ( x) =
6x4
x2 3
( x 3)( 4 x ) x (2 x)
f ( x) = 6
( x 3)
12 x 2 ( x 3) x 12 x ( x 6 )
=
=
( x 3)
( x 3)
2
)( x 6 )
2
3 )( x 3 )
12 x3 x + 6
x+
( , 6 ) , ( 0, 3 ) , and (
)(
3, 6 ; increasing on 6, 3 , 3, 0 and
524
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6, .
12.
Chapter 13 Review
1
. Concave
2
1
down on , ; concave up on , .
2
2
f ( x ) = 4 5 x3 7 x
1
f ( x) = 4 (5 x3 7 x) 2 / 3 (15 x 2 7)
3
4(15 x 2 7)
=
3(5 x3 7 x)2 / 3
=
=
15 x + 7
)(
15 x 7
(
3x (
16.
f ( x) = 3x 2 + 4 x 5
f ( x) = 6 x + 4 = 2(3 x + 2)
2/3
3[ x (5 x 7)]
)( 15x 7 )
2/3
7 )( 5 x 7 )
15 x + 7
5x +
2
. Concave down on
3
2
, 3 ; concave up on 3 , .
f ( x) = 0 when x =
7
7
, 0,
15
5
7 7
7
Increasing on ,
, ,
,
5
5
15
7
7
7
,
, ; decreasing on
, and
15 5
5
7
7
, 0 and 0,
.
15
15
CV: x =
13.
17.
= 3(2 x + 1)2 (2 x + 1 + 6 x + 4)
= 3(2 x + 1)2 (8 x + 5)
f ( x) = 3{(2 x + 1) 2 (8) + (8 x + 5)[2(2 x + 1)(2)]}
= 12(2 x + 1)[2(2 x + 1) + 8 x + 5]
= 12(2 x + 1)(12 x + 7)
f ( x) = x 4 x3 14
1
7
or x = . Concave
2
12
7
up on , and , ; concave
12
1
7
down on , .
2
12
f ( x) = 0 when x =
f ( x) = 12 x 2 6 x = 6 x(2 x 1)
1
. Concave up on
2
1
1
(, 0) and , ; concave down on 0, .
2
2
f ( x) = 0 when x = 0 or x =
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
x2
x+2
( x + 2)(1) ( x 2)(1)
f ( x) =
( x + 2)2
18.
= 2 2 x3 3 x 2 x + 1
4
( x + 2) 2
f ( x) = 2 6 x 2 6 x 1
f ( x) = 0 when 6 x 2 6 x 1 = 0 ; by the
quadratic formula x =
1
15
. Concave up on
2
6
1
15
15
, ; concave
,
and +
2
6
6
1
f ( x) =
= (2 x 1) 1
2x 1
1
15 1
15
, +
down on
.
2
6 2
6
f ( x) = 2(2 x 1) 2
f = 8(2 x 1)3 =
f ( x) = x 2 x 1
f ( x) = 2 x 2 x 1 (2 x 1)
( x + 2)3
f ( x) is not defined when x = 2. Concave up
15.
f ( x) = (2 x + 1)3 (3 x + 2)
f ( x) = (2 x + 1)3 (3) + (3 x + 2)[3(2 x + 1) 2 (2)]
f ( x) = 4 x3 3x 2
14.
f ( x ) = x3 + 2 x 2 5 x + 2
8
(2 x 1)3
525
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19.
f ( x) = 2 x3 9 x 2 + 12 x + 7
f ( x) = 6 x 2 18 x + 12 = 6 x 2 3 x + 2
23.
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
5 23 2 13 1 13
5x + 2
x + x = x (5 x + 2) =
1
3
3
3
3x 3
2
CV: x = 0 and x =
5
2
2x +1
2
2
on , 0 . Relative maximum when x = ;
5
5
x2
x 2 (2) (2 x + 1)(2 x)
x4
2 x[ x (2 x + 1)] 2( x 1) 2( x + 1)
=
=
=
x4
x3
x3
CV: x = 1, but x = 0 must be considered in inc.dec. analysis. Decreasing on (, 1) and
(0, ); increasing on (1, 0). Relative minimum
when x = 1.
21.
f ( x) =
24.
= x 2 ( x 2)3 [4 x + 3( x 2)]
= x 2 ( x 2)3 (7 x 6)
CV: x = 0, 2,
x10 x5
+
10
5
f ( x) =
x2
25. y = x5 5 x 4 + 3x
x2 4
( x 4)
2
( )
( x 4)
2 x x2 4 x2
y = 5 x 4 20 x3 + 3
x 2 4 (2 x) x 2 (2 x)
6
7
6
Increasing on (, 0), 0, , and (2, );
7
6
decreasing on , 2 . Relative maximum when
7
6
x = ; relative minimum when x = 2.
7
CV: x = 0 and x = 1
Decreasing on (, 1); increasing on (1, 0)
and (0, ); relative minimum when x = 1
f ( x) =
f ( x) = x3 ( x 2) 4
f ( x) = x3 [4( x 2)3 (1)] + ( x 2)4 (3x 2 )
f ( x) = x9 + x 4 = x 4 ( x5 + 1)
22.
f ( x) =
= 6(x 1)(x 2)
CV: x = 1 and x = 2
Increasing on (, 1) and (2, ); decreasing on
(1, 2). Relative maximum when x = 1; relative
minimum when x = 2.
20.
f ( x) = x 3 ( x + 1) = x 3 + x 3
y = 20 x3 60 x 2 = 20 x 2 ( x 3)
Possible inflection points occur when x = 0 or
x = 3. Concave down on (, 0) and (0, 3);
concave up on (3, ). Concavity changes at
x = 3, so there is an inflection point when x = 3.
8 x
( x 4)
2
x2 + 2 1
2
= x + x 1
5x
5
5
1
y = (1 2 x 2 )
5
4
4
y = x 3 =
5
5 x3
y is never zero. Although y is not defined
when x = 0, y is not continuous there. Thus there
is no inflection point.
26. y =
8x
[( x + 2)( x 2)]2
CV: x = 0, but x 2 must be considered in inc.dec. analysis. Increasing on (, 2) and
(2, 0); decreasing on (0, 2) and (2, ). Relative
maximum when x = 0.
526
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Chapter 13 Review
27. y = 4(3 x 5) x 4 + 2 = 12 x5 20 x 4 + 24 x 40
y = 60 x 4 80 x3 + 24
y = 240 x3 240 x 2 = 240 x 2 ( x 1)
Possible inflection points occur when x = 0 or
x = 1. Concave down on (, 0) and (0, 1);
concave up on (1, ). Inflection point when
x = 1.
28. y = x 2 + 2 ln( x)
y = 2 x +
2 5
2,
, and
5
(Note: x < 0)
when x = 2,
2
x
2
y = 2
2 5 2 5
,
, and (2, ); concave down on
5
5
2x 2
x3
e
31.
2( x + 1)( x 1)
= x3e x
32.
y = x3 (e x ) + e x (3x 2 ) = e x ( x3 3 x 2 )
= e x ( x3 6 x 2 + 6 x )
= xe x ( x 2 6 x + 6)
y is defined for all x and y is zero only when
33.
Concave up on 0, 3 3 and 3 + 3, ;
= 36( x + 2)( x 2)
(5 x 6) 2
(5 x 6)[(5 x 6) 10 x]
(5 x 6)
5 x 6
(5 x 6)3
5x + 6
(5 x 6)3
6
.
5
Evaluating f at this value and at the endpoints
1
1
6
, f =
and
gives f (2) =
128
120
5
f(0) = 0. Absolute maximum: f(0) = 0; absolute
1
6
.
minimum: f =
5
120
) (
y = 36 x 4 x x 2 4 + x 2 4 (1)
2
2
2
2
= 36 x 4 4 x + x 4 = 36 x 4 5 x 2 4
f ( x) =
y = 36 x x 2 4
f ( x) = 2 x3 15 x 2 + 36 x and f is continuous on
[0, 3].
f ( x) =
2 5
.
5
f ( x) = 6 x 2 30 x + 36 = 6( x 2)( x 3)
The only critical value on (0, 3) is x = 2.
Evaluating f at this value and at the endpoints
gives f(0) = 0, f(2) = 28, f(3) = 27. Absolute
maximum: f(2) = 28; absolute minimum: f(0) =
0.
y = e x (3 x 2 6 x) ( x3 3 x 2 )(e x )
2 . Inflection points
f ( x) = 12 x3 12 x 2 = 12 x 2 ( x 1)
The only critical value on (0, 2) is x = 1.
Evaluating f at this value and at the endpoints
gives f(0) = 0, f(1) = 1, and f(2) = 16. Absolute
maximum: f(2) = 16; absolute minimum: f(1) = 1.
x
x
x2
Possible inflection point occurs when x = 1.
Concave up on (, 1); concave down on
(1, 0). Inflection point when x = 1.
29. y =
2 5
,
5x + 2
)(
5x 2
)(
527
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34.
2
1/ 3
[( x + 1) + 3( x 1)]
= ( x + 1)( x 1)
3
4
4( x + 1)(2 x 1)
= ( x + 1)( x 1) 1/ 3 (2 x 1) =
3
3( x 1)1/ 3
There are no critical values on [2, 3]. Evaluating f at the endpoints gives f(2) = 9 and f (3) = 16(22 / 3 ) 25.4.
Absolute maximum f (3) = 16(22 / 3 ) 25.4; absolute minimum: f(2) = 9
35.
f ( x) = x 2 + 1 e x
a.
( )( )
x + 1 2 x = e
)
(x
(
f ( x) = x 2 + 1 e x + e x (2 x)
= e x
2x + 1
= e x ( x 1)2
CV: x = 1
Decreasing on (, 1) and (1, ). No relative extrema.
b.
)}
= e x ( x 1)[2 + ( x 1)]
= e x ( x 1)( x 3)
Possible inflection points when x = 1, 3. Concave up on (, 1) and (3, ); concave down on (1, 3).
a.
x
2
x 1
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
( x 2 1) 2
[( x + 1)( x 1)]2
decreasing on (, 1), (1, 1), and (1, ).
d.
, or y =
x
2
x 1
( x) 1
graph is symmetric about the origin. No other symmetry exists.
b. Since f ( x) =
c.
x x 2
= lim
528
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e.
Chapter 13 Review
25
f.
39. y = x3 12 x + 20
Intercept: (0, 20)
No symmetry; no asymptotes
37. y = x 2 2 x 24 = ( x + 4)( x 6)
Intercepts: (4, 0), (6, 0), (0, 24)
No symmetry. No asymptotes.
y = 2 x 2 = 2( x 1)
CV: x = 1
Increasing on (1, ); decreasing on (, 1);
relative minimum at
(1, 25).
y = 2
No possible inflection point. Concave up on
(, ).
25
y = 3x 2 12
= 3 x 2 4 = 3( x + 2)( x 2)
CV: x = 2
Increasing on (, 2) and (2, ); decreasing on
(2, 2); relative maximum at (2, 36); relative
minimum at (2, 4).
y = 6 x
Possible inflection point when x = 0. Concave up
on (0, ); concave down on (, 0); inflection
point at (0, 20).
40
x
25
20
(1, 25)
38. y = 2 x3 + 15 x 2 + 36 x + 9
Intercept: (0, 9)
No symmetry; no asymptotes
x
10
40. y = x 4 4 x3 20 x 2 + 150
Intercept: (0, 150)
No symmetry. No asymptotes.
y = 6 x 2 + 30 x + 36 = 6( x 2 + 5 x + 6)
= 6( x + 3)( x + 2)
y = 4 x3 12 x 2 40 x = 4 x( x 2 3 x 10)
= 4 x( x + 2)( x 5)
CV: x = 0, 2, 5. Increasing on (2, 0) and
(5, ); decreasing on (, 2) and (0, 5);
relative maximum at (0, 150); relative minima at
(2, 118) and (5, 225).
CV: x = 3, 2
Increasing on (, 3) and (2, ); decreasing
on (3, 2); relative maximum at (3, 18);
relative minimum at (2, 19)
y = 12 x + 30 = 6(2 x + 5)
y = 12 x 2 24 x 40 = 4 3x 2 6 x 10
5
Possible inflection point when x = .
2
5
2 , ; inflection point at
39
Concave up on , 1
and
3
39
, ; concave down on
1 +
3
37
5
2 , 2
529
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39
.
3
1 +
39
39
, 1+
; inflection points at
3
3
39 298
,
+ 16 39 (1.08, 133.03) and
3
9
39 298
,
16 39 (3.08, 66.81) .
3
9
300
y
(0, 150)
x
10
(5, 225)
x
8
41. y = x3 x = x x 2 1 = x( x + 1)( x 1)
Intercepts (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 0)
Symmetric about the origin. No asymptotes.
y = 3 x 2 1 =
CV:
)(
3x + 1
3x 1
43. y = f ( x) =
x2
Intercept: (5, 0)
No symmetry.
x = 0 is the only vertical asymptote.
x
1
lim y = 100 lim
= 100 lim = 0 , and
2
x
x x
x x
lim y = 0 , so y = 0 is the only horizontal
3
3
3
Increasing on ,
, ;
and
3
3
3
decreasing on
,
.
3
3
y = 6 x
Possible inflection point when x = 0. Concave
down on (, 0); concave up on (0, );
inflection point at (0, 0).
y
asymptote.
y = 100 x 1 + 5 x 2
1 10
y = 100 x 2 10 x 3 = 100 +
x 2 x3
100( x + 10)
=
x3
CV: x = 10 but x = 0 must be included in inc.dec. analysis. Increasing on (10, 0); decreasing
on (, 10) and (0, ); relative minimum at
(10, 5).
1 15
y = 100 2 x 3 + 30 x 4 = 200 +
x3 x 4
x
5
42. y =
100( x + 5)
x+2
x 3
200( x + 15)
x4
Possible inflection point when x = 15, but x = 0
must also be considered in concavity analysis.
Concave up on (15, 0) and (0, ); concave
down on (, 15); inflection point at
Intercepts: 0, , (2, 0)
3
Vertical asymptote is x = 3.
x+2
x+2
lim
= 1 = lim
, so y = 1 is a
x x 3
x x 3
530
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Chapter 13 Review
40
15,
9
20
lim y = lim
f(x)
y = 2
= 2
(3x 1)8
6(3 x 1)3 [(3 x 1) 2(6 x + 1)]
1
Possible inflection point when x = , but
3
1
x = must be considered in concavity analysis.
3
1
Concave up on , and , ;
3
3
1 1
concave down on , ; inflection point at
3 3
1 1
, .
3 12
(3 x 1)8
12(9 x 3) 36(3x + 1)
=
=
(3 x 1)5
(3 x 1)5
6 3 x 2 + 1
( x2 1)
2(3x 1) 2 [(3x 1) 9 x]
1
1
CV: x = , but x = must be considered in
6
3
1
1 1
1
1 8
maximum at , .
6 81
2
1
lim
=0
27 x x 2
(3 x 1)6
2(6 x 1) 2(6 x + 1)
=
=
(3x 1) 4
(3 x 1)4
( x + 2)( x 2)
x 1 ( x + 1)( x 1)
Intercepts: (0, 4), (2, 0), (2, 0)
Symmetric about the y-axis. Vertical asymptotes
are x = 1 and x = 1.
x2
lim y = lim
= 1 = lim y , so y = 1 is the
x
x x 2
x
only horizontal asymptote.
6x
y =
2
x2 1
2
27 x
= lim y,
x2 4
2x
so y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
(3x 1)3 (2) 2 x[3(3x 1)2 (3)]
y =
(3 x 1)6
x
20
44. y =
x
5
45. y =
2x
(3x 1)3
Intercept: (0, 0)
No symmetry
x
2
1
Vertical asymptote is x = .
3
531
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46. y = 6 x 3 (2 x 1)
47.
1
Intercepts: (0, 0), , 0
2
No symmetry. No vertical asymptote.
Setting f ( x) = 0 e x = e x x = x x = 0
CV: x = 0
Increasing on (0, ); decreasing on (, 0);
relative minimum at (0, 1). Finding f ( x) gives:
e x + e x
. f ( x) > 0 for all x. No
2
possible inflection point. Concave up on
(, ).
1
8
y = 6 x1/ 3 x 2 / 3 = 2 x 2 / 3 (8 x 1)
3
3
2(8 x 1)
=
x2 / 3
1
CV: x = 0,
8
1
Decreasing on (, 0) and 0, ; increasing on
8
1
9
1
, ; relative minimum at , .
4
8
8
2
8
4
y = 2 x 2 / 3 + x 5 / 3 = x 5 / 3 (4 x + 1)
3
3
3
4(4 x + 1)
=
3 x5 / 3
1
Possible inflection points when x = , 0 .
4
1
1
down on , 0 ; inflection points at
4
3
1 9 2
,
and (0, 0).
4 2
10
e x + e x
2
Intercept: (0, 1)
Symmetric about the y-axis. No asymptotes.
e x e x
f ( x) =
2
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
f(x)
x
3
( )
x-intercept is ( e1/ 3 , 0 ) . Since x 0, there is no
y = 0 ln x3 = 1 x3 = e x = e1/ 3 , so the
1
x
5
532
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49. a.
Chapter 13 Review
b.
c.
f(x)
1
1
2
f is defined for all x; f ( x) = 0 only when
x = 0. Thus x = 0 is a critical value. If x < 0,
then f ( x) > 0 ; if x > 0 then f ( x) < 0 .
1
maximum are 0,
.
2
d.
x
1
f ( x) =
x0 = 0 , then f ( x0 ) = 0 , but ( x0 , f ( x0 ) )
x2
x2
x2
f ( x) =
e.
2
1
(0) = 0
(0) = 0
2
2
1 x2
x
xe ( x) + e 2 (1)
2
( x2 1) = e
x2
2
( x + 1)( x 1)
2
2
x = 1. f is concave up on (, 1) and
(1, ); f is concave down on (1, 1).
2
1
lim
lim
e.
x2
c.
xe
f.
f(x)
x
3
e 2
e 2
and 1,
are 1,
2
2
g.
f(x)
1
x
50. Let y = f ( x) =
a.
1
2
x2
No absolute minimum.
533
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1
2
51. c = q3 6q 2 + 12q + 18
R(0) = 0%
dc
= 3q 2 12q + 12 . Marginal
dq
cost is increasing when its derivative, which is
d 2c
, is positive.
dq 2
b. R(0.5) 18.5%
d 2c
d 2R
Marginal cost =
dq
c.
R(1) = 100%
dR
4.4
=
> 0 for 0 x 1
dx (4.4 3.4 x)2
= 6q 12 = 6(q 2)
d 2c
R
1
x
52. r = 320q3 / 2 2q 2
dr
= 480q1/ 2 4q.
dq
Marginal revenue is increasing when its
d 2r
is positive.
derivative, which is
dq 2
Marginal revenue =
d 2r
dq 2
d 2r
2
= 240q
=0
1/ 2
240
4 =
240
q
55.
f (t ) = At 3 + Bt 2 + Ct + D
f (t ) = 3 At 2 + 2 Bt + C
f (t ) = 6 At + 2 B , which gives an inflection
B
.
3A
This value of a must be such that f (a) = 0 .
B
B
3A
+ 2B
+C = 0
3A
3A
1 B2 2 B2
+C = 0
3 A 3 A
1 B2
C=
3 A
4 = 0 240 = 4 q
q
dq
q = 60 q = 3600
d 2r
53. p = 200
29.92
> 0 for 0 x 1.
dx
(4.4 3.4 x)3
We obtain the following graph:
2
3AC = B 2 ,
which was to be shown.
q
, q > 0. The revenue function r is
5
given by
56. a.
q
q2
r = pq = 200
q = 200q
.
5
5
3 1
r = 200 q 2
10
3 1
3
r = q 2 =
20
20 q
ma 2
e at
S=
2
p q at
e
+
1
p
534
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dS ma
=
dt
p
b.
+1
at
( e
+ 1)
+ 1) + 2
e + 1)
at
q at
p
ma 2
=
ae at
p
) ( ae ) e
( e
q
( e
e
+
1
) p
q at
e
p
ma3 at
=
e
p
Chapter 13 Review
q at
p
)(
+1
aq at
e
p
q at
e
p
4
q at
e a 1
p
3
q at
e +1
p
m ( p + q )3 e ( p + q ) t
p
q at
p
at
q at
p
q e( p + q )t 1
p
q ( p + q )t
e
p
+1
dS
= 0 when
dt
q
m
( p + q )3 e( p + q )t e ( q + p )t 1 = 0
p
p
p
q
p
( p + q )t = ln
q
() ()
p
ln q
ln p
t=
=
p+q
p+q
15
57.
5
5
535
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
r = q (500 q )1/ 2 (1) + 500 q (1)
2
1
= (500 q )1/ 2 [ q + 2(500 q)]
2
1000 3q
=
2 500 q
59.
3 1000
q
3
2 500 q
No critical values on (100, 200). r(100) = 2000;
r(200) 3464, so 200 units should be produced
for maximum revenue.
dc
100
1 100 q 2 1002
= 0.01
=
=
dq
q 2 100 q 2
100q 2
10
10
c
100
= 0.01q + 5 +
q
q
(q 100)(q + 100)
100q 2
We find that c is decreasing on (0, 100) and
increasing on (100, ), so average cost is
minimum when q = 100.
Horizontal asymptote y = 0;
vertical asymptote x 0.25
65. p = 500 3q
c = q + 200 +
dq
= 160m 0.4m3 = 0.4m 400 m2
dm
dq
= 0.4m(20 + m)(20 m) . Setting
= 0 yields
dm
m = 0 or m = 20 (for m 0). We find that q is
increasing on (0, 20) and decreasing on (20, ),
so q is maximum at m = 20.
1000
q
= 4 x3 13x 2 + 40 x
536
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
V = 4 3x 2 26 x + 40
Chapter 13 Review
Setting V = 0 gives x = 2 or x =
x
10 2x
x
x
x
16 2x
Setting
500
x
Printed area = A = (x 8)(y 10)
500
= ( x 8)
10
x
68. xy = 500, so y =
4000
,x>0
x
4000
= 580 10x
A = 10 +
x2
8000
x
4
4
x
537
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
500
= 25 .
20
69. a.
3
q 6.
4
dc
= 6q 2 18q + 12 = 6 q 2 3q + 2
dq
= 6(q 1)(q 2)
dc
= 0 gives q = 1 or 2. Evaluating c at these critical values and the endpoints:
Setting
dq
3 793
c =
24.78 , c(1) = 25, c(2) = 24, c(6) = 200. Thus a minimum occurs at q = 2, which corresponds
4 32
24, 000
to 200 stands and a total cost of $24,000. This gives an average cost per stand of
= $120 .
200
, where t 0.
121 + t 2
Setting N = 0 gives t = 11, from which N = 105. Since N > 0 for 0 t < 11 and N < 0 for t > 11, there is an
absolute maximum when t = 11.
538
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Chapter 14
11. y = [4 7(3.02)] [4 7(3)] = 0.14
dy = 7 dx = 7(0.02) = 0.14
Problems 14.1
1. y = 5x 7
d
dy =
(5 x 7)dx = 5 dx
dx
2. dy = ydx = 0 dx = 0
13. y
= [2(1.9)2 + 5(1.9) 7] [2(2) 2 + 5(2) 7]
= 0.28
dy = (4x + 5)dx = [4(2) + 5](0.1) = 0.3
1
1
3. d [ f ( x)] = f ( x)dx = ( x 4 9) 2 (4 x3 )dx
2
2 x3
dx
=
x4 9
4. d [ f ( x)] = f ( x)dx
= 3(8 x 5) 4 x 2 5 x + 2
5. u = x
du =
dx
( )
d 2
2
x
dx = 2 x 3 dx = dx
dx
x3
du = udx =
1 3 / 2
x
dx
2
f ( x) =
17. a.
d
1
ln x 2 + 7 dx =
(2 x)dx
dx
x +7
2x
=
dx
2
x +7
7. dp =
f ( x) =
f (1) =
9. dy = ydx
2
2
= (9 x + 3)e2 x +3 (4 x) + e2 x +3 (9) dx
+3
= 3e 2 x
+3
18. a.
(12x
dx =
(0.05) = 0.050
16
x+5
x +1
( x + 1)(1) ( x + 5)(1)
( x + 1)
4
( x + 1) 2
4
= 1
4
d x 3 + 2 x 5
2
x3 + 2 x 5
dx
e
dx = (3x + 2)e
dx
= 3e 2 x
32 x
6. u = x 1/ 2
8. dp =
dy =
+ 4 x + 3 dx
1
ln( x 2 + 12)
2
1
1
x
dy =
(2 x )dx =
dx
2
2 x 2 + 12
x + 12
10. y = ln x 2 + 12 =
6
+ (1)(0.1) = 2.9
2
y = f ( x ) = x3 x
Using logarithmic differentiation,
ln y = 3x ln x,
1 dy
1
539
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = ln( x) +
= 13 + (3)(0.02) = 0.94
19. Let y = f ( x) = x
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = x +
dx
2 x
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = ln( x) +
1
ln1.01 = f (1 + 0.01) ln(1) + (0.01) = 0.01
1
25. Let y = f ( x) = e x
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = x +
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = e x + e x dx
If x = 0 and dx = 0.001, then
dx
2 x
= 11
1
2 121
26. Let y = f ( x) = e x
(1)
f ( x + dx) f ( x) + dy = e x + e x dx
If x = 0 and dx = 0.01, then
1
.
22
21. Let y = f ( x) = 3 x
3 42
=4
( )
2
3 3 64
22. Let y = f ( x) = 4 x .
1
4x
4
0.3
3
29.
dq
= 6 p p2 + 5
dp
30.
dp
dq
1
, so
= 2 p+5
=
dp 2 p + 5
dq
31. q = p 1 ,
( )
4 16
=2
dy
dx
1
= 10 x + 3, so
=
dx
dy 10 x + 3
dx
= f (16 + 0.3) 4 16 +
= 2+
3
4
28.
(1.5)
1
32
f ( x + dx) = f ( x) + dy = 4 x +
dx
1 1
dy
= 2 , so
=
=
dy
dy
2
dx
dx
dx
3x 3
= 4+
27.
f ( x + dx ) f ( x) + dy = 3 x +
1
dx
x
20. Let y = f ( x) = x
1
dx
x
(0.3)
32.
3
320
, so
dp
=
dq
6 p p2 + 5
dq
1
dp
, so
= 1 p 2 =
= p2
2
dp
dq
p
dq
dp
1
1
= 2e4 2 p , so
=
= e2 p 4
p
4
2
dp
dq
2
2e
540
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33.
Section 14.1
dx
1
1
=
=
dy dy 14 x 6
39. p =
10
q
dx
dx 1
=
dy 36
If x = 3,
34.
p(q + dq ) p + dp =
dx 3
If x = 3,
= .
dy 2
35. p =
= 2+
500
q+2
q =18
(q + 2) 2
500
=
q =18
4
5
36. p = 50 q
dp
1
=
dq
2 q
5
q3
dq
1
51
=
= 2.04
25 25
q +8
q4
+ 3q + 400
2
If q = 10 and dq = 2,
41. c =
dq
= 2 q
dp
dq
dp
p(q + dq ) p + dp =
dq
3
q + 8 (q + 8) 2
If q = 41 and dq = 1, then
200
100
p(40) = p(41 1)
(1)
3
49 (49) 2
200 100 9700
=
=
28.28
7
343 343
dq
(q + 2) 2
=
dp
500
=
200
40. p =
dp
500
=
dq (q + 2) 2
dq
dp
10
If q = 25 and dq = 1, then
10
5
p(24) = p(25 + (1))
(1)
25
(25)3
dx
1
1 x
=
= =
dy dy 2 2
dx
= 2 q
q =100
q =100
= 20
q
2
+ 3q + 400
(2003)(2)
0.7
5430
S dS = S dI =
10
I
dI
Choosing I = 45 and dI =
S
( 2q + 3) dq
dc
=
c
43. V =
r dr = r dq = 250 + 90q 3q 2 dq
Choosing q = 40 and dq = 1,
r (950)(1) = 950
True change is
r(41) r(40) = 16,974 18,000 = 1026
1
, then
2
10 1
0.745.
45 2
4 3
r
3
V dV = V dr = 4r 2 dr
) (
541
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
.
2
V 4 6.5 104
) (10 ) = (1.69 10 ) cm
2
11
44. (P + a)(v + b) = k
k
P=
a
v+b
dP = k (v + b)2 dv
45. a.
We substitute q = 40 and p = 20
402 4000
2+
=
200 202
2 + 8 = 10
10 = 10
c.
46. a.
q( p + dp) q ( p) + dq = q( p ) + q( p)dp
q(19.20) = q (20 + (0.8))
q (20) + q(20)dp
= 40 + (2.5)(0.8)
= 42 units
Profit = TR TC = pq cq
P=
1 3
80, 000 1 3
If q = 100, then P =
1
(100)3 65(100) 2 + 6500(100) 40, 000 = 460, 000
2
2
= 460, 000 + (100) 130(100) + 6500 (2)
2
= $443, 000
542
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 14.2
2.
4.
24
24
5 x dx = 5 x dx = 5
5.
5x
t3
+ C = 0.04t 3 + C
3
The form of the revenue function is
x 24+1
+C
24 + 1
x 25
x 25
= 5
+C =
+C
25
5
2
0.12t dt = 0.12
R(t ) = 0.04t 3 + C .
240
+C .
The number of subscribers is S (t ) =
t2
4.
8
x dx =
28.3 dq = 28.3q + C
The form of the cost function is 28.3q + C.
x8+1
x9
+C =
+C
8 +1
9
3.
= 5
6.
7.
= 500t +
3
2
8.
2 3
The population is N (t ) = 500t + t 2 + C
3
( 2.1t
dS
dt dt .
9.
dx = 2 x 10 dx = 2
x4
dx = 7 x 4 dx = 7
7
3 x3
t 7 / 4 dt = t
4
3t
3/ 4
1 1
t 7 / 4+1
74 + 1
5
4
14
2 x dx = 2 x dx = 2 ln x + C
dt =
+C =
+C
7 x 4
=
+C
2 5
Problems 14.2
2.
7 / 4
+1
7 9
7 x4
10. 9 dx = x 4 dx =
+C
2
2 9 + 1
2x 4
4
7 dx = 7 x + C
x 4+1
7 x 3
+C =
+C
4 + 1
3
+C
1.
x 10+1
+C
10 + 1
2 x 9
2
+C =
+C
9
9 x9
t3
t2
= 2.1 65.4 + 491.6t + C
3
2
x 6
5
+C =
+C
6
6 x6
x10
65.4t + 491.6 dt
x 7 +1
+C
7 + 1
z 3
1
1 z 3+1
dz = z 3 dz =
+C
3
3
3 3 + 1
2 3
+ C = 500t + t 2 + C
3
dx = 5 x 7 dx = 5
1 z 2
1
=
+C =
+C
3 2
6z2
t2
5x 4
1
543
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
+C
t 3 / 4
34
+C
11.
(4 + t )dt = 4 dt + t dt = 4t +
= 4t +
12.
13.
t2
+C
2
19.
r 3 + 2r dr = r 3 + 2 r dr
r 3+1
r1+1
+ 2
+C
3 +1
1+1
r4
+ r2 + C
4
( y
=
t t +1
+C
1+1
20.
5 y dy = y 5 dy 5 y dy
y5+1
y1+1
5
+C
5 +1
1+1
y6
y2
y6 5 y2
=
5
+C =
+C
6
2
6
2
14.
( 5 2w 6w ) dw
= 5 dw 2 w dw 6 w2 dw
2
= 5w 2
15.
( 3t
= 3
16.
23.
24.
(5 2
2 x3 8 x5
+C
7 3 3 5
2 x3 8 x5
+C
21 15
x
dx = e x dx = e x + C
ex
1
+ 2 x dx = e x dx + 2 x dx
3
3
ex
+ x2 + C
3
(x
8.3
9 x6 + 3 x 4 + x 3 dx
x9.3
x7
x 3 x 2
9
+ 3
+
+C
9.3
7
3 2
1
x9.3 9 x 7 1
+C
3
9.3
7
x
2 x2
(0.7 y
+ 10 + 2 y 3 )dy
y4
y 2
+ 10 y + 2
+C
4
2
1
= 0.175 y 4 + 10 y
+C
y2
t3 t5 t7
+ + +C
3 5 7
= 0.7
2 x2 8 4
2 2
8 4
7 3 x dx = 7 x dx 3 x dx
(1 + t + t + t )dt
= 1 dt + t 2 dt + t 4 dt + t 6 dt
=t+
x 2 3 x5
+C
14 20
t
t
4 + 5t + C = t 3 2t 2 + 5t + C
3
2
4
22.
1
3 4
dx = x dx x dx
7
4
1
x2
= ex + 2
+C
3
2
4t + 5 dt = 3 t dt 4 t dt + 5 dt
1 x 2 3 x5
+C
7 2 4 5
w2
w3
6
+C
2
3
21.
= 5w w2 2w3 + C
2
7 4 x
1 +1
2 x
2 1
2 x2
+C
dx = x 2 dx =
25.
3
3
3 1 +1
1
9
9
dx = 5 dx = dx = x + C
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2 x
4x
=
+C =
+C
3 3
9
2
26.
dz = 1 dz = 1 z + C = z + C
544
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 14.2
1 +1
1 1
1 x 4
27.
+C
dx = x 4 dx =
8
4
4 1 +1
4 x2
4
3
33.
1 x4
x4
+C =
+C
4 3
3
4
(3x)3 dx = 27 x3 dx = 27 x
4 x
+C
27 3 + 1
4 x 2
2
=
+C =
+C
27 2
27 x 2
29.
x3
dx
3+1
28.
3u 4
1
1
du = (3u 4)du = 3 u du 4 du
5
5
5
2
1 u
3
4
= 3 4u + C = u 2 u + C
5 2
10
5
1
= 2 z dz 5 dz
7
1 z2
1
= 2 5z + C = z 2 5z + C
7 2
7
34.
3
1
dx = x3 dx 3 x 3 dx
3
3
x
35.
1 1
1 x
dx = e dx
36
1
1
=
e x dx = e x + C
36
36
12 3 e
(u
+ eu )du = u e du + eu du
1 x3+1
x 3+1
=
3
+C
3 + 1
3 3 +1
1 x4
x 2
x4
3
=
3
+C =
+
+C
2
3 4
12 2 x 2
30.
2 x3 x 4 dx = 2 x
36.
dx x 4 dx
1 x 2 x 3
+C
2 2 3
1
1
=
+
+C
2
4x
3 x3
31.
3w2
2
2 3w2
32.
e s
y
3
2 e
y
y
+
3
2
= 3
=
3
2
dw = w2 dw w2 dw
2
3
37.
1 y
e dy
6
y4
y3 1 y
2
+ e + C
4
3 6
3 y 4 2 y3 e y
+
+C
4
3
6
(2
1
1
x 3 4 x dx = 2 x 2 3x 4 dx
= 2
s
dy
= 2 x 2 dx 3 x 4 dx
3 w3 2 w1
w3 2
=
+C =
+
+C
2 3 3 1
2 3w
4
u e+1 u
+e +C
e +1
= 3 y 3 dy 2 y 2 dy +
ds = 4 e ds = 4e + C
38.
x2
3
2
x4
5
4
0 dt = 0 t + C = C
545
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4 x 2 12 x 4
+C =
+C
3
5
3 x2
7
39.
+ 6 x dx
5
2 x
2
1
x 3 7x 2
=
+ 6 x dx
5
2
1
1
7
= x 3 dx x 2 dx + 6 x dx
5
2
5
44.
45.
x2
1 x3 7 x2
=
+ 6
+C
5 5 2 1
2
3x
7 x + 3x2 + C
25
40.
u+
= u 3 du + u
=
4
3
z3
+ 2z2 + 4z + C
3
(3u + 2)
u4
u3
u2
+ 54 + 36
+ 8u + C
4
3
2
27 4
u + 18u 3 + 18u 2 + 8u + C
4
1
2
1
2
46.
du
12
du
2
2
15
1
2
1
dx
x
dx
5 x
1
25
= 4 x 4 x 5 + 1 dx
= 4
+C
(x
=
=
42.
47.
x4
x3
x2
3 + 5
15 x + C
4
3
2
( x3 + 8x2 + 7 ) dx = ( x7 + 8x6 + 7 x4 ) dx
x8
x7
x5
=
+ 8
+ 7 +C
8
7
5
x8 8 x 7 7 x 5
=
+
+
+C
8
7
5
43.
48.
x2
5
2
x2
3
2
+ x+C
v3
v 4
+ 3v 2
+C
3
4
2v 3
1
+ 3v +
+C
3
2v 4
6e
u3
u + 1 du = 6eu u 2 u 3 du
= 6e
u2
9
2
9
u4
+C
4
2u 2 u 4
= 6e
+C
9
4
u
+ 3
4
5
1
3
x ( x + 3)dx = x 2 + 3x 2 dx
= 2
x
5x
x3 +
15 x + C
4
2
3
5
x5
4
20 x 5
=
5x 5 + x + C
3
+ 5 ( x 3)dx = x3 3x 2 + 5 x 15 dx
x5
1
3u 3
=
+ 2u 2 + C
4
41.
1
1
1
du = u 3 + u 2
u
4
3
dz = z 2 + 4 z + 4 dz
z3
z2
+ 4 + 4z + C
3
2
1
2
= 27
5
3
( z + 2)
+C
3
2x 2
=
+ 2x 2 + C
5
546
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
49.
z 4 + 10 z 3
2z2
dz =
Section 14.3
Principles in Practice 14.3
1 z 4 10 z 3
+ 2 dz
2 z 2
z
1. N (t ) =
1
= z 2 + 10 z dz
2
1 z3
z2
= + 10 + C
2 3
2
z3 5z 2
=
+
+C
6
2
50.
51.
x4 5x2 + 2 x
e x + e2 x
ex
2. Since y =
e x e2 x
dx = +
dx
ex ex
x
= 1 + e dx
= 42t 2 + 24t + C1
Since y(8) = 2891 , we have
= x + ex + C
52.
( x + 1)
x
dx =
x + 2x + 1
dx
x2
= ( x 4 + 2 x + x 2 )dx
t3
t2
= 42 + 24 + 11t + C2
3
2
x5
x 2 x 1
+ 2
+
+C
5
2
1
x5
1
=
+ x2 + C
x
5
=
dx =
= 800t + 200et + C
Since N(5) = 40,000, we have
1 2
2
x 5 + dx
2
5
x
5x
3
1 x
= 5 x + 2 ln x + C
5 3
dN
dt = 800 + 200et dt
dt
( )
d
F ( x) =
xe x = xe x + e x (1) = e x ( x + 1)
dx
547
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Problems 14.3
1.
5. y = 3x 2 + 4 x
y = (3x 2 + 4 x)dx = x3 + 2 x 2 + C1
dy
= 3x 4
dx
y = (3 x 4)dx =
Using y (1) =
y (1) = 2 implies 2 = 1 + 2 + C1 , so C1 = 1.
3x
4x + C
2
y = ( x3 + 2 x 2 + 1)dx =
13
gives
2
1 2
y(1) = 3 implies 3 = + + 1 + C2 , so
4 3
13 3(1) 2
=
4(1) + C
2
2
13 11
= +C
2
2
3x 2
Thus C = 1, so y =
4x + 1 .
2
2.
C2 =
Using y(3) =
x2
+ x + C1
2
y(0) = 0 implies 0 = 0 + 0 + C1 , so C1 = 0 .
y = ( x + 1)dx =
x2
x3 x 2
y = + x dx =
+
+ C2 .
6
2
2
x3 x 2
+C
3
2
19 33 32
19
= +C
gives
2
3 2
2
y=
19 9
= +C
2 2
y = 2 x dx = x 2 + C1
x3 x 2
+5.
3
2
y=
dx = 5 x
12
dx = 5
x2
1
2
x3
x4
y = + 2 x 5 dx =
+ x 2 5 x + C3 .
3
12
+ C = 10 x + C
y(9) = 50 implies 50 = 10 9 + C , 50 = 30 + C,
C = 20.
Thus y = 10 x + 20.
C3 = 13 . Therefore y =
y(16) = 10 4 + 20 = 60
8. y = e x + 1
4. y = x 2 + 2 x
2
x4
+ x 2 5 x + 13 .
12
y = e x + 1 dx = e x + x + C1
x3
y = x + 2 x dx = + x 2 + C
3
8
1
y(2) = 1 implies 1 = + 4 + C , so C = .
3
3
y = x 2 + 2 dx =
x
5
x3 x 2
+
+5.
6
2
7. y = 2 x
Thus, C = 5, so y =
3. y =
x 4 2 x3
19
19
. Thus y =
+
+ x+ .
4
3
12
12
6. y = x + 1
dy
= x2 x
dx
y = x 2 x dx =
x 4 2 x3
+
+ x + C2
4
3
y (0) = 1 implies 1 = 1 + 0 + C1 , so C1 = 0 .
x2
+ C2
2
y(0) = 2 implies 2 = 1 + 0 + C2 , so C2 = 1 .
y = e x + x dx = e x +
x3
1
+ x2 .
3
3
1
1 1
y (1) = + 1 =
3
3 3
Thus y =
x2
x3
y = e x +
+ 1 dx = e x +
+ x + C3
2
6
548
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 14.3
9.
p=
x3
+ x+2.
6
function is p = 5000 3q
dr
= 0.7
dq
13.
r = 0.7 dq = 0.7 q + C
14.
dr
1
= 10 q
dq
16
0.08 3
q 0.8q 2 + 6.5q + C. If q = 0, then
3
c = 8000, from which C = 8000. Hence
0.08 3
c=
q 0.8q 2 + 6.5q + 8000. If q = 25,
3
1
substituting gives c(25) = 8079 or $8079.17.
6
dc
= 0.08q 2 1.6q + 6.5
dq
dc
= 0.000204q 2 0.046q + 6
dq
c = (0.000204q 2 0.046q + 6)dq
r
= 275 0.5q 0.1q 2 .
q
Thus the demand function is
= 0.000068q3 0.023q 2 + 6q + C
When q = 0, then c = 15,000, from which
C = 15,000. The cost function is
12.
dc
= 2q + 75
dq
c = (2q + 75)dq = q 2 + 75q + C
1
p = 10 q .
32
dr
= 275 q 0.3q 2
dq
dc
= 1.35
dq
1
1
r = 10 q dq = 10q q 2 + C
16
32
11.
3q3
.
2
c = 1.35dq = 1.35q + C
If q = 0, r must be 0, so 0 = 0 + C, C = 0. Thus
r = 0.7q. Since r = pq, we have
r 0.7q
p= =
= 0.7 . The demand function is
q
q
p = 0.7.
10.
r
3q3
= 5000 3q
. Therefore the demand
q
2
dr
= 5000 3(2q + 2q3 ), so
dq
P2
P
+ 2P + C
17. G = + 2 dP =
50
25
3q 4
+C
2
When q = 0, then r = 0, so C = 0 and
3q 4
r = 5000q 3q 2
. Since r = pq, then
2
= 5000q 3q 2
549
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
18.
dy
= 1.5 x
dx
x2
+C
2
When x = 1, then y = 57.3, so
y = (1.5 x )dx = 1.5 x
( P1 P2 ) r
dr =
2l
( P1 P2 ) r 2
4l
20.
( P1 P2 ) r 2 ( P1 P2 ) R 2
+
4l
dr
= 100 3q 2
dq
4l
+C
( P1 P2 ) R 2
4l
+ C , so C =
( P1 P2 ) ( R 2 r 2 )
4l
( P1 P2 ) R 2
4l
. Thus
r = 100 3q 2 dq = 100q q3 + C
p
q
dp
dq
p
q
2q
p
2q 2
21.
r
= 100 q 2 .
q
dc
= 0.003q 2 0.4q + 40
dq
75
3
= .
2(25)
2
Avg. Cost = c =
22.
f ( x) = 30 x 4 + 12 x
f ( x) = (30 x 4 + 12 x)dx = 6 x5 + 6 x 2 + C1
550
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 14.4
Thus
f (965.335245) f (965.335245)
= [(965.335245)6 + 2(965.335245)3 2(965.335245) + C2 ]
dT
= 0.5(70 60)e0.5t = 5e0.5t
dt
dT
dt = 5e0.5t dt = 10e0.5t + C
dt
T (t ) =
( x + 5)
2.
[dx] = u 7 du =
15( x + 2)
( x + 5)8
u8
+C =
+C
8
8
dx = 15 ( x + 2)4 [dx] = 15
( x + 2)5
+ C = 3( x + 2)5 + C
5
3. Let u = x 2 + 3 du = 2 x dx
2
5
2
2 x x + 3 dx = x + 3 [2 x dx] = u du =
( x 2 + 3)
=
u6
+C
6
+C
( 3x
)(
+ 10 x x3 + 5 x 2 + 6 dx
) (
1
= x3 + 5 x 2 + 6 3x 2 + 10 x dx
= u du =
u2
+C
2
( x3 + 5 x 2 + 6 )
=
2
+C
551
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5. Let u = y 3 + 3 y 2 + 1 du = 3 y 2 + 6 y dy
3 y2 + 6 y
)(
y3 + 3 y 2 + 1
= u du =
5
3
+C
3 3
y + 3 y2 + 1
5
2
5
3
(5t 3 3t 2 + t )18
+C
18
12.
5
1
(3x 1)3 dx = 3 (3x 1)3 [3 dx ]
5 1
5
du = u 3 du
3
3 u
3
4x
dx = 2 x 2 7
( 2x2 7 )
9
2 x2 7 )
(
=
+C
10
10
dx =
1
(7 x 6)4 [7 dx]
7
1 4
1 u5
=
+C
u
du
7
7 5
(7 x 6)5
+C
35
(3x3 + 7 ) dx = 19 (3x3 + 7 )
4
3
1 ( 3x + 7 )
=
+C
x
9 x 2 dx
+C
36
[4 x dx]
u (5u
9)14 du =
1
(5u 2 9)14 [10u du ]
10
1 14
1 v15
(5u 2 9)15
+C =
+C
v dv =
10
10 15
150
9. Let u = 2 x 1 du = 2 dx .
14.
1
2
2 x 1dx = (2 x 1) dx
2
9 x 1 + 2 x dx =
1
1
= (2 x 1) 2 [2 dx]
2
3 x3 + 7 )
(
=
+C = 2 x5 +C
1
2
5 u 2
5(3 x 1)2
=
+C =
+C
3 2
6
8.
( x 5) 2
(7 x 6)
17
7. Let u = 3 x 1 du = 3 dx
+C
11. Let u = 7 x 6 du = 7 dx
+C
(15t 6t + 1)(5t 3t + t ) dt
= (5t 3 3t 2 + t )17 [(15t 2 6t + 1)dt ]
=
1
2
u3
u1/ 2
1/ 2
u du =
) (3 y 2 + 6 y ) dy
2
3
6.
dy
2
3
= y3 + 3 y 2 + 1
2
3
2
9 1 + 2x
=
3
4
3
2
3
2
+C
3
1 12
1 u
1
u du =
+ C = (2 x 1) 2 + C
2
2 3
3
3 1 + 2 x2
2
552
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
9
1 + 2 x2
4
3
2
+C
1
2
[4 x dx]
15. Let u = 27 + x5 du = 5 x 4 dx
1
4
4
5 3
5
4 x 27 + x dx = 5 27 + x
1
3
Section 14.4
24.
5 x 4 dx
4
3
+C
26.
dt =
t 2 +t
20.
2 w3
3w e
3 4 x4
x e
[(2t + 1) dt ]
+t
[(1 + 2 x + 6 x 2 )dx]
3 x 2 + 4 x3
3
dx =
3 x 2 + 4 x3 dx
x + x
3
+C
6 x2 6 x
1 3x2 + 2 x3 dx
dw = e w 3w2 dw = e w + C
dx =
= ln x3 + x 4 + C
[(6 x + 6 x 2 )dx
1 3 x + 2 x3
1
= du = ln u + C = ln 1 3x 2 + 2 x3 + C
u
21. Let u = 7 x 2 du = 14 x dx
1 7 x2
1 u
7 x2
xe dx = 14 e [14 x dx] = 14 e du
2
1
1
= eu + C = e 7 x + C
14
14
22.
dx
x +x
1
= du = ln u + C
u
x + x 2 + 2 x3
2
5 3t + 7
5
e
[3 dt ] = e3t + 7 + C
3
3
(2t + 1)e dt = e
= eu du = eu + C = et
12 x 2 + 4 x + 2
= ln[( x + x 2 + 2 x3 )2 ] + C
3x
3t + 7
5e
1 6 x5
e
30 x 4 dx
30
x + x + 2x
= 2 ln x + x 2 + 2 x3 + C
3e dx = e [3 dx]
= eu du = eu + C = e3 x + C
18.
dx =
1 6 x5
e
+C
30
17. Let u = 3 x du = 3 dx
3x
25. Let u = x + 5 du = dx
1
1
x + 5 [dx] = u du = ln u + C = ln x + 5 + C
3
27 + x5
5
4 6 x5
4 1
4 u3
= u 3 du =
+C
5
5 4
=
29. Let u = z 2 6 du = 2 z dz
6z
( z 2 6)5 = 3 ( z
1 4 x4 3
16 x dx
e
16
= 3 u 5 du = 3
6)5 [2 z dz ]
3
u 4
+ C = ( z 2 6)4 + C
4
4
4
1
e4 x
= e4 x + C =
+C
16
16
30.
[5 dv]
3 (5v 1)3
+C
5
3
1
= (5v 1)3 + C
5
553
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
31.
39. Let u = x 2 4 du = 2 x dx
x dx = 4 x dx = 4 ln x + C
3
1
1
dy = 3
32.
[2 dy ]
1+ 2y
2 1+ 2 y
3
= ln 1 + 2 y + C
2
x2 4
dx =
12
1
2
x
4
[2 x dx]
2
1
1 12
1 u2
u du =
+C
2
2 1
2
= x 4 +C
33. Let u = s 3 + 5 du = 3s 2 ds
s2
s3 + 5 ds = 3 s3 + 5 3s
=
34.
ds
1 1
1
1
du = ln u + C = ln s3 + 5 + C
3 u
3
3
2 x2
3 4 x3 dx = 2 12 3 4 x3 12 x
dx
41. Let u = y 4 + 1 du = 4 y 3 dy
2y
1
= ln 3 4 x3 + C
6
1
1
dt = 7
[10t dt ]
36.
10 5t 2 6
5t 2 6
7
= ln 5t 2 6 + C
10
5 x dx = 5 x1/ 2 dx = 5
4
dy = 2 y 3e y +1dy
1 y 4 +1 3
4 y dy
e
4
1
1
= eu du = eu + C
2
2
1 y 4 +1
= e
+C
2
7t
= 2
35. Let u = 4 2x du = 2 dx
5
5
1
4 2 x dx = 2 4 2 x [2 dx]
5 1
5
5
= du = ln u + C = ln 4 2 x + C
2 u
2
2
37.
3 y 4 +1
3
2
3
2
42.
2 x 1dx = (2 x 1) 2 [2 dx]
3
=
=
+C
(2 x 1) 2
3
2
+C
3
2
(2 x 1) 2 + C
3
2 5 32
x +C
3
1 u
1
e du = eu + C
6
6
3
1
= e2v +1 + C
6
=
1
dx = (3 x)6 [3 dx]
38.
6
3
(3x )
1 (3 x)5
+C
3 5
1
= (3 x)5 + C
15
=
554
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
44.
x2
2 x3 + 9
1
=
6
=
45.
dx =
2 x3 + 9
1
2 x3 + 9
4
13
1
3
6 x 2 dx
2
x
9
+
52.
2
3
=
+C
53.
5 x
x
5 x
x
( e + 2e ) dx = e dx + 2 e dx
4 3 y + 1dy = 4 ( y + 1)
= 4
47.
( y + 1)
4
3
4
3
1
3
54.
[dy ]
55.
(7 2 x 5 x)
+C
4
3 y2
2 ye
2
49.
x +2
dy = 2
x3 + 6 x
dx =
2
1 3 y2
1
e [6 y dy ] = e3 y + C
6
3
56.
1
1 2
3 x + 6 dx
3 x + 6 x
3 x
5x
(e + 2e e )dx
2
1
= e x dx e3 x [(3)dx] e5 x [5 dx]
3
5
57.
16 s 4
(8w
(x
+1
dx =
x
2
2x + 1
dx
+ w2 2)(6w w3 4 w6 ) 4 dw
)( x3 x6 ) dx
10
1
3 x 2 6 x5 dx
= ( x3 x 6 )
)
(
3
3
6 9
9
1 (x x )
1 3
x x6 ) + C
=
+C =
(
9
3
27
2
10
2 x5
5 (v 2)e
( 2x
2 4v + v 2
dv
)(
+ x x 4 + x 2 dx
(
) ( 4 x3 + 2 x ) dx
4
2 2
2
1 (x + x )
1
=
+ C = ( x4 + x2 ) + C
2
2
4
=
2
1
= e x e3 x e5 x + C
3
5
51.
2
3 1
= e2 4v + v [(2v 4) dv]
5 2
2
3
= e2 4v + v + C
10
1
= ln x3 + 6 x + C
3
50.
x (2x
1
(6 w w3 4 w6 ) 4 [(6 3w2 24w5 )dw]
3
1 (6 w w3 4w6 )3
=
+C
3
3
1
= (6 w w3 4w6 )3 + C
9
1
= (7 2 x 2 5 x) 4 + C
2
48.
2 3 2
(t + t + 1)7 + C
7
(8 x + 10)(7 2 x 5 x) dx
= 2 (7 2 x 2 5 x)3 [(4 x 5)dx]
= 2
(t 3 + t 2 + 1)7
+C
7
1
1
[4 x dx]
2
4 2x +1
1
= ln 2 x 2 + 1 + C
4
+ C = 3( y + 1) 3 + C
1
= e 5 x [5 dx] + 2 e x dx
5
1
= e5 x + 2e x + C
5
46.
(6t + 4t )(t + t + 1) dt
= 2 (t 3 + t 2 + 1)6 [(3t 2 + 2t )dt ]
= 2
+C
2
3
2
3
Section 14.4
3 2s + 4s 2 dx = 2 3 2s + 4s 2 [(8s 2)ds]
1
x4 + x2
2
= 2 ln 3 2 s + 4s 2 + C
555
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
58.
(e
3.1 2
65.
is a constant.
7 + 14 x
59.
dx
2 5
x
x
(e e )
1
1
dx
dx = 2 xdx
2x
2x
1
1
1
1
= (2 x) 2 [2 dx] (2 x) 2 [2 dx]
2
2
2x
(4 x x ) 2 5
= 7 (4 x x ) [(1 2 x)dx]
1
2 2 32
=
x 2x 2 + C
3
66.
dx = e2 x 2 + e2 x dx
1 2x
1
e [2 dx] 2 dx + e2 x [2 dx]
2
2
1
1
= e2 x 2 x e2 x + C
2
2
1 2 x 2 x
= e e
2x + C
2
x4
ex
dx = 3 x 4 e x dx =
67.
61. u = 4 x3 + 3x 2 4
68.
du = 12 x 2 + 6 x dx = 6 x(2 x + 1)dx
4x
x(2 x + 1)e
+3 x 4
63.
2
1 8 5x
=
5
10
5
2
64.
7x
dx = 7 e
7x
+C =
3
2
69.
5
2
16
1
dx
2 x + 5
2
1
1
1
x 2 16 [2 x dx]
[2 dx]
2
2 2x + 5
1
ln 2 x + 5 + C
2
x5
x2 + 1 + ( x6 + 1)2 dx
[10 x dx]
1
8 5x2
25
x5 2 x3
+
+ x+C
5
3
u 4 1 63u 2
e
[6u du ]
+
4 6
2
1
1
= u 4 + e63u + C
4
6
2
3
1
= x 2 16
6
3
6 3u
(u ue )du =
+ 1 dx = x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 dx
(
)
3
2
1 ( x 16 )
1
=
ln 2 x + 5 + C
dx
1 4 x3 + 3 x 2 4
[6 x(2 x + 1)dx]
e
6
3
2
1
1
1
= eu du = eu + C = e4 x +3 x 4 + C
6
6
6
2
x ( x
=
62.
(x
3 x5
e [5 x 4 dx]
5
5
3
= e x + C
5
1 (2 x) 2 1 (2 x) 2
(2 x) 2
=
+C =
2x + C
3
1
2
2
3
(4 x x 2 ) 4
= 7
+C
4
7
= (4 x x 2 )4 + C
4
60.
x
x2 + 1
dx +
x5
x6 + 1
dx
1
1
1
[2 x dx ] + x6 + 1
2
2 x +1
6
6
1
1 x +1
2
= ln x + 1 +
+C
1
2
6
1
1
= ln x 2 + 1
+C
6
2
6 x +1
+C
(
(
7x
1
7
+C
dx
e
7
556
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
)
)
6 x5 dx
70.
x 1 + ( x 1)2 dx = x 1 [dx] + ( x 1)
= 3ln x 1 +
71.
Section 14.4
[dx]
( x 1) 1
1
+ C = 3ln x 1
+C
x 1
1
8 x5 )( x3 x6 )8 dx
1
1
4
3
6 8
=
[4 dx] ( x x ) [(3 x 2 6 x5 )dx]
2 4x + 1
3
1
4 ( x3 x 6 )7
= ln 4 x + 1
+C
7
2
3
1
4
= ln 4 x + 1 + ( x3 x 6 ) 7 + C
2
21
4 x + 1 (4 x
72.
(r
73.
+5
dr = r 6 + 10r 3 + 25 dr =
3x + 1
1 7 5 4
r + r + 25r + C
7
2
1
1
x
1
1
1
2
dx = (3 x + 1) 2 [3 dx]
[2 x dx]
dx = (3x + 1) dx 2
2
3
2 x +3
x +3
x + 3
3
2
1 (3 x + 1) 2 1
=
ln x 2 + 3 + C = (3 x + 1) 2 ln x 2 + 3 + C
3
9
3
2
74.
x2
+ 1) 3 [3x 2 dx]
1
1 ( x3 + 1)2
1
1
= ln 3x 2 + 5
+ C = ln 3x 2 + 5 + ( x3 + 1)2 + C
6
3
6
6
2
75. Let u = x du =
1 12
1
x dx =
dx .
2
2 x
e x
dx = 2 e x
dx
x
2 x
= 2 eu du = 2eu + C = 2e x + C
76.
(e
77.
3e dx = e5 3e x + C , because e5 3e is a constant.
1 + e2 x
4e x
dx =
1 1 e2 x
+
dx
4 e x e x
1
e x + e x dx
4
1
1
= e x [1 dx ] + e x dx
4
4
1 x 1 x
= e + e +C
4
4
=
557
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
78.
1
1 2 1
+ 9 dt = 2 + 9 dt
t
t
t2
t2
= 2
1 +9
t
3
2
83. y =
+C
y(2) = 3 implies 3 =
x2 + 2 x ln ( x
x +1
x + 2x
(2 x + 2)dx
+ 2 x dx
2x + 2
1
dx
ln x 2 + 2 x
2
x2 + 2 x
1
1 u2
1
u du =
+ C = ln 2 x 2 + 2 x + C
2
2 2
4
80. Let u = 8 x 4 = 2 x 3 du =
8 13
x dx
3
84. y = ( x + 1)3 / 2
3
y = ( x + 1) 2 dx =
3 2x3 8 1 3 u
xe dx = 8 e 3 x 3 dx = 8 e du
3
3 3 4
= eu + C = e 8 x + C
8
8
3
8 x4
2
64
32 + C1 C1 = , so
5
5
5
2
64
y = ( x + 1) 2
5
5
5
64
2
y = ( x + 1) 2 dx
5
5
1
(3 2 x)2 [2 dx]
2
1 (3 2 x)3
1
=
+ C = (3 2 x)3 + C
2
3
6
1
11
y(0) = 1 implies 1 = (27) + C , so C = .
6
2
1
3 11
Thus y = (3 2 x) + .
6
2
2 ( x + 1) 2 64
x + C2
=
7
5
5
2
7
4
64
x + C2
=
( x + 1) 2
35
5
4
64
128 (3) + C2 , so
y(3) = 0 implies 0 =
35
5
7
832
4
64
832
C2 =
. Thus y =
( x + 1) 2
x+
.
35
35
5
35
1
1
1
[2 x dx] = ln x 2 + 6 + C
2
2 x +6
2
1
1
y(1) = 0 implies 0 = ln(7) + C , so C = ln 7 .
2
2
1
Thus y = ln x 2 + 6 ln 7 , or
y = ln
5
2
( x + 1) 2 + C1
5
y (3) = 0 0 =
81. y = (3 2 x) 2 dx =
82. y =
1
5
+ C1 , so C1 = . Thus
2
2
5
y = x 1 + .
2
5
1
5
y = x 1 + dx = dx + dx
2
2
x
5
= ln x + x + C2
2
5
y(1) = 2 implies that 2 = 0 + + C2 , so
2
1
C2 = . Thus
2
5
1
1 5
1
y = ln x + x = ln + x .
2
2
x 2
2
4 1 2
= + 9 + C
3t
x2
y = x 2 dx = x 1 + C1
3
2
79. Let u = ln x 2 + 2 x du =
x2 + 6
7
558
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
85. V (t ) =
=
Section 14.5
Problems 14.5
dV
dt = 8e0.05t dt
dt
8
e0.05t [0.05 dt ]
0.05
1.
dx
2x2
2 x6 8 x 4
4x
=
+
2 x2 2 x2 2 x2
dx
1
4
2
= x dx + 4 x dx 2 dx
x
x5 4 3
=
+ x 2 ln x + C
5 3
= 160e0.05t + C
The house cost $350,000 to build, so V(0) = 350.
350 = 160e0 + C = 160 + C
190 = C
V (t ) = 160e0.05t + 190
dl
12
dt =
dt
dt
2t + 50
= 6 ln 2t + 50 + C
Since the expected life span was 63 years in
1940, l(0) = 63.
63 = 6 ln 50 + C
C = 63 6 ln 50 39.53
l (t ) = 6 ln 2t + 50 + 39.53
86. l (t ) =
2.
3.
9 x2 + 5
5
3x dx = 3x + 3x dx
3
5
= x 2 + ln x + C
2
3
( 3x
+2
2 x3 + 4 x + 1dx
(
) ( 6 x2 + 4) dx
3
1 ( 2 x + 4 x + 1)
=
+C
=
1
2
1
2 x3 + 4 x + 1
2
3
2
3
2
2 x6 + 8 x 4 4 x
4.
x2 + 1
dx =
2
1 ( x + 1)
=
Rr
+ B1 ln r + B2 .
4K
3
4
1
3
3x)dx = e3 x + 2 x 2 + C
88. f ( x) = (e
3
2
1
1
1
f = 2 implies 2 = e3 + C , so
3
6
3
13 1
C = e3 . Thus,
6 3
1
3
13 1
f ( x ) = e3 x + 2 x 2 + e3 ,
3
2
6 3
1
13 1
f (2) = e8 6 + e3
3
6 3
1 8
3
= (2e 2e 23) 983.12
6
3x+2
5.
1
2 x3 + 4 x + 1
3
2 2
x +1
3
3
4
3
2
+C
1
1
x 2 + 1 4 [2 x dx]
3
4
+C
+C
dx = 9 (2 3 x)1/ 2 dx
2 3x
1
= 9 (2 3x) 1/ 2 [3 dx]
3
(2 3 x)1/ 2
= 3
+ C = 6 2 3 x + C
1
2
6.
2 xe x
e
x2
= ln e
559
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x2
dx =
1
e
2 +C
x2
2 xe x 2 dx
7.
7x
( )
dx = eln 4
7x
dx = e(ln 4)(7 x ) dx
13.
1
e(ln 4)(7 x ) [7 ln 4 dx]
7 ln 4
1
=
e(ln 4)(7 x ) + C
7 ln 4
5e 2 x
8.
9.
( )
1
e
7 ln 4
t
ln 4 7 x
+C =
14.
7x
4
+C
7 ln 4
1
1 (ln 5)t
e(ln 5)t [ln 5 dt ] =
=
e
+C
ln 5
ln 5
5t
=
+C
ln 5
x2
4
dx
=
14
x
2
xe
15.
x
x
x2
4 e 4 + C = 7 x 2 4e 4 + C
2
2
e
x
+ x e + ex + dx
x
1
= e x dx + x e dx + e x dx + e dx
x
x e+1 ex 2
+
+ e ln x + C
e +1
2
dx =
+C
7
2 dx
x
1 7x
e
7
6 x 2 11x + 5
2
.
= 2x 3 +
3x 1
3x 1
3 + 2 x dx = 2 x + 3 3 + 2 x dx
1
[2 dx]
= (2 x + 3)dx 2
3 + 2x
6 x 2 11x + 5
2
dx = 2 x 3 +
dx
3x 1
3
x
1
1
1
[3 dx]
= 2 x dx 3 dx + 2
3 3x 1
2
= x 2 3x + ln 3x 1 + C
3
Thus
x2
x2 + 9 dx = 5 x x2 + 9 dx
45
1
= 5 x dx
[2 x dx]
2
2 x +9
5
45
= x 2 ln( x 2 + 9) + C
2
2
dx = e x
x2
16
= 2 x3 2 x 2 4 x 7
dx
x2
1
2
= x 4 x3 2 x 2 7 x 16 ln x 2 + C .
2
3
dx
= ex +
dx = e86 x [6 dx]
1
= e +C
7
x
1
= 14 x dx 2 2 e 4 x dx
2
10.
ex
(2)dx]
7
x
x2
4 3 x 2
= 14 x dx 2 xe 4 dx
= 14
6 (e
2x
5
ln(7e2 x + 4) + C
14
= e86 x + C = e 43 x
x2
2
x
7
e
4
= x 2 + 3x 2 ln 3 + 2 x + C
19.
(3 x + 2)( x 4)
3 x 2 10 x 8
dx =
dx
12.
x3
x3
11
3 2
= 3x 1
dx = x x 11ln x 3 + C
2
x 3
x +2
3 x
2
=
3
dx =
x +2
560
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
2
3
x +2
+C =
2
9
dx
2 x
x +2
+C
20.
5e s
1 + 3es
Section 14.5
( )
5
1
[3e s ds ]
3 1 + 3e s
5
= ln(1 + 3e s ) + C
3
4
5 x3 + 2
4
dx = 3 5 x 13 + 2 1 x 32 dx
21.
3 2
3
= 3 x 3 + 2 + C
22.
1+ x
1 2
dx = 2 1 + x 2
3
2
+C
2
ln x
1 (ln x)
dx = (ln x) dx =
+C
x
2
x
1
= ln 2 x + C
2
24.
0.6
dt =
2
3
(3 t 3 / 2 )0.6 t1/ 2 dt
3
2
31.
1.6
2 (3 t 3 / 2 )1.6
5
3t t
=
+C =
+C
3
1.6
12
25.
26.
32.
9 x5 6 x 4 ex3
7x
dx = 2
2
x dx
3
3
e x +1 dx = x 2 (e x +1 )1/ 2 dx
3
2 x 2+1 3 2 2 x 2+1
e
2 x dx = 3 e dx
3
( x + 3) ln( x + 3) dx = 8 ln( x + 3) x + 3 dx
= 8ln ln( x + 3) + C
ln (r + 1)
1
dr = [ln(r + 1)]2
dr
r +1
r
+
1
1 3
= ln (r + 1) + C
3
x + 6 dx = 1 x + 6 dx = x 3ln x + 6 + C
t (3 t t )
x
=
x ln
29.
23.
( )
ln ( 2 x )
( 2x )
= 2 ln ln ( 2x 2 ) + C
1 ln 3 ln x
3ln x
e
+C =
+C
ln 3
ln 3
28.
1 12
2 x dx
1 2
2
1 + x
+ C = 4 1+ x
= 2
3
3
ln x
eln 3
3ln x
27.
dx =
dx
x
x
1
ln 3
=
e(ln 3) ln x
dx
ln 3
x
1 (ln 3) ln x
=
e
+C
ln 3
ds =
e2 + x e 2 x dx = ee2 x + 1 xe +1 x 2 + C
e +1
x2 3 dx = x + 1 + x 2 3 dx
1
[2 x dx]
= ( x + 1)dx +
2
x 3
x2
=
+ x + ln x 2 3 + C
2
e
6
9
dx = x3 x 2 x dx
7
7
7
9 4 2 3 e 2
=
x x x +C
28
7
14
34.
4 x ln 1 + x 2
1 + x2
= ln 1 + x
561
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
dx =
4 x 12 ln 1 + x 2
1 + x2
) dx
2
2
2x
ln 1 + x
dx =
+C
2
1 + x 2
35.
6 x 2 ln( x3 + 1) 2
3
x +1
42.
dx
6 x2
= [2 ln( x3 + 1)]1/ 2
dx
3
x + 1
=
36.
[2 ln( x3 + 1)]3 / 2
3
2
2
3 x + 2
= 3 e
37.
38.
12
( x +2)
2
1
2
2
xe x + 2 dx
43.
12
2
2
+
x
x
2
dx = 3e x + 2 + C
x2 + 2 x 1 dx = 2 x2 + 2 x1 ( 2 x 2 x
=
ln 7 dx
4
x 4x
1
1
4
2
= ( x 4 x) [(4 x3 4)dx] ln 7 dx
4
3
1 4
= ( x 4 x) 2 (ln 7) x + C
6
x x 2
( x + 1) ln ( x2 + 1)
dx
2x
dx
2
ln x + 1 x + 1
= ln ln x 2 + 1 + C
x3 1
2x
2
+ C = ln 3 / 2 ( x3 + 1) 2 + C
3
44.
xe x
ex + 2
1
12
1
x2
2 xe x 2 dx
dx = e + 2
ex + 2
1
2
2
+ C = ex + 2 + C
1
2
[1 + ln(3 x + 1)]2
3 dx
3
3x + 1
5
=
+C
3[1 + ln(3 x + 1)]
=
) dx
1
ln x 2 + 2 x 1 + C
2
45.
( e x + 6 )
e
dx = e x + 6
e x + 6 )
(
=
e x dx
39.
2 x 4 8 x3 6 x 2 + 4
x3
dx
6 4
= 2 x 8 + dx
x x3
1
= 2 x dx 8 dx 6 dx + 4 x 3 dx
x
46.
dx
2
8 x + 1 e x 8 + e x
2
1
1
e x dx
[8 dx] (1) 8 + e x
=
8 8x + 1
40.
e x + e x
e x e x dx = e x e x ( e
1
x
x
8 x 6 ln x + 4
+C
2
2
2
= x 2 8 x 6 ln x
+C
x2
= 2
+C
8 + e x
1
= ln 8 x + 1 +
+C
8
1
1
1
= ln 8 x + 1
+C
8
8 + e x
+ e x dx
= ln e x e x + C
x + 1 dx = 1 x + 1 dx = x ln x + 1 + C
562
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47.
(x
+ ex
x 2 + e dx = x x 2 + e x 2 + e
1
= x2 + e
2
=
48.
1 2
x +e
5
x ln x
)(
2
1 ( x + e)
[2 x dx] =
Section 14.5
5
2
3
2
1
2
53. eln( x
+C
54.
+C
55.
( )
x ln x
(1 + ln x )dx = eln 3
(1 + ln x )dx
1
e(ln 3) x ln x [(ln 3)(1 + ln x)dx]
ln 3
1 (ln 3) x ln x
1 ln 3 x ln x
=
e
+C =
e
+C
ln 3
ln 3
49.
56.
3x ln x
+C
ln 3
1
2
2
38
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
57.
1
2
32 3 12
8 2 x dx
8 2 x 2 + 3
3 16 2
32 32
2
8 x + 3
+C
50.
23
f ( x ) + ln( f ( x ))
dx = e f ( x ) eln( f ( x )) dx
= e f ( x ) [ f ( x) dx]
dr
200
=
dq (q + 2)2
r = pq, then p =
1
x dx
r 100
=
.
q q+2
1
3
= 6(ln x) + C
s
2
2
51.
ds = e s
3
3
e s
3
2
= e s + C
3
(q + 2)1
+C
1
200
+C
q+2
When q = 0, then r = 0, so 0 = 100 + C, or
200
100q
+ 100 =
. Since
C = 100. Hence r =
q+2
q+2
3
2
ln x + ln e x
dx
x
x
ln x + x
ln x
=
+ 1 dx
dx =
x
x
3
2
2 + 3 + C
(8
)
=
x
36 2
( ) dx =
ln xe x
dx = 1 dx = x + C
= e f ( x) + C
x (8 x ) + 3dx = 8 x + 3 x dx
3
2
+1)
ln 2 x
1
= (ln x) dx + 1 dx =
+ x+C
2
x
( )
is simply x 2 + 1. Thus
1
ln( x 2 +1)
dx = ( x 2 + 1)dx = x3 + x + C
e
3
dx
5
2
5
2
58.
3 12
2 s ds
100
.
q+2
dr
900
=
dq (2q + 3)3
r = 900(2q + 3)3 dq
ln 3 x
1
1
dx = (ln x)3 dx
52.
3x
3
x
= 900
1
(2q + 3) 3 [2 dq]
2
= 450
(2q + 3)2
225
+C =
+C
2
(2q + 3)2
When q = 0, then r = 0, so 0 = 25 + C or
225
C = 25. Hence r =
+ 25 . Since
(2q + 3) 2
1 (ln x)4
1
=
+ C = ln 4 x + C
3
4
12
563
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
r 25
225
=
q q q(2q + 3)2
r = pq, then p =
62.
1 (2 I ) 2
C=
dI
2
2
1
1
1
= dI (2 I ) 2 [2 dI ]
2
4
25
9
The demand function is p =
1
.
2
q (2q + 3)
59.
dc
20
=
dq q + 5
1
1 (2 I ) 2
= I
+ C1
1
2
4
20
1
dq = 20
dq = 20 ln q + 5 + C
q+5
q+5
When q = 0, then c = 2000, so
2000 = 20 ln(5) + C, or C = 2000 20 ln 5.
Hence c = 20 ln q + 5 + 2000 20 ln 5
c=
I
2I
=
+ C1
2
2
3
3
4
+ C1 , so
implies = 1
4
4
2
I
The consumption function is C =
2
C (2) =
q+5
= 20 ( ln q + 5 ln 5 ) + 2000 = 20 ln
+ 2000
5
q+5
+ 2000.
The cost function is c = 20 ln
5
60.
63.
dc
= 3e0.002q
dq
c = 3e0.002 q dq = 3
1
e0.002q [0.002 dq]
0.002
0.002 q
C = I
1
dI = 3 dI 1 I 2 dI
4
6
3
1 I2
3
I
= I
+ C1 = I
+ C1
1
4
6
4
3
2
+ 500.
Thus C =
dC
1
=
dI
I
12
3
I
I
+ C1 .
4
3
dI =
I2
1
2
71
.
12
The consumption function is
3
1
71
C= I
I+ .
4
3
12
I +1 .
3
5
25 + C1 , so
4
3
C1 =
+ C1 = 2 I + C1
Thus C = 2 I + 2 = 2
3
.
4
2I 3
+ .
2
4
C1 =
dC 3
1
=
dI 4 6 I
1
3 I 2
C =
4
6
= 1500e0.002q + C
When q = 0, then c = 2000, so 2000 = 1500 + C,
or C = 500.
61.
dC 1
1
=
dI 2 2 2 I
I +1 .
64.
dc
100
= 10
dq
q + 10
100
c = 10
dq = 10q 100 ln q + 10 + C
q
+ 10
ln q + 10 C
c
+
Avg. cost = = 10 100
q
q
q
When q = 100, then avg. cost = 50, so
ln(110) C
+
50 = 10 100
, or
100
100
C = 100(40 + ln (110)). Thus
c = 10q 100 ln q + 10 + 100(40 + ln(110))
564
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 14.5
c=
b.
3
2
0.9
2 + 4
=
0.04
q
0.06
65.
dc 100q 3998q + 60
=
dq
q 2 40q + 1
a.
2
0.04q 2 + 4
0.9
+C
=
3
0.06
dc
100(40)2 3998(40) + 60
=
dq q = 40
(40) 2 40(40) + 1
= $140 per unit
2
Thus c = 10 0.04q 2 + 4 + C . When
dc
by using long
dq
division:
100q 2 3998q + 60
c=
dq
q 2 40q + 1
2
C = 280. Hence c = 10 0.04q 2 + 4 + 280 .
2q 40
= 100 +
dq
2
q 40q + 1
1
= 100 dq +
[(2q 40)dq]
2
q 40q + 1
c.
67.
dV
8t 3
=
dt
0.2t 4 + 8000
8t 3
V =
If c = f(q), then
dc
f (q + dq ) f (q ) + dc = f (q) +
dq
dq
Letting q = 40 and dq = 2, we have
dc
f (42) = f (40 + 2) f (40) +
(2)
dq q = 40
0.2t 4 + 8000
= 10 0.2t 4 + 8000
( 0.2t 4 + 8000)
= 10
1
2
dt
12
0.8t 3 dt
1
2
+C
3
dc 9
=
q 0.04q 2 + 4
66.
dq 10
a.
2 dq
0.06
q
b. To find c, we integrate
c.
3
9
q 0.04q 2 + 4dq
10
dc
9
9
27
25 9 = 5 3 =
=
10
2
dq q = 25 10
= $13.50 per unit
565
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
68.
dr
a
ae q
ae q
=
=
=
dq e q + b (eq + b)e q 1 + be q
r=
ae q
q
b.
1
1
dq = a
[be q dq ]
b 1 + be q
Thus S =
I
I
5.4 3 + C1 . When I = 24,
2
3
then S = 3, so 3 = 12 5.4 3 8 + C1 , or
I
I
5.4 3 + 1.8 . If C is
2
3
the total national consumption (in billions of
dollars), then C + S = I, or
I
I
C = I S = I 5.4 3 + 1.8 .
3
2
C1 = 1.8 . Thus S =
dS
5
dI =
dI
dI
( I + 2) 2
Therefore, C =
( I + 2) 1
+ C1
1
c.
5
+ C1 . If C is the total national
I +2
consumption (in billions of dollars), then
5
C + S = I, or C = I S. Hence C = I +
C1 .
I +2
1
When I = 8, then C = 7.5, so 7.5 = 8 + C1 , or
2
5
C1 = 1 . Thus S = 1
. If S = 0, then
I +2
5
5
0 = 1
=1 5 = I + 2 I = 3
I +2
I +2
Thus S =
70. a.
dI
I 1.8 I 3
I 5.4 3
=
+ C1 =
I + C1
2 33 1
2 33
3
a
Now r = 0 when q = 0, so 0 = ln(1 + b) + C ,
b
a
or C = ln(1 + b). Hence
b
a
a
r = ln(1 + be q ) + ln(1 + b)
b
b
a
1+ b
= ln
b 1 + be q
r
a
1+ b
p= =
ln
q bq 1 + be q
= 5 ( I + 2) 2 dI = 5
1
dS
1.8
dI =
2 3 2
dI
3I
1 1.8 23
=
I dI
3
3
2
1 + be
a
= ln(1 + be q ) + C
b
69. S =
S=
I
I
+ 5.4 3 1.8 .
2
3
d. If C = f(I), then
f(I + dI) f(I) + dC = f ( I ) +
dC
dI . Let
dI
I = 81 and dI = 3. Then
f (78) = f (81 3) f (81) +
dC
(3)
dI I =81
17
(3) = 53.2 . Thus when income
30
is $78 billion, then consumption is
approximately $53.2 billion.
= 54.9 +
1
dC
1.8
= 1
2 3 3(81) 2
dI I =81
1 1.8 17
= 1
.
=
2 27 30
566
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 14.6
10
. The endpoints of the subintervals
n
10 10 10
10
10
, 2 , 3 , ... , (n 1) , and n = 10 . Letting Sn denote the sum of the areas of the
n
n n
n
n
rectangles corresponding to right-hand endpoints, we have
10 10 10 10
10 10
Sn = R + R 2 ++ R n
n n n n
n n
are 0,
10
10
10
10
600 0.5 + 600 0.5(2) + + 600 0.5(n)
n
n
n
n
10
10
600n 0.5 {1 + 2 ++ n}
n
n
10
10 n(n + 1)
600n 0.5
n
n 2
10
[600n 2.5(n + 1)]
n
n +1
= 6000 25
n
Now take the limit of Sn as n
=
n + 1
1
lim Sn = lim 6000 25
= lim 6000 25 1 + = 6000 25 = 5975
n
n
n
Problems 14.6
1. f(x) = x, y = 0, x = 1
1
S3 , x =
3
1 1 1 2 1
S3 = f + f +
3 3 3 3 3
3 1 1 2 3 1 6 2
f = + + = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2
The area is approximately
sq unit.
3
2. f(x) = 3x, y = 0, x = 1
1
S5 , x =
5
1 1 1 2 1
S5 = f + f + f
5 5 5 5 5
9
The area is approximately
5
3 1 4 1 5 1 3 6 9 12 15 1 45 9
=
+ f + f = + + + + =
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
sq units.
567
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3.
f ( x) = x 2 , y = 0, x = 1
1
4
1 1 1 2 1
S4 = f + f + f
4 4 4 4 4
11
4 9 16
= + + +
4 16 16 16 16
1 30 15
=
=
4 16 32
15
The area is approximately
32
S 4 , x =
4.
3 1 4
4+ 4 f 4
3 9
(1 ++ n) + 2n
n n
3 9 n(n + 1)
27(n + 1)
=
+ 2n =
+6
n n
2
2n
sq units.
f ( x) = x 2 + 1 , y = 0, x = 0, x = 1
1
2
1 1 1
S2 = f +
2 2 2
3 3
3
3 + 2 ++ 3 n + 2
n n
n
S 2 , x =
7. a.
2 1 5 8 1 13 13
f = + = =
8
2 2 4 4 2 4
Sn =
1 1 2
n
+ 1 + + 1 ++ + 1
n n n
n
1 1
(1 + 2 ++ n) + n
n n
1 1 n(n + 1)
=
+ n
n n
2
n +1
=
+1
2n
=
13
sq units.
8
b.
1 1
n
4 ++ 4
n n
n
4
4 n(n + 1)
=
[1 ++ n] =
2
2
n
n2
2(n + 1)
=
n
n +1
lim Sn = lim
+ 1
n 2n
1
1
= lim +
+ 1
n 2 2n
1
3
= + 0 +1 =
2
2
n
2 2 2
2
+ 2 ++ n
n n n
n
8. a.
Sn =
2 22 2
1 + 22 ++ n 2
n n2
8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
6
n3
=
4(n + 1)(2n + 1)
568
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3n 2
lim Sn = lim
b.
4(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Section 14.6
4 2n 2 + 3n + 1
= lim
n
3n 2
3n 2
4
3 1 4
8
= lim 2 + +
= (2 + 0 + 0) =
2
3
n n 3
n 3
9. f(x) = x, y = 0, x = 1
1
x =
n
1 1
1
Sn = f ++
n n
n
1 n +1 1 1
=
= 1 +
2 n
2 n
1
lim Sn =
2
n
1
The area is
sq unit.
2
n 1
1 n(n + 1)
1 1 1
[1 ++ n] =
f n = ++ =
2
n n
2
n n n
n2
[1 ++ n] =
=
= 1 +
2
2
2 n
2 n
n
n2
3
lim Sn =
2
n
3
The area is
sq units.
2
11.
f ( x) = x 2 , y = 0, x = 1
x =
1
n
2
2
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
f ++ f n = ++ n
n n
n n n n
n
1 2
1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=
1 ++ n 2 =
3
6
n
n3
Sn =
1 2n 2 + 3n + 1 1
3 1
= 2 + +
2
6
6
n n2
n
lim Sn =
1
3
The area is
1
sq unit.
3
569
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
12. y = x 2 , y = 0, x = 1, x = 2
1
n
1 1 1
1
1
1
Sn = f 1 + + f 1 + 2 + " f 1 + n
n n n
n
n
n
2
2
1 1
1
= 1 + + " + 1 + n
n n
n
1
1 1
1
1
= 1 + 2 + + " + 1 + 2n + n 2
2
n
n n
n
n 2
x =
1
2
1 2
2
n + (1 + " + n) + 2 (1 + " + n )
n
n
n
2
6
n2
n3
2
n + 1 1 2n + 3n + 1
= 1+
+
n
6
n2
3 1
1 1
= 1 + 1 + + 2 + +
n n2
n 6
lim Sn = 1 + 1 +
The area is
13.
1 7
=
3 3
7
sq units.
3
f ( x) = 3x 2 , y = 0, x = 1
x =
1
n
Sn =
2
2
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
f ++ f n = 3 ++ 3 n
n n
n n n n
n
3 2
3 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 2n 2 + 3n + 1 1
3 1
1 ++ n 2 =
=
= 2 + +
3
2
3
6
2
2
n n2
n
n
n
lim Sn = 1
570
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
14.
Section 14.6
f ( x) = 9 x 2 , y = 0, x = 0
20
3
n
3 3
3 3
Sn = f ++ f n
n n
n n
2
3 2
3 3
= 9 ++ 9 n
n n
n
3
3
= 9n 12 ++ n 2
n
n
x =
16.
0 9 dx
Let f(x) = 9
4
x =
n
4 4
4 4
Sn = f ++ f n
n n
n n
4
4
= [9 ++ 9] = 9n = 36
n
n
27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= 27
6
n3
9 2n + 3n + 1
9
3 1
= 27
= 27 2 + + 2
2
2
2
n
n
n
lim Sn = 27 9 = 18
Sn = 36
0 9 dx = nlim
1 5x dx
10
= 5 1 + + " + 5 1 + n
n n
n
10
2
= (1 + " + 1) + (1 + " + n)
n
n
10
2 n(n + 1)
= n +
2
n
n
10
= [n + n + 1]
n
10
= (2n + 1)
n
10
= 20 +
n
17.
x
10
0 4x dx
Let f(x) = 4x.
3
x =
n
3 3
3 3
Sn = f ++ f n
n n
n n
3 3
36
3
= 4 4 n = [1 ++ n]
n n
n
n2
=
Sn = 20
1 5 x dx = nlim
36 n(n + 1)
n +1
1
= 18
= 18 1 +
2
2
n
n
n
Sn = 18
0 4 x dx = nlim
571
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
15
Sn =
3
2
1 2
1 1
1
1
+ ++ n + n
n n
n
n
n
x
15
1 1
1 1
f ++ f n
n n
n n
1 1 2
1
2
1 ++ n + [1 ++ n]
n n
n
6
2
n3
n2
18.
1 (2 x + 1)dx
Let f(x) = 2x + 1.
4 1 3
x =
=
n
n
3 3
3
3
Sn = f 1 + + " + f 1 + n
n n
n
n
3 3
3
= 2 1 + + 1 + " + 2 1 + n + 1
n n
n
3
6
= 2n + (1 + 2 + " + n) + n
n
n
18 n(n + 1)
= 6+
+3
2
n2
n +1
= 9 + 9
n
1
= 9 + 9 1 +
n
4
+ x dx = lim Sn =
n
1 1 5
+ =
3 2 6
20.
1 ( x + 2)dx
Let f(x) = x + 2.
1
x =
n
1 1
1
1
Sn = f 1 + ++ f 1 + n
n n
n
n
1 1
1
= 1 + + 2 ++ 1 + n + 2
n n
n
1
1
= n + (1 + " + n) + 2n
n
n
1 n(n + 1)
= 1+
+2
2
n2
1 n +1
= 3+
2 n
1 1
= 3 + 1 +
2 n
2
1 7
Sn = 3 + =
1 ( x + 2)dx = nlim
2 2
x
6
+ x dx
Let f ( x) = x 2 + x .
x =
1
3 1 1 1
2 + + + 1 +
6
n n2 2 n
10
(2 x + 1)dx = lim Sn = 9 + 9 = 18
0 ( x
1 2n 2 + 3n + 1 1 n + 1
+
6
2 n
n2
0 ( x
19.
1
n
572
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 14.7
21.
1
1
(1)(1) = sq unit
2
2
1 1 1
A3 = area of triangle = (1) = sq unit
2 2 4
Since
1 1 11
A = A1 + A2 + A3 = 2 + + =
sq units, we
2 4 4
3
11
have f ( x)dx = .
1
4
A2 = area of triangle =
1 2
3
Dx x 2 + 1dx = Dx (real number) = 0.
2
22.
0 x <1
1 x < 2
2 x3
2 if
f ( x) = 4 2 x if
5 x 10 if
y = f(x) A3
A1 2 A2
x
3
1
(1)(2) = 1 sq unit
2
1
A3 = area of triangle = (1)(10) = 5 sq unit
2
Since A = A1 + A2 + A3 = 2 + 1 + 5 = 8 sq units,
A2 = area of triangle =
we have
10
0 f ( x) dx = 8.
29. 25.5
30. 0.39
1.
A3
A1
A2
1
x
2
3 10, 000e
0.02t
e0.02t
dt = 10, 000
0.02
= 500, 000e0.02t
)3
(
)
= 500, 000 ( e0.12 e0.06 ) 32,830
= 500, 000 e0.02(6) e0.02(3)
1
if x 1
23. f ( x) = 2 x if 1 x 2
x
1 + 2 if x > 2
f is continuous and f(x) 0 on [1, 3]. Thus
1 f ( x)dx
9.
x3
90
x
+
5000
dx
=
90 + 5000 x
0
0
5
= 30 x3 + 5000 x
) 0 = 30(5)3 + 5000(5) 0
5
Problems 14.7
2.
(1 e)dx = (1 e) x
x2
5 x dx = 5
2
11.
1 3t
3 (2 x 3)dx = ( x
1
13.
3
3
1 3 4
dt = t 2 = =
1
2
6 2 3
2 x 2
x 1
dx =
2
2
=
1
2 (
3
1
2x 1
4 (2t 3t
)dt = (t
3x
) 3 = 2 18 = 20
14.
1/ 2 (
3/ 2
1 17
=
2 2
1
1
y 2 2 y + 1 dy = ( y 1)2 dy = ( y 1)3
2
3
2
x dx = x 4 / 3 dx
8
8
3 128 3(128)
=
7
7
768
=
7
8 1 7
=
3 3 3
8 3 4
3x7 / 3
=
7
16
=
=8
2
8.
1 1 1
= =
4 2 4
1
9 y2
6. (4 9 y ) = 4 y
1
2
5 15
= 10 =
2 2
x2
4. 5 x dx = 5
2
2
7.
5.
8 dt = 8 1 dt = t 8 = 9 8 = 1
12.
3.
10.
5 dx = 5 x = 5(3) 5(0) = 15 0 = 15
0
w2
w
3w w 1 dw = w3
2
2
1
15
= (8) =
2
2
1.
2 (
1
3/ 2
x3 x 2
x + x + 1 dx = +
+ x
3
1/ 2
15 2 37
=
4 3 12
15.
1/ 2 x2
16.
9 (
36
dx =
1
1
5
= (2) =
x 1/ 2
3
3
( z + 1)6
17. ( z + 1) dz =
1
6
1
1
t3 )
4
36
2 3
x 2 dx = x 2 2 x = 72 0 = 72
3
= 0 (48) = 48
574
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
=
1
32
32
0 =
3
3
Section 14.7
18.
1 x
1
3
13
2
43
3x
3x 3
dx =
4
2
27.
3 27
= 6 =
4 4
19.
0 2 x
=
20.
21.
( x3 1)
1 3
x 1
6
3
2 1 3
x 1 3x 2 dx
3 0
= 0
1
1
=
6
6
( x + 2)4
4
28.
dy = 4 ln y
29.
24.
25.
26.
e +1
30.
e dx =
)(
+ 4 x x3 + 2 x 2
= x3 + 2 x 2
0
) (
4
31.
1/ 3
10 3 pdp =
q q 2 + 3dq =
q2 + 3
3
2
1
1 2
2 [ 3 dp ]
(10
3
p
)
3 1/ 3
1
1 1 2
2
+
q
3
[2q dq]
2 1
8 8
=0
3 3
1 7x +1
4
21
4
3
( 7 x + 1)
3
4
3
dx
32.
243
243
0 =
5
5
16 1 15
=
28 28 28
x
3x 2
dx
( x + 2)4 / 3
7
1 7
= 3 x dx ( x 2 + 2)4 / 3 [2 x dx]
0
2 0
3
= x2
2
28
3
1 1
+ 1dx = 7 x3 + 1 21x 2 dx
0
21
1 23
x 7 x3
0
3 x 2 + 4 x dx
1
1 20 / 3
2 [3 dx ]
x
+
(3
5)
3 1/ 3
51
x3 + 2 x 2 )
(
=
3 x + 5 dx =
2 x3
= e5 x = e5 0 = e5
1
e +1
dx = ln x 1
= ln e ln1 = 1 0 = 1
2
x 1
0 ( 3x
1/ 3
5 1 x3 2
5 3
e [3 x dx] = e x
3 0
3
5 1 0
5
= (e e ) = (e 1)
3
3
1
0 5 x
20 / 3
1
3
= (1) =
4
4
3
2
2
38
= (10 3 p) 2
= (8 27) =
9
9
9
1/ 3
1 5
e dx
0
( x 3)
= 4(ln 8 ln1)
6
22. e dx = 6 ln x
= 6 ln1 6 ln ee
e
x
e
e
= 0 6e = 6e
23.
20
=4(ln 8 0) = 4 ln 8
1
7
0
1 ( x 2 + 2)1/ 3
2
1
3
3
3
= (7 0) + [91/ 3 21/ 3 ]
2
2
3
1
1
= 7 +
3
3
2
9
2
575
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3 3
2
(3x + 5) 2
9
13
2
= (125 8) = 26
9
625
369
64 =
4
4
( x 3)2
dx = 2 ( x 3) dx = 2
4
2
( x 3)3
2
dx =
( x + 2)3 dx =
84
41
33.
2 x3 + x
0 x 2 + x4 + 1
39.
dx
1 1
1
4 x3 + 2 x dx
2 0 x 4 + x 2 + 1
1
ln x 4 + x 2 + 1
2
n
= m(b a ) + b 2 a 2
2
36.
37.
1 ex
n
= my + y 2
2
a
a
95
ln e
42.
11 + e x
= 2
= 8 [ 0 (2) ] + 1 0
= 2 ln
43.
+1
1
e x
e x
dx
dx
e +1
1 +1
e
e2 + e
e(e + 1)
= 2 ln
= 2 ln e = 2
1+ e
1+ e
1/ 2
1/ 2
+x
2 x dx
1/ 2
1/ 2
1 47
1
= 0 + 4 =
6
4 12
44. x dx
1
= 9 2 6
4 x 2 dx +
) 1
e x dx = 2 ln e x + 1
+1
f ( x)dx =
4 x3
=
3
1
38. 6 x
dx
1
2x
2 1
1 2
1
= 6 x 2 dx (2 x) 2 [2 dx]
1
2 1
1
3
= 4 x 2 (2 x) 2 = 8 2 2 4 2
1 1 + e x
) (
= 2 ln e1 + 1 + 2 ln(e + 1) = 2 ln
x 1 x 2 x 3
2
3
4
3(
)
3
+
=
+
x
x
x
dx
1 2 3
1
1
1 1
1
1
= 3
+
+
3
e 2e2 3e3 22 33
1 3
3
3
3
1
=
+ +
3 e
2
2
3
e
2e
2
e
dx =
1 e x
95
1 e x
95
x
95
dx = 1 dx = x 1
1
x
= 95 1 = 94
dx =
e x
2
x
= 8
2
x2
2
= (6 + ln 19) 0 = 6 + ln 19
= 2
2 8 x dx = 8 2 x dx + 0 x dx
0
x4 x2
= +
+ ln x3 + 5 x + 1
2
4
0
1 3 x2 + 2 x
e
[(2 x + 2)dx]
2 1
dx =
1 x2 + 2 x
1
e3 12
= e15 e3 =
e
e 1
2
2
2
1
40.
e x
1
dx = (e x + e x )
2
2
0
1
= [(e + e 1 ) + (1 + 1)]
2
1
1
= e + + 2
2
e
x2 + 2 x
3
) 0 = 12 [ln 3 ln1] = 12 ln 3
b
ny 2
34. (m + ny )dy = my +
a
2
35.
1 ( x + 1)e
3 3
x dx
1
3
2 3
x
x4
2
4
1
1
3
9 1 81 1
=
2 2 4 4
= 43 20
= 44
576
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
45.
t2
f ( x) = 3
dt =
Section 14.7
3
3
3
= + 3 = 3
t1
x
x
e f ( x)dx = e 3 x dx = ( 3x 3ln x )
51.
46.
1
3 2
dx = 0 +
=
=
1
3 2
1
3 2
1
=
3
47.
1
3
2
3
3 2
48.
1 dx
2
0
2 0
49.
3 x3
3
3 x
2 dx 2 e
50.
f ( x) =
x et
54.
4
et + e t
x
1
e +e
= ln et + et
10
1
e + e x
e x e x
x
12
2 f ( x) dx = 7 6 = 1 .
55.
d 3 x3
e dx = 0. Thus
dx 2
0 2000e
31
1 1 1 1
= = . Thus
3 8 8 12
dx =
104
1
2
1
2 0
0.06t
=2 x
dt = 2000
2000 0.06t
e
0.06
$8639
dt
[(et et ) dt ]
x
e
= ln(e x + e x ) ln(ee ee )
f ( x) =
104
0
= 2 104 0
= 2 102 = 0.02
3
dx dx = 0 dx = C 2 = C C = 0
2
2
3
e t
1
3
dx is a constant, so
1
1
0 =
2
2
2 e
1
1
= ; 2 =
2
12
N (a) N (b) = Ax B dx .
1
1
= x
3
2
6 = 2 f ( x)dx + 5 , so
= f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx = 4 + 3 = 7
4
= 2T 0 = 2T
2 = ( x ) 2 f ( x)dx = x dx
0
0
2
x2
52. = ( x 1)dx = x dx =
0
0
2
2 dt = 2 t
= (3 0) (3e 3) = 6 3e
7 x2
2
e dx +
7
0
[e x + e x (1)] 0
e x + e x
577
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
=
0
5 0.06t
1
e
[0.06 dt ]
0.06 0
2000 0.03
e
1
0.06
56.
0 ( e
t
eb d
61.
1 t a
1 t b
e [ a d ]
e [b d ]
a 0
b 0
e a eb
=
+
a
b
0
e at ebt 1 1
=
+
+
a
b a b
57.
at
1 e
a
64
36 10, 000
62.
1 e
b
64
36
63.
1
2
(100 t ) [(1) dt ]
3
2
= (10, 000)(100 t ) 2
3
64
36
3000e0.05 d = 3000
= 60, 000e0.05
59.
64.
180
90
800
10 ( 250 + 90q 3q
20
dq
200 q1/ 2
=
1
3
2
400
500
800
500
) dq = ( 250q + 45q2 q3 ) 10
+ 8q
)6
12
(300 + t )
12
dt = 81 106
(300 + t ) 3
3
= 696 0 = 696
= 696 204 = 492
) 0700 (300 + t )4 dt
700
0
700
) (3001+ t )3
= 27 106
)0
700
12
12
1 t 0.05
e
[0.05 d ]
0.05 0
1
1
= 27 106
3
3003
1000
1
1
= 27 106
9
27 106
10
27
27
973
=
+1 =
+1 =
= 0.973
3
1000
1000
10
) 65
75
= 81 106
2000
10 3q
800 1/ 2
q
dq
500
400
2
= (10, 000)[216 512]
3
1,973,333
58.
800
500
dq =
100 tdt
= (1)(10, 000)
bt
300q
200
2000
800
500
0.004 3
q 0.25q 2 + 50q
3
90
= 8676 3447
= $5229
=
65. G =
578
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
i dx = ix
R
R
= iR (iR) = 2 Ri
66. E =
Section 14.7
i k ( R x) k ( R+ x)
e
dx
+e
R 2
i 1 R k ( R x)
1 R k ( R+ x)
e
[k dx] +
e
[ k dx]
R
2 k
k R
R
i R k ( R x)
e
=
[k dx] e k ( R + x ) [ k dx]
R
2k R
i k ( R x) k ( R + x)
e
e
2k
R
i
2k
i
=
2k
=
) (
)
2 2e 2 kR = i (1 e2kR )
1 e k (2 R ) e k (2 R ) 1
67.
mx +
x2
2
m2 x mx 2
x3
3
) dx
x mx x 2
2
mR + R 2 m2 R mR 2 R3 0
2
3
=
2
R mR R 0
2
2
R m + R2 m2 mR R3 m + R m 2 mR R 2
=
2
3
=
R
R
1 m 2
R 1 m 2
68.
69.
3.5
2.5 (1 + 2 x + 3x
)dx = ( x + x 2 + x3 )
3.5
2.5
= 58.625 24.375
= 34.25
1 4
1 (4 x + 4) 1
dx = (4 x + 4)2 [4 dx ] =
4 0
4
1
(4 x + 4) 2
1
4
0
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
=
=
= 1 =
= 0.05
4 4x + 4 0
16 x + 1 0
16 5 20
70.
1 3t
e dt
0
1 1 3t
e3t
e [3 dt ] =
3 0
3
=
0
1 3
e 1 6.36
3
71. 3.52
72. 0.23
579
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
73. 14.34
74. 3.64
Principles in Practice 14.8
Problems 14.8
60
1. In this case, f (t ) =
, n = 5, a = 0, and
t2 + 9
ba 50
=
= 1 . The terms to
b = 5. Thus h =
n
5
be added are
60
60
f (0) =
=
= 20
2
3
0 +9
2 f (1) =
2 f (2) =
2 f (3) =
2 f (4) =
2(60)
1 +9
2(60)
3 +9
2(60)
10
2 +9
2(60)
120
13
120
18
120
1.
37.9473
33.2820
28.2843
2.
added are
f (0) = 0.3e0 = 0.3
4 f (0.5) = 4(0.3)e
2 f (1) = 2(0.3)e
0.2
4 f (1.5) = 4(0.3)e
2 f (2) = 2(0.3)e
4 f (3.5) = 4(0.3)e
170
, n = 6, a = 2, b = 4
1 + x2
Simpsons
b a 4 (2) 6
=
= =1
h=
n
6
6
f (2) = 34 = 34
4 f (1) = 4(85) = 340
2 f (0) = 2(170) = 340
4 f (1) = 4(85) = 340
2 f (2) = 2(34) = 68
4 f (3) = 4(17) = 68
f (4) = 10 = 10
1200
170
1.2615
1.8820
4.1884
3.6298
2.45
2 1 + x2 dx 3 (1200) = 400
1.3353
4 f (2.5) = 4(0.3)e
2 f (3) = 2(0.3)e
0.7328
1.25
1.8
170
f ( x) =
0.45
0.8
, n = 6, a = 2, b = 4. Trapezoidal
1 + x2
b a 4 (2) 6
=
= =1
h=
6
6
n
f (2) = 34 = 34
2 f (1) = 2(85) = 170
2 f (0) = 2(170) = 340
2 f (1) = 2(85) = 170
2 f (2) = 2(34) = 68
2 f (3) = 2(17) = 34
f (4) = 10 = 10
826
4
120
= 24
5
0.05
170
2 1 + x2 dx 2 (826) = 413
4 +9
60
60
f (5) =
=
10.2899
2
34
5 +9
The sum of the above terms is 153.8035. The
estimate of the radius after 5 seconds is
5 60
1
0 2 dt 2 (153.8035) 76.90 feet.
t +9
b = 4. Thus, h =
f ( x) =
13.9060
3.2
3.
1 2
dx
1
6.
0.2
(3.4000) = 0.340
2
Actual value:
1 2
x dx
0
x3
=
3
=
0
1
0.333
3
f ( x) = x 2 , n = 4, a = 0, b = 1
Simpsons
b a 1 0
h=
=
= 0.25
n
4
f (0) = 0.0000
4 f (0.25) = 0.2500
2 f (0.50) = 0.5000
4 f (0.75) = 2.2500
f (1) = 1.0000
4.0000
1 2
0 x
dx
f ( x) =
1 2
x dx
0
x3
=
3
=
0
1
x
1
1
= (1) = 0.750
x1
4
1
, n = 6, a = 1, b = 4
x
Trapezoidal
b a 4 1
h=
=
= 0.5
n
6
f (1) = 1.0000
2 f (1.5) = 1.3333
2 f (2) = 1.0000
2 f (2.5) = 0.8000
2 f (3) = 0.6667
2 f (3.5) = 0.5714
f (4) = 0.2500
5.6214
f ( x) =
0.5
dx
(5.6214) 1.405
x
2
Actual value:
41
dx = ln x
x
1.386
7.
1
0.333
3
dx
x2
dx =
41
, n = 4, a = 1, b = 4
x2
Simpsons
b a 4 1
h=
=
= 0.75
n
4
f (1) = 1.0000
4 f (1.75) = 1.3061
2 f (2.50) = 0.3200
4 f (3.25) = 0.3787
f (4) = 0.0625
3.0673
0.25
1
(4.0000) = 0.333
3
3
Actual value:
5.
Actual value:
f ( x) = x 2 , n = 5, a = 0, b = 1
Trapezoidal
b a 1 0 1
h=
=
= = 0.2
n
5
5
f (0) = 0.0000
2 f (0.2) = 0.0800
2 f (0.4) = 0.3200
2 f (0.6) = 0.7200
2 f (0.8) = 1.2800
f (1) = 1.0000
3.4000
0 x
4.
Section 14.8
= ln 4 ln1 = ln 4 0 = ln 4
1
x
, n = 4, a = 0, b = 2
x +1
Trapezoidal
ba 20
h=
=
= 0.5
n
4
f (0) = 0.0000
2 f (0.5) = 0.6667
2 f (1) = 1.0000
2 f (1.5) = 1.2000
f (2) = 0.6667
3.5334
f ( x) =
Thus
2 x
0.5
0 x + 1 dx 2 (3.5334) 0.883
8.
f ( x) =
, n = 4, a = 2, b = 4
x + x2
Simpsons
ba 42
h=
=
= 0.5
n
4
0.75
(3.0673) 0.767
3
581
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f (2) = 0.1667
4 f (2.5) = 0.4571
2 f (3) = 0.1667
4 f (3.5) = 0.2540
f (4) = 0.0500
1.0945
4
dx
2 x + x2
9.
70
45 l (t )dt ,
0.5
(1.0945) 0.182
3
0.5
(192) = 32
3
The area is about 32 square units.
5
2 f ( x) dx
males, n = 5, a = 45, b = 70
70 45
=5
5
l (45) = 93, 717
2l (50) = 183, 232
2l (55) = 177, 292
2l (60) = 168,376
2l (65) = 155, 094
l (70) = 68,375
846, 086
h=
70
13.
55
35
3 1
= 0.5
4
=
f (1) = 1
4 f (1.5) = 4(2) =
2 f (2) = 2(2) =
4 f (2.5) = 4(0.5) =
=
f (3) = 1
55 35
=5
4
l (35) = 97,964
2l (40) = 194, 796
2l (45) = 193,164
2l (50) = 190, 784
l (55) = 93,562
770, 270
h=
55
f ( x)dx , n = 4, a = 1, b = 3
h=
14.
f ( x)dx
f ( x) =
1
8
4
2
1
16
0.5
8
(16) =
3
3
2
1+ x
, a = 1, b = 3, n = 4
3 1
= 0.5
4
Simpsons
f (1) 1.4142
4 f (1.5) 5.0596
2 f (2) 2.3094
4 f (2.5) 4.2762
f (3) = 1.0000
14.0594
h=
2
0.5
dx
(14.0594) 2.343
3
1+ x
For the actual value, we have
3 2
3
1/ 2
1 1 + x dx = 21 (1 + x) dx
3
1
1 f ( x)dx 3 (8.9) 3.0
The area is about 3.0 square units.
5
582
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15.
Section 14.8
=0
=
f (0) = 0.5 0.5
4 f (0.5) = 4(2.3 0.3) = 4(2) =
2 f (1) = 2(2.2 0.7) = 2(1.5) =
= 4(2) =
4 f (1.5) = 4(3 1)
2 f (2) = 2(2.5 0.5) = 2(2) =
4 f (2.5) = 4(2.2 0.2) = 4(2) =
2 f (3) = 2(1.5 0.5) = 2(1) =
4 f (3.5) = 4(1.3) 0.8) = 4(0.5) =
=0
=
f (4) = 1 1
f ( x) = 1 x 2 , a = 0, b = 1, n = 4
1 0
= 0.25
4
Simpsons
f (0) = 1.0000
4 f (0.25) = 3.8730
2 f (0.50) = 1.7321
4 f (0.75) = 2.6458
f (1) = 0.0000
9.2509
h=
Area f ( x)dx
0.25
1 x dx
(9.2509) 0.771
3
2
f (0) = 10
=
4 f (10) = 4(9) =
2 f (20) = 2(8.5) =
4 f (30) = 4(8) =
2 f (40) = 2(8.5) =
4 f (50) = 4(7.5) =
2 f (60) = 2(7) =
4 f (70) = 4(6.5) =
f (80) = 7
=
MC =
18. a.
dr
16.
dq = r (80) r (0) = r (80)
0 dq
[since r(0) = 0]
Using Simpsons rule with h = 10 and
dr
f (q) =
:
dq
80
0
8
3
8
4
8
2
2
0
35
0.5
35
km2
(35) =
3
6
dc
dq
dc
dq
dq
= c (100) c(0)
= (total cost of 100 units) (fixed costs)
= total variable costs of 100 units
Using the trapezoidal rule with h = 20 and
dc
f (q) =
to estimate the integral:
dq
f (0) = 260
2 f (20) = 500
2 f (40) = 480
2 f (60) = 400
2 f (80) = 480
f (100) = 250
2370
100 dc
20
0 dq dq 2 (2370) = $23, 700
100
10
36
17
32
17
30
14
26
7
189
dr
10
dq (189) = 630
dq
3
The total revenue is about $630.
80
MR =
b.
dr
dq
dr
dq = r (100) r (0) = r (100)
dq
[since r(0) = 0]
= total revenue from sale of 100 units
Using the trapezoidal rule with h = 20 and
dr
g (q) =
to estimate the integral:
dq
100
583
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=
=
=
=
=
=
g (0)
2 g (20)
2 g (40)
2 g (60)
2 g (80)
g (100)
3. y = 5x + 2, x = 1, x = 4
410
700
600
500
540
250
3000
100 dr
20
0 dq dq 2 (3000) = $30, 000
c.
Area = (5 x + 2)dx
1
5x2
9 87
=
+ 2 x = 48 =
2
2 2
1
25
x
5
4. y = x + 5, x = 2, x = 4
4
x2
Area = ( x + 5)dx =
+ 5x
2
2
2
= 28 12 = 16
4
Problems 14.9
10
1. y = 4x, x = 2
Area = 4 x dx =
0
10
2
2 x2
0
=80=8
5. y = x 1, x = 5
5
x2
5
Area = ( x 1)dx =
x
2
1
x
2
2. y =
3
x + 1, x = 0, x = 16
4
16
3x 2
Area = x + 1 dx =
+ x
0 4
8
0
= 112 0 = 112
16 3
20
15 1 16
=
=8
2 2 2
x
1
x
20
584
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Section 14.9
6. y = 3 x 2 , x = 1, x = 3
9. y = x 2 + 2 , x = 1, x = 2
3
Area = 3 x 2 dx = x3 = 27 1 = 26
1
40
Area =
x3
x + 2 dx = + 2 x
3
20 7 27
=
=9
3 3 3
y
x
5
7. y = x 2 , x = 2, x = 3
3 2
x dx
2
Area =
16
x3
=
3
= 9
2
8 19
=
3 3
10. y = x + x 2 + x3 , x = 1
x 2 x3 x 4
1
Area = ( x + x 2 + x3 )dx =
+
+
2
0
3
4
0
=
x
2 3
13
13
0 =
12
12
3
8. y = 2 x 2 x , x = 2, x = 1
Area =
x
3
2 x3 x 2
2 x x dx =
3
2
2
2
7 44 37
= =
6 6 6
16
11. y = x 2 2 x , x = 3, x = 1
Area =
4
50
= (18) =
3
3
x
2 1
x3
x 2 x dx = x 2
3
3
2
18
x
3
585
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12. y = 3x 2 4 x , x = 2, x = 1
Area =
15. y = 2 x x3 , x = 3, x = 0
(3x2 4 x ) dx = ( x3 2 x2 ) 2
1
Area =
(2 x x )
3
= 3 (16) = 13
32
x2 x4
dx = 2 x
2
4
123 123
= 0
=
4
4
y
40
x
2 1
5
x
13. y = 2 x x
x 2 x3
Area = (2 x x )dx = 2 x
2
2
3
2
7 10
=
6 3
9
=
2
1
16. y = e x , x = 1, x = 3
3
Area = e x dx = e x
32
= e3 e
x
1
17. A = 3 + 2 x x 2
4
, x = 1, x = 2
x
24
Area = dx = 4 ln x
1 x
= ln 16
Area =
(3 + 2x x2 ) dx
3
14. y =
2
1
x3
= 3x + x 2
= 4 ln(2) 0 = 4 ln 2
5 32
= 9 =
3 3
x
1 2
586
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18. y =
1
( x 1)
Area =
21. y = x + 9 , x = 9, x = 0
, x = 2, x = 3
1
Area =
( x 1)
( x 1)1
=
1
dx = ( x 1) 2 dx
2
1
=
x 1 2
2
1
1
= (1) =
2
2
5
( x + 9)
3
2
3
2
x + 9dx = ( x + 9) 2 dx
Section 14.9
2( x + 9) 2
=
3
= 18 0 = 18
10
y
x
9
x
5
22. y = x 2 4 x , x = 2, x = 6
1
19. y = , x = 1, x = e
x
e1
e
Area = dx = ln x = ln e ln 1 = 1 0 = 1
1
1 x
20
x
1
x
7
1
, x = 1, x = e2
x
e2 1
Area =
dx = ln x
1 x
20. y =
23. y = 2 x 1 , x = 1, x = 5
e2
1
Area =
= ln e ln1 = 2 0 = 2
y
e2
2 x 1 dx
1
1 5
(2 x 1) 2 [2 dx]
1
2
(2 x 1) 2
=
3
x
1
x3
x3
= + 2x2 + 2x2
3
2
4
32 16 32
= + 0 = 16
3 3 3
587
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= 9
1
1 26
=
3 3
26. y = x 2 + 4 x 5, x = 5, x = 1
1
Area = ( x 2 + 4 x 5) dx
5
x
1
24. y = x3 + 3x 2 , x = 2, x = 2
10
x4
2
Area = x3 + 3 x 2 dx =
+ x3
4
2
= 12 (4) = 16
25
x3
= + 2 x2 5x
3
5
8
100
3 3
= 36
x
10
27. y = e x + 1, x = 0, x = 1
25. y = 3 x , x = 2
Area =
23
3x 3
xdx = x dx =
0
4
2
1
3
( ) = 332
3(2) 3
=
0
4
x
5
3 2 2
4
28. y = x , x = 2, x = 2
Area =
x2
=
2
x
2
0
2
x dx = ( x)dx + x dx
x2
+
2
2
0
= [0 (2)] + [2 0] = 4
3
x
2
588
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29. y = x +
Section 14.9
2
, x = 1, x = 2
x
32. y = x 2 , x = 2, x = 6
3
2( x 2) 2
Area = x 2 dx =
2
3
= (2 + 2 ln 2)
5
1 3
3
= + 2 ln 2 = + ln 4
2 2
2
x
2
33. y = 2 x x 2 , x = 1, x = 3
30. y = 4 + 3 x x 2
Area =
Area = (4 + 3 x x 2 )dx
1
( 2 x x2 ) dx + 23 ( 2 x x2 ) dx
2
3 x 2 x3
= 4x +
2
3
1
56 13
=
3 6
125
=
6
10
16
16
= 0 =
3
3
8
2
2
Area = x + dx =
+ 2 ln x
1
x
2
1
2
x3
x3
= x2 x2
3
3
4 2 4 6
= 0 = = 2
3 3 3 3
5
y
3
1 2
x
10
34. y = x 2 + 1 , x = 0, x = 4
31. y = x3 , x = 2, x = 4
0
4 3
x dx
0
Area = x dx +
2
x4
=
4
0
2
x4
+
4
Area =
= [0 (4)] + [64 0] = 68
64
76
76
0 =
3
3
25
x3
x + 1 dx = + x
3
0
2
589
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35.
2
if
f ( x) = 3x
16 2 x if
0 x<2
x2
38. a.
2
x3
0
+ 16 x x 2
)2
3
(1 x)2 dx
1
1
= (1 0) =
9
9
2
1
1 (1 x)3
= (1) (1 x)2 [ dx] =
1
3
3
3
21
P (1 x 2) =
b.
36. y =
c.
1
ba
1
x
dx =
aba
ba
Area =
=
d.
a
39. a.
x
a
37. a.
c.
x2
P (0 x 1) = x dx =
08
16
1
16
=
0
x2
P (2 x 4) = x dx =
28
16
41
P ( x 3) =
41
x dx =
0 f ( x)dx = 0 f ( x)dx + 1
2 4
x
16
f ( x)dx
1
+ P( x 1)
9
P (3 x 7) =
4
2
1
0
16
b.
c.
1 3
= 1 =
4 4
= 1
71
= ln 7 ln 3 = ln
11
b.
11
8
Thus, P ( x 1) = .
9
1
ba
1
(1 x)2 dx = (1 x)3
03
9
0
1
1
= (0 1) =
9
9
P ( x 1) =
1=
t
a
t a
sq units
=
ba ba ba
51
P ( x 5) =
dx = ln x
7
3
dx = ln x
e x
= ln(5) ln e = ln(5) 1
P ( x 4) =
e2
7
3
5
e
1
dx = ln x
x
e2
4
= ln e ln 4 = 2 ln 4
d.
9
7
=
16 16
P e x e2 =
= ln x
e2
e
e2
1
dx
x
= ln e 2 ln e
=21=1
40. a.
5/ 2 1
5
P 1 x =
(1 x )2 dx
1
2
3
5/ 2
1
1 27
3
= (1 x)3
= 0 =
9
9 8
8
1
x
2 3
1
x2
590
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dx =
1
1
1
= +1 = 1
x1
r
r
Section 14.9
b.
y = 12
x
x
1
c.
1
dx = lim 1 [from part (a)]
r
r
x
=1 0=1
r
r 1
lim
d.
y = 12
x
x
1
Area = x 4 2 x3 2 dx +
1
3
A
( x4 2 x3 2) dx
11.41 sq units
y
50
x
5
B
A
(1 + 3x x4 ) dx 3.53 sq units
10
y
x
5
20
591
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Problems 14.10
1. Area =
( yUPPER yLOWER ) dx = 2 ( x + 6) x 2 dx
( yUPPER yLOWER ) dx = 0 ( 2x x 2 ) dx
a
2. Area =
3. Intersection points:
x 2 x = 2 x, x 2 3 x = 0, x( x 3) = 0 x = 0 or x = 3
Area =
3
4
= 2 x x 2 x dx + x 2 x 2 x dx
0
3
4. Intersection points: x( x 3) 2 = 2 x, x( x 3) 2 2 x = 0 , x ( x 3) 2 2 = 0 , x( x 2 6 x + 7) = 0 x = 0 , 3 2
3 2
3 2
3+ 2
3+
2
x ( x 3) 2 x dx + 3
2
2
2 x x( x 3)2 dx
592
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Section 14.10
1
2
= [(7 2 x 2 ) ( x 2 5)] dx
1
10
Area =
x
10
3/ 2
x2
=
2
3/ 2
0
x dx +
( x + 3)dx
3/ 2
3
x2
+
+ 3x
2
3/ 2
9 9
9 9 9
= 0 + + 9 + =
8 2
8 2 4
(y + 3)(y 1) = 0 y = 3 or 1. We use
horizontal elements.
= [(3 2 y ) y 2 ] dy
0
x
3
2
x
5
Intersection: x 2 + 1 = 3 , so x = 2
2
Area =
[3 ( x 2 + 1)]dx =
9. y = x 2 , y = 2 x
Region appears below.
Intersection: x 2 = 2 x, x 2 2 x = 0 , x(x 2) = 0,
so x = 0 or 2.
Area =
(2x x )
2
(2 x 2 )dx
x3
4 2
4 2
= 2x
=
0 =
3
3
3
x3
dx = x 2
x
3
8
4
= 4 0 =
3
3
593
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Intersection: y 2 = 2, y = 2
Intersection: x 2 + 1 = x + 3, x 2 x 2 = 0 ,
(x + 1)(x 2) = 0, so x = 1, 2
Area = ( x + 3) x 2 + 1 dx
1
x + 2 x 2 ) dx
1 (
x2
x3
=
+ 2x
2
3
8 1
1 9
= 2+ 4 2+ =
3
2
3 2
x
5
Area = (8 + 2 y )dy = 8 y + y 2
1
10
Intersection: 10 x 2 = 4, x 2 = 6, so x = 6
6
) 1
= (24 + 9) (8 + 1) = 40
6
6
[(10 x 2 ) 4] dx
Area =
2 2
2 2 8 2
= 2 2
2 2 +
=
3
3
3
1 y 2 1 dy = 2 y y
2
3
Area =
x
16
(6 x ) dx
x3
= 6x
6 6
6 6
= 6 6
6 6 +
3
3
=8 6
10
y2
y3
=
+ 6y
2
3
x
10
8 125
9
= + 18 9 2 12 + =
2
3
6
594
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
10
Section 14.10
Intersection: y 2 = 4 + 2 , y 2 2 y 8 = 0,
2
(y + 2)(y 4) = 0, so y = 2 or 4.
2
4 y
y
Area = + 2 dy
2 2
4
(9, 3)
x
16
(4, 2)
y2
y3
=
+ 2y
4
12
2
16
2
= 4 + 8 1 4 +
3
3
=9
1 ( 4 x
4
) (3x) dx
x3 3 x 2
= 4x
+
3
2
(4, 4)
x
64
1 3 125
= 16 + 24 4 + + =
3
3 2
6
(1, 2)
20. y = x3 , y = x + 6, x = 0
Region appears below.
x
10
Intersection: x3 = x + 6, x3 x 6 = 0,
( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 3) = 0 x = 2
x3 = 0 x = 0
2
Area = [( x + 6) x3 ] dx
Intersection: y + 2 = 6, y = 4 , y = 2
2
2
Area = 6 y 2 + 2 dy = 4 y 2 dy
2
2
y3
8 32
8
= 4y
= 8 8 + =
3
3
3 3
2
5
x2
x4
=
+ 6x
2
4
0
= (2 + 12 4) (0) = 10
10
x
10
x
8
595
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
23. y 2 = 3 x, 3x 2y = 15 or x =
. Region
3
appears below.
2 y + 15
Intersection: y 2 = 3
,
3
dx
1
2 2
4 3
x2
= x
+ 2 dx
1 2
2
y 2 2 y 15 = 0, (y + 3)(y 5) = 0, so y = 3 or
5.
2
5 2
y
Area = y + 5 dy
3 3
3
1
y3
= y2 + 5 y
3
9
3
125
25
= + 25
(3 15 + 3)
9
3
256
=
9
3x 2 x3
=
+ 2x
4
1
64
3 1
= 12 + 8 + 2
6
4 6
125
=
12
5
( 253 , 5)
x
9
(3, 3)
x
8
Intersection: x = x , x = x , x x = 0 ,
x x3 1 = 0 , so x = 0, 1.
Area =
xx
1 1
8
9
= 2 4 + 2 =
3 2
3
32
2x
x3
dx =
3
3
1
2 1
= 0 =
3
3
3
x3 x 2
Area 2 x 2 x dx = 2 x
3
2
2
1
(1, 1)
(2, 2)
(1, 1)
x
5
596
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x
5
Section 14.10
Intersection: x 2 = 8 x 2 , 2 x 2 = 8, x 2 = 4 , so
x = 2.
Area = 8 x
1
2x
= 8x
) x
dx = 8 2 x
1
) dx
2 2
4y2
=
3
2
2 44
= 8 8 + =
3
3 3
1
45 5 4 2 2 4
= 5 52 2
3
3
3
=
2
x= y
x= y
x
x
1
28. y = x3 + x, y = 0 (x-axis), x = 1, x = 2
Region appears below.
x4 x2
x4 x2
=
+
+
4
4
2
2
1
0
1 1
= 0 + [(4 + 2) 0]
4 2
27
=
4
6
3
= (18 y 2 3 y ) dy
3
y3 3 y 2
= 18 y
3
2
6
27
= 54 9 (108 + 72 54)
2
243
=
2
10
(y + 6)(y 3) = 0, so y = 6, 3
5
y2
= y y dy = 2 ydy = 2
3
2
2
5
15
y
3
x
50
597
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
( x3 x ) dx + 01( x x3 ) dx
0
x4 x2
x2 x4
=
+
4
2
2
4
1
0
1 1 1 1 1
= 0 + 0 =
4 2 2 4 2
2
y
x
3
xx
32
2x
x4
dx =
3
4
5
2 1
= 0 =
12
3 4
3
(1, 1)
x
3
1
17 4 x 1
. Region appears below. Intersection:
= , 17 x 4 x 2 = 4 , 4 x 2 + 17 x + 4 = 0 ,
x
x
4
1
(4x + 1)(x + 4) = 0, so x = or 4.
4
31. 4 x + 4 y + 17 = 0, y =
598
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Area =
Section 14.10
1/ 4
17
x2
17 4 x
dx
ln
x
x
=
+
+
4
2
4
1/ 4 1
255
1 17 1
= ln + ( ln 4 17 + 8 ) =
4 ln 2
4
16
32
32
32. y 2 = x 2, x y = 5, y = 1, y = 1.
Region appears below.
Intersection: y 2 = x 2 intersects y = 1 when x = 3; x y = 5 intersects y = 1 when x = 6;
x y = 5 intersects y = 1 when x = 4
1
y2
1
1
y3
Area = [( y + 5) ( y 2 2)] dy = ( y + 7 + y 2 ) dy =
+ 7y +
2
1
1
3
1
1 1
1 44
1
= +7+ 7 =
3 2
3 3
2
y
1 2
1 4
(6 3 x)2
(6 3x )[3 dx] + (3x 6)[3 dx] =
3 0
3 2
6
+
0
(3x 6) 2
6
= [0 6] + [6 0] = 6 + 6 = 12
5
y = 5 2x
y=x1
599
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
4
2
) (
) (
3
4
Area = 10 x 2 x 2 4 x + 4 dx + x 2 4 x + 4 10 x 2 dx
2
3
2(
3
4
2 x 2 4 x 6 ) dx = 2 { ( 3 + 2 x x 2 ) dx + ( x 2 2 x 3) dx}
(
2
3
3
= 6 + 4 x 2 x 2 dx +
3
4
3
x3
22 20
2 x
2
= 2 3x + x + x 3 x = 2 9 + (9) = 2{4} = 8
3
3
3 3
3
2
10
x
5
x
0 x ( 14
15
1
1 x dx
+ 15
0 x dx
1
14
14 1
14 x 2 x3
14 1 1 14 1 7
Numerator = x x 2 dx = x x 2 dx =
= 0 = =
0 15
15
15 0
15 2
3
15 2 3 15 6 45
0
1 14
x2
Denominator = x dx =
0
2
1
Coefficient of inequality =
0
7
45
1
2
1
2
14
45
11 x
0 x ( 12
1
1 x dx
+ 12
0 x dx
1
11 1
11 x 2 x3
11 1 1 11 1 11
Numerator = x x 2 dx =
= 0 = =
0
12
12 2
3
12 2 3 12 6 72
0
Denominator =
1
(see Problem 35).
2
Coefficient of inequality =
11
72
1
2
11
36
600
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 14.10
37. y 2 = 3 x, y = mx
Intersection: (mx)2 = 3 x, m2 x 2 = 3x
3
m2
If x = 0, then y = 0; if x =
m2
, then y =
28
3
32
3
3
.
m
3 / m2
0
5
100 = 87.5%
k
k
( k x2 ) dx = 12 22 ( 4 x2 ) dx
x3
kx
3 x mx dx.
1
x3
= 4x
2
3
2
4
16
k =
3
3
3
2
( )
k 2 = 4 k = 4 3 = 22
x
2
3
y = x 2 1 , y = 2x + 2
Intersection: x 1 = 2 x + 2 ,
x 2 2 x 3 = 0 , (x 3)(x + 1), so x = 3 and
1. The area is
1 2 x + 2 ( x
1 dx
x3
32
= + x2 + 3x =
3
1 3
8
)
3
= ( x 2 + 2 x + 3) dx
1
3
x
5
601
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
= 2 3 2.52
38. a.
) dx = 43 . Thus
3
m
y
y y
y
dy =
m 3
2m 9
0
0
9
3
3
square units
=
=
2 m3 m3 2 m3
Note: With vertical elements,
Area =
3/ m
32 4 28
. Hence the
=
3 3 3
percentage above the x-axis is
Area =
m2 x 2 3x = 0, x(m2 x 3) = 0, x = 0 or
x=
1(1 x
Problems 14.11
PS =
1. D : p = 22 0.8q
S : p = 6 + 1.2q
CS =
q2
= 0.5q
= (2.5 1.25) 0 = 1.25
20
[ f (q) p0 ] dq
= 6.4q 0.4q 2
q0
PS =
4. D : p = 400 q 2
S : p = 20q + 100
[ p0 g (q)] dq
10
PS =
=
(900 q 2 ) dq
30
3.5
3.5
3.5
0.5
50
q +5
q
+ 4.5
10
q0
10
q3
= 900q
0
= (27, 000 9000) 0
= 18, 000
S: p=
)0
5. D : q = 100(10 2 p )
S : q = 50(2 p 1)
30
3. D : p =
PS = [1300 (400 + q 2 )] dq
0
= 200q 10q 2
30
q3
= (900 q 2 ) dq = 900q
0
3
0
= (27, 000 9000) 0 = 18, 000
10
CS = [(2200 q ) 1300]
0
30
10
30
(100 q2 ) dq
q3
1000
2000
= 100q = 1000
0 =
3
3
3
2. D: p = 2200 q 2
S : p = 400 + q 2
Equilibrium point = (q0 , p0 ) = (30, 1300)
0
10
30
10
CS = 400 q 2 300 dq
0
[ p0 g (q)] dq
5
5
q
q
= 5 + 4.5 dq = 0.5 dq
0
0
10
10
q0
CS
S
(300, 3.5)
PS
[ f (q) p0 ] dq
50
=
5 dq = ( 50 ln q + 5 5q )
0 q+5
0
q
1000
602
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3.5
0.5
Section 14.11
6. D : q = 100 p
p
S : q = 2 10
Equilibrium pt. = ( q0 , p0 ) = (8, 36)
Integrating with respect to p,
CS =
100
3
2
= (100 p) 2
3
300
q2
= 5q
= (1500 750) 0 = 750
120
0
For CS we integrate with respect to p. From the
demand equation, q = 0 p = 20 .
100
20
p3
CS = 400 p dp = 400 p
10
3
10
2
8000
1000
= 8000
4000
= 1666
3
3
3
20
36
2
1024
= 0 512 =
3
3
36 p
PS = 10 dp
20 2
p = 2115 = 64
CS =
20
S
(8, 36)
10. a.
10
84
100
84
p=
100
1000
,
q + 20
1000
10
q + 20
1000
10 10 dq
q + 20
30
= [1000 ln(q + 20) 20q ] 0
= 1000 ln(50) 600 [1000 ln(20)]
50
= 1000 ln 600
20
5
= 1000 ln 600
2
CS =
30
84
3
20
20
= 0 (16) 2 = (64)
3
3
2
= 426 $426.67
3
400 p 2
+5 ,
60
( q0 ,
211
64
320
0
ln 2
ln 2
10(100 p ) 2 [ dp ]
8. At equilibrium, p =
211 q
64 dq =
64q
ln 2
10 100 pdp
3
20
(100 p ) 2
3
(2
11 q
CS =
PS
211 q = 2q +1 11 q = q + 1 q = 5 , so
CS
9. At equilibrium,
36
p2
=
10 p = (324 360) (100 200)
4
20
= 64
100
10 60 + 5 dq
100 p dp
36
300
PS =
p0 ) = (300, 10) .
603
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
5.
40
PS = [80 f (q )] dq
0
40
80 dq
= 3200
40
40
f (q ) dq
( x + 5)3 dx = 6 ( x + 5)
dx
6( x + 5)2
+C
2
= 3( x + 5)2 + C
f (q ) dq
f (q ) dq :
f (0)
2 f (10)
2 f (20)
2 f (30)
f (40)
6.
25 =
=
= 2(49) =
= 2(59) =
= 2(71) =
80 =
=
25
98
118
142
80
463
7.
8.
dx = 1 dx = 1 x + C = x + C
3.
0 (
9.
0 xe
4 x 2
dx =
=0
6 dx
1 2 4 x 2
[2 x dx]
e
2 0
2
0
13
) (
3t + 8dt =
4
3
(3)
302
302
1
1 (3t + 8) 3
=
4
3
2x 2
= 2
+ x2
0
3
2
= 2 2 2 + 64 0
3
64
256
=
+ 64 =
3
3
4.
3
302
x3 6 x + 1 dx = 2 x3 6 x + 1 ( 3x
1
2
1
1
= e0 e 4 = e 4 1
2
2
2 x + 2 x dx = 2 x + 2 x dx
0
302
6 x 2 12
2
1
= e4 x
2
x4
x2
+ 2
7x + C
1. x3 + 2 x 7 dx =
4
2
x4
=
+ x2 7 x + C
4
2.
( y 6)302
dy =
302
= 2 ln x3 6 x + 1 + C
f (q ) dq
3 ( y 6)
301
10
(463) = 2315
2
Thus PS = 3200 2315 = $885.
40
(3t + 8)
4
5 3x dx = 4 3 5 3x [3 dx]
11.
y( y + 1)
=
0
113 11
4
4
dy = y3 + 2 y 2 + y dy
y 4 2 y3 y 2
+
+
+C
4
3
2
12.
4 2x
4
1
4 2
dx = x dx = x x 2 + C
7
7
7
7 7
10.
4
= ln 5 3x + C
3
4
3
1
1 1
3 [3 dt ]
(3
t
+
8)
3 0
604
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
13.
t1/ 5 t1/ 3
=
dt
t
t1/ 2 t1/ 2 dt
7 /10
t
t5 / 6
= (t 3 /10 t 1/ 6 )dt =
+C
5
t 3t
10
6
= t 7 /10 t 5 / 6 + C
7
5
14.
7
10
20.
5
6
21.
2t
22.
1 3 1
dt =
[6t 2 dt ]
3
3 1 3 + 2t 3
3 + 2t
3
1
= ln(3 + 2t 3 )
3
1
1
1 57
= [ln(57) ln(5)] = ln
3
3 5
2
3
x 3x + 2dx =
3
1 3x + 2
=
3
9
3
2
18.
1
2
3
2
(e
2 7/2
(x + x )
2y
7
2
= ln x + 2
x 1
+C
1
24.
+C
25.
+C
dx
2
+C
x
3e3 x
3x
dx ]
70
dx = x
1 5 x
70
= 70 7 = 63
5 x 2 dx =
5 (5 x 2 )3 / 2
=
3
2
4 4
( x + x 2 )7 / 2 + C
7
5 2
(5 x 2 )1/ 2 [2 x dx]
2 1
1 2y
1
e [2 dy ] e2 y [2 dy ]
2
2
1
1
1
= e2 y + e2 y + C = e2 y + e2 y + C
2
2
2
=
605
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
5
= (5 x 2 )3 / 2
3
1
5
5
35
= (13 / 2 43 / 2 ) = (1 8) =
3
3
3
e2 y dy
2
3
1
y5 y 2
+ y
23. 10 y y + 1 dy = 10
5
2
2
2
1 1
32
= 10 + 1 10 2 2 = 111
5
2
5
2 5/ 2
+C =
+ C = 7 2 x2
9 x 2 dx
2
+C =
3 x3 + 2
27
2
3
= ln(1 + e6 ) ln(1 + 1)
1 + e6
= ln
(8 x + 4 x)( x + x ) dx
= 2 ( x 4 + x 2 )5 / 2 [(4 x3 + 2 x)dx ]
= 2
19.
1
3 x3 + 2
9
= ln(1 + e3 x )
4 x2 x
dx = (4 x 1)dx = 2 x 2 x + C
16.
x
17.
x + x 2 dx = x dx + 2 x
= ln x
1 (0.5 x 0.1)5
+ C = (0.5 x 0.1)5 + C
0.2
5
1
8 1
dx = 7 2 x 2 3 [4 x dx]
3
3 4
3 7 2 x2
8x
(0.5 x 0.1)
dx
0.4
1 1
=
2
2 3 7 2x
=
3
2
15.
Chapter 14 Review
26.
(2 x + 1) x 2 + x
0(
dx = x 2 + x [(2 x + 1) dx] =
x2 + x
51
25
32
0 =
5
5
1
27. 2 x
2
0
( x + 1) 3
1
1
2
1
2
3
dx = 2 1 x dx 1 ( x + 1) 3 [dx] = 2 x ( x + 1) = x 2 3( x + 1) 3
0
0
1
2
0
3
= 1 33 2 [ 0 3] = 4 33 2
28.
3 3 (
27
3 x 2 x + 1 dx = 3
27
3x
1
2
2
= 3 3 3 3 729 + 27
3
( )
29.
30.
t 3
t2
27
2 3
2 x + 1 dx = 3 3 x 2 x 2 + x
3
3
3
3
3 9 + 3 = 3(540) = 1620
3
( )
1
12
t
3
3 2
t 2
t 1
1
32
2
dt =
dt = t 3t dt =
3
+ C = 2t 2 + 3t 1 + C =
+C
1
t2 t2
t
1
2
3z3
1
2
+ z +1+
dz
z 1
z3 z 2
= 3 +
+ z + ln z 1 + C
3
z 1 dz = 3 z
x2
0
x2 + 4 x 1
5
=
+ 2 x 5ln x + 2
31.
dx = x + 2
dx
1
1
x+2
x+2
2
1
0
1
3
= (5ln 2) 2 0 = 5ln 2
2
32.
( x2 + 4)
(
x2
dx =
x 4 + 8 x 2 + 16
x2
dx
= x 2 + 8 + 16 x 2 dx
=
x3
x 1
x3
16
+ 8 x + 16
+C =
+ 8x + C
3
3
1
x
1
2 3
2 3 1
33. 9 x x + 1 dx = 9 x 2 + 1 x 2 dx
3
2
3
2
32
2
3
x + 1
32
2
= 6
+ C = 4 x + 1 + C
3
606
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 14 Review
34.
5x
dx =
3x
5x 2
40.
dx
1
2
2 5 1
1 e 5 x
x 2 dx
3 5
2
2
2
e 5x + C
=
15
2
=
e 5x + C
15
2
35.
36.
e eln x
x
= ln e ln 1
=10=1
6x2 + 4
x +2x
= 2e
dx =
dx =
dx = 2 e
x3 + 2 x
38.
(1 + e2 x )3
2 x
) +C =
(3x2 + 2) dx
+C
x+5
5
dx = 1 + dx = x + 5ln x + C
x
x
y(1) = 3 implies 3 = 1 + 0 + C, so C = 2. Thus
y = x + 5ln x + 2
42. y =
6 + e3 x
dx
(
)
2
= ( 6 + e3 x ) 3e3 x dx
1
6 + e3 x )
(
1
=
+C =
e
1
(1 + e2 x )3 [2e2 x dx]
2
(1 + e2 x )3
=
+C
8
3
3x
6 + e3 x
3 x ln10
103 x dx = 3 e 2
1 2x
e [2 dx] + 3 dx
2
1
= e2 x + 3 x + C
2
1
1 1
y (0) = implies that = + 0 + C , so
2
2 2
1
C = 1. Thus y = e2 x + 3 x 1
2
dx = ln x
x3 + 2 x
dx
x 2 + 3x + 7
5 x3 + 15 x 2 + 35 x
2x + 3
=
+
dx
x2 + 3x + 7
x 2 + 3 x + 7
1
= 5 x dx +
[(2 x + 3) dx]
2
x + 3x + 7
5x2
=
+ ln x 2 + 3x + 7 + C
2
41. y = e2 x + 3 dx = e2 x dx + 3 dx
dx =
39.
x3 + 2 x
37.
e1
5 x3 + 15 x 2 + 37 x + 3
( x2 1) dx
2
x3
= x
3
1
8
1 4
= 2 1 =
3
3 3
+C
dx
3x
2
ln10 3ln10
e2
= 3
2 dx
3ln10
3x
2 32x ln10
2
10 2 + C
e
+C =
ln10
ln10
2 103 x
+C
ln10
x
2
607
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Area = 4e x dx = 4e x
100
= 4(e3 1)
x
3
x + 4dx = ( x + 4) [dx] =
4
5
1
2
( x + 4) 2
3
2
2( x + 4) 2
=
3
=
4
16
16
0 =
3
3
x
5
x3 x 2
x3 x 2
Area = ( x x 6) dx + ( x x 6) dx =
6x
6x
3
4
2
2
2
4 3
2
9
8
64
8
67
= 2 + 12 8 + 24 9 18 2 + 12 =
2
3
3
2
3
2
10
x
10
608
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 14 Review
5 x 2 x3
5
Area = 5 x x 2 dx =
2
0
3
x4
1
Area = x3 1 dx =
x
4
125
125 125
=
0 =
3
6
2
3 5
= + = 2
4 4
10
x
3
x
10
16 4
xdx =
16
4x 4
x dx =
5
1
4
16
Area =
128 4 124
=
5 5
5
4
y2
y3
dy =
4
12
=
0
8
2
0 =
12
3
x
5
2
x
16
1
+ 2, x = 1, x = 4. Region appears below.
x
4 1
4
Area = + 2 dx = ( ln x + 2 x )
1 x
1
= [ln(4) + 8] [0 + 2] = 6 + ln 4
49. y =
Area =
[4 (3x 2 5)] dx
[9 3 x 2 ] dx = (9 x x3 )
= 9 3 3 3 0 = 6 3
x
5
x
0
609
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3
0
Area =
2
5/ 2
x 2 + 4 x 5 = 0 , (x + 5)(x 1) = 0, so x = 5, 1.
1
Area = x + 4 x 5 dx
5
[(10 x 2 ) ( x 2 x)]dx
(10 + x 2 x 2 )dx
5/ 2
x 2 2 x3
= 10 x +
2
3
2
25 125
16
= 25 +
20 + 2 +
8 12
3
243
=
8
x3
= + 2 x2 5x
3
5
1
125
= + 2 5 +
+ 50 + 25 = 36
3
3
5/ 2
15
x
5
2 x 2 = x 2 + 9, x 2 = 9 , so x = 3
3
x = 3 , so x = 9.
) ( )
Area = x 2 + 9 2 x 2 dx
3
2x 2
Area = 3 x dx = 3 x
0
= (27 18) 0 = 9
x3
= 9 x 2 dx = 9 x
3
3
3
= (27 9) (27 + 9) = 36
3
18
3
x
16
x
3
y = ln x x = e y
x 2 x = 10 x 2 , 2 x 2 x 10 = 0,
Area = e y dy = e y
5
(x + 2)(2x 5) = 0, so x = 2 or .
2
= e 1
x
5
610
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 14 Review
62.
1000
33
10
3q + 70
Area = [( y + 3) (2 y )] dy
2
= (4 + 2) 0 = 6
3
1
3
2
33
63.
100
0.008e0.008t dt =
1
3
3
2q dq = 100dq
2 q 2 dq
59. r = 100
2
2
64.
3
3
q2
= 100q
2
+ C = 100q 2q 2 + C
3
2
0 4000e
=
100
0
0.05t
4000 0.05t
e
0.05
q3 7 2
60. c = q + 7q + 6 dq =
+ q + 6q + C
3 2
When q = 0, then c = 2500. Thus
2500 = 0 + 0 + 0 + C, so C = 2500. Hence
q3 7 2
c=
+ q + 6q + 2500 . When q = 6, then
3 2
c = $2734.
3x2
= 9x
3x 2
9x
+
0 2
3
27
27
= 27 0 + (24 36) 27
2
2
= 15 square units
16
4000 0.25
e
1 $22, 722
0.05
15 (250 q 0.2q
1 5 0.05t
e
[0.05 dt ]
0.05 0
p = 100 2q .
2
[0.008 dt ]
= e0.8 + 1 0.5507
dt = 4000
100 0.008t
= e0.008t
25
10
2000
3q + 70
3
10
2000
=
[13 10] = $2000
3
61.
33
1 33
1
(3q + 70) 2 [3 dq ]
3 10
1
0
2
= (2 y + 1) dy = ( y 2 + y )
dq = 1000
)dq
y = 9 2x
25
q 2 0.2q3
= 250q
2
3
15
3125
= 6250 312.5
(3750 112.5 225)
3
$1483.33
y=x
x
4
611
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
66. y = 2 x 2 , y = 2 5x; from x = 1 to x = .
3
Region appears below.
68. D : p = (q 5) 2
S : p = q 2 + q + 3
Equilibrium pt. = ( q0 , p0 ) = (2, 9)
2 x 2 = 2 5 x, 2 x 2 + 5 x 2 = 0,
5 41
(from the quadratic formula),
x=
4
x 2.85 or 0.35.
Area =
1/ 3
CS =
(q 5)2 9 dq = (q 5) 9q
3
0
2
27
125
=
18
0 = $14 thousand
3
3
3
$14,667
[(2 5 x) 2 x 2 ]dx
1/ 3
5 x 2 2 x3
= 2x
2
3
1
5 2
2 5 2
= 2 +
2 3
3 18 81
340
=
square units
81
69.
qn
q0
n
dq
= (u + v) dt
0
q q
ln q q
qn
q0
= (u + v)t 0
ln qn q ln q0 q = (u + v)n
ln q0 q ln qn q = (u + v)n
15
ln
q0 q
= (u + v)n
qn q
n=
x
5
q q
1
ln 0
u + v qn q
as was to be shown.
67. D : p = 0.01q 2 1.1q + 30
S : p = 0.01q 2 + 8
q0
20
20
0
0
=
=
0.01q 2 1.1q + 30 12 dq
( 0.01q
20
q0
20
20
[ p0 g (q)] dq = 0
( 4 0.01q )
2
4 l
( P1 P2 )
0
2 l
( P1 P2 ) R
2 l
r R 2 r 2 dr
0 ( R
r r 3 dr
R
0.01q3 1.1q 2
+ 18q
3
PS =
( P1 P2 ) R 2 r 2 r 4
=
2
2 l
4
1.1q + 18 dq
2
80
( P1 P2 ) ( R 2 r 2 )
70. Q = 2 rv dr = 2 r
[ f (q) p0 ] dq
( P1 P2 ) R 4 R 4
0
2 l
4
2
( P1 P2 ) R 4 R 4 ( P1 P2 )
=
4
2 l
8 l
As was to be shown.
=
12 0.01q 2 + 8 dq
20
0.01q3
dq = 4q
80
1
= 80 0 = 53
3
3
612
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
dr
71. Case 1. r 1
1/ x
1 1/ x
u
g ( x) = ku r du = u r du =
1
1
k
r +1
80
= 40t 0.25t 2
1
x r 1 1
r +1
1
1
g ( x ) =
(r + 1) x r 2 =
r
r +1
x +2
Case 2. r = 1
1/ x 1
1 1/ x
g ( x) = ku 1du =
du
1
1
k
u
1/ x
1
= ln u
= ln 0 = ln x
1
x
1
1
g ( x ) = =
r
x
x +2
=
= f (t )dt =
c.
3. a.
Total revenue
R
30
0
30
)0
c.
20
2. a.
25
20
80
0
80
17
1
= 2000t t 2 t 3
2
30
0
= 160, 000 54, 400
(900 t 2 ) dt
30
0
30
f (t )dt =
= f (t )dt =
25
30
20
100 3 1 4
t t
3
4 0
= 2,700,000 + 405,000 900,000 202,500
= $2,002,500
b.
= (m + st ) f (t )dt =
80
$55.33
1600
1. a.
)0
51, 200
$88,533.33
3
613
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 15
Thus,
0.1t
) (
1.
e0.1t
+C
0.1
= 40te0.1t + 400e0.1t + C
S (t ) = 40te0.1t + 400e0.1t + C and S(0) = 5000
5000 = 0 + 400e0 + C
C = 4600
2.
2. P (t ) = 0.1t (ln t )2 dt
Let u = (ln t ) 2 and dv = 0.1t dt, so
2 ln t
1
du = 2(ln t ) dt =
dt and
t
t
t2
= 0.05t 2
2
dt
2 ln t
= 0.05t 2 (ln t ) 2 0.05t 2
dt
t
3.
xe
xe
1
du = dt and v = 0.05t 2 .
t
2
dx
dx
v = e x .
0.1t ln t dt = 0.05t
3 x +1
= 0.05(t ln t )2 0.1t ln t dt
For
xe
0.1t (ln t )
f ( x)dx = uv v du
3
3
2
2
= x ( x + 5) 2 ( x + 5) 2 dx
3
3
3
5
2
2
2
= x( x + 5) 2 ( x + 5) 2 + C
3
3 5
3
5
2
4
= x( x + 5) 2 ( x + 5) 2 + C
3
15
= 40te0.1t + 40e0.1t dt
v = 0.1t dt = 0.1
dx = xe x e x dx
= xe x e x [ dx] = xe x e x + C
1
ln t 0.05t 2 dt
t
= e x ( x + 1) + C
= 0.05t 2 ln t 0.05t dt
= 0.05t 2 ln t 0.05
Problems 15.1
= 40te0.1t + 40
4te
1. S (t ) = 4te0.1t dt
t2
+C
2
= 0.05t 2 ln t 0.025t 2 + C
614
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
4.
xe
5x
Section 15.1
dx
8.
1
v = e5 x .
5
xe
5 x
xe5 x
1
e5 x dx
5
5
5 x
5 x
xe
e
=
+
+C
5
5(5)
dx =
5.
= te t et + C = et (t + 1) + C
9.
5 x
x+ +C
5
5
6.
3x
y 4 ln y
y4 1
dy
4
4 y
y 4 ln y
y3
y 4 ln y y 4
dy =
+C
4
4
4
16
y4
4
2
ln( y ) 4 + C
10.
ln x dx
x
=
7.
1
dx ,
x
12 x
1+ 4x
dx
then du = 12dx, v =
x3
3
ln x dx =
Letting u = 12x, dv = (1 + 4 x)
Letting u = ln x, dv = x 2 dx , then du =
v=
2 x + 3 dx
1
1
= 3x (2 x + 3)3 / 2 (2 x + 3)3 / 2 3 dx
3
3
3/ 2 1
= x(2 x + 3)
(2 x + 3)5 / 2 + C
5
1
3/ 2
= (2 x + 3) [5 x (2 x + 3)] + C
5
1
= (2 x + 3)3 / 2 (3x 3) + C
5
3
= (2 x + 3)3 / 2 ( x 1) + C
5
y4
4
2 x + 3 dx
1
v = (2 x + 3)3 / 2 .
3
ln y dy
ln y dy =
3x
1
Letting u = ln y, dv = y3 dy , then du = dy ,
y
v=
et dt
x ln x
x 1
dx
3
3 x
1
(1 + 4 x)
2
dx ,
1
2
1
1 + 4x
(1 + 4 x) 2
12dx
dx = 12 x
2
2
1+ 4x
12 x
= 6 x 1 + 4 x (1 + 4 x ) 2 + C
= 4 x 1[6 x (1 + 4 x)] + C
= (2 x 1) 4 x + 1 + C
x3 ln x x3
x3
1
+C =
ln( x) + C
3
9
3
3
12
ln(4 x) dx
1
Letting u = ln(4x), dv = dx, then du = dx ,
x
v = x.
1
ln(4 x)dx = x ln(4 x) x x dx
= x ln(4 x) dx = x ln(4 x) x + C
= x[ln(4x) 1] + C
615
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
11.
(5 x + 2)3 dx
14.
1
(5 x + 3)2 .
10
(5x + 2)3 dx
=
x
10(5 x + 3)
1
(5 x + 3)2 dx
10
1 (5 x + 3)1
+C
5(1)
10(5 x + 3) 2 10
1
x
=
+C
2 50(5 x + 3)
10(5 x + 3)
x
12.
ln( x + 1)
2( x + 1) dx = 2 ln( x + 1) x + 1 dx
15.
(Form: u du )
ln( x + 1)
2( x + 1) dx =
3x + 5
e2 x
1 4 xe
ln x
x
2x
dx
ln( x + 1)
+C
4
13.
dx
2e 2 x 2 2
1
[2(3x + 5) + 3] + C
=
4e 2 x
1
(6 x + 13) + C
=
4e 2 x
dx
4 xe 2 x dx = 2 xe2 x 2e2 x dx
1
2
Letting u = ln x, dv = x 2 dx , then du =
= 2 xe2 x e2 x = e2 x (2 x 1)
1
1
1
dx ,
x
v = x .
ln x
ln x
1 1
x 2 dx = x x x dx
ln x
ln x 1
=
+ x 2 dx =
+C
x
x
x
1
= (1 + ln x) + C
x
16.
1 2 xe
3 x
dx
616
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 2 xe
3 x
Section 15.1
dx
19.
2
2 xe3 x
2
=
e3 x dx
3
3
1
1
3
1
= 6 x(4 x) 2 4(4 x ) 2
1 2e 3
2 + 3 3
17.
0 xe
x2
1
1 + 3
18.
= 2 9 3 10 2
20.
3 x3
4 x2
=
0
) (
1 1
1
e 1 = 1 e 1
2
2
du )
(ln x)
12
4 x2
1
2
1
2
1
2
= 4 x 2 3 x 2
2 ln x
dx = x(ln x) 2 x
dx
x
Thus
( )
(4 x )
= x2 + 8
dx
= 3 x 2 4 x 2
= 3 x 2
dx
1
du dx , v = x, so
x
dx , then
du = 6x dx,
2 9 3
2 ln x
du =
dx , v = x.
x
For
v = 4 x2
dx
Letting u = 3 x 2 , dv = x 4 x 2
3 x3
(ln x)
} 1 = 2 (10
= 2 4 x ( x + 8)
1 1 2
dx = e x (2 x dx) (Form:
2 0
2
1
= e x
2
}1
= 2 4 x [3 x + 2(4 x)]
2e 7 3 4
=
e
3 3
3
2
=
[7 4e3 ]
6
9e
1
dx , then du = 3dx,
12
v = 2(4 x) .
2 3x
1 4 x dx
2 xe3 x 2e3 x
=
3
9
2 e 6
=
3
dx
1
2
x + 3
4 x
Letting u = 3x, dv = (4 x)
2 xe3 x 2 e3 x
=
+
3
3 3
2 e 3 x
=
3
3x
4 x2
1
2
(6 x dx)
( ) +C
+ 2 ( 4 x ) + C
2 4 x2
3
2
4 x2 + C
617
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
(ln x)
21.
24.
and v =
= 3x( x 2) ln( x 2) 3 x dx
3
dx
x2
( x + 1)2
=
xe x
+ e x dx
x +1
xe x
+ ex + C
x +1
x
ex
x +1 x
= e x 1
= ex
+C =
+C
x +1
x +1
x +1
25.
2 x
2 x
2 x
x
x e dx = x e e (2 x dx)
26.
x
x
xe dx , let u = x, dv = e dx . Then du = dx,
dx = xe x e x dx = xe x e x + C1
= e x ( x 1) + C1 .
Thus
dx = x 2 2 xe x + e2 x dx
x3 e 2 x
2 xe x dx
3
2
x e x
dx =
xe
dx ,
x3 e 2 x
+ 2e x ( x + 1) + C
3
2
2 3x
e dx
v = e x and
x
= x e 2 xe dx
xe
For
(x e
=
e dx
2 x
3 43
3 43 1
= 5 ln x x x dx
4
4
x e
3
3ln x 4 3 1
= 5
x 3 x 3 dx
4
4
e
3ln x 4 9 4 3
= 5
x3 x3
4
16 e
3ln 3 43 9 43 3ln e 43 9 43
3 3
e e
= 5
16 4
16
4
4
4
3
3 3 1
= 5 3 3 ln 3 e 3
4
4 4 4
( x + 1)2 dx
dx =
3 43
x .
4
xe x
xe x
1
dx
x
5 x 3 ln x dx
3
= 3x( x 2) ln( x 2) x 2 + C
2
23.
x ln( x5 ) dx = 5 x 3 ln x dx
22.
33
e dx = x 2 e x 2 e x ( x 1) + C
2 x
= e x x2 2x + 2 + C .
For
xe
3x
1
du = dx, v = e3 x , and
3
1 3x
1 3x
3x
xe dx = 3 xe 3 e dx
1
1
= xe3 x e3 x + C1.
3
9
618
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 15.1
(2
Thus,
1 2 3x 2 1 3x 1 3x
x e dx = 3 x e 3 3 xe 9 e + C
1 3x
=
e (9 x 2 6 x 2) + C
27
2 3x
27.
3 x2
x e
28.
30.
x2e x
ex
(2 x dx)
2
2
2
x2e x
ex
ex
+C =
2
2
2
( x 1) + C
5 x
x e dx
x4
2
x4
=
2
e x 2 x3e x dx
5 x2
e dx =
3 x2
x e
x x2
1 2
e 2 e x ( x 2 1) + C
2
2
29.
12
dx
2
2
[2 x dx]
= x ln x + x 2
= x ln x + x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 + C
e3
( 2 + x ) dx = ( 2 + 2 x2 + x ) dx
= 22 x dx + x 2 x +1 dx + x 2 dx
For x 2 x +1 dx , let u = x, dv = 2 x +1 dx . Then
2x
x +1
( )
1
+ 1 ( x + 1)
2
2
x4 x2
e e x ( x 2 1) + C
2
1 x2 4
= e ( x 2 x 2 + 2) + C
2
1
2
ln x +
= x ln x + x 2 + 1 x x 2 + 1
dx,
x2 + 1 + x
=
x + x 2 + 1
x 2 + 1
1
x 2 + 1 dx , let
2
u = ln x + x + 1 , dv = dx. Then
1
du =
dx , v = x, and
x2 + 1
2
ln x + x + 1 dx
2
1 2
e x e x 4 x3 dx
2
2
dx = 22 x dx + x 2 x +1 dx + x 2 dx
1
x
1
x3
22 x 1 +
2 x +1
2 x +1 +
+C
ln 2
ln 2
3
ln 2 2
For
x2
ln x + x 2 + 1
dx
x
1
1 +
=
x + x 2 + 1
x 2 + 1
1 2x
2 [2 dx] + x 2 x +1 dx + x 2 dx
2
1
x
1
x3
=
22 x +
2 x +1
2 x +1 +
+C
2 ln 2
ln 2
3
ln 2 2
+x
dx
3 x
x e dx =
1
then du = dx , v = x.
x
e3
e3
1 (ln x)dx = ( x ln x) x x dx
1
1
2 x +1 and
ln 2
x
1
x +1
x +1
x +1
x2 dx = ln 2 2 ln 2 2 dx
x
1
=
2 x +1
2 x +1 + C1 . Thus
2
ln 2
ln 2
du = dx, v =
e3
e3
= ( x ln x ) dx = [ x ln( x) x]
1
= e 3 e [1 0 1] = 2e + 1
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
20
20
2 x
For
e = x 2 e x 2 xe x dx
xe
du = dx and v = e x .
xe
Thus
= 10e
= xe e dx = xe e = e ( x 1).
1 2 x
x e
0
2 x
dx = ( x e 2[e ( x 1)])
= (e x [ x 2 2 x + 2])
= e2
The area is (e 2) sq units.
Thus
CS = 10 I1 300e 3 I 2
35. a.
1
dx,
x
237.89
Consider
p dq . Letting u = p, dv = dq,
then du =
dp
dq , v = q. Thus
dq
dp
2 2
x ln x dx
1
(since r = pq).
dp
dq .
dq
Combining the integrals gives
dp
r = p + q dq .
dq
b. From (a), r = p dq + q
1
= ln x x 2 dx
3
1
2
x3
1
= ln x x3
3
9
1
8
1
8
= ln 2 0
9
9
3
8
7
= ln(2)
3
9
7
8
The area is ln(2) sq units.
3
9
c.
dp
p + q dq
dq
q dr
= 0
dq = r ( q0 ) r (0) = r ( q0 )
0 dq
[since r(0) = 0].
dx
20
I2
(0.1q +1)
f ( x )e
I1
dr
dp
. Thus
= p+q
dq
dq
q0
36.
20
From (b),
dp
p dq = pq q dq dq = r q dq dq
x3
x3 1
= ln x dx
3
3 x
1
3
= 400e3 + 200e1
x3
.
3
CS =
20
20
20
I 2 = q 0 = 20 0 = 20
33. Area =
(q + 20)
2 2
x ln x dx.
1
v=
(0.1q +1)
20
dq . Then
620
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 15.2
r (q) =
1
f ( f 1 ( x))
. Now to evaluate
So
f ( f 1 ( x))
( x) dx = xf
To evaluate
( x)
x
f ( f 1 ( x))
dx.
f ( f 1 ( x))
300t 3
t2 + 6
dx = f ( f 1 ( x)) ( f 1 )( x) dx
5(q + 4)
2
t2 + 6
300t t 2 + 6 1800t
2
t +6
= 300t
1800t
u = t 2 + 6 , so du = 2t dt
Express
300t 3
t2 + 6
1800t
t 2 + 6 is irreducible. To integrate
, let
t2 + 6
( x) dx = xf 1 ( x) F ( f 1 ( x)) + C.
1. r (q ) = r (q)dq =
5 3(q + 1)3
ln
.
2
q+3
since F = f . Finally,
1
5 1
5
ln + C so C = ln 3 and
2 3
2
dt
t2 + 6
Since the degree of the numerator is greater than
the degree of the denominator, we first divide
= F ( f 1 ( x))
5
2
2. V (t ) = V (t )dt =
Hence
x
dx
5 (q + 1)3
+C
ln
2
q+3
r (q) =
dq
Since r(0) = 0, 0 =
dx and v = x.
1
q + 4q + 3
dq
q +1
q+3
15
5
= ln q + 1 ln q + 3 + C
2
2
15
2
5(q + 4)
2
300t 3
5(q + 4)
2
q + 4q + 3
1800t
t 2 + 6 dt = 300t dt t 2 + 6 dt
dq
= 150t 2 900 ln t 2 + 6 + C
V (t ) = 150t 2 900 ln t 2 + 6 + C
as a sum of partial
q + 4q + 3
fractions.
5(q + 4)
5(q + 4)
A
B
=
=
+
2
q + 4q + 3 (q + 1)(q + 3) q + 1 q + 3
Problems 15.2
1.
10 x
2
10 x
A
B
=
+
( x + 6)( x + 1) x + 6 x + 1
x + 7x + 6
10 x = A( x + 1) + B ( x + 6)
If x = 1, then 10 = 5B, or B = 2. If x = 6,
then 60 = 5A, or A = 12.
12
2
Answer
x + 6 x +1
621
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
x+5
x+5
A
B
=
+
2
(
1)(
1)
1
x
x
x
x
+1
x 1
x + 5 = A(x + 1) + B(x 1)
If x = 1, then 4 = 2B, or B = 2. If x = 1, then
6 = 2A, or A = 3.
3
2
Answer
x 1 x +1
=
2 x2
2
= 2+
7.
2 x 2 15
= 2+
10 x 12
8.
x+4
2
2x + 3
x ( x 1)
x +x
x x +1
2
3x2 + 5
(x
+4
Ax + B
2
x +4
9.
A
B
+
x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
x + 4 x + 4 ( x + 2)
x + 4 = A(x + 2) + B
If x = 2, then 2 = B. If x = 0, then 4 = 2A + B,
2A = 4 B = 4 2 = 2, or A = 1.
1
2
Answer:
+
x + 2 ( x + 2)2
2
A Bx + C
+
x x2 + 1
Cx + D
(x
+4
3x 2 + 5 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + (4 A + C ) x + (4 B + D)
Thus A = 0, B = 3, 4A + C = 0, 4B + D = 5. This
gives A = 0, B = 3, C = 0, D = 7.
3
7
Answer:
2
2
x +4
x2 + 4
10 x 15
x+4
2
3x 2 + 5 = ( Ax + B ) x 2 + 4 + (Cx + D)
x + 5x
10 x 15
f ( x) =
x2 + 3
x 2 + 3 = ( A + B ) x 2 + Cx + A
Thus A + B = 1, C = 0, A = 3. This gives A = 3,
B = 2, C = 0.
3
2x
Answer:
2
x x +1
( )
+ 3 = A ( x + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x
x2
x2 + 5x + 6
10 x 12
A
B
=
=
+
2
(
x
2)(
x
3)
x
2
x
+
+
+
+3
x + 5x + 6
10x 12 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 2)
If x = 3, then 18 = B, or B = 18.
If x = 2, then 8 = A.
8
18
Answer: 2 +
x+2 x+3
x + 5x + 6
10 x 12
x2 + 3
5x 2
5x 2
A
B
= +
(
1)
x
x
x
x
1
x x
5x 2 = A(x 1) + Bx
If x = 1, then 3 = B. If x = 0, then 2 = A, or
A = 2.
5x 2
3
2
x2 x dx = x + x 1 dx
2
= 2 ln x + 3ln x 1 + C = ln x 2 ( x 1)3 + C
10.
A B
C
+
+
2
x x
x 1
2 x + 3 = Ax( x 1) + B( x 1) + Cx 2
If x = 0, then 3 = B, or B = 3. If x = 1, then
5 = C. If x = 1, then 1 = 2A 2B + C,
1 = 2A + 6 + 5, or A = 5.
5 3
5
Answer:
+
x x2 x 1
7x + 6
7x + 6
A
B
= +
x
(
x
3)
x
x
+
+3
x + 3x
7x + 6 = A(x + 3) + Bx
If x = 3, then 15 = 3B, or B = 5.
If x = 0, then 6 = 3A, or A = 2.
7x + 6
5
2
x2 + 3x dx = x + x + 3 dx
= 2 ln x + 5ln x + 3 + C
2
= ln x 2 ( x + 3)5 + C
622
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
11.
x + 10
x + 10
A
B
=
+
(
x
1)(
x
2)
x
1
x
+
+
2
x x2
x + 10 = A(x 2) + B(x + 1)
If x = 2, then 12 = 3B, or B = 4. If x = 1, then 9 = 3A, or A = 3.
4
x + 10
3
x2 x 2 dx = x + 1 + x 2 dx
2
= 3ln x + 1 + 4 ln x 2 + C = ln
12.
Section 15.2
2x 1
2
( x 2) 4
( x + 1)3
+C
2x 1
A
B
=
+
( x 4)( x + 3) x 4 x + 3
x x 12
2x 1 = A(x + 3) + B(x 4)
If x = 3, then 7 = 7B, or B = 1. If x = 4, then 7 = 7A, or A = 1.
2x 1
1
1
x2 x 12 dx = x 4 + x + 3 dx
= ln x 4 + ln x + 3 + C = ln ( x 4)( x + 3) + C
13.
3 x3 3 x + 4
1 3 x3 3 x + 4
4
4 x2 4
x2 1
1
4
= 3x +
2
4
x 1
4
4
A
B
=
=
+
2
x
x
+
x
x
+1
(
1)(
1)
1
x 1
4 = A(x + 1) + B(x 1)
If x = 1, then 4 = 2B, or B = 2. If x = 1, then 4 = 2A, or A = 2.
3 x3 3 x + 4
1
2
2
4 x 2 4 dx = 4 3x + x 1 + x + 1 dx
=
1 3x
=
+ 2 ln x 1 2 ln x + 1 + C
4 2
2
2
x 1
1 3x
+C
=
+ ln
x +1
4 2
14.
7(4 x 2 )
7(2 + x)(2 x)
=
( x 4)( x 2)( x + 3) ( x 4)( x 2)( x + 3)
7( x + 2)
A
B
=
=
+
( x 4)( x + 3) x 4 x + 3
7(x + 2) = A(x + 3) + B(x 4)
If x = 3, then 7 = 7B, or B = 1. If x = 4, then 42 = 7A, or A = 6.
7(4 x 2 )
1
6
( x 4)( x 2)( x + 3) dx = x 4 + x + 3 dx
= 6 ln x 4 ln x + 3 + C
= ln ( x 4)6 ( x + 3) + C
623
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
15.
3x 4
3
3x 4
A
B
C
= +
+
x( x + 1)( x 2) x x + 1 x 2
x x 2x
3x 4 = A(x + 1)(x 2) + Bx(x 2) + Cx(x + 1)
If x = 0, then 4 = 2A, or A = 2.
7
If x = 1, then 7 = 3B, or B = .
3
1
If x = 2, then 2 = 6C, or C = .
3
7
1
3x 4
2 3
3
dx
=
+
+
x3 x2 2 x x x + 1 x 2 dx
7
1
= 2 ln x ln x + 1 + ln x 2 + C
3
3
= ln
16.
4 x
4
x x
x2 3 x 2
3
( x + 1)7
4 x
2
x ( x + 1)( x 1)
+C
A B
C
D
+
+
+
x x2 x + 1 x 1
dx
=
+
+
x4 x2
x x2 x + 1 x 1 dx
4 5
3
= ln x + ln x + 1 + ln x 1 + C
x 2
2
=
17.
4 1 x 2 ( x 1)3
+ ln
+C
x 2
( x + 1)5
2(3x5 + 4 x3 x)
x6 + 2 x4 x2 2dx = x6 + 2 x 4 x 2 2 ( 6 x
1
+ 8 x3 2 x dx
1
Form: du (Partial fractions not required.)
u
Answer: ln x6 + 2 x 4 x 2 2 + C
18.
x 4 2 x3 + 6 x 2 11x + 2
= x +1+
7 x 2 13x + 2
x3 3 x 2 + 2 x
x3 3 x 2 + 2 x
7 x 2 13 x + 2 7 x 2 13 x + 2 A
B
C
=
= +
+
3
2
x 3 x + 2 x x( x 1)( x 2) x x 1 x 2
7 x 2 13x + 2 = A( x 1)( x 2) + Bx( x 2) + Cx( x 1)
624
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x 4 2 x3 + 6 x 2 11x + 2
3
x 3x + 2 x
Section 15.2
1
4
2
= x +1+ +
+
dx
x x 1 x 2
x2
+ x + ln x + 4 ln x 1 + 2 ln x 2 + C
2
x2
=
+ x + ln x( x 1)4 ( x 2)2 + C
2
=
19.
2 x2 5x 2
A
B
C
+
+
x 1 x 2 ( x 2) 2
( x 2) ( x 1)
2 x 2 5 x 2 = A( x 2) 2 + B ( x 1)( x 2) + C ( x 1)
If x = 1, then 5 = A. If x = 2, then 4 = C.
If x = 0, then 2 = 4A + 2B C, 2 = 20 + 2B + 4, or B = 7.
5
2x2 5x 2
7
4
( x 2)2 ( x 1) dx = x 1 + x 2 + ( x 2)2 dx
= 5ln x 1 + 7 ln x 2 +
20.
3x3 + 2 x 3
2
x ( x 1)
4
4
( x 2)7
+C =
+ ln
+C
x2
x2
( x 1)5
3 x 3 + 2 x 3
2
x ( x + 1)( x 1)
A B
C
D
+
+
+
2
x x
x +1 x 1
21.
2( x 2 + 8)
3
x + 4x
3
3
x +1
+ ln x + 1 2 ln x 1 + C = + ln
+C
2
x
x
x ( x 1)2
2 x 2 + 16
x x +4
A Bx + C
+
x x2 + 4
2 x 2 + 16 = A x 2 + 4 + ( Bx + C ) x
2 x 2 + 16 = ( A + B) x 2 + Cx + 4 A
Thus A + B = 2, C = 0, 4A = 16. This gives A = 4, B = 2, C = 0.
22.
x4
4
1
1
2 x
2
=
4
ln
x
ln
x
+
4
+
C
=
ln
=
4
dx
[2
x
dx
]
dx = +
dx
+C
x x2 + 4
2
x3 + 4 x
x x2 + 4
x + 4
2( x 2 + 8)
4 x3 3 x 2 + 2 x 3
2
( x + 3)( x + 1)( x 2)
Ax + B
2
x +3
C
D
+
x +1 x 2
If x = 1, then 12 = 12C, or C = 1.
If x = 2, then 21 = 21D, or D = 1.
If x = 0, then 3 = 2B 6C + 3D, 3 = 2B 6 + 3, 0 = 2B, or B = 0.
625
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
23.
x3 + 8 x 2 9 x + 2
( x + 1) ( x 3)
2
Ax + B
x +1
C
D
+
x 3 ( x 3) 2
(
= ( Ax + B) ( x 6 x + 9 ) +C ( x
) (
x3 + 8 x 2 9 x + 2 = ( Ax + B )( x 3)2 + C ( x 3) x 2 + 1 + D x 2 + 1
2
) (
3x 2 + x 3 + D x 2 + 1
2
= ( A + C ) x + ( B 6 A 3C + D) x +(9 A 6 B + C ) x + (9 B 3C + D)
Thus A + C = 1, B 6A 3C + D = 8, 9A 6B + C = 9, 9B 3C + D = 2. This gives A = 1, B = 0, C = 0,
D = 2.
x
1
2
x3 + 8 x 2 9 x + 2
0
2
2
x2 + 1 ( x 3)2 dx = x2 + 1 + x 3 + ( x 3)2 dx = 2 ln x + 1 x 3 + C
24.
5x4 + 9 x2 + 3
2
x( x + 1)
A Bx + C Dx + E
+
+
x x 2 + 1 ( x 2 + 1)2
5 x 4 + 9 x 2 + 3 = A( x 2 + 1) 2 + ( Bx + C ) x( x 2 + 1) + ( Dx + E ) x
= A( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x3 + x) + Dx 2 + Ex
= ( A + B) x 4 + Cx3 + (2 A + B + D) x 2 + (C + E ) x + A
Thus, A + B = 5, C = 0, 2A + B + D = 9, C + E = 0, and A = 3. This gives A = 3, B = 2, C = 0, D = 1, and E = 0.
3
5x4 + 9 x2 + 3
2x
x
x( x2 + 1)2 dx = x + x2 + 1 + ( x2 + 1)2 dx
1
2
= 3ln x + ln x + 1
+C
2( x 2 + 1)
1
= ln x3 ( x 2 + 1)
+C
2
2( x + 1)
25.
14 x3 + 24 x
( x + 1)( x
2
+2
Ax + B
2
x +1
Cx + D
x2 + 2
14 x3 + 24 x = x 2 + 2 ( Ax + B) + x 2 + 1 (Cx + D) = ( A + C ) x3 + ( B + D) x 2 + (2 A + C ) x + (2 B + D)
626
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
14 x3 + 24 x
Section 15.2
10 x
4x
dx =
+
dx
2
2
x +1 x + 2
x +1 x + 2
2
)(
= 5
1
2
x +1
[2 dx] + 2
[2 dx]
x +2
( ) ( )
= ln ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) + C
= 5ln x 2 + 1 + 2 ln x 2 + 2 + C
5
26.
12 x3 + 20 x 2 + 28 x + 4
1 Ax + B
Cx + D
=
+
2
3( x + 2 x + 3)( x + 1) 3 x + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 1
2
12 x3 + 20 x 2 + 28 x + 4 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 1) + ( x 2 + 2 x + 3)(Cx + D)
= ( A + C ) x3 + ( B + D + 2C ) x 2 + ( A + 2 D + 3C ) x + ( B + 3D )
Thus, A + C = 12, B + D + 2C = 20, A + 2D + 3C = 28, B + 3D = 4. This gives A = 4, B = 4, C = 8, D = 0.
12 x3 + 20 x 2 + 28 x + 4
1 4x + 4
8x
3 x2 + 2 x + 3 x2 + 1 dx = 3 x2 + 2 x + 3 + x 2 + 1 dx
)(
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 3
27.
3 x3 + 8 x
2
( x + 2)
Ax + B
2
x +2
1
2 ln x 2 + 2 x + 3 + 4 ln x 2 + 1 + C
)(
2
3
4
3
x2 + 1 + C
Cx + D
( x 2 + 2) 2
3x3 + 8 x = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 2) + Cx + D
= Ax3 + Bx 2 + (2 A + C ) x + (2 B + D)
Thus, A = 3, B = 0, 2A + C = 8, 2B + D = 0.
This gives A = 3, B = 0, C = 2, D = 0.
3x
3 x3 + 8 x
2x
3
1
2
( x 2 + 2)2 dx = x2 + 2 + ( x2 + 2)2 dx = 2 ln( x + 2) x2 + 2 + C
28.
3x2 8 x + 4
x3 4 x2 + 4 x 6 dx = x3 4 x 2 + 4 x 6 ( 3x
1
8 x + 4 dx
1
Form: du (Partial fractions not required.)
u
Answer: ln x3 4 x 2 + 4 x 6 + C
627
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
29.
2 2x
If x = 2, then 30 = B. If x = 0, then 18 = 2A + B,
18 = 2A + 30, or A = 24.
2 2x
A
B
=
+
2
(
x
+
3)(
x
+
4)
x
+
3
x
+4
x + 7 x + 12
2 2x = A(x + 4) + B(x + 3)
If x = 4, then 10 = B, or B = 10. If x = 3,
then 8 = A.
1
1 8
2 2x
10
0 x2 + 7 x + 12 dx = 0 x + 3 + x + 4 dx
=
= 8ln x + 3 10 ln x + 4
30.
16
( x + 1) dx
2
( x + 2)2
1
24
30
= 6 +
+
dx
0
x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
30
= 6 x 24 ln x + 2
+ 2 0
x
= 8 ln 4 10 ln 5 (8 ln 3 10 ln 4)
= 18 ln(4) 10 ln(5) 8 ln(3)
= 6 24 ln 3 10 (24 ln 2 15)
3x 2 + 15 x + 13
= 11 + 24 ln
x2 + 4 x + 3
= 3+
3x + 4
x2 + 4 x + 3
3x + 4
= 3+
( x + 1)( x + 3)
The area is 11 + 24 ln
3x + 4
A
B
=
+
( x + 1)( x + 3) x + 1 x + 3
3x + 4 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 1)
200(q + 3)
2
10
3250
8
1625
= 120 ln + 80 ln(11)
$161.80
3
11
1
5
1
5
= 6 + ln 3 + ln 5 3 + ln 2 + ln 4
2
2
2
2
1
5
1
5
= 3 + ln 3 + ln 5 ln 2 ln 4
2
2
2
2
Area =
1 6( x 2
) 0 on [0, 1].
+ 1)
( x + 2)2
6( x 2 + 1)
Problems 15.3
6 x2 + 1
( x + 2)
= 6+
dx
24 x 18
200(q + 3)
A
B
=
+
(q + 6)(q + 1) q + 6 q + 1
325
= 120 ln q + 6 80 ln q + 1
q
22 0
q + 7q + 6
200(q + 3) = A(q + 1) + B(q + 6)
If q = 1, then 400 = 5B, or B = 80. If q = 6,
then 600 = 5A, or A = 120.
10 120
80 325
CS =
+
dq
0 q + 6 q +1
22
1
5
= 3x + ln x + 1 + ln x + 3
2
2
2
sq units.
3
10 200( q + 3)
325
32. CS =
dq
0 q 2 + 7q + 6
22
1
If x = 1, then 1 = 2A, or A = . If x = 3, then
2
5
5 = 2B, or B = .
2
2
2 3 x + 15 x + 13
1 x2 + 4 x + 3 dx
2
1 1
5 1
dx
= 3+
+
1
2 x + 1 2 x + 3
2
3
( x + 2)
24 x 18
628
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 15.3
3
3
2
2
25 (2 x) 2 2
25 4 x 2
1
(2 x)
+C
=
2 25 25 (2 x) 2
x
25 25 4 x 2
9. Formula 12 with u = x, a = 2, b = 3, c = 4, k = 5.
Then du = dx.
x dx
(2 + 3x)(4 + 5 x)
+C
(4 x)2 + 3
+C
= 4
3(4 x)
2 2
3 ( x ) 9
+ C
2
9 x2
x4 9
6 x2
+C
105
+C
du = 11 dx .
dx
x 5 11x 2
3 x 2 dx
x 2 dx
(2 + 5 x)2 = 3 (2 + 5 x)2
4
4
= 3
ln 2 + 5 x + C
x
+
25
125(2
5
)
125
1
= ln
2
x x +9 3
1 + x dx =
2 8 12 x + 15 x 2 (1 + x) 2
dx
7 dx
x(5 + 2 x)2 = 7 x(5 + 2 x)2
1
1
x
= 7
+ ln
+C
5(5 + 2 x) 25 5 + 2 x
dx
16 x 2 + 3
=
+C
3x
1 4
2
ln 4 + 5 x ln 2 + 3x + C
2 5
3
x2 + 9 3
+C
x
629
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
5
ln
11dx
11x
) ( 5) (
5 + 5 11x 2
11x
+C
11x
x 2 dx
2 x 2 dx
9
=
=
2
2
3 + 7 x 3 + 7 x 14 49 + 343 ln 3 + 7 x + C
2
2
2
x 3 dx = 2 x x 3 3ln x + x 3 + C
18. Formula 11 with u = x, a = 1, b = 5, c = 3, k = 2. Then du = dx.
dx
1
1 + 5x
(1 + 5 x)(2 x + 3) = 13 ln 2 x + 3 + C
19. Formula 38 with u = x, a = 12. Then du = dx.
1/12
12 x
xe
e12 x
dx =
(12 x 1)
144
1/12
=
0
1
1
[e(0) 1(1)] =
144
144
2 + 3x + 5 + 3x + C
2 x
e dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x dx
Applying Formula 38 on
xe
xe
dx = e x ( x 1) + C1 . Thus
e dx = x 2 e x 2 e x ( x 1) + C = e x x 2 2( x 1) + C = e x x 2 2 x + 2 + C
2 x
4 dx
x 2 (1 + x )
= 4
1
1+ x
3
3
1
= 4 + ln
= 4 + ln 4(1 + ln 2) = 2 + 4 ln
2
x
x
2
2
4
x (1 + x)
1
dx
5x2 + 1
2x2
5x2 + 1
5 dx
5x2
2 5
5
5x2 + 1
=
+ ln 5 x + 5 x 2 + 1 + C
2
5x
dx =
630
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 15.3
dx
2 x
1
2
2 x 2
ln
2 x + 2
+C
7 5x2
1
5
( 7 ) ( 5x)
2
2(
5dx =
1 1
ln
5 2 7
7 + 5x
+C
7 5 x
7x
3x 2 6 dx =
( 3)
3x
) ( 3x )
2
3 dx
7 3x
36
(6 x 2 6) 3 x 2 6 ln 3 x + 3 x 2 6 + C
8
3 3 8
+ C = x [6 ln(3x) 1] + C
81
6
36
30. Formula 10 with u = x, a = 3, b = 2. Then du = dx.
5 dx
dx
3 + 4x
4
3 + 2x
x2 (3 + 2 x)2 = 5 x2 (3 + 2 x)2 = 5 9 x(3 + 2 x) + 27 ln x
+C
2
2(9
x
2)(1
+
3
x
)
270 x 1 + 3xdx = 270 x 1 + 3x dx = 270
15 9
+C
= 4(9 x 2)(1 + 3 x) 2 + C
3
9
631
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1
3
0 1 + 2 x3 2 ln 1 + 2 x 0
1
1
= ln 3 ln 1 = ln 3
2
2
1
ln 2 x + 4 x 2 13 + C
2
x dx
1
2 x
dx
16 9 x 2
+C
8x
( 2 ) ( 3x )
6x
x + 7e
4 x
2 + 2 3x2
3x
+ 7e
dx = 3
du.
2 x5 / 2
e
5
6 x5 / 2
+C
e
5
2 x 2 + 1dx =
2
3dx
3
2
= 2x2 + 1
+C
5 3/ 2
2 x dx
dx
2 x
3
2
3
2x2 + 1
2
1
2
(4 x dx)
3
2
+C
+C
5 x3 x
1 1
5
dx = x 2 x 2 dx
2x
2
2
5 3
= x x +C
6
42.
43.
x2 5 x + 6 dx = ( x 3)( x 2) dx
dx
4 x
5/ 2
3 ( 2 x + 1)
=
3x
xe x
= 2
1
ln x 2 + 1 + C
2
3x
du = 3dx .
= 2 3 x 2 2 ln
2 3x 2
dx =
x
u du .
x2 + 1 = 2 x2 + 1 (2 x dx)
16(3x)
= ln ln(2 x) + C
dx
= 2 4 x ln + 7e4 x + C
4
1
4 x
=
4 x ln + 7e
+C
2
632
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 15.3
1 3x ln x
12
1
dx = e 2 x + 3
(2e2 x dx)
2x
2
e +3
dx
e
3 e
3
ln( x 2 )[2 x dx] = [ x 2 ln( x 2 ) x 2 ]
1
2
2
1
3 2
2
2
= [(e ln(e ) e ) (1 ln1 1)]
2
3
= (e2 + 1)
2
= e2 x + 3 + C
xe x dx = e x ( x 1) = e3 (4) 1(1)
= 1 4e
x dx
4 x
2( x 8) 4 x
3
2
9 3 10 2
3
e3 x 2
(3 x 2 1) + C
= 2
9
2
2 3x
2
= e (3x 1) + C
9
= 35
3 + 2 xdx = 35
2 72 72 x + 60 x
2 2
1 x
) (3 + 2 x)
840
2 x dx
8 x2
(8 x )
= 2
12
(2 x dx)
1
2
0
1 1
2
633
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
= 2
0
7 2 2
=2 2 2 7
1
2
= 2 8 x 2
2
2
ln x dx = x ln x 2 ln x dx
= 8 x2
= 98 7 25 5
ln
2
[23(11)3 / 2 14(8)3 / 2 ]
=
135
2
253 11 224 2
=
135
3 + 2 xdx
3
2
)
2(9 x 4)(2 + 3 x)3 / 2
135
x 2 + 3 x dx =
3 3x
2 3x
4 x e dx = 2 x e [2 x dx]
1 35 x
7 8
3x
xe
0.1
a = 3. Then du = dx.
x 2 e3 x 2 e3 x
(3x 1)
3
3 9
3x
e
[9 x 2 6 x + 2]
=
27
2 3x
x e dx =
1 1
1 q
ln
0.4 q
q
0.3
1
7
10
[10 ln 9] ln
0.4
3
3
1 20
7
ln 9 + ln 20
0.4 3
3
ln 2
ln 2 2 3 x
x e
0
e3 x
[9 x 2 6 x + 2]
dx =
27
0
8
1
[9(ln 2) 2 6 ln 2 + 2] [2]
=
27
27
2
2
[36(ln 2) 24 ln 2 + 7]
=
27
59. a.
0 1000e
qn
10
= ln
0.04t
dt
500te0.06t dt
10
qn
= ln
10
e0.06t
(0.06t 1)
= 500
0.0036
0
500
=
[e0.6 (1.6) (1)]
0.0036
$16,930.75
k dx .
q0
du can
= 500 te0.06t dt
dq
q
= ln
1 q
q (1 q)
60.
10
b. For
dx = 1 dx = x = 2 1 = 1
1
1000 9 0.04t
e
(0.04 dt )
0.04 0
9
1000 0.04t
e
=
0.04
0
1000 0.36
=
1)
(e
0.04
$7558.09
( )
dt , the form
1
1
= 2 ln(4) 1 ln(2) +
2
4
1
3
= 2 ln 22 ln(2)
2
4
1
3
= 4 ln(2) ln(2)
2
4
7
3
= (ln 2)
2
4
0.04t
be applied.
4
2
4
0 1000e
For
qn
q0
ln
1 qn
1 q0
0 ke
=
rt
ke
ke rt
1 T
dt = k e rt ( r dt ) =
r
r 0
rT
qn (1 q0 )
q0 (1 qn )
634
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 e rT
k
+ = k
r
r
10
61. a.
Section 15.4
10
3.
10 0.6 0.06t
e e
dt
0
0.6 10 0.06t
= 400
= 400e
dt
1 10 0.06t
= 400e0.6
(0.06 dt )
e
0.06 0
=
400e0.6 0.06t
e
0.06
$5481
10
=
0
4.
0.04(5t )
5.
f =
dt = 40 te0.2 e0.04t dt
e0.04t
(0.04t 1)
0.0016
0
6.
0.2
40e 0.2
e
(0.2 1) 1(1) $535
0.0016
0 50, 000te
0.07t
3 2
1
1 x3
x dx =
3 (1) 1
4 3
7
=
3
0
5
f =
3
1
2t 5 dt
3 (3) 3
1 t6
6 3
3
3
1 4 2
t t + 9 dt
4 0 0
1 1 4
= t 2 + 9[2t dt ]
4 2 0
f =
3
2
49
=
6
7.
1 9
f =
6 xdx =
9 1 1
8.
f =
1 32
4 x = 13
8
1
3
=
1
1 3 5
1 5
1 5
= + 5
dx =
2
1
3 1 x
2 x1 2 3
5
=
3
1
1
9
4
3
9. P =
=
2.
Problems 15.4
f =
= 1
1
1 3 2
x + x + 1 dx
3 1 1
2
1 2 t +9
=
8
3
e0.07t
(0.07t 1)
= 50, 000
0.0049
0
50, 000 0.35
[e
(1.35) 1(1)]
=
0.0049
= $496, 640
1.
1
= [36 (3)6 ]
18
=0
1 x3 x 2
22
=
+
+ x =
2 3
2
3
1
= 40e
1
2 x x3
3
f =
5
40e0.2 te0.04t dt
0
0.2
400e0.6 0.6
1
e
0.06
0 40te
2
1
2 3 x 2 dx
2 (1) 1
f =
3x 2
1 2
7
(3x 1)dx =
x =
2 1 1
1 2
100
1
369q 2.1q 2 400 dq
100 0 0
1
184.5q 2 0.7 q3 400q
100
100
0
1
=
(1,845, 000 700, 000 40, 000) 0
100
= 11,050
Answer: $11,050
635
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
10. c =
500
1
4000 + 10q + 0.1q 2 dq
500 100 100
1
0.1q3
=
4000q + 5q 2 +
400
3
14.
17,333.33
100
1 2
3000e0.05t dt
2 0 0
3000 1 2 0.05t
=
e
[0.05 dt ]
2 0.05 0
= 30, 000e0.05t
2
0
R (1 + t ) 2
dt
F1
Answer: $3155.13
1 T R
1
12. C =
dt =
0
T 0
F (t )
T
R 1
TF1
=
R
TF1
R
(1 + t ) [ dt ] =
TF1
2
when x = 0, I 0 = Ce0 = C , so
I ( x) = I 0 e0.0085 x .
(1 + t )3
Problems 15.5
(1 + T )
1
3
3
1. y = 2 xy 2
dy
= 2 xy 2
dx
dy
= 2 x dx
y2
R
1 + 3 T + 3 2T 2 + 3T 3 1
=
3 TF1
=
R
1
(3 T ) 1 + T + 2T 2
3 TF1
3
2 2
R 1 + T + 13 T
F1
r ( q0 )
r ( q0 )
q0
dy = 2 x dx
1
= x2 + C
y
y=
1
dr
13. Average value =
dq .
q0 0 dq
1
r ( q0 ) r (0)
=
q0
1 1
1
dx 0.32
1 0 0 x 2 4 x + 5
500
Answer: $17,333.33
11.
f =
1
2
x +C
2. y = x 2 y 2
dy
= x2 y 2
dx
dy
= x 2 dx
y2
. Since
are sold
avg. value =
q0
= price per unit when q0 units are sold.
636
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
y2 = x
Section 15.5
6. y = e x y 3
dy
= e x y3
dx
dy
= e x dx
3
y
dy
x
y3 = e dx
1
= ex + C
2
2y
1
2
y =
x
2(e + C )
dx
1 x3
=
+ C1
3
y
1 1
= ( x3 + 3C1 )
y 3
1
1
= ( x3 + C )
y
3
3
y=
3
x +C
3.
dy
3x x 2 + 1 = 0
dx
dy = 3x x 2 + 1
dy = 3 x ( x
1
2
dx
dy
dx
dy
y
) dx
3
dy = 2 ( x + 1) [2 x dx]
3 ( x + 1)
y=
+C
2
+1
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
y = x2 + 1
3
2
dy
dx
=
y x
ln y = ln x + C1
ln y = ln x + ln C, where C > 0.
ln y = ln(Cx) y = Cx , where C > 0.
+C
8.
dy x
=
4.
dx y
y dy = x dx
y dy = x dx
dy
+ xe x = 0
dx
dy = xe x dx
x
dy = xe dx
y = xe x dx
y 2 x2
=
+ C1
2
2
y 2 = x 2 + 2C1
y 2 = x2 + C
5.
y
, where x, y > 0.
x
y
=
x
dx
=
x
7. y =
9. y =
dy
= y , where y > 0.
dx
dy
= dx
y
where y(1) = 1.
y2
dy
1
=
dx y 2
y 2 dy = dx
dy
y = dx
ln y = x + C1
y = e x +C1 = eC1 e x = Ce x , where C = eC1 . Thus
dy = dx
y3
= x+C
3
y = Ce x , where C > 0.
637
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
13
= 1 + C , so
3
3
13. (3x 2 + 2)3 y xy 2 = 0, where y (0) = .
2
dy
(3x 2 + 2)3
= xy 2
dx
dy
x
=
2
2
(3x + 2)3
y
dy
x
y 2 = (3x2 + 2)3 dx
1
2
2
3
y dy = 6 (3x + 2) [6 x dx]
1
1
=
+C
2
y
12(3 x + 2)2
2
2
C = . Thus y 3 = 3 x = 3 x 2,
3
3
y = 3 3x 2.
dy = e x dx
e y = ex + C
3
we have
2
2
1
1
1
=
+ C , = + C , so
3
2
3
48
2(2)
2
C = 0. Thus e y = e x , so y = x.
11. e y y x 2 = 0 , where y = 0 when x = 0.
ey
dy
= x2
dx
31
. Thus,
48
1
1
31
=
2
2
y
48
12(3 x + 2)
C=
e y dy = x 2 dx
dy = x 2 dx
x3
ey =
+C
3
1
y2
x
x +3
, so
+1 , ey =
3
3
48(3 x 2 + 2)2
4 + 31(3x 2 + 2) 2
= 0, where y(1) = 2
dy
1
=
dx
y2
dx
y 2 dy =
x2
dx
2
y dy = x2
y3 1
= +C
3
x
x2
48(3 x 2 + 2)2
Hence, y =
x3 + 3
.
y = ln
3
12. x 2 y +
4 + 31(3 x 2 + 2)2
x4
+C
4
Given y(0) = e, ln e = 0 + C, so C = 1.
4
x4
x +1
+ 1, so y = e 4 .
Thus ln y =
4
ln y =
5
. Thus
3
y3 1 5
3
3
= + , y 3 = + 5, y = 3 + 5.
3
x 3
x
x
638
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
15.
Section 15.5
2
dy 3x 1 + y
, where y > 0 and y (1) = 8 .
=
dx
y
y dy
1 + y2
17. 2
xe
+2
+9
) dydx = 3xy
y2 + 9
2 2
y +9
3
1
2
3x2 + 2
3
2
x3 + 2 x + 1
[2 y dy ] =
, where y(0) = 0.
e x = 2( y 2 + 1) 1/ 2 1.
dx
19. (q + 1) 2
3x 2 + 2 dx
3
x + 2 x + 1
dc
= cq
dq
q
c dc = (q + 1)2 dq
= ln x + 2 x + 1 + C
2
Now y(0) = 0 implies that (27) = ln(1) + C , so
3
C = 18. Thus
3
2 2
2
y + 9 = ln x3 + 2 x + 1 + 18 .
3
dx = y ( y 2 + 1)3 / 2 dy
1 x2
1
e [2 x dx] = ( y 2 + 1) 3 / 2 [2 y dy ]
2
2
1 x 2 1 ( y 2 + 1)1/ 2
e
=
+C
2
2
1/ 2
1 x2
e
= ( y 2 + 1)1/ 2 + C
2
1 1
1
Now y(0) = 0 gives =
+ C , so C = .
2
2
1
1 x2
1
Thus e
= ( y 2 + 1) 1/ 2 or
2
2
16. 2 y x3 + 2 x + 1
x2
3x2 3
+ 1 .
Since y > 0, y =
2
2
y + 9 dy =
3x 2 3
y2 =
+ 1
2
2
2y
xe x dx = y ( y 2 + 1)3 / 2 dy
3x2 3
1 + y2 =
+
2
2
1
1
2 2
+
1
y
[2 y dy ] = 3 x dx
2
1
3x 2
2
1 + y2 =
+C
2
1
3
y (1) = 8 (1 + 8) 2 = + C
2
3
C=
2
Thus
1
3x 2 3
2
1 + y2 =
+
2
2
2
1
x x2 + 3
dx
2
12
1 1
y
2
e dy = 2 2 x + 3 [2 x dx]
1
1 2
2
ey =
x +3 +C
2
1
Now, y (1) = 0 e0 = (2) + C , so C = 0. Thus
2
1
1 2
1 2
2
ey =
x + 3 y = ln
x +3.
2
2
e y dy =
= 3x dx
dy
xe y
=
, where y(1) = 0.
dx
x2 + 3
20.
dy
xe x
= xe x y =
dx
ey
y
x
e dy = xe dx
e y = e x ( x 1) + C . Now,
f (1) = 0 1 = e(0) + C , 1 = C, so
e y = e x ( x 1) + 1 , y = ln e x ( x 1) + 1 . Thus
f (2) = ln e2 + 1 .
21.
1
N = 40, 000e
dy
= 0.025 y
dt
N = 40, 000e
(*)
( )
t
10
0.18
(First form)
t
10
ln y = 0.025t + C
N = 40, 000(1.2) 10
(Second form)
At year 2005, t = 20 and so
20
dr
r
= (50 4q)e 5
dq
r
e 5 dr = (50 4q)dq
r
5
( 10t )
N = 40, 000e0.018t
y dy = 0.025 dt
22.
ln(1.2)
N = 50, 000e
5e = 50q 2q + C
Since r = 0 when q = 0, we have 5(1) = C, C = 5.
t ln 2
50
( )t
N = 50, 000e
N = 50, 000e0.0138t
5e 5 = 50q 2q 2 + 5
r
2
e 5 = 10q q 2 + 1
5
r
2
= ln 10q q 2 + 1
5
5
2
r = 5ln 10q q 2 + 1
5
1
5
2
Since r = pq, p = r = ln 10q q 2 + 1 .
q
q
5
(*)
0.69
50
(First form)
N = 50, 000(2) 50 .
When t = 100, then
t
50
, so
(Second form)
100
640
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 15.5
28. N = N 0 et
After 100 s, 70% remains.
3 = 2e30k
3
= e30k
2
3
30k = ln
2
3
ln
k= 2
30
0.7 N 0 = N 0 e100
0.7 = e100
100 = ln 0.7
ln 0.7
=
100
0.0035667
The half-life is
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
=
= 100
194.3 s.
0.7
ln 0.7
ln100
ln 3
Thus N = 2e 30 2 .
In 2015, t = 85 and so
85
N = 2e 30
ln 32
2e1.14882 billion.
ln 3
.
100
Setting N = 2 N 0 and solving for t gives
3N 0 = N 0 e100k or k =
2 N0 = N0e
14
0.7 N 0 = N 0 et
t ln 3
100
0.7 = et
t = ln 0.7
ln 0.7
so t =
. By Equation 15 in the text,
t ln 3
100
2=e
t ln 3
ln 2 =
100
100 ln 2
63.
t=
ln 3
The population will double in approximately
63 years.
ln 2
, so
5730
ln 0.7
5730 ln 0.7
t=
=
2900 years.
ln 2
ln 2
5730
30. N = N 0 et
0.1N 0 = N 0 et
0.1 = et
t = ln(0.1)
0.3N 0 = N 0 e100
0.3 = e100
100 = ln 0.3
ln 0.3
=
100
Thus 0.01204 . The half-life is
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
=
= 100
57.57 s.
ln
0.3
ln
0.3
t=
ln 0.1
100
641
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
ln 0.1
ln 2
5730
ln 2
, so
5730
5730 ln 0.1
19, 000 years.
ln 2
31.
dN
= kN
dt
N = Aekt
Thus t =
N 0 = Aekt0
A=
N0
ekt0
Thus N =
(e ) = N e
N0
kt
ekt0
35.
kt kt0
, or
k t t
N = N 0 e ( 0 ) , where t t0 .
32. a.
b.
ln 2
ln 2
.
140
N = N 0 et = N 0 e
ln 2
t140
= N0 e
2
365ln
140
33. N = N 0 et
When t = 2, then N = 10. Thus 10 = N 0 e2 ,
N 0 = 10e2 . By Equation 15 in the text,
ln 2
ln 2
6
2 ln62
= 10e
ln 2
3
12.6 units.
ln 2
ln 2
.
8
5.9 days.
dA
= 200 0.50 A
dt
dA
200 0.50 A = dt
1
ln(200 0.50 A) = t + C1
0.50
ln(200 0.50 A) = 0.50t 0.50C1
= 0.50t + C2
Thus
36.
34. N = N 0 e
We want to find t when
3
N = N0
5
dP
dP
= k (150, 000 2 P)
dx
150, 000 2 P = k dx
1
ln[150, 000 2 P ] = kx + C
2
Since P(0) = 15,000, we have
1
ln[150, 000 30, 000] = C , so
2
1
1
ln[150, 000 2 P ] = kx ln[120, 000].
2
2
3
t
5 N0 = N0e
3
= et
5
3
t = ln
5
t=
8ln 53
,=
Thus A = 400 1 e 2 . If t = 1,
12
Thus N 0 = 10e
ln 2
8
200 1 e =
N
365ln 2
= e 140 0.164
N0
6=
ln 53
ln 2
ln 53
642
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 15.6
1
= 1000k ln[120, 000]
2
1 ln[120, 000] ln[10, 000] ln12
k=
=
2
1000
2000
Thus
1
ln12
1
ln[150, 000 2 P ] =
x ln[120, 000]
2
2000
2
ln12
ln[150, 000 2 P ] =
x + ln[120, 000]
1000
150, 000 2 P = e
ln12 x
1000
1 + bect
M = 100,000
Since N = 50,000 at t = 0 (1995), we have
100, 000
100, 000
50, 000 =
, so 1 + b =
= 2, or
1+ b
50, 000
b = 1.
100, 000
. If t = 5, then N = 60,000,
Hence, N =
1 + ect
so
100, 000
60, 000 =
1 + e5c
100,
000 5
=
1 + e5c =
60, 000 3
5
2
e5c = 1 =
3
3
1/ 5
2
ec =
3
100, 000
Hence, N =
. In 2005, t = 10, so
t /5
1 + 23
dV
= kV
dt
1
V dV = k dt
lnV = kt + C1
V = ekt eC1
( )
9.5k
ln
1. N =
t
ln ( 389 )
7
= e 9.5 600
30
t
7
389
ln =
ln
30
9.5
600
7
9.5ln 30
t=
31.903
ln 389
600
Problems 15.6
1
ln12 x
P = 150, 000 120, 000e 1000
2
x
1000
If x = 2000, then
( 389
600 )
600
1 389
ln
k=
9.5 600
ln
( )
( )
ln12 x
1000
ln[120,000]
37. a.
b.
N=
100, 000
1+
2. N =
( )
2
3
69, 200.
1 + bect
Since M = 500, and N = 200 when t = 0, we have
500
200 =
1+ b
500 5
3
= b= .
1+ b =
200 2
2
500
Hence N =
. When t = 1 we are given
1 + 32 ect
( 389
600 )
.
643
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
N = 300. Thus
500
300 =
1 + 32 ec
3
500 5
=
1 + ec =
2
300 3
3 c 2
e =
2
3
4
c
e =
9
500
Hence N =
1 + 32 94
( )
N=
3. N =
500
1 + 32
( 94 )
30, 000
1+ b
30, 000
= 75
1+ b =
400
b = 74
30, 000
Hence N =
. If t = 1, then N = 1200.
1 + 74e ct
Thus
30, 000
1200 =
1 + 74ec
30, 000
= 25
1 + 74ec =
1200
400 =
. When t = 2, then
74ec = 24
24 12
ec =
=
74 37
30, 000
Hence N =
1 + 74 12
37
386 .
( )
ct
1 + be
M = 40,000, and N = 20 when t = 0, so
40, 000
20 =
1+ b
40, 000
1+ b =
= 2000
20
b = 1999
40, 000
Hence N =
.
1 + 1999e ct
40, 000
Since N = 100 when t = 1, 100 =
,
1 + 1999ec
40, 000
= 400
1 + 1999ec =
100
399
ec =
1999
40, 000
Hence N =
.
t
399
1 + 1999 1999
If t = 2, then N =
40, 000
399
1999
1 + bect
M = 100,000, and since N = 500 when t = 0, we
have
100, 000
500 =
1+ b
100, 000
1+ b =
= 200
500
b = 199
100, 000
Hence N =
. If t = 1, then
1 + 199e ct
N = 1000. Thus
100, 000
1000 =
1 + 199ec
100, 000
= 100
1 + 199ec =
1000
1 + 1999
4. N =
5. N =
500.
199ec = 99
99
ec =
199
Hence N =
1 + bect
Since M = 30,000, and N = 400 when t = 0, we
have
100, 000
1 + 199
N=
100, 000
1 + 199
644
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
99
( 199
)
( )
99
199
. If t = 2, then
1990 .
6. a.
Section 15.6
dN
= N (1 N )
dt
dN
= dt
N (1 N )
dN
N (1 N ) = dt
Using Formula 5 in the Table of Integrals,
dN
N
for
, we get ln
= t + C.
1 N
N (1 N )
=
=
b.
e +1
1+ e
2 (1 + et )
2(1 + et )
1 et
2(1 + et )
et 1
e t 1
1 et
et 1
= f (t )
2(et + 1) 2(1 + et )
2(et + 1)
Thus, f(t) is symmetric about the origin.
= f (t ) + + 1
2
= 1 N (t )
N (et + 1) = et
=
1
2
denominator by et .
2(et + 1)
Replace t by t then multiply numerator and
et
1
Since N (0) = , ln 2 = ln1 = 0 = C.
2
1 12
N=
f (t ) =
c.
1
1 + e t
dN
= N (1 N ) = N N 2
dt
d2N
= 1 2N
dt 2
d2N
1
= 0 when N = .
2
1
1 2N > 0 when N < and 1 2N < 0
2
1
when N > , so there is an inflection point
2
1
when N = .
2
1
1
=
2 1 + e t
dt 2
e.
1.5
t
3
1 + et = 2
et = 1
t =0
7. a.
1
Thus the point 0, is an inflection point
2
on the graph.
N=
b.
645
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
375
5.2 2.3t
1+ e
375
375
1+ e
5.2 2.3t
1 + 181.27e2.3t
lim N =
375
= 375
1 + 181.27(0)
8. a.
N=
=
0.2524
e
2.128 x
11.
+ 0.005125
0.2524
0.005125
e2.128 x + 0.005125
0.005125
49.25
e2.128 x
0.005125
+1
49.25
1 + 195.1e2.128 x
b. If x = 0, then N
49.25
0.2511 cm2.
1 + 195.1
dT
9.
= k (T a) where a = 10.
dt
dT
= k dt
T + 10
dT
T + 10 = k dt
Thus ln(T + 10) = kt + C. At t = 0, we have
T = 28, so ln(28 + 10) = 0 + C, C = ln 38, and
ln(T + 10) = kt + ln 38.
ln(T + 10) ln 38 = kt
T + 10
Hence ln
= kt.
38
2
Thus x = 200, 000 150, 000 . If t = 3, then
3
8
x = 200, 000 150, 000 $155,555.56.
27
20 + 10
If t = 1, then T = 20. Thus ln
= k 1, so
38
30
15
k = ln
= ln . Hence
38
19
T
+
10
15
ln
= ln t.
38 19
12.
dN
= kN 2
dt
dN
N 2 = k dt
1
= kt + C
N
If t = 0, then N = N 0 . Thus
47 15
If T = 37, then ln = ln t
38 19
ln 47
t = 38 0.90 hr
15
ln 19
1
= C , so
N0
1
1
= kt
N
N0
1 kN 0 t + 1
=
N
N0
dx
= k (200, 000 x)
dt
dx
200, 000 x = k dt
ln(200, 000 x) = kt + C
ln(200,000 x) = kt C
N=
dp
= kp( I p )
dt
This is logistic growth, so the maximum rate of
I
formation (growth) occurs when p = , which
2
is when there are equal amounts of both
enzymes.
N0
1 kN 0 t
1
+
As t
, then 1 kN 0t 0 , so
kN
0
N .
646
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13.
Section 15.7
dN
= k (M N )
dt
dN
M N = k dt
ln(M N) = kt + C
If t = 0, then N = N 0 , so ln ( M N 0 ) = C .
Thus we have
ln( M N ) = kt ln ( M N 0 )
2.
(3x 1)
dx = lim
M N0
= kt
M N
M N
ln
= kt
M N0
3.
r 0
4.
1
x
5.
= 0+
1
3
23
dx
0 ( 5 + e
1 1
1
1
1 1
lim = 0 =
2
2 r r
9
2
9 18
7.
1
x
) dx = lim (5 + e ) dx
r
r 0
r
= lim 5r e r (0 1)
dx = lim
r 1
2
r 1
dx = lim 2 x 2
r
= lim 2 r 2 = diverges
r
647
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
1 1
= lim +
e
r e r
1
= lim 5r + 1 = diverges
r
r
e
1 1
=
e e
= lim 5 x e x
r 3
1
1
lim
2 r x 2
x
e dx
1
= lim e r + e1
dx = lim x 3 dx
= lim 3 3 r + 2 3 (4)
r
= diverges
6.
( x + 2)
( x + 2) 3
r 2
3e0.1t 3e0.3t dt
x 2
= lim
r 2
=
( x + 2) 2
= lim
Problems 15.7
dx = lim
3e0.3t dt
30
10
= lim
+
30e0 + 10e0
0.3r
r e 0.1r
e
30
10
= lim
+
(20)
0.3r
r e0.1r
e
= 0 + 0 + 20 = 20
The total amount of the drug that is eliminated is
approximately 20 milliliters.
1.
r1
1
dx = lim dx = lim ln x
1
x
x
r
r
N = M ( M N 0 ) e kt
= lim
= lim ln r = diverges
M N = ( M N 0 ) e kt
0.1t
(3x 1) 2 [3 dx]
= lim ( ln r 0 )
M N
= e kt
M N0
0 ( 3e
ln
1.
1
= lim
r 3(3 x 1)
1
1
1
= lim
+
r
3(3
1)
6
r
1
= 0+
6
1
=
6
ln ( M N 0 ) ln( M N ) = kt
r 3 1
8.
( x + 9)
32
1 r 2
+
x
9
[2 x dx]
r 2 4
dx = lim
12.
9.
lim
( x + 1)2 dx = r
r
( x + 1) 2 dx
7x
dx = lim (7 x)
1
= lim 2(7 x) 2
r
Thus
11.
2 xe
0
dx =
k
k
lim +
=1
r r 800
k
0+
=1
800
k = 800
[ dx]
0
r
1
= lim 1 + 2
r
er
= 1 + 0 = 1
2 xe
x2
ke2 x dx = 1
lim
ke2 x
lim
2
r
= lim 2 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
r er
Thus
k r 2 x
e [2 dx] = 1
r 2 1
14.
= lim e x
dx = lim 800
1200
x 2 dx
2 2
800 800
= lim
+
= 0+ =
r
1200
3 3
r
2 xe x dx = lim e x [2 x dx]
r
800
x 1200
r
800
= lim
1200
2 xe x dx = lim e x [2 x dx]
= lim e x
b.
x 2 dx = 1
k
=1
r x 800
800
lim
2 xe x dx + 2 xe x dx
diverges
800 x2 dx = 1
lim k
= lim 4 + 2 7 r = diverges
r
(5 3x)dx
13. a.
3
r
12
(5 3 x)dx
= lim 5 x x 2
2 r
r
= lim (0 0) 5r r 2
2
r
= lim 5r + r 2 =
2
r
1
= lim
r x + 1 r
1
1
= lim +
r 2 r + 1
1
= +0
2
1
=
2
10.
lim (5 3x )dx
(5 3x)dx = r
r
12
1
1
= lim x 2 + 9
+
= lim
r
4 r
r 2 + 9 5
1 1
= 0+ =
5 5
(5 3x)dx = (5 3x)dx + 0
=1
1
k
k
+
lim
=1
2
r
r 2e
2e2
k
=1
0+
2e2
dx = 1 + 1 = 0.
Thus k = 2e2 .
648
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
15.
Chapter 15 Review
18. V = 0 e t e t dt = 0 lim
240, 000e0.06t dt
= lim
1
r
= 0 lim
240, 000 1
1
0.06 e0.06 r
r
240, 000
=
(1) = 4, 000, 000
0.06
= lim e x
r
19.
= lim + e xc = 0 + e xc = e xc
r e r
1 x
r x 1
=
e 8 dx = lim e 8 dx
xc 8
xc
r
8
= lim e
8x
= 0+e
=e
0
(since < 0 )
= 0 .
(t + 2)
40, 000
dt
r 0 (t + 2) 2
dt = lim
( 18 ) xc
+C
ln
2
4
( 18 ) xc
1 0 3x
e [3 dx]
r 3 r
1 1
= lim er
r 3 3
e3 x dx = lim
0
40, 000
xc
40, 000
t+2 0
r
1 3x
e
r 3
r
1
1
= 0 = sq units
3
3
= lim
0 ( ) r
e
1
= lim
= lim
1
( 1 ) xc
= lim r + e 8
r
e8
[( )dt ]
r
xc
17. Area =
dt
Thus V =
xc
= 0 [0 1]
= lim
r ( )t
0 e
0 ( )t
= lim
e
r
= lim
r ( )t
e
r 0
1
ln 2 x + 4 x 2 + 1 + C
2
649
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= 2 13 + ln 6 + 2 13 0 + ln 4
3
3
8 6 + 2 13
= 2 13 + ln
3
4
8 3 + 13
= 2 13 + ln
3 2
4. By long division,
16 x
12
3 4 x dx = 4 + 3 4 x dx = 4 x 3ln 3 4 x + C
3 4 x dx = 16 3 4 x dx = 16 4 16 ln 3 4 x + C = 4 x 3ln 3 4 x + C
5.
15 x 2
15 x
15 x
15 x 2
(3x + 1)( x 2) dx
30
5
2 3x + 1
ln x 2 + ln 3x + 1 + ln
+C
7
7
7
x2
30
5
2
2
= ln x 2 + ln 3x + 1 + ln 3 x + 1 ln x 2 + C
7
7
7
7
= 4 ln x 2 + ln 3 x + 1 + C
=
650
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Chapter 15 Review
u du
with
u = ln x.
e2
e2
e2 1 1
1
dx
=
e x ln x
e ln x x dx = ln ln x
e
= ln ln e2 ln ln e = ln 2 ln1 = ln(2) 0 = ln 2
e7 x
= 49
(7 x 1) + C = e7 x (7 x 1) + C
49
1 2
u du .
2 x ln x 2 = 4 ln x2 x dx = 4 ln ln x
+C
+C
3 + 2 x dx = 1 3 + 2 x dx
9 16 x 2
+C
9x
+C
2
2
22
=
= x 3
1
1
[2 dx]
2 3 + 2x
3
= x ln 3 + 2 x + C .
2
For Formula 3, use u = x, a = 3, and b = 2. Then
du = dx.
x
2x
3 + 2 x dx = 2 3 + 2 x dx
3
x 3
= 2 ln 3 + 2 x + C = x ln 3 + 2 x + C
2
2 4
1 4
1
x ln x 2 x 4 + C
4
8
9(2 x)
9
651
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u = x2
dv = e x dx
5 x 2 + 2 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x
Then du = 2x dx and v = e x .
= ( A + B) x 2 + Cx + A
Thus, A + B = 5, C = 0, A = 2. This gives
A = 2, B = 3, C = 0.
2
5x2 + 2
3x
x3 + x dx = x + x 2 + 1 dx
x 4 + x3 + x 2
= Ax( x + x + 1) + B ( x + x + 1) + (Cx + D) x
23.
24.
ln( x + 1)
x +1
+C
1 4
1 3
3 x 2 + 2 x dx =
x + x2
4 2 2
2
2
1
[(64 + 16) (8 + 4)] = 34
2
f =
1 1 2 t
t e dt
1 0 0
2 t
e dt = t 2 et 2 tet dt
= et (t 2 2t + 2) + C
Thus,
1
1
f = t 2 et dt = et (t 2 2t + 2) = e(1) 1(2)
0
dx
= e 2.
1
1
dx and v = 2( x + 1) 2 .
x +1
25. y = 3x 2 y + 2 xy , y > 0
1
2
= 2( x + 1) ln( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1)
12
dy
= 3 x 2 + 2 x dx
y
dx
3
= ln x + ln x 2 + x + 1 + C
x
Then du =
f =
=
= ( A + C ) x3 + ( A + B + D ) x 2 + ( A + B ) x + B
Thus, A + C = 3, A + B + D = 5, A + B = 4,
B = 3.
This gives A = 1, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1.
3 x3 + 5 x 2 + 4 x + 3
x4 + x3 + x2 dx
1 3
2x +1
= +
+
dx
2
2
x
x
x + x + 1
dv = ( x + 1)
= e x ( x 2 2 x + 2) + C
3 x3 + 5 x 2 + 4 x + 3
12
2 xe dx = 2 xe 2e dx = 2 xe 2e
2 x
2 x
x
x
x e dx = x e (2 xe 2e ) + C
x 2 ( x 2 + x + 1)
A B
Cx + D
= +
+
x x2 x2 + x + 1
Then du = 2 dx and v = e x .
3 x3 + 5 x 2 + 4 x + 3
dv = e x dx
2 xe
u = 2x
e dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x dx
For
3
ln x 2 + 1 + C
2
= 2 ln x +
2 x
dx
= 2( x + 1) 2 ln( x + 1) 4( x + 1) 2 + C
dy
= 3 x 2 + 2 x dx
y
3
2
ln y = x3 + x 2 + C1 , from which y = e x + x +C1 ,
= 2 x + 1[ln( x + 1) 2] + C
3
2
y = Ce x + x , where C > 0.
652
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26. y 2 xe x
y +3
Chapter 15 Review
= 0 , y(0) = 3
30.
2
dy
= 2 xe x +3e y
dx
2
e y = e x +3 , or y = x 2 + 3 .
27.
x 2.5
dx =
1 x 2
= lim
1 0 1 x 2
e [2 x dx]
r 2 r
dx = lim
1 r 1 x 2
e [2 x dx]
r 2 0
xe1 x dx = lim
Thus
3x1.5 1
2
2
= lim
+
r 3r1.5 3
2
= 0+
3
2
=
3
1 x 2
xe
0 2x
e
r r
e2 x dx = lim
e2 x
r 2
ln 1.2 = 15k, or k =
dx = lim
N = 100, 000e
t ln1.2
15
ln1.2
. Thus
15
t
15
t
15
= 100, 000(1.2)
For the year 2015 we have t = 30 and
r 1
1
1
dx = lim ln x
1 2 x dx = rlim
1 2 x
r 2
1
1
= lim ln r 0 = diverges
r 2
1
1
= e+ e = 0
2
2
31. N = N 0 e kt
Since N = 100,000 when t = 0 (1985),
1
1 1
1
= lim e2r = 0 =
2
r 2 2
2
29.
x
r 1.5
xe1 x dx + xe1 x dx
2
1
= lim e1 x
r 2
0
2
1
1
1
1
= lim e1 r + e = 0 + e = e
2
2
2
r 2
r
lim x 2.5 dx
1
r
1.5 r
= lim
28.
2
dy = 2 xe x +3 dx
dx =
2
1
= lim e1 x
r 2
r
2
1
1
1
1
= lim e + e1 r = e 0 = e
2
2
2
r 2
2
e y = e x +3 + C
1 x 2
xe
2
e y dy = 2 xe x +3 dx
xe
30
32. N = N 0 e kt
When t = 0, then N = 40,000. Thus N 0 = 40, 000
and N = 40, 000e kt . When t = 10, then
N = 80,000, so
80, 000 = 40, 000e10k
2 = e10k
10 k = ln 2, or k =
653
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
t ln 2
ln 2
. Thus N = 40, 000e 10 .
10
N = 300 300 =
1 + 224e 6c
450 3
1 + 224e 6c =
=
300 2
3
1
224e6c = 1 =
2
2
1
e 6c =
448
0.95N 0 = N 0 e100
0.95 = e100
100 = ln 0.95
ln 0.95
=
0.0005 (decay constant). After
100
e6c = 448
6c = ln 448
ln 448
c=
1.02
6
450
Thus N
.
1 + 224e1.02t
34.
dq
= kq
dt
dq
= k dt
q
dq
q = k dt
ln q = kt + C
When t = 0, q = q0 , so ln q0 = 0 + C = C. Thus
ln q = kt + ln q0
36. N =
35. N =
7 q
,
= e 7 0.09%.
k q0
450
1 + be ct
If t = 0, then N = 2. Thus 2 =
2000
1 + be ct
When t = 0 (last year), then N = 1000. Thus
2000
1000 =
1+ b
2000
1+ b =
=2
1000
b=1
2000
So N =
. When t = 1 then N = 1100.
1 + e ct
Thus
2000
1100 =
1 + ec
2000 20
1 + ec =
=
1100 11
9
ec =
11
2000
. When t = 2, then
Hence N =
t
9
1 + 11
q = e kt eln q0 = q0 e kt
When t =
450
450
,
1+ b
450
450
= 225 , b = 224, so N =
.
2
1 + 224ect
If t = 6, then
1+ b =
( )
N=
37.
2000
( )
2
9
1 + 11
1200 .
dT
= k (T 25)
dt
dT
= k dt
T 25
dT
T 25 = k dt
ln(T 25) = kt + C
654
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Chapter 15 Review
9
t = 1, then T = 34 and ln = k . Thus
10
t2
1
2=
10te
41. a.
e 0.06t
dt = 10
(0.06t 1)
0.0036
0
f ( x) dx
= lim
r 0
t1
A0 ekt dt = lim
t1
r r
= lim A0
r
A0 e kt
r k
= lim
r
e kt2
kt1
k t t
= e ( 2 1 ) . Substituting into (1) gives
12
r
0
TR
A0 ekt dt
t1
(1)
dr
dq .
dq
3
(138) = 207
2
Simpsons
f (0) = 25
4 f (3) = 88
2 f (6) = 36
4 f (9) = 52
f (12) = 7
208
1 t1 kt
e (k dt )
k r
= lim
TR
0.25
0.7
= lim
(0.7 0.25)
0.0002 r
r e0.01r
e
= 0 0 + 0.7 + 0.25
= 0.95
40.
dr
dq
n = 4, a = 0, b = 12
b a 12 0
h=
=
=3
n
4
Trapezoidal
f (0) = 25
2 f (3) = 44
2 f (6) = 36
2 f (9) = 26
f (12) = 7
138
10
[e0.72 (0.72 1) (1)]
0.0036
$452
f (q) =
39.
t1
A0 kt2
e ekt1
k
e
A0 kt1
A
e [2 1] = 0 ekt1 .
k
k
12
t2
T 25
ln
= (ln 0.9)t . If
10
T = 37,
12
ln
= (ln 0.9)t
10
ln 1.2 = (ln 0.9)t,
ln1.2
t=
1.73
ln 0.9
Note that 1.73 hr corresponds approximately to
1 hr 44 min. Thus
6:00 P.M. 1 hr 44 min = 4:16 P.M.
12
A e kt
A0 e dt = 0
k
kt
3
(208) = 208
3
12
A0 kt1
e ekr
k
dc
dq
dq
dc
dq
a = 0, b = 12
Using as few data values as possible, we
choose n = 1 for Trapezoidal and n = 2 for
Simpsons (n must be even).
Trapezoidal (n = 1)
f (q) =
A
= 0 ekt1 since ekr 0 as r for
k
k > 0.
655
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
b a 12 0
=
= 12
n
1
f (0) = 15
3
VC (142) = 142
3
Using these results and those of part (a), we
have:
Trapezoidal
P(12) 207 141 25 = 41
Simpsons
P(12) 208 142 25 = 41
h=
f (12) = 7
22
12
(22) = 132
2
Simpsons (n = 2)
b a 12 0
=
=6
h=
n
2
f (0) = 15
VC
4 f (6) = 48
f (12) = 7
70
6
(70) = 140
3
To each of our results we must add on the
fixed cost of 25 to obtain total cost. Thus for
trapezoidal we get TC 132 + 25 = 157,
and for Simpsons we have
TC 140 + 25 = 165.
VC
c.
175 2000
17.5
200 2000
17.5
= e0.005t
175 2000
17.5
0.005t = ln
200 2000
17.5
175 2000
17.5
ln
2000
200
17.5
t=
69
0.005
Thus weq = 114 and t = 69 days.
2.
3
VC (94) = 141
2
Simpsons
f (0) = 15
4 f (3) = 56
2 f (6) = 24
4 f (12) = 40
f (12) = 7
142
dw
1
=
(C 17.5w)
dt 3500
dw
1
=
dt
C 17.5w 3500
dw
1
C 17.5w = 3500 dt
1
1
ln C 17.5w =
t + C1
17.5
3500
656
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
ln C 17.5w =
17.5
t 17.5C1 = 0.005t + C2
3500
C
C 0.005t
+ w0
e
17.5
17.5
C
= weq , we have w(t ) = weq + w0 weq e0.005t . Simplifying the equation
Since
17.5
1
1
w(t + d ) = w(t ) w(t ) weq gives w(t + d ) = w(t ) + weq . Thus
2
2
1
weq + w0 weq e0.005(t + d ) = weq + w0 weq e0.005t + weq , or
2
1
weq + w0 weq e0.005(t + d ) = weq + w0 weq e0.005t
2
Solving for d gives
1
e0.005(t + d ) = e0.005t
2
1
e0.005t e0.005d = e0.005t
2
1
0.005d
e
=
2
1
0.005d = ln = ln 2
2
ln 2
d=
0.005
as was to be shown.
3. w(t ) =
4. BMI =
w
2
h
1.7272 meters. The upper BMI limit then corresponds to a weight of 24.9(1.7272)2 74.28 kilograms, or about
163 pounds. So the woman would need to lose 27 pounds. On a 2200 calorie-per-day diet,
125.71 lb and the weight function is
weq = 2200
17.5
657
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 16
Principles in Practice 16.1
b.
45
25
45
c.
1
x
dx =
60
60 25
d.
3
3/ 2
c1
1 6 ( x + 1)dx = 2
( x + 1)
12
=
1
1
2
(c + 1)
1 1
=
12
3 2
(c + 1)2 4 = 6
(c + 1) 2 = 10
c + 1 = 10
c = 1 10
We choose c = 1 + 10 since 1 < c < 3.
2. a.
4000 1000
3000
x2
dx
4000
b.
1000
1 1 1
= =
x 3000
4 3 12
P ( X > 2000) =
r
r 2000
2 2
2000
= lim
( x + 1)dx =
2.5
Problems 16.1
21
( x + 1) 2
12
3 1
3
( x + 1)2
P X =
( x + 1)dx =
2 3/ 2 6
12
( x + 1) 2
12
( x + 1)dx =
16 25 13
=
=
= 0.8125
12 48 16
45 25 20 1
=
= .
60
60 3
P (1 < X < 2) =
2.5 1
49 4 11
=
=
= 0.6875
48 12 16
1
1
5
= 1 e 10 + e0 = 1 + e 2 1 = e 2 0.607
1. a.
P ( X < 2.5) =
1000
x2
r
1000
x2
dx
dx
1000
1000 1 1
= lim
+ =
2 2
x 2000 r
r
r
= lim
1
9 4
5
=
12 12 12
658
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
3. a.
Section 16.1
1 , if 1 x 4
f ( x) = 3
0, otherwise
j.
x
1
b.
7 3
7 2 2 2
3
=
P < X < =
2 4 1 3
2
1
P (0 < X < 1) = 0 dx = 0
d.
P ( X 3.5) = P (1 X 3.5)
4. a.
43 1
=
4 1 3
e.
P ( X > 3) = P (3 < X 4) =
f.
P(X = 2) = 0
g.
4 1
P ( X < 5) = P (1 X 4) =
=1
4 1
h.
i.
x2
1
x dx =
6
3
4
1
f(x)
1
5
x
5
16 1 5
= =
6 6 2
2 =
t
x 1
=
.
31
3
1 , if 0 x 5
f ( x) = 5
0, otherwise
1
4 2 1
x dx 2
1
3
x3
=
9
dt =
F(x)
3.5 1 2.5 5
=
=
4 1
3
6
c.
x1
if x < 1
0,
x 1
Thus F ( x ) =
, if 1 x 4
3
if x > 4.
1,
2 1 1
=
P ( X < 2) = F (2) =
3
3
2
2
P (1 < X < 3) = F (3) F (1) = 0 =
3
3
f(x)
1
3
If 1 x 4, F ( x) =
b.
3 1 2
=
50 5
c.
5 4.5 0.5 1
=
=
50
5 10
d. P(X = 4) = 0
5
2
1
64 1 25
=
9 9 4
25
= 7
4
3
=
4
3
3
Thus, =
=
.
4
2
e.
P ( X > 2) = P (2 < X 5) =
52 3
=
50 5
f.
P ( X < 5) = P (0 X 5) =
50
=1
50
g.
P ( X > 5) =
h.
659
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
5
0
0dx = 0
x2
1
x dx =
10
5
=
0
25
5
0 =
10
2
i.
5 21
x dx 2
0
5
x3
5
=
15
2
0
c.
x3
a+b
=
3(b a )
2
a
125 25 25 25 25
=
0
=
=
3
4 12
15
4
Thus =
j.
25
5
5 3
=
=
.
12
6
12
If 0 x 5, F ( x) =
x1
dt =
t
x
=
50 5
1
2
1
3.5 1
5 5
b 2 + ab + a 2 a 2 + 2ab + b 2
3
4
k dx = 1
kx a = 1
k (b a ) = 1
F(x)
1
ba
Thus X is uniformly distributed.
k=
b. If a x b
F ( x) =
1 , if a x b
f ( x) = b a
otherwise
0,
=
=
b3 a 3 ( a + b ) 2
3(b a )
4
6. a.
b.
b 2 2ab + a 2 (b a )2
=
12
12
ba
.
Thus =
12
5. a.
0, if x < 0
Thus F ( x) = 5x , if 0 x 5
1, if x > 5
P (1 < X < 3.5) = F (3.5) F (1) =
2
2 = x2
dx
a
b
a
b
a
x
a
1
1
xa
dt =
t =
ba
ba a ba
if x < a
0,
Thus F ( x ) = bxaa
x2
1
x
dx =
2(b a )
ba
a
7.
b a
a+b
=
2(b a )
2
if a x b
if x > b
3e3 x , if x 0
f ( x) =
if x < 0
0,
a.
= e 3 x
4
1
= e 12 + e3
0.04978
b.
P ( X < 4) = 3e3 x dx
0
= e 3 x
12
4
0
= e
+1
0.99999
660
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 16.1
P ( X > 6) = 1 P ( X 6)
c.
= 1 3e 3 x dx
0
= e
= 1 (e18 + 1)
= e 18 0.00000
1 1
= .
k 3
1
= 3e
3 x
= e 3 x
2.5
e.
0 0.5e
dx
0.5 x
c
0
e0.5c =
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0.5c = ln 2
c = 2 ln 2
0.5c = ln
3 x
dx
3 x
= lim (e
3 x
= lim (e
3r
r
r
dx
9. a.
)
0
F ( x) = P ( X x) =
kx dx = 1
kx 2
2
+ 1)
= 0 +1 = 1
f.
dx =
e 0.5c + 1 =
3e
r 0
= lim
+ 1 0.918
e0.5 x
f ( x) dx = 0 3e
P (0 < X < c) =
= e 3 + 1
0.95021
e.
d. P(X = 4) = 0
=1
0
8k = 1
1
k=
8
f (t ) dt
If x 0,
x
F ( x) = 3e3t dt = e3t
0 if
Thus F ( x ) = 3 x
+ 1 if
e
8.
= e3 x + 1.
b.
x<0
P (2 < X < 3) =
3x
2
dx =
x2
16
=
2
9 4
16 16
5
=
16
x0
0.5e0.5 x , if x 0
f ( x) =
if x < 0
0,
c.
4
x
x2
P ( X > 2.5) =
dx =
2.5 8
16
4
2.5
a.
P ( X > 4) = 1 P ( X 4) = 1 0.5e0.5 x dx
0
= 1 e 0.5 x
b.
25 39
= 1
=
0.609
64 64
) 0 = 1 ( e2 + 1) = e2 0.135
4
2.6
0.5
2.6
0.5
0.5e0.5 x dx
e.
661
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
x3
64
= x dx =
=
0 =
0 8
24
24
3
0
f.
=
= 8
4 2 x
x dx 2
0
8
c.
8
8 2 2
=
=
9
3
3
=
0
d.
1
2
10. a.
4
3
11. P( X 7) =
x
1 dx
2
1
x
7
dx =
=
0 10
10 0 10
7
10
x2
1
= 5 min
E ( X ) = x dx =
0
20
10
0
10
x
dx
3 8
4
12 11.93
0.07 1
=
=
12.07 11.93 0.14 2
P(X = 12) = 0
12.07
1
E( X ) =
x
dx
11.93 12.07 11.93
12.07 x
=
dx
11.93 0.14
16 9
7
= =
16 16 16
P (2 X 4) = 1
4 x
2 2 + k dx = 1
4
x2
+ kx = 1
2
(4 + 4k ) (1 + 2k ) = 1
2 k = 2
k = 1
x2
0.28
12.07
= 12 oz
11.93
= 1 3e3 x dx = 1 e3 x
= 1 e 3 + 1 0.050
x2
x
= 1 dx =
x
2.5 2
4
2.5
4
10 / 3
2
10 / 3
c2 = 8
c = 2 2
We choose c = 2 2 since 0 < c < 4.
x2
=
16
P (2 < X < ) =
x2
=
x
4
2
25 10
4
= (1 2) =
9
3
c2 1
=
16 2
h.
32
4
10
= 8 2 =
3
3
3
1
2
cx
1
0 8 dx = 2
c
4 x2
P ( X < c) =
x2
16
= x 1 dx = x dx
2 2
2 2
x3 x 2
=
6
2
64 8
=
9 9
Thus =
g.
x4
8
=
32
3
0
25 5 15
= (4 4) =
= 0.9375
16 2 16
662
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
)0
1
14. P ( X 3) =
3 2 2 x
5
0
= e
65
dx = e
Section 16.2
25 x
e.
+ 1 0.699
P ( X > 5) = 1 P( X 5) = 1
= 1 e
0.135
52 x
5 2 2 x
5
0
dx
f.
2
= 1 (e + 1)
0
Problems 16.2
1. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
2. a.
b.
c.
d.
1
1
1
1
P Z < = P < Z < = 2A
2
2
2
2
= 2(0.1915)
= 0.3830
3.
P ( Z < z0 ) = 0.5517
0.5 + A ( z0 ) = 0.5517
A( z0 ) = 0.0517
z0 = 0.13
4.
P ( Z < z0 ) = 0.0668
0.5 A ( z0 ) = 0.0668
A( z0 ) = 0.4332
z0 = 1.5
z0 = 1.5
5.
P ( Z > z0 ) = 0.8599
0.5 + A ( z0 ) = 0.8599
A( z0 ) = 0.3599
z0 = 1.08
z0 = 1.08
6.
P ( Z > z0 ) = 0.4129
0.5 A ( z0 ) = 0.4129
A( z0 ) = 0.0871
z0 = 0.22
663
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
9. a.
b.
c.
27 16
0.5 A ( z0 ) = 0.0401
A ( z0 ) = 0.4599
z0 = 1.75
10 16
Since
14
b.
= 1.75
= 1.75
so =
4
4
10. a.
54 40
14
=8.
1.75
16. Case 1.
150 200
40
x 16
= A 0
= 0.4641 . Thus
2.25
x0 16
= 1.8 , so x0 = 20.05 .
2.25
Case 2.
250 200
210 200
= P
<Z<
40
40
< Z < 0
P ( x0 < X < 16 ) = P 0
2.25
x 16
= A 0
= 0.4641 . Thus
2.25
x 16
0
= 1.8 , so x0 = 11.95 .
2.25
2 (3)
1
= P Z > = 0.5 A
2
2
= 0.5 0.1915 = 0.3085
30
= 0.20. Thus
P ( X x0 ) = P Z 0
10
x 65
x0 65
0.5 A 0
= 0.20 or A 10 = 0.30.
10
x0 65
Hence
0.84.
10
so x0 73.4 74.
7 8
664
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 16.3
Principles in Practice 16.3
b.
45
1 3
and = npq = 60 =
3.35 .
4
4 4
Converting the correct X-values 19.5 and 20.5 to
Z-values gives
19.5 15
z1 =
1.34
5000
= P( Z < 2.8)
= 0.5 A(2.8)
= 0.5 0.4974
= 0.0026
0.0026(10,000) = 26 people have yearly
incomes less than $46,000.
45
4
z2 =
5000
= P ( Z > 3)
= 0.5 A(3)
= 0.5 0.4987
= 0.0013
0.0013(10,000) = 13 people have yearly
incomes over $75,000.
45
4
1.64
20.5 15
125 100.4
11.6
52.5 60
= 1.25
6
P(X 52) = P(X 52.5)
P(Z 1.25) = 0.5 A(1.25)
= 0.5 0.3944 = 0.1056
73.5 60
= P(Z 2.25)
= 0.5 A(2.25)
= 0.5 0.4878 = 0.0122
z=
Thus P Z > 0
= 0.90 or
11.6
x 100.4
0.5 + A 0
= 0.90 . Hence
11.6
x 100.4
= 0.4 , so
A 0
11.6
x 100.4
0
= 1.28 or x0 = 85.552 85.6 .
11.6
10.5
10.5
= P (1.08 Z 1.39)
= A(1.39) A(1.08)
= 0.4177 0.3599
= 0.0578
P ( X 18) = P ( X 18.5)
18.5 15
PZ
10.5
= P ( Z 1.08)
= 0.5 + A(1.08)
= 0.5 + 0.3599
= 0.8599
44.5 50
60.5 50
P
Z
125
125
3
3
= np = 50, = npq =
48
48
48
48
= P (0.65 Z 0.79)
= A(0.79) A(0.65)
= 0.2852 0.2422
= 0.0430
P (110 X 135)
= P (109.5 X 135.5)
135.5 120
109.5 120
P
Z
48
48
= P (1.52 Z 2.24)
= A(1.52) + A(2.24)
= 0.4357 + 0.4875
= 0.9232
6.5 6
P ( X 7) = P( X 6.5) P Z
5.4
PZ
4.6875
= P ( Z 0.12)
= 0.5 A(0.12)
= 0.5 0.0478
= 0.4522
666
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 16 Review
12. Let X = the number of subjects that choose the
cola from the sponsoring company. Then X is
binomial with n = 35, p = 0.5, q = 0.5,
= np = 17.5, = npq = 8.75 2.96
P ( X 25) = P( X 24.5)
24.5 17.5
= PZ
8.75
= P( Z 2.37)
= 0.5 A(2.37) = 0.5 0.4911
= 0.0089
PZ
2.5
= P( Z 0.00)
= 0.5 A(0.00)
= 0.5 0
= 0.5
If n = 100, then = 100(0.5) = 50,
= npq = 100(0.5)(0.5) = 25 = 5
P ( X 60) = P( X 59.5)
59.5 50
= PZ
= P( Z 1.9)
= 0.5 A(1.9)
= 0.5 0.4713
= 0.0287
P (0 X 1) = 1
1 1
0 3 + kx
dx = 1
x kx3
+
=1
3
3
0
1 k
+ =1
3 3
k 2
=
3 3
k=2
9.5 5
PZ
3.75
= P ( Z 2.32)
= 0.5 A(2.32)
= 0.5 0.4898
= 0.0102
b.
3/ 4 1
3
1
2
P < X < =
+ 2 x dx
1/
2
4
2
3
3/ 4
3/ 4
x 2 x3
1
= +
= x + 2 x3
3
3
3
1/ 2
1/ 2
1 3 27 1 1 9
= + + =
3 4 32 2 4 32
PZ
= P ( Z 1.83)
= 0.5 A(1.83)
= 0.5 0.4664
= 0.0336
c.
1 1
1
P X = + 2 x 2 dx
1/
2
2
3
1
1
x 2 x3
1
= +
= x + 2 x3
3
3
3
1/ 2
1/ 2
1
1 1 3
= (1 + 2) + =
3
2 4 4
667
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
4
4
x 1
d. If 0 x 1, F ( x) = + 2t 2 dt
0 3
t 2t 3
x 2 x3
= +
= +
3 3
3
0 3
10 20
if x < 0
0,
3
Therefore, F ( x) = 3x + 23x , if 0 x 1
if x > 1
1,
2.
23 20
1 e(1/ 3) x , if x 0
f ( x) = 3
if x < 0
0,
P ( X > 2) = 1 P( X 2) = 1
2 1 (1/ 3) x
dx
33 20
23 20
<Z<
10. P (23 < X < 33) = P
4
4
= P (0.75 < Z < 3.25)
= A(3.25) A(0.75)
= 0.4994 0.2734
= 0.2260
1/ 3 x 2
= 1 e ( ) = 1 e2 / 3 + 1
= e2 / 3 0.513
3. a.
b.
2 x3
2
x x dx =
75
25
5
0
=
0
10
3
22.75
22.75
= P(2.20 Z 2.62) = A(2.20) + A(2.62)
= 0.4861 + 0.4956 = 0.9817
2
x dx 2
25
2 = x2
0
x4
10
=
50
3
0
=
625 100 25
=
50
9
18
22.75
22.75
= P(2.62 Z 2.83) = A(2.83) A(2.62)
= 0.4977 0.4956 = 0.0021
25
Thus =
1.18.
18
4. P ( X < 5) =
=
51
1
x
dx =
dx =
2 62
2 4
42
5
5 2 3
=
4 4 4
22 20
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
PZ
125
669
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Chapter 17
Principles in Practice 17.1
1. a.
14. P(3, 4) =
1.
2.
5 4
9
9
=
= 1
25 16 9
9. F(2, 0, 1) = 3
2(1)
2
=
(0 + 1)(3) 3
3
11.
f ( x0 + h, y0 ) = e( x0 + h ) + y0 = e x0 + h + y0
12.
f (r + t , r ) = (r + t ) 2 r 3r 3 = r t 2 + 2rt 2r 2
13.
8. g (8, 4) = 8 4 + 10 = 8(2) + 10 = 16 + 10 = 26
10. F (1, 0, 3) =
3
64
6. h(1, 5, 3, 1) = ln(1 1) = ln 1 = 0
3!1!
4. g (3, 1, 2)
3!(4 3)!
( 14 ) ( 34 ) =
4!
4 3
Problems 17.1
3(3)
5. h(3, 3, 5, 4) =
( 14 ) ( 34 )
4!
6
3
400(400)
= 2000
80
670
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 17.1
z
6
the parabola z = 4 x 2 .
z
4
0, 0, .
5
1
5
1
2
parabola y = z 2 .
1
3
y
x
671
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
28. 3x 2 + 2 y 2 = 1
7. g ( p, q ) =
pq = ( pq) 2
g p ( p, q ) =
1
q
1
( pq ) 2 q =
2
2 pq
g q ( p, q ) =
1
p
1
( pq) 2 p =
2
2 pq
1
g w ( w, z ) = ( w2 + z 2 )
3
3
8. g ( w, z ) = w2 + z 2 = w2 + z 2
y
x
g z ( w, z ) =
Problems 17.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
f ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 + 3 y 2 7
f x ( x, y ) = 4(2 x) + 0 + 0 = 8 x
f y ( x, y ) = 0 + 3(2 y ) + 0 = 6 y
23
s2 + 4
t 3
1
2s
hs ( s, t ) =
(2 s ) =
t 3
t 3
1
3
2w
(2w) =
3 w2 + z 2
(2 z ) =
2
3
2z
3 w2 + z 2
2
3
9. h( s, t ) =
f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 3xy
f x ( x, y ) = 2(2 x) + 3(1) y = 4 x + 3 y
f y ( x, y ) = 0 + 3x(1) = 3 x
(t 3)2
f ( x, y ) = 2 y + 1
f x ( x, y ) = 0 + 0 = 0
f y ( x, y ) = 2(1) + 0 = 2
10. h(u , v) =
8uv 2
u 2 + v2
(u 2 + v2 ) (1) u(2u)
2
(u 2 + v2 )
8v 2 ( v 2 u 2 )
=
2
(u 2 + v2 )
u 2 + v 2 ) (2v) v 2 (2v)
(
hv (u, v) = 8u
2
(u 2 + v2 )
f ( x, y ) = ln 2
f x ( x, y ) = 0
f y ( x, y ) = 0
hu (u, v) = 8v 2
5. g ( x, y ) = 3 x 4 y + 2 xy 2 5 xy + 8 x 9 y
g x ( x, y ) = 3(4) x3 y + 2(1) y 2 5(1) y + 8(1)
= 12 x3 y + 2 y 2 5 y + 8
6. g ( x, y ) = ( x + 1) 2 + ( y 3)3 + 5 xy 3 2
g x ( x, y ) = 2( x + 1) + 0 + 5(1) y 3 0
= 2( x + 1) + 5 y 3
1 2
w + z2
3
2
3
( )
g y ( x, y ) = 0 + 3( y 3)2 + 5 x 3 y 2 0
= 3( y 3)2 + 15 xy 2
672
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
16u 3v
(u 2 + v2 )
Section 17.2
1
1
ln(q1 + 2) + ln(q2 + 5)
2
3
1
1
1
uq1 ( q1 , q2 ) =
+0 =
2 q1 + 2
2(q1 + 2)
11. u ( q1 , q2 ) =
1
1
1
uq2 ( q1 , q2 ) = 0 +
=
3 q2 + 5 3(q2 + 5)
13. h( x, y ) =
x 2 + 3 xy + y 2
hx ( x, y ) =
(
=
=
x2 + y2
x2 + y 2
x2 + y2
1
2
[2 x + 3 y ] x 2 + 3xy + y 2 12 x 2 + y 2 2 (2 x)
) (
2
2
x +y
1
2
) ( x2 + y 2 ) (2 x + 3 y) ( x2 + 3xy + y2 ) x
12
x2 + y 2
2 x3 + 3 x 2 y + 2 xy 2 + 3 y 3 x3 3 x 2 y xy 2
h y ( x, y ) =
x2 + y2
x2 + y 2
1
2
3
2
x3 + xy 2 + 3 y3
x2 + y2
3
2
[3 x + 2 y ] x 2 + 3 xy + y 2 12 x 2 + y 2 2 (2 y )
) (
2
2
x +y
1
2
x 2 + y 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) (3x + 2 y ) ( x 2 + 3 xy + y 2 ) y
(
=
12
x2 + y2
3x3 + 2 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + 2 y 3 x 2 y 3xy 2 y 3
( x2 + y 2 )
3
2
3 x3 + x 2 y + y 3
( x2 + y2 )
3
2
673
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14. h( x, y ) =
x+9
2
x y + y2 x
x 2 y + y 2 x ) 12 ( x + 9) ( x + 9) ( 2 xy + y 2 )
(
hx ( x, y ) =
2
( x2 y + y 2 x )
1 ( x + 9) x 2 y + y 2 x 2( x + 9) 2 xy + y 2
(
)
2
=
2
( x2 y + y 2 x )
1
2
1
2
1
2
y x 2 + xy 2( x + 9)(2 x + y )
=
1
2
2
2( x + 9) [ xy ( x + y ) ]
y x 2 + xy 4 x 2 36 x 2 xy 18 y 3 x 2 + xy + 36 x + 18 y
=
=
1
2 x 2 y x + 9( x + y )2
2( x + 9) 2 x 2 y 2 ( x + y ) 2
(
) , then
2
hy ( x, y ) = x + 9(1) ( x 2 y + y 2 x ) ( x 2 + 2 xy )
x + 9 ( x 2 + 2 xy ) x x + 9( x + 2 y ) x + 9( x + 2 y )
=
=
=
2
2 2
x 2 y 2 ( x + y )2
xy 2 ( x + y )2
x
y
y
x
+
(
)
Since h( x, y ) = x + 9 x 2 y + y 2 x
15. z = e5 xy
z
z
= e5 xy (5 y ) = 5 ye5 xy ;
= e5 xy (5 x) = 5 xe5 xy
x
y
16. z = ( x 2 + y 2 )e2 x +3 y +1
z
= ( x 2 + y 2 )[e2 x +3 y +1 (2)] + e2 x +3 y +1[2 x] = (2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 x)e2 x + 3 y +1
x
z
= ( x 2 + y 2 )[e2 x +3 y +1 (3)] + e2 x +3 y +1[2 y ] = (3 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 y )e2 x + 3 y +1
y
17. z = 5 x ln x 2 + y
2 x2
z
(2 x) + ln x 2 + y [1] = 5
= 5 x
+ ln x 2 + y
2
2
x
x + y
x + y
z
5x
[1] =
= 5x
x2 + y x2 + y
y
674
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Section 17.2
19.
)
3r 2 2s + ( r 3 2rs + s 2 ) 1 (r + 2s )
2
f (r , s ) = (r + 2 s ) 2 r 3 2rs + s 2
1
f r (r , s) = (r + 2s) 2
= r + 2 s 3r 2 2s +
f s (r , s ) = (r + 2s)
1
2
(1)
r 3 2rs + s 2
2 r + 2s
[ 2r + 2s ] + ( r 3 2rs + s 2 )
= 2( s r ) r + 2 s +
20.
1
2
1
1
(r + 2s ) 2 (2)
2
r 3 2rs + s 2
r + 2s
f (r , s ) = (rs ) 2 e 2+ r
1
s 2+ r
12
1
2 (rs ) ( s ) = rs + 2 rs e
2+ r
1
1
re
f s (r , s ) = e 2+ r (rs ) 2 (r ) =
2
2 rs
21.
f (r , s ) = e3 r ln(7 s )
f r (r , s ) = ln(7 s ) e3 r (1) = e3 r ln(7 s )
3 r
1
e
f s ( r , s ) = e 3 r
(1) =
7 s
s7
22.
(
)
f r (r , s ) = ( 5r 2 + 3s3 ) [2] + (2r 5s )[10r ] = 2 ( 5r 2 + 3s3 ) + 10r (2r 5s )
f s (r , s ) = ( 5r 2 + 3s3 ) [5] + (2r 5s ) 9 s 2 = 5 ( 5r 2 + 3s3 ) + 9s 2 (2r 5s )
f (r , s ) = 5r 2 + 3s3 (2r 5s )
23. g ( x, y, z ) = 2 x3 y 2 + 2 xy 3 z + 4 z 2
g x ( x, y, z ) = 2 y 2 (3 x 2 ) + 2 y 3 z (1) + 0 = 6 x 2 y 2 + 2 y 3 z
g y ( x, y, z ) = 2 x3 (2 y ) + 2 xz (3 y 2 ) + 0 = 4 x3 y + 6 xy 2 z
g z ( x, y, z ) = 0 + 2 xy 3 (1) + 4(2 z ) = 2 xy3 + 8 z
675
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24. g ( x, y, z ) = 2 xy 2 z 6 4 x 2 y 3 z 2 + 3 xyz
g x ( x, y, z ) = 2(1) y 2 z 6 4(2 x) y 3 z 2 + 3(1) yz
= 2 y 2 z 6 8 xy 3 z 2 + 3 yz
g y ( x, y, z ) = 2 x(2 y ) z 6 4 x 2 (3 y 2 ) z 2 + 3 x(1) z
= 4 xyz 6 12 x 2 y 2 z 2 + 3 xz
g z ( x, y, z ) = 2 xy 2 (6 z 5 ) 4 x 2 y3 (2 z ) + 3 xy (1)
= 12 xy 2 z 5 8 x 2 y 3 z + 3xy
25. g (r , s, t ) = e s +t (r 2 + 7 s3 )
g r (r , s, t ) = e s +t [2r + 0] = 2re s +t
(
)
= ( 7 s3 + 21s 2 + r 2 ) e s +t
gt (r , s, t ) = ( r 2 + 7 s3 ) e s +t (1) = e s + t ( r 2 + 7 s3 )
g s (r , s, t ) = e s +t 0 + 21s 2 + r 2 + 7 s3 e s +t (1)
gt (r , s, t , u ) = rs
(2) =
2t + 5u 2t + 5u
5rs
1
gu (r , s, t , u ) = rs
(5) =
2t + 5u 2t + 5u
27.
f ( x, y ) = x 3 y + 7 x 2 y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 y + 14 xy 2
f x (1, 2) = 3(1)2 (2) + 14(1)(2)2 = 50
28. z = 2 x3 + 5 xy + 2 y 2
z
6 x2 + 5 y
=
x 2 2 x3 + 5 xy + 2 y 2
z
5
=
x (0, 1) 2 2
29. g ( x, y, z ) = e x y + 2 z
1
1
g z ( x, y, z ) = e x ( y + 2 z ) 2 (2) =
2
g z (0, 6, 4) =
1
6+8
ex
y + 2z
1
14
676
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Section 17.2
3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xy + x y
xy yz + xz
30. g ( x, y, z ) =
g y ( x, y , z ) =
( xy yz + xz )(6 x 2 y + 2 x 1) (3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xy + x y )( x z )
( xy yz + xz )2
(1 5 + 5)(6 + 2 1) (3 + 2 + 1 1)(1 5)
g y (1, 1, 5) =
(1 5 + 5) 2
= 27
7t s 2 + tu
2r + 7 st
) + 2s ln(2r + 7st )
hs (1, 0, 0, 1) = 0
7 r + 3s 2 u 2
s
ht (r , s, t , u ) = 0
32. h(r , s, t , u ) =
ht (4, 3, 2, 1) = 0
33.
f (r , s, t ) = rst r 2 + s3 + t 4 = r 3 st + rs 4t + rst 5
( )
34. z =
x2 + y2
ex
+y
= ( x 2 + y 2 )e ( x
+ y2 )
2
2
2
2
z
= (2 x)e ( x + y ) + ( x 2 + y 2 )e ( x + y ) (2 x)
x
= 2 xe( x
z
x
x =0
y =0
+ y2 )
= 2(0)e0 [1 (0)] = 0
By symmetry,
z
y
x =1
y =1
[1 ( x 2 + y 2 )]
2
2
z
= 2 ye ( x + y ) [1 ( x 2 + y 2 )].
y
= 2(1)e2 [1 (2)] =
2
e2
35. z = xe x y + ye y x
z x y x y y x
= xe
+e
+ ye
(1)
x
z x y
= xe
(1) + ye y x + e y x
y
z z
Thus
+
= e x y + e y x , as was to be shown.
x y
677
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(1 + r )1 z ln(1 + r )
36. u = f (t , r , z ) =
(1 + r )1 z t
u
(1 + r )1 z
= ln(1 + r )
z
z (1 + r )1 z t
= ln(1 + r )
(1 + r )1 z t (1 + r )1 z (1 + r )1 z (1 + r )1 z 0
z
(1 + r )1 z t
t z (1 + r )1 z
= ln(1 + r )
(1 + r )1 z t
= ln(1 + r )
t (1 + r )1 z ln(1 + r )[1]
(1 + r )1 z t
t (1 + r )1 z ln 2 (1 + r )
(1 + r )1 z t
, as was to be shown.
bT iC
+
C
2
F
bT iC
bT i
=
+
=
+
C C C C 2
C2 2
37. F (b, C , T , i ) =
38. From =
r
D
r
D
rL = r + D
rL = r +
, we have
r
r
=
. Substituting into Equation (3) gives
D D
r
dC
+
D dD
dC
dD
1 dC
rL = r 1 + +
dD
+ 1 dC
rL = r
+
dD
1 + dC
rL = r
+
dD
which is Equation (4).
39. R = f (r , a, n) =
( )
1 + a n21
n 1
= r (1) 1 + a
n
2
n 1
= r 1 + a
a
ra
=
2
2
2 1 + a n21
( )
678
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Section 17.3
Problems 17.3
P
P
= A l k 1 = Al k =
k
k
k
b.
1. c = 7 x + 0.3 y 2 + 2 y + 900
c.
c
= 0.6 y + 2
y
When x = 20 and y = 30, then
c
= 0.6(30) + 2 = 20 .
y
7.
2. c = x x + y + 5000
x
c
=
+ x+ y
x 2 x+ y
qA
qA
qB
qB
= 50 ,
=2,
= 4,
= 20
pA
pB
qA
pB
qA
qB
Since
> 0 and
> 0 the products are
pB
pA
competitive.
8.
c
= 0.09( x + y )2 1.2( x + y ) + 9.5
x
qA
qA
qB
qB
= 1 ,
= 2 ,
= 2 ,
= 3
pA
pB
pA
pB
qA
qB
Since
< 0 and
< 0 the products are
pB
pA
complementary.
9. qA = 100 pA 1 pB 2
1
4. P = 15lk 3l 2 + 5k 2 + 500
P
= 15l + 10k
k
P
= 15k 6l
l
qA
50
1 1 32
pB =
= 100 pA
3
pB
2
2
pA pB
qB
500
1
= 500 pB1 pA =
4
pA
3
3
43
0.357 0.643
5. P = 2.314l
k
P
= 2.314(0.357)l 0.643 k 0.643
l
0.643
k
= 0.826098
l
P
= 2.314(0.643)l 0.357 k 0.357
k
0.357
l
= 1.487902
k
3 pB pA
qB
500
= 500(1) pB2 pA =
1
pB
2 3
13
pB pA
Since
qA
qB
< 0 and
< 0 , the products are
pB
pA
complementary.
10.
6. P = Al k
a.
l
k
l
k
= P + P = P ( + ) = P(1) = P
P
P
= A l 1k = Al k =
l
l
l
P
= 15.18l 0.54 k 0.52
l
P
= 17.16l 0.46 k 0.48
k
If l = 1 and k = 1, then
P
= 17.16
k
679
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P
= 15.18 and
l
11.
P
= 0.01A0.27 B 0.99C 0.01 D 0.23 E 0.09 F 0.27
B
P
= 0.01A0.27 B 0.01C 0.99 D 0.23 E 0.09 F 0.27
C
12. P =
a.
16. = b 1L1
kl
2k + 3l
= (1)b 2 L1
=
2
b
b L
P l (2k + 3l ) kl (2)
3l 2
=
=
k
(2k + 3l )2
(2k + 3l )2
= b 1 (1) L2
=
2
L
bL
P k (2k + 3l ) kl (3)
2k 2
=
=
l
(2k + 3l )2
(2k + 3l )2
1 1 32
1
=
=
3
bL 2
2bL 2
b. When k = l, then
3l 2
2l 2
P P
+
=
+
k l (2l + 3l )2 (2l + 3l )2
17.
25l 2
1
=
5
18. qA = e( pA + pB ) and qB =
a.
Sg
1 2 1 7 Si
= 7 Se 3 Si2 =
Se
3
3 3 S2
e
Si
1
= 7 S e Si
2
1
3
12
2 2
pB
= 16 pA
qA
= e( pA + pB ) < 0
pB
7 S
= e
2 Si
qA
1
= e3 = .
pB
e3
A decrease in the price of B of $20 is a
20
= 0.01. Thus the
decrease in pB of
2000
change in qB is approximately
pA = 2 , then
1
e
(0.01) =
0.01
e3
by approximately
7
S g increases by approximately .
4
15. a.
16
2 2
pA
pB
qB
3 2
= 32 pA
pB < 0
pA
Since both are < 0, A and B are
complementary.
1
2
14. S g = 7 Se Si
Sg
g
1
=
> 0 for VF > 0 . Thus if x increases
x VF
and VF and VS are fixed, then g increases.
z
13.
= 4480 . If a staff manager with an M.B.A.
x
1
3
1 1 1 12
1
1
=
=
bL 2
2bL
5l 2
1 12
1
1 12
=
=
bL
bL
R
R
= 1.015 ;
= 0.846
w
s
680
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
. So demand increases
0.01
e3
unit.
19. a.
Section 17.3
qA
1 3
= 10 pB pA2
pA
2
qA
10 1 12
=
pB
pB
pA 2
qA
20
1 1
= 10(4) =
and
27
pA
2 27
qA 10 1 1 5
=
= .
pB 3 2 4 12
qA 5
= . Hence each $1 reduction in pB decreases qA by
pB 12
5
unit. Thus a $2 reduction in pB (from $16 to $14) decreases the demand for A by
12
5
5
(2) = unit.
approximately
12
6
approximately
20. c =
a.
2
3
qA
qB
+ qA
17
1
2
+ qA qB3 + 600
c
1 2 1 3
= qA
qB + qA
qA 17
2
) (
12
3
+ qB
+ qA
1
2
( 2qA ) + qB3
1
1
1
1 1 2 3
3
qB + qA 2 + 2qA qB
= qA
+ qA 2 + qB3
17 2
c
1 2 1 3
1 2
= qA
qB + qA 2 3qB2 + qA qB 3
qB 17
2
3
1 1
2
1 3 2 2 3
qB qB + qA 2 + qA qB 3
= qA
17 2
3
) ( )
c
1 1
1
1
1
c.
21. a.
R
= 2.5945 0.1608 Er 0.0277 I r
Er
R
R
If Er = 18.8 and I r = 10 , then
= 0.70564 . Since
< 0,
Er
Er
such a candidate should not be so advised.
681
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b.
22. S =
a.
R
= 0.8579 0.0122 N
N
R
If
< 0 , then N > 70.3 70%
N
AT + 450
A+T2
S
=
T
(A+T2 )
(
=
1
2
( A) ( AT + 450) 12 A + T 2 2 (2T )
A+T2
A+T2
) ( A + T 2 ) A ( AT + 450)T = A2 450T
A+T2
(A+T2 )
12
3
2
as was to be shown.
b. We want to find when
902 450T
(90 + T 2 )
3
2
S
9000
S
< 0 and A =
= 90 . First we find when
= 0 and A = 90:
100
T
T
= 0 902 450T = 0 T =
902
= 18 .
450
S
S
> 0 for T < 18, and
< 0 for T > 18. Thus 18 months elapse before the sales volume begins to
T
T
decrease.
23. qA = 1000 50 pA + 2 pB
pA qA pA
=
(50)
qA pA qA
pA =
pB qA pB
=
(2)
qA pB qA
pB =
5
1
and pB =
46
46
24. qA = 60 3 pA 2 pB
pA qA pA
=
(3)
qA pA qA
pA =
pB qA pB
=
(2)
qA pB qA
pB =
5
2
and pB = .
13
13
682
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25. qA =
Section 17.4
z
z
+ 2 x 2 2 z + 2 z 2 (2 x) y = 0
x
x
z
(3z 2 + 4 x 2 z ) = y 4 xz 2
x
z
y 4 xz 2
=
x 3z 2 + 4 x 2 z
100
6. 3z 2
pA pB
p q
p 50
pB = B A = B
3
qA pB qA pA pB
pA =
qA pA 100
=
2
pA qA pA pB
gives pA = 1 and pB =
7. 0 + e y + e z
z
ey
=
= e y z
z
y
e
1
.
2
Problems 17.4
8. xyz + 3 y 3 x 2 ln z 3 = 0 so
z
=0
x
z
4x
2x
=
=
x
10 z
5z
xyz + 3 y 3 x 2 3ln z = 0.
1. 4 x + 0 + 10 z
2. 2 z
xz + xy
z 10 x 5 x
=
=
x 2z
z
z z ( xz 9 y 2 x 2 )
=
y
xyz 3
z
0 8y = 0
y
9.
z 8y
4y
=
=
2
y 6z
3z 2
4. 0 + 2 y + 6 z 2
z
=0
y
z 2 y
y
=
=
y 6z2
3z 2
5. x 2 2 y z 2 + y x 2 z 2 = 20
10.
z
z 2
+ y x2 2 z
+ z 2x = 0
x
x
z
2 x 2 yz 2 z
= 2 x 2 xyz 2
x
2x 0 2z
(
(
z
1 z
+ 9 y 2 x2 3
=0
z y
y
3 z
2 2
xy = xz 9 y x
z y
xyz 3 z
2 2
= xz 9 y x
z y
z
10 x + 0 = 0
x
3. 6 z 2
z
=0
y
) (
) (
)
)
1z
z
+9
y=0
zx
x
1
z
=y
+ 9
z
x
1 + 9z z
=y
z x
z
yz
=
x 9+ z
1
1z
+0
=0
x
zx
1z
1
=
zx
x
z z
=
x x
2
x yz 2 + 1
z 2 x 1 + yz
=
=
x 2 z x2 y 1
z 1 x2 y
683
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+ 6 x x3 + 5 = 0
11. 2 z
y
z
2z
+ 6x = 0
y
15. e yz y
( ye yz
If x = 1, y = 4, z = 1, then
e2
, y = 1, z = 2, then
2
z
2
2
4
=
= 2 = .
2
e
x
e2
e2 + 2e
2
If x =
z
1
= = 1 .
1
x
16.
1
xz + y 2
2
12
+ 2 y x = 0
x
y
x xz + y 2 y
y
z
= x
=
xz + y 2
xz + y 2
2 xz + y 2 y
x
z
z
13. 3x 2 z + 3z 2 + 2 y 2 z 7 y (4 x3 ) = 0
x
x
z
(6 xz + 4 yz ) = 28 x3 y 3 z 2
x
z 28 x3 y 3 z 2
=
x
6 xz + 4 yz
2 x xz + y 2 y
z
=
x
y
If x = 2, y = 2, z = 6, then
z
28(1)3 (0) 3(1) 3
1
=
=
=
x (1, 0, 1) 6(1)(1) 4(0)(1) 6
2
17.
z
= xy
+ z 1
y
y
z
xe zx xy
= xz
y
z
xz
=
y x e zx y
14. e zx x
z 2(2 4 2)
=
=6.
2
y
1z
= 4+0
zx
z
= 4z
x
If x = 5, y = 20, z = 1, then
18.
z
z
=
y e zx y
If x = 1, y = e1 , z = 1, then
z
1
e
=
= .
2
y e1 e1
z
z
=
yz
x
e +x
12. xz(1 + y) 5 = 0
z
x x + z 1 (1 + y ) 0 = 0
z
x
+z=0
x
z
z
=
x
x
z
yz
=
yz
x
y e +x
z 6 x
3x
=
=
z
y 2z
z
z
= y x
+ z 1 .
x
x
z
+ xy
= yz
x
z
= 4.
x
( s2 + t 2 ) 4rs2 rt 2r 2 s2[2t ] = 1
2
( s2 + t 2 )
2
r
4rs 2 ( s 2 + t 2 )
= 4r 2 s 2 t + ( s 2 + t 2 )
t
2 2
2
2 2
r 4r s t + ( s + t )
=
t
4rs 2 ( s 2 + t 2 )
If r = 1, s = 1, t = 1, then
684
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
r 4 + 22
=
= 1.
4(2)
t
19.
(rs ) 2t rt s 2 + t 2 [ s ]
=0
(rs ) 2
(
(
Section 17.5
c
1
c
+
= 9 + qB2 .
qA 2 c qA
1 c
= 9 + qB2 .
1 +
2 c qA
)
)
t
s s2 + t 2 = 0
r
t
2rst
= s s2 + t 2
r
2rst
1 c
13 c
=5,
= 5 , or
1 +
12 qA
12 qA
c 60
=
.
qA 13
2
2
t s s +t
s2 + t 2
=
=
2rst
2rt
r
If r = 1, s = 2, t = 4, then
20.
t 4 + 16 20 5
=
=
= .
r 2 1 4 8 2
1
z
z
1 + + yz + xy
x + y + z x
x
z
z
= e x + y + z + ze x + y + z 1 +
x
x
When x = 0, y = 1, and z = 0, then
1 z
z
1 + + (1)(0) + (0)(1)
1 x
x
z 1
z
1
= e + 0(e ) 1 +
x
1
z
z
z
z
1+
= e , 1 = (e 1),
=
x
x
x
x e 1
qB
c
1
c
+
= qA
qB 2 c qB
9 + qB2
q q
1 c
= A B
1 +
2 c qB
9 + qB2
=
,
=
, or
1 +
12
q
5
12
q
5
B
B
c 288
=
.
qB 65
Problems 17.5
21. c + c = 12 + qA 9 + qB2
a.
1.
f x ( x, y ) = 6(1) y 2 = 6 y 2
f xy ( x, y ) = 6(2 y ) = 12 y
f y ( x, y ) = 6 x(2 y ) = 12 xy
f yx ( x, y ) = 12(1) y = 12 y
2.
f x ( x, y ) = 6 x 2 y 2 + 12 xy 3 3 y
If qA = 6 and qB = 4 , then
c + c = 12 + 6(5) = 42 ,
2
c = 42 c ,
c = (42 c) = 42 84c + c 2 ,
c 2 85c + 1764 = 0 ,
2
85 (85) 4(1)(1764)
2
85 169 85 13
=
=
. Thus c = 49 or
2
2
c = 36. However c = 49 is extraneous but
c = 36 is not. Thus c = 36.
c=
f xx ( x, y ) = 12 xy 2 + 12 y3
3.
f y ( x, y ) = 3
f yy ( x, y ) = 0
f yyx ( x, y ) = 0
685
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4.
(
)
(
)
= (2 x + y ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) + ( x 2 + xy + 1)
2
2
= (2 x + y ) ( 2 x + 2 xy + y + 1)
f xy ( x, y ) = (2 x + y )[2 x + 2 y ] + ( 2 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 + 1) [1]
= ( 4 x 2 + 6 xy + 2 y 2 ) + ( 2 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 + 1)
f x ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 [2 x + y ] + x 2 + xy + 1 [2 x + y ]
= 6 x 2 + 8 xy + 3 y 2 + 1
5.
f y ( x, y ) = 9 e2 xy (2 x) = 18 xe2 xy
f yx ( x, y ) = 18 x e2 xy 2 y + e2 xy (1) = 18e2 xy (2 xy + 1)
f yxy ( x, y ) = 18 e2 xy (2 x) + (2 xy + 1) e2 xy 2 x
6.
f x ( x, y ) =
1
2
x +y
2x
2x =
x + y2
x 2 + y 2 ) [2] (2 x)[2 x] 2 ( y 2 x 2 )
(
f xx ( x, y ) =
=
2
2
2 2
x
+
y
(
)
( x2 + y 2 )
2
4 xy
f xy ( x, y ) = (2 x)(1) ( x 2 + y 2 ) [2 y ] =
2
( x2 + y2 )
7.
f ( x, y ) = ( x + y )2 ( xy ) = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 ( xy ) = x3 y + 2 x 2 y 2 + xy 3
2
f x ( x, y ) = 3x y + 4 xy + y
f y ( x, y ) = x3 + 4 x 2 y + 3xy 2
f xx ( x, y ) = 6 xy + 4 y 2
f yy ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 + 6 xy
8.
f x ( x, y, z ) = 2 xy3 z 4
f xz ( x, y, z ) = 8 xy 3 z 3
f z ( x, y , z ) = 4 x 2 y 3 z 3
f zx ( x, y, z ) = 8 xy 3 z 3
686
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9. z = e
x2 + y 2
z
=e
y
2
z
y 2
Section 17.5
x2 + y 2
2y
2 x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
ye
x2 + y2
zy
x2 + y2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
y
x 2 + y 2 e x + y + y e x + y 2 2 ye x + y 2 2
x +y
x +y
x2 + y2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y2
( x2 + y 2 ) e x + y + e x + y 2 2 y 2e x + y
x +y
=
2
2 3/ 2
(x + y )
2
2 x2 + y 2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 y 2
= e x +y
( x 2 + y 2 )3 / 2
=e
= z
10.
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
( x 2 + y 2 )3 / 2
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
( x 2 + y 2 )3 / 2
z 1
1
2x
(2 x) =
=
x y x2 + 5
y x2 + 5
2z
2x 1
2x
=
2 =
2
2
y x x + 5 y
y x2 + 5
11.
f y ( x, y , z ) = 0
f yx ( x, y, z ) = 0
f yxx ( x, y, z ) = 0
f x ( x, y , z ) = z 2 6 x 4 y 3
f xy ( x, y, z ) = z 2 12 y 2 = 12 y 2 z 2
2
13.
f k (l , k ) = 18l 3 k 5 14l 2 k 6
f kl (l , k ) = 54l 2 k 5 28lk 6
687
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14.
f x ( x, y ) = 9 x 2 y 2 + y 2 xy 2
19.
f xx ( x, y ) = 18 xy 2 2 y 2
f y ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 y + 20 y3
f xxy ( x, y ) = 36 xy 4 y
f xy ( x, y ) = 8 xy
f yx ( x, y ) = 8 xy
f xy = 18 x y + 1 4 xy
Thus f xy ( x, y ) = f yx ( x, y ) .
f xyx = 36 xy 4 y = f xxy ( x, y )
f x ( x, y ) = y 2 e x +
f xy ( x, y ) = 2 ye
20.
f x ( x, y ) = ye xy
f xx ( x, y ) = y 2 e xy
1
x
f xy ( x, y ) = y ( xe xy ) + e xy (1) = e xy ( xy + 1)
f y ( x, y ) = xe xy
f xyy ( x, y ) = 2e x
f yy ( x, y ) = x 2 e xy
f x ( x, y ) = 24 x 2 + 4 xy 2
f yx ( x, y ) = x( ye xy ) + e xy (1) = e xy ( xy + 1)
Thus, f xx ( x, y ) + f xy ( x, y ) + f yx ( x, y ) + f yy ( x, y )
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 6 y 2 + 2 x
= y 2 e xy + e xy ( xy + 1) + e xy ( xy + 1) + x 2 e xy
f xy ( x, y ) = 12 y
= e xy ( x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 + 2)
Thus f xy (1, 1) = 12 .
17.
c 1 2
= 3qA + qB3 + 4
qB 3
= f ( x, y )(( x + y )2 + 2)
) (3qB2 )
23
2
3
= qB2 3qA
+ qB
+4
21.
x 2 + y 2 ) (2) (2 x)(2 x) 2 ( y 2 x 2 )
(
=
=
2
2
2 2
x2
x
+
y
(
)
( x2 + y 2 )
23
2c
2
2
3
= qB2 3qA
+ qB
+4
3
qA qB
2z
53
2
= 4qA qB2 3qA
+ qB3 + 4
( 6qA )
z
2y
=
y x2 + y2
53
x 2 + y 2 ) (2) (2 y )(2 y ) 2 ( x 2 y 2 )
(
=
=
2
2
2 2
y2
x
+
y
(
)
( x2 + y 2 )
2
2
2
2
2z 2z 2( y x ) 2( x y )
+
=
+
=0
2
2
x2 y 2
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
2z
z
2x
=
x x2 + y 2
2c
4
1
5
= 4(8) 3 =
= .
32
8
qA qB
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x 3 y 4 + 9 x 2 y 2 7
f xy ( x, y ) = 16 x3 y 3 + 18 x 2 y
22. 6 z
f xx ( x, y ) = 12 x 2 y 4 + 18 xy 2
z
6 x2 = 0
x
z 6 x 2 x 2
=
=
x 6 z
z
f xyx ( x, y ) = 48 x 2 y 3 + 36 xy
f xxy ( x, y ) = 48 x 2 y 3 + 36 xy
2 z
x 2
z (2 x ) x 2
688
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
z2
z
x
2 xz x 2
z2
( ) = 2xz
x2
z
x4
z3
23. 2 z
Section 17.6
z
+ 2y = 0
y
Problems 17.6
z
2y
y
=
=
y
2z
z
2z
y2
z (1) y zy
z2
( )=z
y
zy z
1. z = 5x + 3y , x = 2r + 3s, y = r 2s
z zx z y
=
+
= (5)(2) + (3)(1) = 13
r x r y r
2
z2
z zx z y
=
+
= (5)(3) + (3)(2) = 9
s x s y s
+ y2
z3
2z
y
3x 2
z
2. z = 2 x 2 + 3xy + 2 y 2 , x = r 2 s 2 , y = r 2 + s 2
z z x z y
=
+
r x r y r
= (4 x + 3 y )(2r ) + (3x + 4 y )(2r )
= 14r ( x + y )
z z x z y
=
+
s x s y s
= (4 x + 3 y )(2 s ) + (3 x + 4 y )(2 s )
= 2 s ( x y )
(Eq. 1).
24. 2 z 2 = x 2 + 2 xy + xz
Differentiating both sides of Eq. 1 with respect to
y:
z
z
z
4z
= 2x + x
, (4 z x)
= 2x ,
y
y
y
z
2x
=
.
y 4z x
3. z = e x + y , x = t 2 + 3, y = t 3
dz t dx z dy
=
+
dt x dt y dt
4z
= 2x + 2 y + x
+ z (1) ,
x
x
z
z 2x + 2 y + z
(4 z x)
= 2x + 2 y + z ,
.
=
x
x
4z x
z
Differentiating
with respect to x:
y
= e x + y (2t ) + e x + y t1/ 2
2
3
x+ y
=e
t
2t +
2
4. z = 8 x + y , x = t 2 + 3t + 4 , y = t 3 + 4
dz z dx z dy
=
+
dt x dt y dt
(4 z x)[1] x 4 x 1
2z
= 2
x y
(4 z x)2
4(2 x + 2 y + z )
(4 z x) x 4 z x
= 2
(4 z x )2
= 2
= 2
(4 z x) 2 x[4(2 x + 2 y + z ) (4 z x)]
(4 z x)
= 16
(4 z x)3
2 z 2 xz x 2 xy
(4 z x)3
( x2 + 2 xy + xz ) xz x2 xy
16 xy
(4 z x)3
(2t + 3) +
3t 2 + 16t + 24
16 z 8 xz 8 x 2 8 xy
= 16
4
8x + y
(4 z x)3
689
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2 8x + y
1
2 8x + y
(3t 2 )
5. w = x 2 z 2 + xyz + yz 2 , x = 5t, y = 2t + 3, z = 6 t
dw w dx w dy w dz
=
+
+
dt x dt y dt t dt
(
) (
)
= 5 ( 2 xz 2 + yz ) + 2 ( xz + z 2 ) ( 2 x 2 z + xy + 2 yz )
6. w = ln x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , x = 2 3t, y = t 2 + 3 , z = 4 t
dw w dx w dy w dz
=
+
+
dt x dt y dt z dt
=
=
2x
2
(3) +
x +y +z
2(3 x 2 yt + z )
2y
2
x +y +z
(2t ) +
2z
2
x + y2 + z2
(1)
x2 + y2 + z 2
7. z = x 2 + xy 2
) , x = r + s + t, y = 2r 3s + 8t
3
z zx z y
=
+
t x t y t
(
) ( 2x + y 2 )[1] + 3( x2 + xy2 )
2
= 3 ( x 2 + xy 2 ) ( 2 x + y 2 + 16 xy )
= 3 x 2 + xy 2
(2 xy )[8]
8. z = x 2 + y 2 , x = r 2 + s t , y = r s + t
x
y
2 xr + y
z zx z y
=
+
=
(2r ) +
(1) =
r x r y r
x2 + y 2
x2 + y2
x2 + y 2
9. w = x 2 + xyz + z 2 , x = r 2 s 2 , y = rs, z = r 2 + s 2
w wx w y wz
=
+
+
s x s y s z s
= (2 x + yz )(2s ) + ( xz )(r ) + ( xy + 2 z ) (2s )
= 2 s (2 x + yz ) + r ( xz ) + 2s ( xy + 2 z )
xye
= yze xyz (2rs3 ) + xze xyz
+
2
rs
2 rs
xz
xys 2
= e xyz 2rs3 yz +
+
r s 2 rs 2
690
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Section 17.6
11. y = x 2 7 x + 5 , x = 19rs + 2s 2t 2
y dy x
=
= (2 x 7)(19s ) = 19s (2 x 7)
r dx r
12. y = 4 x 2 , x = 2r + 3s 4t
y dy x
=
= (2 x)(4) = 8 x
t dx t
13. z = (4 x + 3 y )3 , x = r 2 s , y = r 2s; r = 0, s = 1
z zx z y
=
+
r x r y r
= 12(4 x + 3 y )2 (2rs ) + 9(4 x + 3 y ) 2 (1)
= 3(4 x + 3 y ) 2 (8rs + 3)
z
= 324 .
r
14. z = 2 x + 3 y , x = 3t + 5, y = t 2 + 2t + 1; t = 1
dz z dx z dy
=
+
dt x dt y dt
=
=
2
2 2x + 3y
3(t + 2)
(3) +
3
2 2x + 3y
(2t + 2)
2x + 3y
dz
9
9
=
=
.
dt
28 2 7
16. y =
y 20
=
t
9
691
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17.
c
c qA c qB
=
+
pA qA pA qB pA
2
2
1
2
3
2
3
= 3qA
+ qB
+ 4 3 ( 6qA ) (1) + 3qA
+ qB
+ 4 3 3qB2 (1)
3
2
= 3qA
+ qB3 + 4
) ( )
) ( 2qA + qB2 )
23
c
c qA c qB
=
+
pB qA pB qB pB
2
2
1
2
2
3
= 3qA
+ qB3 + 4 3 ( 6qA ) ( 2 pB ) + 3qA
+ qB
+ 4 3 3qB2 (11)
3
2
3
= 3qA
+ qB
+4
) ( )
) ( 4qA pB 11qB2 )
23
18. a.
c
1
c
5
2
2
= (8) 3 (1) = and
= (8) 3 (5) = .
4
4
pA
pB
dw w dx w dy
=
+
dt x dt y dt
b. Since
19. a.
b.
dy
dw w dx w
=
+
= 1 , from (a),
dt
dt x dt y
w w x w y
=
+
t x t y t
w = 2 x 2 ln 3x 5 y , x = s t 2 + 2 and y = t 3e2 s .
2 x2
w
2 x 2 (3) s (2t )
= 4 x ln 3 x 5 y +
+
(5) (1)
t
3x 5 y 2 t 2 + 2 3x 5 y
w
2(2)(3)
2(2)
= 4 2 ln 3 2 5(3e) +
(5)
(0) +
t
3 2 5(3e)
3 2 5(3e)
20
=
3 2 + 15e
692
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Section 17.7
p
P
P l P k
=a
wL = a
+
wL
h
h
l h k h
6.
f x ( x, y, z , w) = 2 x w = 0
f y ( x, y, z , w) = 2 y + w = 0
f z ( x, y, z , w) = 2 z 2 w = 0
f w ( x, y, z , w) = x + y 2 z + 6 = 0
P
P
Lg (h) +
= a
0 wL
k
l
P
=a
Lg (h) wL
l
7.
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 5 x + 4 y + xy
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + y 5 = 0
f ( x, y ) = x + 2 y + 4 = 0
y
Solving the system gives the critical point
14 13
, .
3
3
2.
2
2, , D = (2)(6) 0 = 12 > 0 and
2
relative minimum.
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 4 y 2 6 x + 16 y
8.
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x 6 = 0
f ( x, y ) = 8 y + 16 = 0
y
Critical point: (3, 2)
3.
f ( x, y ) =
f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 8 x 3 y 2 + 24 y + 7
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x + 8 = 0
f y ( x, y ) = 6 y + 24 = 0
Critical point: (2, 4)
Second-Derivative Test
f xx ( x, y ) = 4 , f yy ( x, y ) = 6 ,
5 3 2 3 15 2
x + y x + y2 4 y + 7
3
3
2
f xy ( x, y ) = 0 . At (2, 4),
2
f x ( x, y ) = 5 x 15 x = 0
2
f y ( x, y ) = 2 y + 2 y 4 = 0
Both equations are easily solved by factoring.
Critical points: (0, 2), (0, 1), (3, 2), (3, 1)
4. f(x, y) = xy x + y
f x ( x, y ) = y 1
f y ( x, y ) = x + 1
9.
f ( x, y ) = y y 2 3 x 6 x 2
f x ( x, y ) = 3 12 x = 0
f ( x, y ) = 1 2 y = 0
y
1 1
Critical point ,
4 2
Second-Derivative Test
f xx ( x, y ) = 12 , f yy ( x, y ) = 2 , f xy ( x, y ) = 0
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 3 y 2 + 4 x 9 y + 3
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 4 = 0
f y ( x, y ) = 6 y 9 = 0
3
Critical point 2,
2
Second-Derivative Test
f xx ( x, y ) = 2 , f yy ( x, y ) = 6 , f xy ( x, y ) = 0 . At
Problems 17.7
1.
f ( x, y, z , w) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 w( x y + 2 z 6)
f ( x, y, z ) = 2 x 2 + xy + y 2 + 100 z ( x + y 200)
f x ( x, y , z ) = 4 x + y z = 0
f y ( x, y , z ) = x + 2 y z = 0
f ( x, y, z ) = x y + 200 = 0
z
Solving the system gives the critical point
(50, 150, 350).
1 1
At , , D = (12)(2) 02 = 24 > 0 and
4 2
1 1
f xx ( x, y ) = 12 < 0 . Thus at , there is a
4 2
relative maximum.
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10.
3 2
y + 3 xy 10 x 9 y + 2
2
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x + 3 y 10 = 0
f ( x, y ) = 3 y + 3 x 9 = 0
y
Critical point: (1, 2)
Second-Derivative Test
f xx ( x, y ) = 4, f yy ( x, y ) = 3, f xy ( x, y ) = 3.
f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 +
f xy ( x, y ) = 0 . At (0, 0),
D = (4)(4) 02 = 16 > 0 and
f xx ( x, y ) = 4 < 0 ; thus a relative maximum.
1
At 4, , D = (4)(4) 02 = 16 > 0 and
2
f xx ( x, y ) = 4 > 0 ; thus a relative minimum.
1
At 0, , D = (4)(4) 02 = 16 < 0 ; thus
2
neither.
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 3xy + y 2 + x + 3
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 3 y + 1 = 0
f ( x, y ) = 3 x + 2 y = 0
y
3
2
Critical point: ,
5
5
Second-Derivative Test
14.
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x y + 3 x 2 = 0
f y ( x, y ) = 2 y x = 0
1
1
Critical points: (0, 0), ,
2
4
Second-Derivative Test
f xx ( x, y ) = 2 + 6 x , f yy ( x, y ) = 2 ,
3
2
f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy = 2, f xy = 3. At , ,
5
5
12.
f ( x, y ) =
f xy ( x, y ) = 1 . At (0, 0),
x3
+ y 2 2 x + 2 y 2 xy
3
f x ( x, y ) = x 2 2 2 y = 0
f y ( x, y ) = 2 y + 2 2 x = 0
Critical points: (2, 1), (0, 1)
Second-Derivative Test
f xx ( x, y ) = 2 x , f yy ( x, y ) = 2 , f xy ( x, y ) = 2 .
1
1
At , , D = (1)(2) (1)2 = 3 < 0 ;
4
2
thus neither.
15.
f ( x, y ) =
) (
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 xy + x3
1 3
x + 8 y3 2 x2 + y 2 + 1
3
l2
+ 2lk + 3k 2 69l 164k + 17
2
fl (l , k ) = l + 2k 69 = 0
f (l , k ) = 2l + 6k 164 = 0
k
Critical point: (43, 13)
Second-Derivative Test
fll (l , k ) = 1 , f kk (l , k ) = 6 , flk (l , k ) = 2
f (l , k ) =
f x ( x, y ) = x 2 4 x = 0
2
f y ( x, y ) = 8 y 4 y = 0
1 1
Critical points: (0, 0), 4, , 0, , (4, 0)
2 2
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16.
Section 17.7
Critical points: (0, 2), (0, 2)
[Note that y = 0 does not give rise to a common
solution of (1) and (2).]
Second-Derivative Test
f (l , k ) = l 2 + k 2 2lk
fl (l , k ) = 2l 2k
f (l , k ) = 2k 2l
k
Critical points: (r, r) where r is any real number.
Second Derivative Test
fll (l , k ) = 2, f kk (l , k ) = 2, and flk (l , k ) = 2.
f ( p, q ) = pq
1 1
p q
20.
21. P = f (l , k )
2
Pk = 3.36k 0.24k = 0
Critical points: (0, 0), (0, 14), (24, 0), (24, 14)
Second-Derivative Test
Pll = 2.16 0.18l , Pkk = 3.36 0.48k , Plk = 0 .
= ( x 3)( xy 3 x + y 6 y + 9)
f x ( x, y ) = ( y 3)(2 x + y 6) = 0
f ( x, y ) = ( x 3)( x + 2 y 6) = 0
y
Critical points: (2, 2), (3, 3), (3, 0), (0, 3)
Second-Derivative Test
f xx ( x, y ) = 2( y 3) , f yy ( x, y ) = 2( x 3) ,
f xy ( x, y ) = 2 x + 2 y 9 . At (2, 2),
)(
f ( x, y ) = ln( xy ) + 2 x 2 xy 6 x
1
f x ( x, y ) = x + 4 x y 6 = 0
1
f y ( x, y ) = x = 0
y
3 2
The only critical point is , .
2 3
1
1
f xx ( x, y ) =
+ 4 , f yy ( x, y ) =
,
2
x
y2
3 2
f xy ( x, y ) = 1 . At , ,
2 3
32 9
D = (1)2 = 9 < 0 ; thus neither.
9 4
19.
f ( x, y ) = y 2 4 e x 1
(
(
)
)
f ( x, y ) = e x y 2 4 = 0
x
x
f y ( x, y ) = 2 y e 1 = 0
f ( p, q ) = q + 1 = 0
p
p2
f q ( p, q ) = p + 12 = 0
q
18.
f xy ( x, y ) = 2 ye x . At (0, 2),
f xx ( x, y ) = e x y 2 4 , f yy ( x, y ) = 2 e x 1 ,
(1)
(2)
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When c = 4 and d = 2, then D = (4)(8) (1) 2 > 0 and Qcc = 4 < 0 ; thus relative maximum at c = 4,
d = 2.
23. Profit per lb for A = pA 60 .
Profit per lb for B = pB 70 .
Total Profit = P = ( pA 60 ) qA + ( pB 70 ) qB
P = ( pA 60 ) 5 ( pB pA ) + ( pB 70 ) 500 + 5 ( pA 2 pB )
Thus
P = 10 ( p p + 5 ) = 0
A
B
pA
P
= 10 ( pA 2 pB + 90 ) = 0
pB
Critical point: pA = 80 , pB = 85
2P
pA2
= 10 ,
2P
pB2
= 20 ,
2P
= 10 . When pA = 80 and pB = 85 , then
pB pA
2P
pA2
Total Profit = P = ( pA a ) qA + ( pB b ) qB
P = ( pA a ) 5 ( pB pA ) + ( pB b ) 500 + 5 ( pA 2 pB )
P = 5 ( 2 p 2 p + b a ) = 0
A
B
pA
P
= 5 ( 2 pA 4 pB + 2b a + 100 ) = 0
pB
a
b
Critical point: pA = 50 + , pB = 50 +
2
2
2
2
2
P
P
P
= 10 ,
= 20 ,
= 10
2
2
p
pA
pB
B pA
When pA = 50 +
2P
a
b
and pB = 50 + , then D = (10)(20) (10)2 = 100 > 0 and
= 10 < 0 ; thus a relative
2
2
pA2
maximum at pA = 50 +
a
b
, pB = 50 + .
2
2
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Section 17.7
qB
Critical point: qA = 48 , qB = 40
2P
qA2
= 2 ,
2P
qB2
= 2 ,
2P
=0.
qB qA
2P
qA2
qA = 48 , qB = 40 . When qA = 48 and qB = 40 , then selling prices are pA = 52, pB = 44 , and profit = 3304.
26. qA = 3 pA + 2 pB , qB = 5 + 5 pA 2 pB
Revenue from A = pA qA . Revenue from B = pB qB .
Total cost of producing qA units of A and qB units of B is 3qA + 2qB .
Total Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost
P = pA qA + pB qB (3qA + 2qB )
2
P = pA
2 pB2 + 7 pA pB 4 pA + 3 pB 19
P
p = 2 pA + 7 pB 4
A
P
= 7 pA 4 pB + 3
pB
5
22
, pB =
41
41
2
2
2
P
P
P
= 2,
= 4,
=7
2
2
pB pA
pA
pB
Critical point: pA =
5
22
, pB =
, then D = (2)(4) 7 2 = 41 < 0, so this is not a relative extremum. Thus the profit
41
41
cannot be maximized.
At pA =
3 2
2
, pB = 72 2qB2
qA + 3qB2 , pA = 60 qA
2
Total Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost
P = ( pA qA + pB qB ) c
27. c =
3
3 3 2
P = 60qA qA
+ 72qB 2qB
qA + 3qB2
2
P = 60 3q 3q 2 = 3 ( 5 + q )( 4 q )
A
A
A
A
qA
P
= 72 6qB 6qB2 = 6 ( 4 + qB )( 3 qB )
qB
2P
qA2
and
= 3 6qA ,
2P
qA2
2P
qB2
= 6 12qB ,
2P
= 0 . When qA = 4 and qB = 3, then D = (27)(42) 02 > 0
qB qA
28. c = 2(qA + qB + qA qB ),
Total Profit = Total Revenue Total Cost
P = ( pA qA + pB qB ) c
= pA (20 2 pA ) + pB (10 pB ) [20 2 pA + 10 pB + (20 2 pA )(10 pB )]
2
= 2 pA
pB2 2 pA pB + 42 pA + 31 pB + 230
P
p = 4 pA 2 pB + 42
A
P
= 2 pA 2 pB + 31
pB
11
, pB = 10
2
2 P
2 P
2 P
= 4,
= 2,
= 2
2
pB pA
pA
pB2
Critical point: pA =
When pA =
2 p
11
= 4 < 0, so the maximum profit occurs
, pB = 10, then D = (4)(2) (2)2 = 4 > 0, and
2
2
pA
when pA = 5.5 and pB = 10. At these prices, qA = 9, qB = 0, and the total profit is 40.5.
29. Refer to the diagram in the text.
xyz = 6
C = 3xy + 2[1(xz)] + 2[0.5(yz)]
6
. Thus
Note that z =
xy
6
6
12 6
C = 3xy + 2 xz + yz = 3xy + 2 x + y = 3xy + +
y x
xy
xy
6
C
x = 3 y 2 = 0
x
dC
12
= 3x
=0
dy
y2
2C
x2
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Section 17.7
x 10
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 4
+6
4
Setting the derivative equal to 0 gives
x 10 1
2 x + 4(2)
= 0 , from which x = 2.
4 4
5
The second-derivative is > 0 ,so we have a
2
relative minimum If x = 2, then y = 2. Thus at
(2, 2) there is a relative minimum
= p ( qA + qB ) cA cB
= ( 92 qA qB )( qA + qB ) 10qA 0.5qB2
2
= 82qA + 92qB qA
2qA qB 1.5qB2
P = 82 2q 2q = 0
A
B
qA
P
= 92 2qA 3qB = 0
qB
Critical point: qA = 31, qB = 10
2P
qA2
= 2,
2P
qB2
= 3 ,
2
+ 3qB2 + 2qA qB + aqA + bqB + d
33. c = qA
qB
Substituting the given values for qA and qB
into both equations gives a = 8 and b = 12.
Since
c = 15 when qA = 3 and qB = 1 , from the jointcost function we have
2P
= 2
qB qA
2P
qA2
( )
qA = 31, qB = 10 .
31. y =
x 10
4
32. y =
15 = 18 + d, 33 = d. Thus a = 8, b = 12,
d = 33.
3x 7
2
2
3x 7
f ( x , y ) = 2 x 2 + 5
+7
2
Setting the derivative equal to 0 gives
3x 7 3
4 x + 5(2)
= 0 ,
2 2
15
4 x + (3x 7) = 0 , 8 x + 15(3 x 7) = 0 ,
2
105
. The second-derivative is
37x = 105, or x =
37
37
> 0 , so we have a relative minimum. If
2
105
28
x=
, then y =
. Thus there is a relative
37
37
105 28
minimum at
,
.
37 37
a.
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1 2
2
3
= 35 2qA
+ qB qA + ( 20 qB + qA ) qB 8 2qA
+ 3qA qB + 30qA + 12qB + qA
1 2
P = 5qA qA
qA qB + 8qB qB2 + 8
2
P = 5q q = 0
A
B
qA
P
= qA + 8 2qB = 0
qB
Critical point: qA = 2, qB = 3
2P
qA2
= 1 ,
2P
qB2
= 2 ,
2P
= 1
qB qA
2P
qA2
P
2500
=
1
y (5 + y )2
x
Thus relative maximum profit at x = 48, y = 45.
37. a.
P = 5T 1 e x 20 x 0.1T 2
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b.
Section 17.8
P
= 5 1 e x 0.2T
T
P
= 5Te x 20
x
At the point (T, x) = (20, ln 5),
P
= 5 1 e ln 5 0.2(20)
P
1
T
= 5(20)e ln 5 20 = 100 20 = 0
1
x
5
= 5 1 4 = 0
5
Thus (20, ln 5) is a critical point. In a similar fashion we verify that 5, ln is a critical point.
4
c.
2P
T2
= 0.2 ,
At (20, ln 5),
2P
x2
= 5Te x ,
2P
= 5e x
T x
D = (0.2) 5(20)e ln 5 5e ln 5
and
2P
T2
1 1
= 20 5 = 3 > 0 ,
5 5
At 5, ln ,
4
ln ( 54 ) ln ( 54 )
4 4
D = (0.2) 5(5)e
5e
= 5 5 = 12 < 0 , so there is no relative extremum at
5 5
5, ln .
4
Problems 17.8
1.
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 4 y 2 + 6, 2 x 8 y = 20
F ( x, y, ) = x 2 + 4 y 2 + 6 (2 x 8 y 20)
Fx = 2 x 2 = 0
(1)
(2)
Fy = 8 y + 8 = 0
F = 2 x + 8 y + 20 = 0
(3)
From (1), x = ; from (2), y = . Substituting x = and y = into (3) gives 2 8 + 20 = 0 ,
10 = 20 , so = 2 . Thus x = 2 and y = 2. Critical point of F:
(2, 2, 2). Critical point of f: (2, 2).
2.
f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 5 y 2 + 7 , 3x 2y = 7
F ( x, y, ) = 2 x 2 + 5 y 2 + 7 (3 x 2 y 7)
Fx = 4 x 3 = 0
Fy = 10 y + 2 = 0
F = 3 x + 2 y + 7 = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
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3
; from (2), y = .
5
4
3
Substituting x =
and y = into (3)
5
4
9 2
140
gives
+ 7 = 0 , from which =
.
37
4
5
105
28
Thus x =
and y =
. Critical point of F:
37
37
105 28 140
,
,
. Critical point of f:
37
37 37
105 28
,
.
37 37
5.
From (1), x =
3.
= 2 x 2 + xy + y 2 + z ( x + 2 y + 4 z 3)
Fx
F
y
F
z
F
F ( x, y , z , ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (2 x + y z 9)
= 2 x 2 = 0
= 2y = 0
= 2z + = 0
= 2 x y + z + 9 = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
; from (3),
6.
= 1 yz = 0
= 1 xz = 0
= 1 xy = 0
= xzy + 8 = 0
Fx = yz 2 = 0
(1)
Fy = xz 2 + = 0
(2)
2
0
(3)
=
F
xyz
z
F = x + y z + 20 = 0
(4)
From (1) and (2), y = x, From (1) and (3),
z = 2x. Hence from (4), x = 5, so y = 5 and
z = 10. Critical point of f is (5, 5, 10). Note that
it is not necessary to determine .
4. f(x, y, z) = x + y + z, xyz = 8
F ( x, y , z , ) = x + y + z ( xyz 8)
Fx
Fy
Fz
F
f ( x, y, z ) = xyz 2 , x y + z = 20 xyz 2 0
f ( x, y, z , ) = xyz 2 ( x y + z 20)
+
+ 9 = 0 , 6 + 18 = 0 , so
2
3
3
= 3 . Thus x = 3, y = , z = . Critical point
2
2
3
3
of F: 3, , , 3 . Critical point of f:
2
2
3
3
3, , .
2
2
= 4x + y = 0
= x + 2 y 2 = 0
= 1 4 = 0
= x 2 y 4z 3 = 0
1
From the third equation we have = .
4
Substituting this value into the first two equations
1
and then eliminating y gives x = 0 and y = .
4
Finally, solving for z in the last equation gives
7
z= .
8
7 1
1
Critical point of F: 0, , ,
4
8 4
7
1
Critical point of f: 0, ,
8
4
f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , 2 x + y z = 9
Fx
Fy
Fz
F
f ( x, y, z ) = 2 x 2 + xy + y 2 + z , x + 2y + 4z = 3
F ( x, y , z , )
Fx
Fy
Fz
F
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
= yz = 0
= xz 2 = 0
= xy 3 = 0
= x 2 y 3z + 18 = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
x
. From (1) and (3),
2
x
. Hence from (4), x = 6, so y = 3 and z = 2.
3
Critical point of f is (6, 3, 2). Note that it is not
necessary to determine .
z=
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8.
Section 17.8
f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , x + y + z = 3
F ( x, y , z , ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ( x + y + z 3)
Fx
Fy
Fz
F
= 2x = 0
= 2y = 0
= 2z = 0
= x y z + 3 = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.
f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + 2 y z 2 , 2x y = 0, y + z = 0
Since there are two constraints, two Lagrange multipliers are used.
F ( x, y, z , 1 , 2 ) = x 2 + 2 y z 2 1 (2 x y ) 2 ( y + z )
Fx = 2 x 21 = 0
Fy = 2 + 1 2 = 0
Fz = 2 z 2 = 0
F1 = 2 x + y = 0
F2 = y z = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
2
2
2
4
. Substituting 1 =
2
4
into (2)
8
2
2
4
4
. Thus 1 = , x = , and z = . From (5), y = z and hence y = . Critical point of f:
3
3
3
3
3
4
2 4
, ,
3
3 3
yields 2 =
10.
f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , x + y + z = 4, x y + z = 4
Since there are two constraints, two Lagrange multipliers are used.
F ( x, y, z , 1 , 2 ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1 ( x + y + z 4) 2 ( x y + z 4)
Fx = 2 x 1 2 = 0
Fy = 2 y 1 + 2 = 0
Fz = 2 z 1 2 = 0
F1 = x y z + 4 = 0
F2 = x + y z + 4 = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
From (4) and (5), y = 0. From (1) and (3), z = x. Substituting into (5) gives x = 2 . Thus z = 2 .
Critical point of f: ( 2, 0, 2 )
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11.
f ( x, y , z ) = xy 2 z , x + y + z = 1, x y + z = 0 (xyz 0)
Since there are two constraints, two Lagrange multipliers are used.
F ( x, y, z , 1 , 2 ) = xy 2 z 1 ( x + y + z 1) 2 ( x y + z )
F = y 2 z 1 2 = 0
x
Fy = 2 xyz 1 + 2 = 0
Fz = xy 2 1 2 = 0
F = x y z + 1 = 0
1
F2 = x + y z = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Subtracting (3) from (1) gives y 2 z xy 2 = 0, so x = z (since xy 2 z 0). Subtracting (5) from (4) gives
1
1
1
1
1
2y + 1 = 0, so y = . Substituting z = x and y = in (5) gives 2 x + = 0, so x = . Thus, z = . Critical
2
2
4
4
2
1 1 1
point of f: , , .
4 2 4
12.
f ( x, y, z , w) = 3 x 2 + y 2 + 2 z 2 5w2 , x + 6y + 3z + 2w = 4
F ( x, y , z , w, ) = 3x 2 + y 2 + 2 z 2 5w2 ( x + 6 y + 3 z + 2 w 4)
Fx
F
y
Fz
Fw
F
= 6x = 0
= 2 y 6 = 0
= 4 z 3 = 0
= 10 w 2 = 0
= x 6 y 3z 2w + 4 = 0
, y = 3 , z =
and w = .
6
4
5
240
40
720
180
48
Substituting into the last equation gives =
. Thus x =
, y=
,z=
.
and w =
1201
1201
1201
1201
1201
48 240
40 720 180
Critical point of F:
,
,
,
,
1201
1201
1201
1201
1201
48
40 720 180
Critical point of f:
,
,
,
1201
1201
1201
1201
13. We minimize c = f ( q1 , q2 ) = 0.1q12 + 7q1 + 15q2 + 1000 subject to the constraint q1 + q2 = 100 .
F ( q1 , q2 , ) = 0.1q12 + 7 q1 + 15q2 +1000 ( q1 + q2 100 )
Fq1 = 0.2q1 + 7 = 0
Fq2 = 15 = 0
F = q q + 100 = 0
1
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
From (2), = 15 . Substituting = 15 into (1) gives 0.2q1 + 7 15 = 0 , so q1 = 40 . Substituting q1 = 40 into (3)
gives 40 q2 + 100 = 0 , so q2 = 60 . Thus = 15 , q1 = 40, and q = 60. Thus plant 1 should produce 40 units
and plant 2 should produce 60 units.
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Section 17.8
Fq2 = q1 + 4q2 = 0
F = q q + 200 = 0
1
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
3
3
Eliminating from (1) and (2) yields q1 = q2 . Substituting q1 = q2 into (3) yields q2 = 125 and thus
5
5
q1 = 75 . Thus plant 1 should produce 75 units and plant 2 should produce 125 units.
(2)
Fk = 20 4k 8 = 0
F = 4l 8k + 88 = 0
(3)
Eliminating from (1) and (2) yields k = l 1. Substituting k = l 1 into (3) yields l = 8, so
k = 7. Therefore the greatest output is f(8, 7) = 74 units (when l = 8, k = 7).
Fk = 25 6k 4 = 0
F = 2l 4k + 50 = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
25 2
. Substituting these expressions for l and k into (3) yields
6 3
20
90
85
90 85 3725
133 units (when
= . Thus l =
and k = . Therefore the greatest output is f ,
=
28
7
7
14
7 14
90
85
l = , k = .
7
14
F ( x, y, ) = 9 x 4 y 4 x y ( x + y 60, 000)
9 34 34
Fx = 4 x y 1 = 0
27 14 14
x y 1 = 0
Fy =
4
F = x y + 60, 000 = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
9 34 34 27 14 14
9 3 3 27 14 14
x y
x y = 0 , x 4 y4 =
x y , y = 3x.
4
4
4
4
Substituting for y in (3) gives 4x + 60,000 = 0, so x = 15,000, from which y = 45,000. Thus each month $15,000
should be spent on newspaper advertising and $45,000 on TV advertising.
705
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Fl = 5 l k 25 = 0
18 2 2
Fk = l 5 k 5 69 = 0
5
12 53 53
18 52 52
l k = 25 and
l k = 69 . Thus,
From the first two equations,
5
5
12 l 5 k 5
5
2
2
18 l 5 k 5
5
25 25
, from which
=
69 29
25
l. Substituting this for k in the third equation and solving for l gives l = 414 so k = 225.
46
414 units of labor and 225 units of capital should be invested.
k=
Fz = 4 z 2 = 0
F1 = x y + 20 = 0
F2 = y z + 20 = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Eliminating y from (4) and (5) gives x = z. From (1) and (3), 1 = 2x and 2 = 4z . Substituting in (2) we have
2y 2x 4z = 0, 2y 2x 4x = 0, 2y 6x = 0, y = 3x. Substituting in (5) gives (3x) x + 20 = 0, so x = 5. Thus
z = 5 and y = 15. Therefore, x = 5, y = 15, z = 5.
20. a.
b.
15
4
Pk = 16k + 64 = 0 k = 4
Pl = 32l + 120 = 0 l =
15
Thus there is one critical point: (l , k ) = , 4
4
15
Thus there is a relative maximum at l = , k = 4 . Substituting these values into the profit function gives a
4
relative maximum profit of $157.00.
706
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c.
Section 17.8
F
=
(
l
4)
=
0
(1)
l
Fk = 16 4 (k 5) = 0
(2)
Fq = 64 16 = 0
(3)
21. U = x3 y 3 , px = 2 , p y = 3 , I = 48 x3 y 3 0
3 2
(2)
Fy = 3 x y 3 = 0
F = 2 x 3 y + 48 = 0
(3)
3
3
3
From (1), = x 2 y3 and from (2), = x3 y 2 . Thus x 2 y 3 = x3 y 2 , so x = y .
2
2
2
3
Substituting this expression for x into (3) yields y = 8. Hence x = 8 = 12 .
2
22. U = 40 x 5 x 2 + 4 y 2 y 2 , px = 2, p y = 3, I = 10
We want to maximize U = 40 x 5 x 2 + 4 y 2 y 2 subject to 2x + 3y = 10.
Fx = 40 10 x 2 = 0
F ( x, y, ) = 40 x 5 x 2 + 4 y 2 y 2 (2 x + 3 y 10) Fy = 4 4 y 3 = 0
F = 2 x 3 y + 10 = 0
3
.
4
20
208
38
Substituting these values into the third equation gives = . Thus x =
and y = .
53
53
53
Fz
F
= yz = 0
= xz = 0
= xy = 0
= x y z + 100 = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
707
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Problems 17.9
1. n = 6, xi = 21 , yi = 18.6 , xi yi = 75.7 ,
xi2 = 91 .
a = 0.98
b = 0.61
Thus y = 0.98 + 0.61x . When x = 3.5, then
y = 3.12 .
F ( x, y, ) = f ( x, y ) xp x + yp y I .
(1)
(2)
x
f x ( x, y )
and from (2),
px
f y ( x, y )
f ( x, y ) f y ( x , y )
=
. Thus = x
=
py
px
py
From (1), =
2. n = 7, xi = 28 , yi = 29.3 , xi yi = 154.1 ,
xi2 = 140 . a = 1.09 , b = 1.32 . Thus
y = 1.09 + 1.32 x . When x = 3.5, then y = 3.53 .
10
f x ( x, y )
is the marginal utility of a dollars
px
f y ( x, y )
is the marginal
worth of X. Likewise
py
then
x
8
3. n = 5, xi = 22 , yi = 37 , xi yi = 189 ,
xi2 = 112.5 . a = 0.057 , b = 1.67 . Thus
y = 0.057 + 1.67 x . When x = 3.5, then y = 5.90 .
when
f ( x, y, z, w) f y ( x, y, z , w)
= x
=
px
py
15
f z ( x, y, z, w) f w ( x, y, z , w)
=
.
pz
pw
That is, U is maximized when the marginal
utility of a dollars worth of each of the products
is the same.
=
x
10
708
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Section 17.10
10.
xi2
Year ( x)
1
3
5
7
Index ( y ) 77 100 126 134
Year ( x)
1 2 3 4 5
Quantity ( y ) 35 31 26 24 26
11. a.
6. n = 4,
xi2
n = 5, xi = 0, yi = 142, xi yi = 25 ,
xi2 = 10 . a =
b=
12.
xi = 539,
xi2 = 10 . a =
yi = 569,
a = 1.95,
1.
Year ( x)
1 2 3 4 5
Production ( y ) 10 15 16 18 21
xi2
xi yi
xi2
yi
= 407.2 and
n
Problems 17.10
b = 1.04.
Thus y = 1.95 + 1.04 x.
9.
xi2
Year ( x)
2 1
0
1
2
Index ( y ) 357 380 403 434 462
b=
xi yi
yi
= 28.4 and
n
n = 5, xi = 0, yi = 2036, xi yi = 264 ,
8. n = 4,
Year ( x)
2 1 0 1
2
Quantity ( y ) 35 31 26 24 26
b.
2.
= 55 .
3.
4.
3 4
0 0
4 3
1 0
x dy dx = xy dx = 4 x dx = 2 x 2
y dy dx =
1 1
1 x2 y
0 0 xy dx dy = 0
2 3 2
x dy dx
0 0
709
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y2
2
3
0
dx =
1
0
49
dx =
9x
27
=
2 1
2
y
y2
dy = dy =
02
4
1
= 18
=
0
= x 2 y dx = 3 x 2 dx = x3
1
4
=8
5.
1 1 (
3 2
x y dx dy = xy dy
1 3
3 x3
11.
3 8
3 7
1
3 2 y 3 y dy = 1 3 y dy
1 x2
0 3x
1
= 7 x 63 x
0
7
y2
9 7 1 2
= y
= 7 =
3
2
2 3 2 3
12.
2
y3
xy 2 dx
6. ( y 2 xy )dy dx =
2 0
2 3
0
3 8
3
8
= 4 x 0 dx = 4 x dx
2 3
2 3
2 x2
0 0
=
13.
16
= x 2 x 2 = (8 18) 8
3
2
3
10
=
3
0 0
9 x 2
x6
12
=
0
) 3x dx
1
dx =
x2
63 x5
58
dx = x 7
=
5
5
xy dy dx =
2 x5
14 x 2 y dy dx = 7 x 2 y 2
xy 2
2
x2
dx
0
16
3
y dy dx =
9 x 2
3 y2
dx
3 9 x2
1 3
=
0 dx = (9 x 2 )dx
0 2
2 0
7.
1 2
0 0 (
3 x
1 0
dx
)0 =3
14.
3 4 x3
x3
x4
+ dx =
dx =
0 3
3
3
y dy dx =
y2
2
5x
0
dx =
= 27
0
x dx
25 3
525
=
x =
6
2
1
10.
2 x 1
1 0
2
y 3 ) dy
1 x
x 1
2 y dy dx = y 2
= ( x 1)2 dx =
1 x
y2
dx
15. 3( x + y )dy dx = 3 xy +
1 x
1
2
x
2
2
1
x
(1 x)
= 3 x(1 x) +
x2 +
dx
1
2
2
1
5 x 2 (1 x) 2
= 3x
+
dx
1
2
2
4 25 2
1 y
0 y 2 y dx dy = 0 xy y 2 dy = 0 ( y
1
y3 y 4
1 1 1
=
= =
3
0 3 4 12
4 5x
x3
1
1
= 9 x = (27 9) 0 = 9
2
3
2
3
y3
x 2 + y 2 dy dx = x 2 y +
dx
0
3
3 3
x
0
9.
y
2
0 0 ( x + y)dy dx = 0 xy +
= (2 x + 2)dx = x 2 + 2 x
8.
( x 1)
3
x 2 5 x3 (1 x)3
= 3
6
6
2
1
dx
3 2
1
1 5
1 5 4
= 3 0 3 + = 1
2 6
2 6 3
1
3
710
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16.
3 3y
0 y
5 x dx dy =
3 45 y 2
=
0
3y
3 5x2
Section 17.10
21.
dy
5y
dy
2
y
1 y x+ y
1
e dx dy = e x + y dy
0 0
0
0
1
e2 y
e2
1
y
1 1 y x
0 0 e
= e
0
2y
) dy
22.
9y
1 1
2 3
z dx dy dz =
0 0
2 3
z dy dz = 3 y 3 z 3
0
1
1 x x+ y 2
1 x
3x
1 1
27 z 4
= 27 z 3 dz =
1
4
0 0 0
2 2 3
y z
dy dz
e x
e x
y dy dx =
y2
2
ln x
dx =
e x2
(ln x)2
dx
2
e3 e 1 e3 e 5
1 = +
6 2 6 6 2 6
2 2 ( x + y )
dx dy
= e (2+ y ) e y = e4 e2 e3 + e1
dz
dx =
51
3x
10
2 3
12e4 x 3 y dx dy
3e4 x 3 y ) dy
2(
3
6
16 3 y
= ( 3
+ 3e123 y ) dy
2
6
= ( e 163 y e123 y )
2
=
0 0
6 4
24. P (3 x 4, 2 y 6) =
1 x 2 x+ y
x z
dy dx
0
1 x 3
2
2
2
= e ( x + y ) dy = e(2+ y ) + e y dy
1
1
0
0 0
[ x ( x + y ) 0]dy dx =
1 3x
dx
x2
23. P (0 x 2, 1 y 2) =
( x + x y )dy dx
1
1
x2 y 2
x4
= x3 y +
dx = x 4 +
0 dx
0
0
2
2
x3 1
= ( x ln 2 x 2 x ln x + 2 x)
6 2
1
27
=
4
x dz dy dx =
1 0
20.
1 xy 2
dy dx
0
xy dy dx =
1 ln x
1 1 1 6 xy
=
e x
= (e0 + e1 ) (e1 + e0 ) = 1 + e + e1 1
0 x2
1 ln x 0 dz dy dx = 1 ln x z 0 dy dx
= (e y 1 + e y )dy = (e y 1 + e y )
19.
x 4 x6
x5
1
= dx = =
0 2
2
8 12 0 24
dx dy = e y x dy
= 2 + e + e
1 x
xy
1 x
1 x3
2
1
e
=
e =
e 1 =
e+
2
2 2
2
0 2
18.
dz dy dx =
0 x2
0 x 0
=
15 y 3 y 5
405 243
=
= 81
=
2
2
2
2
17.
xy
1 x
1
1
1
1
25. P x , y = 1 dx dy
1/
3
1/
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
= x 1/ 2 dy = 1 dy
1/ 3
1/ 3
2
1
1 1
1
1 1 1 2 1
dy = y
=
= 1 = =
1/ 3 2
2 1/ 3 2 3 2 3 3
3(1)
3
0 =
10
10
26.
1 11
0 0 8
711
http://solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
dx dy =
1x
08
1
0
dy =
11
08
dy =
y
1
=
80 8
the circle x 2 + z 2 = 1 .
z
1
1
1
5.
f x ( x, y ) = 4(2 x) + 6(1) y + 0 0 = 8 x + 6 y
f y ( x, y ) = 0 + 6 x(1) + 2 y 0 = 6 x + 2 y
6.
7.
y
P
= 3l 2 + 0 (1)k = 3l 2 k
l
P
= 0 + 3k 2 l (1) = 3k 2 l
k
z ( x + y )(1) x(1)
y
=
=
2
x
( x + y)
( x + y )2
Because z = x( x + y )1 ,
z
x
= x (1)( x + y ) 2 (1) =
.
y
( x + y )2
3. z = y 2
The y,z-trace is z = y 2 , which is a parabola. For
any fixed value of x, we obtain the curve
8.
z = y2.
9.
z
f pB ( pA , pB ) = 0 + 5(1 0) = 5
10. w =
x
1
ln x 2 + y 2
2
1
1
y
[ f ( x, y )] =
(2 y ) =
2
2 x2 + y 2
y
x + y2
f ( x, y ) = ln x 2 + y 2 =
x
x2 + y 2
= x( x 2 + y 2 )
12
w
xy
3
1
= x ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 (2 y ) =
3
y
2
2
(x + y2 ) 2
11. wx ( x, y, z ) = 2 xyze x
yz
2
2
wxy ( x, y, z ) = 2 xz y e x yz x 2 z + e x yz 1
2
= 2 xze x yz x 2 yz + 1
712
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12.
Chapter 17 Review
1
f xy ( x, y ) = y x + [1 + ln( xy )] 1 = 1 + 1 + ln( xy ) = 2 + ln(xy)
xy
13.
[ f ( x, y, z )] = ( x + y + z )(2 z ) + ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )(1) = 3z 2 + 2 z ( x + y ) + x 2 + y 2
z
2
z2
[ f ( x, y, z )] = 6 z + 2( x + y ) = 2 x + 2 y + 6 z
14. z = x 2 y
)( y 2 2xy ) = x2 y 2 2 x3 y y3 + 2 xy2
z
= 2 x 2 y 2 x3 3 y 2 + 4 xy
y
2z
y2
15.
= 2x2 6 y + 4 x
w = e x + y + z ln xyz = e x + y + z (ln x + ln y + ln z )
1
w
= e x + y + z (ln x + ln y + ln z ) + e x + y + z
y
y
1
= e x + y + z ln xyz +
y
By symmetry,
w
= ex+ y+ z
x
2 w
= e x+ y+ z
zx
ln xyz + x .
1 x+ y + z
ln xyz + x + e
1
1
= e x + y + z ln xyz + + .
x z
16.
17.
1
z
P
= 100 (0.11)l 0.111 k 0.89 = 11l 0.89 k 0.89
l
2
P
= 11l 0.89 (0.89)k 0.891 = 9.79l 0.89 k 0.11
k l
x+ y 1 y
= +
xz
z xz
y
f x ( x, y , z ) =
x2 z
1
f xy ( x, y, z ) =
x2 z
1
f xyz ( x, y, z ) =
2 2
x z
1
1
f xyz (2, 7, 4) =
=
2 2
64
2 4
f ( x, y , z ) =
713
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18.
f x ( x , y , z ) = 6e y
ln( z +1)
f xy ( x, y, z ) = 12 y ln( z + 1)e y
ln( z +1)
y 2 y 2 ln( z +1) 1
2
f xyz ( x, y, z ) = 12 y ln( z + 1) e y ln( z +1)
+e
z + 1
z + 1
19.
( )
w wx w y
1
=
+
= (2 x + 2 y ) er + (2 x + 6 y )
r x r y r
r+s
2( x + 3 y )
r+s
w wx w y
1
=
+
= (2 x + 2 y )(0) + (2 x + 6 y )
s x s y s
r+s
= 2( x + y )er +
20.
2( x + 3 y )
r+s
z z x z y 1
=
+
= + ye xy y ( 2 s ) + + xe xy x (2(r + s ))
s
x
s
y
s
x
y
21. 2 x + 2 y 4 z
(4 z + x)
z z
+ x
+ z (1) + 0 = 0
x x
z
= (2 x + 2 y + z )
x
z (2 x + 2 y + z ) 2 x + 2 y + z
=
=
4 z + x
x
4z x
22. z 2 + ln( yz ) + ln z + x + z = 0 or z 2 + ln y + ln z + ln z + x + z = 0, thus z 2 + ln y + 2 ln z + x + z = 0.
z 1
1 z z
+
=0
2z + + 2
y y
z y y
z
2
1
2 z + + 1 =
z
y
y
2
z 2 z + 2 + z
1
=
y
z
y
z
z
=
2
y
y (2 z + 2 + z )
714
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Chapter 17 Review
29.
z
= xy +
qA
qB
= 2 > 0 and
= 3 > 0 , A and B
pB
pA
30.
f y ( x, y ) = 2by + cx 20
26.
= 0.530;
= 0.027
P
S
27.
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 2 xy 4 y + 3
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 y = 0
f ( x, y ) = 4 y 2 x 4 = 0
y
Critical point: (2, 2)
f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 4, f xy ( x, y ) = 2
f ( x, y ) = ax 2 + by 2 + cxy 10 x 20 y
f x ( x, y ) = 2ax + cy 10 ;
64 64
+
x
y
S
64 S
64
= y ,
= x
2 y
x
x
y2
f ( w, z ) = 2w + 2 z 6wz + 7
f w ( w, z ) = 6 w2 6 z = 0
2
f z ( w, z ) = 6 z 6 w = 0
Critical points: (0, 0), (1, 1)
f ww ( w, z ) = 12 w, f zz ( w, z ) = 12 z ,
f wz ( w, z ) = 6
715
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31. Profit = P = ( pA 50 ) qA + ( pB 60 ) qB
P = ( pA 50 ) 250 ( pB pA ) + ( pB 60 ) 32, 000 + 250 ( pA 2 pB ) .
P
= ( pA 50 ) (250) + 250 ( pB pA ) (1) + 250 ( pB 60 )
pA
Setting
P
P
= 0 and
= 0 gives
pA
pB
pA + pB 5 = 0
(1)
and
pA 2 pB + 99 = 0
(2)
Adding Equations (1) and (2) gives pB + 94 = 0 . So pB = 94 . From Equation (1), pA = pB 5 , so
pA = 94 5 = 89 . At pA = 89 and pB = 94 , D =
2P
pA2
2P 2P
pA2 pB2
2P
= (500)(1000) (500)2 > 0 and
pB pA
= 500 < 0 .
Thus there is a relative maximum profit when the price of A is 89 cents per pound and the price of B is
94 cents per pound.
32.
f ( x, y, z ) = xy 2 z , x + y + z 1 = 0
F ( x, y, z , ) = xy 2 z ( x + y + z 1)
Fx
Fy
Fz
F
= y2 z = 0
= 2 xyz = 0
= xy 2 = 0
= x y z +1 = 0
From the first and third equations, we have = y 2 z = xy 2 , so x = z (since xyz 0). With x = z in the second
equation, we have = 2 x 2 y. Combining this with = xy 2 , we get y = 2x. Substituting y = 2x and z = x in the
1
1
1
fourth equation gives x 2x x + 1 = 0 so 4x = 1 and x = . Thus y = and z = . The critical point is
4
2
4
1 1 1
, , .
4 2 4
716
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33.
f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , 3x + 2y + z = 14
F ( x, y , z , )
37.
= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (3x + 2 y + z 14)
Fx
Fy
Fz
F
= 2 x 3 = 0
= 2 y 2 = 0
= 2z = 0
= 3x 2 y z + 14 = 0
From (1), x =
z=
1 y2
0 0
xy dx dy =
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
1 y6
=
2 6
38.
=
0
y dy dx =
1 x2
= 0.43
39.
1 x2
x
1
Year ( x)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Expenditures ( y ) 15 22 21 26 27 34
nxi yi ( xi )( yi )
2
nxi2 ( xi )
Thus y = 12.67 + 3.29 x
6 2
y
18
= 3.29
dx
x
y
2 x3 y 2
x2
7
5
5
x
x 6 x 7 2 x 2 x3 2 x 2
=7
+
+
5
6
7
7
3
5
1
1 1 1 2 1 2
= 7 + + 0 =
5
6
7
7
3
5
30
xi2 ) ( yi ) ( xi )( xi yi )
(
a=
= 12.67
2 y 2 2
x y dx dy
1 0
xi2 = 91
36.
3
1
5
= 7 x 4 + x5 x 6 x 2 + x 2 x 2 dx
0
b=
7 x 2 + 2 xy 3 y 2 dy dx
= 7 x 2 y + xy 2 y 3
0
nxi2 ( xi )
2 x3 x5
=
3
10
1
128 512 2 1
=
5 3 10
3
603
=
10
dx
2
x4
= 2 x 2 dx
1
2
ti2 ) ( pi ) ( ti )( ti pi )
(
a=
= 85.15
2x
nti2 ( ti )
1 1
1
0 =
2 6
12
y2
1 2
4 2x
34. n = 5,
nti pi ( ti )( pi )
dy
1 1
y4 y
=
0 dy = y 5 dy
0 2
2 0
3
3 2 + 14 = 0 , from which = 2 .
2
2
Thus x = 3, y = 2, and z = 1. Critical point of F:
(3, 2, 1, 2), so the critical point of f is (3, 2, 1).
b=
y2
3
; from (2), y = , from (3),
2
nti2 ( ti )
1 x2 y
dy =
2 y5
20
dy
64 1 63 7
=
=
18 18 18 2
x
10
ax
y = Ceax + 5, y 5 = Ce , ln( y 5) = ax + ln C
717
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x y
0 15
1 12
4 9
7 7
10 6
y 5
10
7
4
2
1
ln( y 5)
2.30259
1.94591
1.38629
0.69315
0.00000
dT
= k (T a ) , where
dt
dT
dT
a = 45. Thus
= k (T 45) ,
= k dt ,
dt
T 45
dT
T 45 = k dt , ln T 45 = kt + C . Because
T 45 > 0, ln(T 45) = kt + C. Thus
n = 5, xi = 22, ln ( yi 5 ) = 6.32794 ,
xi ln ( yi 5 ) = 12.34312, xi2 = 166
a=
=
T 45 = ekt +C , or
T = e kt +C + 45 = eC e kt + 45 = C1e kt + 45 , where
n xi ln ( yi 5 ) ( xi ) ln ( yi 5 )
( )
n xi2 ( xi )
5(12.34312) 22(6.32794)
5(166) (22) 2
0.22399
xi2 ) ln ( yi 5 ) ( xi ) { xi ln ( yi 5 ) }
(
ln C =
2
n ( xi2 ) ( xi )
=
166(6.32794) 22(12.34312)
5(166) (22)2
2.25112
, ln y = ln C ln x r ,
x
xr
ln y = ln(C) r ln x.
Thus r(ln x) + (ln y) ln(C) = 0. Since ln C and r
are constants, ln x and ln y are linearly related.
r
. ln y = ln
( )
ln 19
19
79
,k=
0.01113 . Thus
79
128
Thus y = 9.50e0.22399 x + 5 .
C
128k = ln
T = 79e 0.01113t + 45 .
C e 2.25112 9.50
2. y =
718
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