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Classification of Musical Instruments (Hornbostel and Sachs)
Classification of Musical Instruments (Hornbostel and Sachs)
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ERICH
M. VON
HORNBOSTEL
AND
Classification of
CURT
SACHS
Musical
Instruments
TRANSLATED
BY ANTHONY
FROM
BAINES
THE
AND
TRANSLATORS'
ORIGINAL
KLAUS
GERMAN*
P. WACHSMANN
PREFACE
of the bamboo tubes which they strike againstthe ground or drum upon with
twigs; or of the stampingtubes of their next-door neighbours, the Pare, who
cover the end of the tube that hits the ground with a membrane. Are these
cases of Kontamination(see below, paragraph14) of a basic type 'stamping
tube', or is the first a type of free aerophone (41 in the tables), the second a
plosive aerophone (413), the third a percussion idiophone (111.2), and the
fourth a membranophone(zI) of sorts?
The original text did not reacha large musicalpublic since it appearedin the
comparativeobscurity of an ethnologicaljournal, while also, being written in
German,it did not become as widely known in the English-speakingworld as
it might have done otherwise. Thus there is a clear case for now offering an
Englishtranslation.To do so at this moment will servealso as a fitting memorial
to ProfessorCurt Sachs,who died in 1959. Posterity can pay no higher tribute
to a scholarthan to returnto his and his collaborator'swork and put it into the
hands of a wider public than knew it before. It is in this spirit that the English
translationis published.
The text paragraphswere not numbered in the original. Words in square
bracketsare the authors'if German,and the translators'if otherwise.The translators' terminology in the tables takes due account of English terms used by
the authorsin theirvariouslaterpublications--asHornbostelin 'The Ethnology
of African Sound-Instruments',Africa, vol. VI (London, 1933), glossary,
(New York, 1940),
pp. 303-II; and Sachsin The Historyof MusicalInstruments
'Terminology', pp. 454-67. Many of their English terms have come into wide
use, and have been kept save in a few cases where a change (even in one case
to French) seemed to the translatorsunavoidable or greatly preferable.Most
of the more obscure instrumentscited in the tables are describedby Sachs in
his Real-Lexikon(Berlin, 1913). Footnotes are original unless stated.
of MusicalInstruments
Classification
REATISES
on systemsof classification
areby andlargeof uncertain
andsetform,while
to sharpdemarcation
aliveanddynamic,indifferent
and
are
static
demarcationsand
dependupon sharply-drawn
systems
categories.
2. These considerations
bring specialdifficultiesto the classifier,
thoughalso an attractivechallenge:his aim mustbe to developand
refinehis conceptsso thatthey betterand betterfit the realityof his
material,sharpenhis perception,and enablehim to place a specific
casein the schemequicklyandsecurely.
concernsfirts
for musicalinstruments
3. A systematicarrangement
of all musicologists,ethnologists,and curatorsof ethnologicalcollec4
tionsandthoseof culturalhistory.Systematicarrangement
andterminare
not
for
collections
of
needed,
however,
ology
urgently
only
He who refers
material,butalsofor theirstudyandin its interpretation.
to a musicalinstrumentby anynameor descriptionhe pleases,being
unawareof the pointswhichmatter,will causemoreconfusionthanif
he hadleft it altogetherunnoticed.In commonspeechtechnicalterms
are greatly muddled,as when the same instrumentmay be indiscriminatelycalleda lute, guitar,mandoline,or banjo.Nicknamesand
popularetymology also misleadthe uninitiated:the GermanMaulis not a drum,nor the EnglishJew's (properlyjaw's) harpa
trommel
nor
a Geige[fiddle],nor the Flemishtromp
harp, the Swedishmungiga
a trumpet;only theRussians
arecorrectwhentheycallthissameinstrument, a plucked lamella,by the uncommittedterm vargan(from
Greek'opycvov,
'instrument').
Homonymsare no less dangerousthan
for instance,denotesin the Congo the
synonyms:the word marimba,
set of lamellaeusuallycalledsansa,but elsewhereit denotesa xylophone. Ethnologicalliteratureteamswith ambiguousor misleading
terms for instruments,and in museums,where the field-collector's
on
reporthasthe lastsay,the mostsenselesstermsmay be perpetuated
the labels.Correctdescriptionandnomenclature
dependuponknowledge of the most essentialcriteriafor the varioustypes,-a condition
which,as a visit to a museumwill show,is hardlyevermet. One will
find, for instance,that oboes,even when stillin the possessionof the
doublereedwhich unmistakably
proclaimsthem for what they are,
arenotedas flutes,or at best as clarinets;and shouldthe oboe have a
brassbell one may be certainof the label'trumpet'
has theoreticaladvantagesas well as
4. A systemof classification
uses.
which
otherwise
practical
Objects
appearto be quiteunrelated
to eachothermay now becomeassociated,revealingnew geneticand
culturallinks. Herein will alwaysbe found the leadingtest of the
validityof the criteriauponwhichthe systemis based.
must
5. The difficultieswhichan acceptablesystemof classification
surmountarevery great,sincethatwhichsuitsone eraor nationmay
be unsuitableas a foundationfor the instrumentalarmouryof all
nationsandall times.Thusthe AncientChinesebasedtheirclassificabetweeninstrumentsmade of stone,
tion on material,distinguishing
metal,wood, gourd,bamboo,hide and silk; consequently,to them,
and marbleflutes,shawmsand
trumpetsandgongs,stoneharmonicas
clappers,eachbelongedtogether.
6. Our own present-daypracticedoesnot amountto much more.
Sound-instruments
are dividedinto threemajorcategories:stringed
instruments,wind instruments,and percussioninstruments.This
5
..
1112. .23=lithophone
stone
,,
,,
.
..
1112. .24=crystallophone ..
,,
,,
glass.
28. Furtherstagesin this classificationof the xylophone would make
use of morphological criteria significant from an ethnological point
of view:
Classification
.21.1
1112.
.21.121*
Rail xylophone
S.E.,E. andW.Africa
Table xylophone The frameis borneon a trestle
Senegambia
1112. .21.13 Sledge xylophone The soundingbodies lie acrossthe
C. Africa
edges of two boards
1112. .21.14 (Bedded) trough xylophone The soundingbodies lie
acrossthe edgesof a trough-or box-shapedvessel Japan
III12. .21.2 Suspension xylophone The soundingbodieslie on two
cordswithoutanyotherfoundation
1112. .21.21 (Free)suspensionxylophone Withoutcase
CochinChina
1112. .21.22 (Suspension) trough xylophone With trough-shaped
box
Burma,Java
* To be furthersubdividedthus:
I Withoutresonators
2 With resonators
21 With resonators
suspended
singly
22 With resonators
stuckinto a commonplatform.
in mostcasesgourds,oftenhaveholessealedby a memNE The resonators,
with 242 (vesselkazoos).Possiblythe method
brane,showingadulteration
of mountingthe membranes(directly,or over a cone-shapedframe)will
demandanothersubdivision.
One can,however,dispensewith addinganother
numbersinceframexylophoneswithoutresonators
areunknown.
1112.
.21.122*
Classification
I IDIOPHONES The substanceof the instrumentitself,owing to its
solidityandelasticity,yieldsthe sounds,withoutrequiring
or strings
stretchedmembranes
is madeto vibrateby beingstruck
The
instrument
Struck
idiophones
II
upon
III Idiophones struck directly The playerhimselfexecutesthe movement of striking;whether by mechanicalintermediate
devices,beaters,keyboards,or by pullingropes,etc., is
it is definitivethatthe playercanapplyclearly
immaterial;
itselfis
definedindividualstrokesand thatthe instrument
equippedfor thiskindof percussion
I II.I Concussionidiophones or clappers Two or morecomplementary
sonorouspartsarestruckagainsteachother
Is.
sticks or stick clappers Annam,India,Marshall
Concussion
III. II
or
Concussion
China,
India
plaque
clappers
plaques
III.12
Burma
111.13 Concussiontroughs or trough clappers
111I.4 Concussionvesselsor vessel clappers Evena slighthollow in the
surfaceof a boardcountsasa vessel
111.141 Castanets Vesselclappers,eithernatural,or artificiallyhollowed
out
alsothetriangle
Japan,Annam,Balkans;
of different
Several
sticks
sticks
Sets
of
percussion
III.212
percussion
pitcharecombinedto forma singleinstrument
arenotin
as longas theirsounding
All xylophones,
components
twodifferent
planes[nichtbiplan]
111.22 Percussionplaques
Church
Christian
111.221 (Individual)percussion plaques In theoriental
111.222 Sets of percussionplaques
Lithophone
(China),andmostmetallophones
111.23
14
Percussion tubes
111.231 (Individual)percussiontubes
II111.232 Sets of percussiontubes
bell
Slitdrum,tubular
tubular
xylophone
Tubaphon,
Percussion vessels
III.24
111.241
Gongs The vibrationis strongestnear the vertex
III.241.I
(Individual)gongs
S. andE. Asia;
theso-calledmetaldrums,or rather
including
kettle-gongs
S.E. Asia
II111.241.2 Sets of gongs [gongchimes]
111.242 Bells The vibrationis weakestnearthe vertex
111.242.1 (Individual)Bells
11II.242.II
II 1.242.12
111.242.121
Fruitshellswithseeds,'pelletbells'enclosing
loosepercussion
pellets
112.2 Scraped idiophones The player causes a scrapingmovement
directlyor indirectly:a non-sonorous
objectmovesalong
the notchedsurfaceof a sonorousobject,to be alternately
liftedoff the teethandflickedagainstthem;or an elastic
sonorousobjectmovesalongthe surfaceof a notchednonsonorousobjectto causea seriesof impacts.This group
mustnot be confusedwith thatof frictionidiophones
112.21
Scrapedsticks A notchedstickis scrapedwith a littlestick
112.211
Scrapedsticks without resonator
musical
S. America.
India(notched
bow),Congo
112.212
with
E. Asia (tiger)
sticks
resonator
Usumbara,
Scraped
S. India
II2.22 Scrapedtubes
surfaceof a vesselis scraped
112.23 Scrapedvessels The corrugated
S. America,
Congoregion
112.24 Scrapedwheels or cog rattles A cog wheel,whoseaxleservesas
the handle,anda tonguefixedin a framewhichis freeto
turnon the handle;when whirled,the tonguestrikesthe
India
teethof the wheelone afteranother
Europe,
in theshapeof two springyarmscon112.3 Split idiophones Instruments
nectedat one end andtouchingat the other:the armsare
forcedapartby a littlestick,tojingleor vibrateon recoil
Balkans
China(huant'u),Malacca,
Persia(qalsik),
12 Plucked idiophones Lamellae,
i.e. elasticplaques,fixedat one end,are
flexedandthenreleasedto returnto theirpositionof rest
121 In the form of a frame The lamellavibrateswithina frameor hoop
121.1 Clack idiophones (cricri) The lamellais carvedin the surfaceof a
Melanesia
fruit shell,which servesas resonator
121.2 Guimbardes (Jews'harps) The lamellais mountedin a rod- or
frameand dependson the player'smouth
plaque-shaped
cavityfor resonance
Idioglot guimbardes The lamellais carvedin the frameitself,its
I21.21
baseremaining
joinedto the frame
Melanesia
India,Indonesia,
121.22 Heteroglot guimbardes A lamellais attachedto a frame
India,China
Europe,
I21.221 (Single)heteroglot guimbardes
121.222 Sets of heteroglot guimbardes Severalheteroglotguimbardes
of differentpitchesarecombinedto form a singleinstruAura
ment
122 In board- or comb-form The lamellaearetiedto a boardor cut out
froma boardlikethe teethof a comb
122.1 With laced-on lamellae
All sansason a plainboard
122.11 Without resonator
122.12 With resonator
All sansaswitha boxorbowlbelowtheboard
16
lamellae
Europe
is madeto vibrateby friction
13 Friction Idiophones The instrument
131 Friction sticks
131.1 (Individual)friction sticks
Unknown
131.2 Sets of friction sticks
arerubbed
131.21 With direct friction The sticksthemselves
Nailfiddle,nailpiano,Stockspiele
131.22 With indirectfriction Thesticksareconnectedwith otherswhich
are rubbedand, by transmitting
theirlongitudinalvibravibrationin the former
tion, stimulatetransverse
Chladni's
euphon
132 Friction plaques
Unknown
132.1 (Individual)friction plaques
NewIreland
132.2 Sets of friction plaques [livika]
133 Friction vessels
Brazil(tortoise
133.1 (Individual)friction vessels
shell)
Verillon
133.2 Sets of friction vessels
(glassharmonica)
is madeto vibrateby beingblown
14 Blown idiophones The instrument
upon
141 Blown sticks
Unknown
141.1 (Individual)blown sticks
Aeolsklavier
141.2 Sets of blown sticks
142 Blown plaques
Unknown
142.1 (Individual)blown plaques
Pianochanteur
142.2 Sets of blown plaques
Suffixesfor usewith anydivisionof thisclass(idiophones):
-8 with keyboard
-9 mechanicallydriven
2 MEMBRANOPHONES
The soundis excitedby tightly-stretched
membranes
21 Struckdrums The membranes
arestruck
211 Drums struckdirectly The playerhimselfexecutesthe movementof
devices,
striking;thisincludesstrikingby anyintermediate
suchas beaters,keyboards,etc.; drumsthatareshakenare
excluded
Kettle
drums
211.1
(timpani) The bodyis bowl- or dish-shaped
kettle
drums
21I.II (Separate)
European
timpani
Sets of kettle drums W.Asianpermanently
211.12
joinedpairsofkettledrums
2II.2 Tubulardrums The body is tubular
17
211.21
211.211
zlI.zlI.I
is open
Malacca
zII.zII.2 Closed cylindrical drums The end oppositefrom the membraneis closed
WestIndies
211.212
Double-skin cylindrical drums The drum has two usable
membranes
(Individual)cylindrical drums
Europe(sidedrum)
2II.212.I
211.212.2
Sets of cylindrical drums
211.22*
Barrel-shapeddrums The diameteris largerat the middlethan
at the ends;the body is curvilinear
Asia,Africa,AncientMexico
Double-conical drums The diameteris largerat the middlethan
211.23
at the ends;the body is rectilinear
with angularprofile
India(mrdanga,
pakhavaja)
banya,
211.24* Hourglass-shapeddrum The diameteris smallerat the middle
E. Africa
thanat the ends
Asia,Melanesia,
211.25* Conical drums The diametersat the ends differconsiderably;
minor departures
from conicity,inevitablymet, are disIndia
here
regarded
211.26* Goblet-shapeddrums Thebodyconsistsof a mainsectionwhich
is either cup-shapedor cylindrical,and a slenderstem;
borderlinecasesof this basicdesignlike those occurring
notablyin Indonesia,do not affectthe identification,so
formis not in factreached Darabuka
long asa cylindrical
211.3 Framedrums The depthof the body doesnot exceedthe radiusof
the membrane.NB The Europeanside-drum,even in its
mostshallowform,is a developmentfromthe long cylindricaldrumandhenceis not includedamongframedrums
drums
Frame
211.31
(without handle)
Tambourine
211.311
Single-skin frame drums
N. Africa
211.312 Double-skin frame drums
211.32 Frame drum with handle A stickis attachedto the framein line
with its diameter
Eskimo
211.321
Single-skinframe drumswith handle
Tibet
211.322 Double-skin frame drums with handle
212 Rattle drums (sub-divisions
as for drumsstruckdirectly,21I) The
drum is shaken;percussionis by impactof pendantor
* To be sub-divided like 211.21.
18
India,Tibet
enclosedpellets,or similarobjects
22 Plucked drums A stringis knottedbelowthe centreof themembrane;
to
whenthe stringis plucked,its vibrationsaretransmitted
the membrane
India(gopiyantra,anandalahari)
is madeto vibrateby friction
23 Friction drums The membrane
231 Friction drums with stick A stickin contactwith the membraneis
eitheritselfrubbed,or is employedto rubthe membrane
With inserted stick The stickpassesthrougha hole in the mem231.1
brane
Friction drums with fixed stick The stickcannotbe moved;the
231.11
stickaloneis subjectedto frictionby rubbing
Africa
231.I2 Friction drums with semi-fixed stick The stickis movableto a
sufficientextent to rub the membranewhen it is itself
rubbedby the hand
Africa
231.13 Friction drums with free stick The stickcan be movedfreely;
it is not itselfrubbed,butisemployedto rubthemembrane
Venezuela
With
tied
stick
The
is
stick
tied
to
the
in
membrane
an
231.2
upright
position
Europe
232 Friction drum with cord A cord, attachedto the membrane,is
rubbed
232.1 Stationaryfriction drum with cord The drumis held stationary
Europe,
Africa
232.11
Single-skin stationarydrums with friction-cord
232.12 Double-skin stationarydrums with friction-cord
232.2 Frictiondrum with whirling stick Thedrumis whirledon a cord
whichrubson a [resined[notchin the holdingstick.
India,E. Africa)
Waldteufel
[cardboard
buzzer](Europe,
233 Hand friction drums The membraneis rubbedby the hand
24 Singing membranes (Kazoos) The membraneis madeto vibrateby
speakingor singinginto it; the membranedoesnot yield
a noteof its own butmerelymodifiesthevoice
Europe,W.Africa
is inciteddirectly,withoutthewind first
241 Free kazoos The membrane
passingthrougha chamber
Comb-and-paper
is placedinsidea tubeor box
242 Tube- or vessel-kazoos Themembrane
Africa;whilealso,E. Asianfluteswitha lateralholesealedbya
exhibitanadulteration
withtheprinciple
of thetube
inmembrane,
kazoo
Suffixesfor usewith any divisionof thisclass(membranophones):
-6 with membraneglued to drum
-7 with membranenailed to drum
-8 with membranelaced to drum
-8i Cord-(ribbon-)bracing The cordsarestretchedfrommembraneto
19
311.121.1I
311.121.12
South-equatorial
Africa(n'kungo,uta)
311.12.1.2
311.I121.21
311.121.22
With resonator
With independent resonator
With resonator attached
Borneo (busoi)
311.121.221
311.121.222
E. Asia(k'in,koto)
312.22 Heterochord half-tube zithers
313 Raft zithers The stringbeareris composedof canestied togetherin
the mannerof a raft
313.1 Idiochordraft zithers
India,UpperGuinea,Central
Congo
N. Nyasaregion
313.2 Heterochordraft zithers
314 Board zithers The stringbeareris a board;the groundtoo is to be
countedas such
314.1 True board zithers The planeof the stringsis parallelwith thatof
the stringbearer
314.11
Without resonator
Borneo
Without resonator
the harpolyre,
andthoselike the Lyre-guitars,
in whichthe
yoke is merelyornamental
321.31 Spike lutes The handlepassesdiametrically
throughthe resonator
consistsof anaturalorcarved-out
321.311 Spikebowllutes Theresonator
bowl
Persia,India,Indonesia
is builtup from
321.312 Spike box lutes or spike guitars The resonator
wood
Egypt(rebab)
321.313 Spike tube lutes The handlepassesdiametricallythroughthe
wallsof a tube
China,Indochina
321.32 Necked lutes Thehandleis attachedto or carvedfromthe resonator, likea neck
balalaika
Mandoline,
321.321 Necked bowl lutes
theorbo,
321.322 Necked box lutes or necked guitars NBLuteswhose body is
builtup in the shapeof a bowl areclassified
asbowllutes
Violin,viol,guitar
322 Harps The planeof the stringslies at rightanglesto the sound-table;
a linejoining the lower endsof the stringswould point
towardsthe neck
322.1 Open harps Theharphasno pillar
322.11 Archedharps Theneckcurvesawayfromthe resonator
Burma
andAfrica
322.12 Angularharps Theneckmakesa sharpanglewith theresonator
Korea
Assyria,Ancient
Egypt,Ancient
322.2 Frameharps Theharphasa pillar
All medieval
322.21 Without tuning action
harps
322.211 Diatonic frame harps
322.212 Chromaticframe harps
322.212.1 With the stringsin one plane Mostof theolderchromatic
harps
322.212.2 With the strings in two planes crossing one another
TheLyonchromatic
harp
322.22 With tuning action The stringscanbe shortenedby mechanical
action
322.221 With manual action The tuningcanbe alteredby hand-levers
Hookharp,ditalharp,harpinella
322.222 With pedal action Thetuningcanbe alteredby pedals
323 Harp lutes The planeof the stringslies at rightanglesto the soundtable;a linejoiningthelowerendsof the stringswouldbe
to the neck.Notchedbridge
perpendicular
W. Africa(kasso,
etc.)
Suffixesfor usewith anydivisionof thisclass(chordophones):
-4 sounded by hammers or beaters
-5 sounded with the bare fingers
-6 sounded by plectrum
-7 sounded by bowing
-71 with a bow
23
-72
-73
-8
-9
by a wheel
by a ribbon [Band]
with keyboard
with mechanicaldrive
Bengal
42I.III.II Without fingerholes
Almostworld-wide
421.III.12 With fingerholes
Stopped single end-blown flutes The lowerend of the flute
421.III.2
is closed
Without
Theboreofa key
fingerholes
421.III.21
With
New Guinea
fingerholes
421.III.22
Especially
421.112 Sets of end-blown flutes or panpipes Severalend-blownflutes
of differentpitcharecombinedto forma singleinstrument
421.112 Open panpipes
421.112.II Open (raft)panpipes The pipesaretiedtogetherin the form
of a board,or theyaremadeby drillingtubesin a board
China
bundle
The
are
tied
421.112.2 Open
(pan-) pipes
pipes
togetherin a
roundbundle
Solomon
NewIreland,
Is.
Is., NewBritain,
Admiralty
S. America
421.112.2 Stopped panpipes
Europe,
Solomon
Is., S. America
421.112.3 Mixed open and stopped panpipes
421.12 Side-blown flutes The playerblows againstthe sharprim of a
hole in the sideof the tube
421.121 (Single) side-blown flutes
421.121.1 Open side-blown flutes
S. W. Timor
421.I21.II Without fingerholes
European
421.I21.I2 With fingerholes
flute
421.121.2 Partly-stoppedside-blown flutes The lowerend of the tube
is a naturalnode of the pipepiercedby a smallhole
N. W.Borneo
side-blown
flutes
Stopped
42I.I21.3
421.121.31 Without fingerholes
non-existent
421.121.311 With fixed stopped lower end
Apparently
With
lower
end
adjustable
stopped
421.121.312
(pistonflutes)
NewGuinea
Malacca,
E. Bengal,Malacca
421.121.32 With fingerholes
421.122 Sets of side-blown flutes
Chamber
421.122.I Sets of open side-blown flutes
fluteorum
25
China,Borneo
Indonesia
Malacca
421.22
Tibet
Flutes with internal duct The duct is inside the tube. This group
includes flutes with the duct formed by an internal baffle
(naturalnode, block of resin)and an exterior tied-on cover
(cane, wood, hide)
Without fingerholes
Brit.Columbia
With fingerholes
Aulos,crumhorn
422.112 With conical bore
oboe
European
422.12 Sets of oboes
Doubleaulos
422.121 With cylindricalbore
422.122 With conical bore
India
422.2 Clarinets The pipe has a [single]'reed'consistingof a percussion
lamella
clarinets
422.21 (Single)
With cylindricalbore
422.211
Withoutfingerholes
Brit.Columbia
422.211.I
With fingerholes
422.211.2
clarinet
European
422.212 With conical bore
Saxophone
422.22 Sets of clarinets
Egypt(zummara)
422.3 Reedpipeswith free reeds Thereedvibratesthrough[at]a closelyfitted frame.There must be fingerholes,otherwisethe
instrumentbelongsto the freereeds412.13
S.E.Asia
422.31 Single pipes with free reed
422.32 Double pipes with free reeds
423 Trumpets The air-stream
passesthroughtheplayer'svibratinglips,so
gainingintermittantaccessto the air columnwhich is to
be madeto vibrate
Natural
trumpets Withoutextradevicesto alterpitch
423.I
Conches
A conchshellservesastrumpet
423.II
423.III End-blown
423.111.1 Without mouthpiece
India
423.III.2 With mouthpiece
Japan(rappakai)
423.112 Side-blown
Oceania
423.12 Tubulartrumpets
423.121 End-blown grumpets The mouth-holefaces the axis of the
trumpet
423.121.I End-blown straighttrumpets The tubeis neithercurvednor
folded
Somealphorns
423.121.II Without mouthpiece
Almostworld-wide
423.12I.I2 With mouthpiece
423.121.2 End-blown horns The tubeis curvedor folded
Asia
423.I21.2I Without mouthpiece
423.121.22 With mouthpiece
Lurs
422.111I.
422.11.2
27
-62
-7
-71
-72
-8
-9
TRANSLATORS' GLOSSARY
SHOWING
THEIR
CERTAIN
EQUIVALENTS
TERMS
IN
EMPLOYED
THE
AND
ORIGINAL
Conicaldrums,Konustrommeln
Archedharps,Bogenharfen
drums,Fasstrommeln Doubleconical,DoppelkonusBarrel-shaped
'Cover' (in interruptiveaerophones,
Beater,Schlagel
Bow-lutes,Bogenlauten
412.1), 'Ausfatz'
Bowl-, SchalenCylindricaldrums,Zylindertrommeln
Box zither,Kastenzither
Dish-shaped,Schalenformig
Clackidiophone[cf. Sachs'sKnack- Displacement aerophone, Ablenkungsaerophone
holz],Cricri
Duct, Kernspalte
Clapperbells,Kl'ppelglocken
- flutes with external duct, AussenKlappern
Clappers,
Ratschen
rattles
[Ratchetrattles],
Cog
spaltflten
- flutes with internal duct, InnenConches,Schneckentrompeten
Concussion,Gegenschlagspaltfliten
28
29