NAME : WAHYUNI

NIM : F05112025
CLASS A (PGMIPA U)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS : LIGHT REACTION , DARK REACTION (CALVIN
CYCLE) AND C3 PLANT, C4 PLANT, AND CAM PLANT
In plants, plants need water, carbon dioxide, and energy. It is in the need to
perform a chemical process which would produce glucose and oxygen to build up
a block at the plant, which is called photosynthesis. photosynthesis can also be
interpreted as the formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water (H2O) with the help of sunlight. Able to perform photosynthesis because
plants has cells that contain chlorophyll (green substance). In discovery
photosynthesis, sunlight energy absorbed by chlorophyll and converted to
chemical energy stored in the form of carbohydrates or other organic compounds.
The reaction proceeds as follows:

H2O + CO2

sunlight

C6H12O6 +O2

klorofil

Light Reaction
Sunlight has waves and smallest particle or photons. These photons has

wavelengths, spectrum has wavelength in the the spectrum called photosynthetic

electromagnetic . Organism

only use a little bit of electronic magnetic. Who

wavelengths is called visible light. which is about 400 nm-740nm (blue-red).

photosynthetic pigment contained aided by the wavelength which is derived from
the visible light range. color pigment comes from the wavelengths are reflected by
light. plants usually shows its leaf color is green, it is in because green plants so
reflected leaf colors usually appear green. Wavelengths while red and blue are
absorbed in the form of energy used for photosynthesis.

Below is a description of the light reaction:

sumber : www. wikipedia.id

The chemical reaction for photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast.

photosynthesis occurs in two processes which are the light reactions, which need
light and involving breakdown of water and release of oxygen, and the dark
reaction or Calvin cycle, which converts carbon dioxide into sugar .. in the
chloroplast there is a very small structure resemble disc called thylakoids , and is
located between the stroma membranes, dark reactions occur in the stroma. While
the light reactions occur in the thylakoid .Thylakoid which is usually on many
plants, which have a pair of Photosystem . Photosystem 1 and photosystem II,
which work together to produce the energy that will be used by the stoma to make
sugar performance dark reaction. In the thylakoid has a pigment and chlorophyll
molecule device, the device used to absorb photons. then in photosystem II are
excited 2e incoming photons then undergo resonance and converge to the center
of the chlorophyll electrons then enter the center of the chlorophyll and
transported by the transport of electrons, photons works not only on photosystem
II but also in photosystem I. The electrons lost from photosystem II is replaced by
a process called photolysis. Where water is oxidized to break the H + ions and
electrons while oxygen has a higher voltage so that experience excitation. then
electrons from potosistem II entered into photosystem I that then went into center
chlorophyll then transported by the electron transport which produces NADPH in
this process because of NADP + and the ATP synthesis H + ions and ADP entry

will then result ATP. So overall this light reactions produce ATP and NADPH
which later will be used in the dark reaction or Calvin cycle.

Dark reaction

Dark reaction is a reaction in the continuation of the light reactions of

photosynthesis. This reaction does not need light. Dark reactions occur in the
chloroplast is called the stroma. The material is a dark reaction of ATP and
NADPH, which is generated from the light reaction, and CO2, which is derived
from the free air. From this dark reaction, resulting glucose (C6H12O6), which is
necessary for the reaction catabolism. It was discovered by Melvin Calvin and
Andrew Benson, as it is also called the dark reactions of the Calvin-Benson.Pada
reaction dark reaction consists of three stages: carbon fixation, reduction and
regeneration of RuBP.

Calvin cycle

Below is a description of calvin cycle

Sumber: http://biologimediacentre.com/fotosintes 1

The dark reaction begins phase fixation, ribulose diphosphate molecule

binds 6 6 molecules of CO2 from the air and forming 6 molecules beratom C6
unstable. Reactions can occur because of the presence of photosynthetic enzymes.
The enzyme is Rubisco. RuBP is alosetrik enzyme stimulated by three types of
changes resulting from the lighting used for the fixation of chloroplasts (or
enzyme RuBP carboxylase / oxygenase). because the enzyme is an enzyme
RuBisCo the richest in the Calvin cycle, which then broke into 12 atoms C3 air
molecules known as 3-phosphoglycerate acid (APG / PGA) which is also known
by C3 plants. Furthermore, 3-phosphoglycerate acid has received 12 additional
phosphate group, and a 1.3-bifosfogliserat form derived from the reduction of
ATP to ADP and NADPH. Then, 1,3-bifosfogliserat into the reduction phase,
where the compound is reduced by H + from NADPH, which then turned into
NADP +, and 12 molecules formed fosfogliseraldehid (PGAL) is beratom 3C.
Furthermore, 2 molecular fosfogliseraldehid escape and brings together itself into
one glucose molecule that has the atoms 6C (C6H12O6). 10 molecules Remaining
from

fosfogliseraldehid then into the regeneration phase, namely re-

establishment of ribulose diphosphate. In this phase, 10 6 molecules

fosfogliseraldehid turned into ribulose phosphate molecules. If it gets an
additional phosphate group, it will turn into ribulose phosphate ribulose
diphosphate (RDP), which then re-bind CO2 and underwent a dark reaction cycle.
The

dark

reaction

produces

APG

(phosphoglycerate

acid),

APG

(fosfogliseraldehid), RDP (ribulose diphosphate), and glucose (C6H12O6).

But generally calvin cycle usually only occurs in C3 plants, as we know
the type C3 plant products early reduction of CO2 (CO2 fixation) is acid 3phosphoglycerate, or PGA. But at the C4 plants can not directly do calvin cycle in
photosyntesis because the that inhibit bundle sheat(Co2 gas inhibits turnover, O2
and H2O) in the alternative to do is change the initial product of CO2 reduction
(CO2 fixation through PEP) into oxaloacetate acid, malic , and pyruvate. While
the CAM plants, plants do not open its stomata during the day but at night so his
reaction was also different.

Differences C3, C4 and CAM plants

A fundamental difference between plant types C3, C4 and CAM are the
reactions that take place in it. In which the plants are initial products of type C3
reduction of CO2 (CO2 fixation) is acid 3-phosphoglycerate or PGA. Consists of
a set of chemical reactions that take place in the chloroplast stroma that does not
require energy from direct sunlight. Necessary energy source derived from the
light phase of photosynthesis. A set of such reactions occur simultaneously and
continuously. 3 requires as much energy as ATP. PGAL produced can be used in
the event that the materials to build the structural components of cells, for cell
maintenance and stored in the form of starch.
In C4 plants that became characteristic of the type is the initial product of
CO2 reduction (CO2 fixation) is acid oxaloacetate, malate, and pyruvate (the result
is that carbon acids C4). The reaction in the leaf mesophyll, which first reacts with
H2O to form HCO3 by the enzyme carbonic anhydrate. Having a sheath cells that
function in addition mesophyl so plants do not experience excessive transpiration.
Each molecule of CO2 is fixed requiring 2 ATP. C4 plants also experience such
Calvin cycle in C3 plants with the help of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxylase. C4 plants generally living in the tropics for example maize.
Whereas the type of CAM plants have leaves that are thick enough so that
the transpiration rate is low. Its stomata open at night. Starch is described through
the process of glycolysis and PEP shaping. Entering CO2 reacted with water after
such as C4 plants fixation by PEP and converted into malate. By day malic
passively diffuses out of the vacuole and decarboxylate. Doing the same with C3
plants during the day that is the Calvin cycle. Doing the same with C4 plants at
night that Hatch and Slack cycle. CAM plants generally live in areas of dried for
example Pineapple.
http://ipul-biologi.blogspot.com/2011/02/perbedaan-tanaman-jenis-c3-c4-dancam.html

so overall difference cycle C3, C4 and CAM are as follows :

Source http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_HGNB2IZO3yY/TF

Similarities C3 ,C4 and CAM Plants

Whereas similarities C3 plants, C4 and CAM photosynthesis which serves

to make the survival of the plants if there is only C3 plants then when oxygen in
the air to enter the plant only take O2 plants run into photorespiration
consequently resulting in increased plant respiration plant. with the C4 and CAM.
RuBP which will bind O2 in because too many of CO2, the CO2 is slightly C4
plants and CAM will be tied by the PEP.