BUILDING DRAWING

What is a building drawing?

The method of representing the details of a building on a paper is called building
drawing.
What are the types of building?
(i)
Residential Building
(ii)
Office Building
(iii)
Industrial Building or Factory
What do you understand by 1: 4: 8 mix?
1: 4: 8 mixes refers 1 part of cement, 4 parts of fine aggregate or river sand, and 8
parts of coarse aggregate or stone jelly.
Prime requirements of a good drawing:
It should be clear simple and clean.
It should be accurately drawn so that the scaled measurements agree with figures
and should be free of repetitive details.
It should give exact information so that work can be carried out at site without
scaling for missing measurements.
Neatness, ability for co-relative details and their arrangement in a logical sequence
are repaired.
Notes on the drawings should be held in the minimum required to support the
drawings.
Ample space should be provided between views to permit placing of dimensions
without crowding.
The arrangement of all views should be done by providing uniform clear space
around these views.
For this a light sketch for the area required for each view according to the scale
adopted should be drawn. Thus the position and clear space between the different
views can be visualized before hand.
Important terms used in building construction:
1. Foundation (substructure)
The portion of the building below the ground level which is in direct contact
with the ground, to transmit the loads of the building to the ground is called as
foundation or substructure. In a small building, footing foundations or strip footing
foundation with two or three footings of brick masonry or stone masonry are used,
over a concrete bed.
2. Super Structure
The potion of the building above the ground level of substructure is called
as super structure. The components of a super structure are plinth, wall, lintel, roof
etc
1

3. Basement
It is the lower storey of a building which is partly below the ground level. In
an office building or a residential building, basement is used for vehicle parking or
for storage of goods.
4. Plinth and Plinth level
The portion of the building between the ground level and floor level in the
super structure is called as plinth. Its height above the ground level is known as
plinth level or plinth height. Its height is usually 450 mm from the ground level.
The thickness of the wall in plinth is greater than the wall thickness. The space
between the plinth level and ground level is filled with sand.
5. Wall
The portion of the super structure which carries the load of the roof is called
as the wall. The wall is usually built in brick masonry and has a wall thickness of
230 mm.
6. Parapet Wall
The wall built above the flat roof, which provides safety to the people,
while they are on the top of roof in a building, is called as a parapet wall. Also this
adds good appearance to the building. The parapet wall thickness is 120mm. Its
height is usually 600 mm.
7. Flooring
The horizontal surface at the plinth level in a building is called as flooring.
It usually prepared in two layers.
The first layer is a Plain Cement Concrete (P.C.C) in the ratio of
1: 4: 8, for a thickness of 200 mm.
The second layer is the finishing layer which may be cementing plastering
in the ratio 1: 3 for a thickness of 12 mm. This can be mosaic tiles, marble slabs,
superior quality granite slabs or ceramic tiles flooring.
8. Sill Level
The horizontal bottom level of a window is called as sill level.
In a building drawing, the top view of the plan is drawn by considering a section
plane at this level.
9. Roofing
The reinforced cement concrete slab used to cover the building is called as
roofing. It is constructed as flat or inclined R.C.C slab of thickness 200 mm and the
mixture ratio is 1: 2: 4. There are many other types of roofs, but R.C.C roof is
commonly used in small office and residential building.
10. Ceiling
The bottom surface of roof slab seen inside a room is called as ceiling. The
normal height of ceiling measured from floor in a room, to have the facilities of a
ceiling fan etc, is 3000mm. This height may be reduced for the buildings that are to be
air- conditioned.
2

11. Plinth Beam

The R.C.C beam constructed in the plinth which is used to transfer the load
of building uniformly on the foundation is called as plinth beam.
It also prevents any crack formation on the wall because of the improper settlement and
behaviour of the soil on which the building is constructed. Its thickness is usually 150
mm.
12. Lintel Beam
The R.C.C beam constructed above the window and door openings to
support the brick work above is called as lintel beam. Its thickness is usually 200mm
and the width is equal to the wall thickness of 230mm. The height of the lintel beam
level is equal to the door height which is usually 2150 mm from the floor level.
13. Damp Proof Course
The building should be dry for the longer life of it and in order to prevent he
entry of dampness into the building, the damp proof course is provided.
The main entry of dampness in a building is through the foundation which
absorbs moisture by capillary action. It is prevented by providing a cement mortar,
impervious layer in the ratio 1: 3, mixed with water proofing material powders for a
thickness of 20 mm at the plinth level.
14. Weathering Course
In order to prevent the entry of rain water into the R.C.C roof slab and
transfer of heat inside the room, below the roof during summer, the weathering course
is provided.
The simple method on weathering course is using a lime concrete. Lime
mixed with broken brick aggregate size 25mm to 35mm in the ratio 1: 2: 5 for an
average thickness of 20mm. While laying the weathering, a slope of 1:50 towards rain
water drainage pipe is provided.
A course of flat tiles with cement mortar in the ratio 1: 3 mixed with crude
oil are provided in the top of the lime concrete, to have a good weathering.
15. Sunshade
Sunshade is a horizontal R.C.C slab provided above the windows and doors
to prevent sunlight and rain water entry into the room. It is constructed by providing an
extension from lintel beam. Its joining thickness at a lintel is 200 mm and outside
thickness is 100mm and the bottom surface of sunshade is flat and the slope is obtained
in the top surface.
The width of the sunshade is and is extending by on either side of door and
window.
16. Steps
Steps are built to enable us to reach a floor and are generally constructed in
brick work, on a plain cement concrete bed of thickness of 100mm to 200 mm.
The height of a step is called as rise which is usually 150 mm and the width
of a step is called as tread which is 250 to 300 mm. The length of a step is slightly
larger than the door size by extending 100 to 150 mm on either side of door.
3

17. Stairs
A stair has a step of leading from one floor to another. In a single storied
building it is used to reach the roof top (terrace) from the ground. It may be constructed
outside or inside a building.
Commonly used stairs are:
(i) Straight flight stirs
(ii) Dog legged stairs
(iii) Circular stairs
(iv) Spiral stairs
18. Partition Wall
Partition walls are used to make separation / division in a room, and they
have a thickness of 120 mm. These are not load bearing walls and they dont have any
foundation like walls in a building.
Partitions can also be obtained by using timber and glass, this type is
commonly used in office buildings.
19. Plinth area
The area occupied by a building at the plinth level is called as a plinth area.
It is obtained by measuring the outside dimensions of a building at the plinth level. The
area occupied by court yards, and balconies are not included in plinth area.
20. Floor area
The area of a building, excluding the area occupied walls is called as floor
area. It is obtained by deducting the area occupied by walls, from plinth area. In a
building, the floor area will be 80% to 90% of the plinth area.
21. Carpet area
The area of a building which is useful or livable is called as carpet area. It is
obtained by deducting the area occupied by verandah, corridors, kitchen, toilets,
bathrooms etc. from the floor area. In a residential building, the carpet area will be 55%
to 65% of plinth area and in office building 65% to 75% of plinth area.

Rules and regulations

Set back
Front set back 3.05 m
Rear set back: 1.52 m if the length of plot is less than 17 m.
and 3.05 m if length of plot if more than 17 m.
Back set back: 1.52 m each side
Ventilation
1/4th of open area
1/8th of room area
Door size
D
D1
D2

1.10 X 2.15 m
0.9 X 2.15m
0.75 X 2.15m

Window size
W1
W2
W3

1.33 X 1.22m
1.10 X 1.22m
2.45 X 0.6m

Stair case size

Width
Riser
Tread
Landing
Head room

1.2 m (minimum)
150 to 170mm
300 to 325mm
1 to 1.8m wide
1.8m

Minimum dimensions
Plinth height

more than 300mm

450mm in general
Habitable rooms area
Only one room
9.5m2
2.4m minimum width
Two rooms

9.5 m2 minimum area for one room

7.5m2 for other room

Kitchen cum store

5.5m2 with a minimum width of 1.8m

Kitchen cum dining 9.5m2 with a minimum width of 2.4m

5

Bathroom
W.C

1.2 X 2.1m
1.5 X 2.4m
1.9 X 2.7m
0.9 X 1.2
1.0 X 1.2m

Passage width 0.9 to 1.5m

One foot = 0.305 m
Orientation of the building

AUTO CAD
The preparation of Engineering Drawings using conventional drawing instruments
is time consuming and requires trained personnel in the field. The same drawing can be
prepared with ease in less time with the aid of a computer. The method of preparing
drawings using computer software is known as Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) or
Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD).
CAD is becoming popular in many fields of Engineering such as Civil, Electrical,
Mechanical, Automotive, Electronics, Communication, Aerospace and Architecture etc.It is
being applied for mapping, building drawing contouring, structural design, robotics, design
of machine elements kinematics, hydraulics, circuit layout, panel design, schematic
diagrams of ICs network, town planning, modeling, spacecraft design, flight simulator etc.
The use of computer in drafting saves labour and drafting time produces better
quality drawings, which can be saved for future use such as updating and editing and
display more distinct information using color graphics.
COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING USING AUTO CAD 2006
Auto CAD is one of the 2D drafting and 3D modeling software commonly used in
engineering practices. It is a powerful drafting tool that has the flexible features for
creation of drawings, editing and plotting.
Auto CAD 2006 is released by Autodesk, Inc, USA.
AUTO CAD COMMANDS
To set the paper size
Before constructing any drawing, the size of paper to be accommodated on the
screen has to be defined using command LIMITS. For example, to set the screen for A3
size (420,297) the LIMITS command is to be given as follows.
Command

LIMITS

Specify left corner or [ON/PFF] <0.00, 0.00>:

0, 0

Specify upper right corner<12.0, 9.0>

420, 297

Command

ZOOM

All

[All/Centre/Dynamic/Extends/Previous/Scale
/Window] <real time>

LINE Command
The LINE command is used to draw a line, the line drawn may be continued with
the same command and it is terminated by pressing ENTER key or right mouse button.
Then select ENTER. The execution of LINE command is given as follows:
:
LINE or L
: select any point in the drawing

Command
Specify first point

area on the screen using left mouse

button.
Specify next point or [undo]

: select second point using mouse.

Specify next point or [undo]

: select third point using mouse.

Specify next point or [close/undo]

: C to close the lines.

The drawing seen on the screen is a triangle or arbitrary size. To prepare the correct
dimensional drawings, the Coordinate system followed in Auto CAD is used.
Coordinate Systems in Auto CAD:
There are four coordinate systems used in AutoCAD to locate a point on the screen.
In Auto CAD, 2D drafting is done by considering the screen as the XY plane i.e. X values
are considered horizontally and Y values are taken vertically. By default, the left lower
corner on the screen is considered as the origin (0, 0). Auto CAD uses the following
systems:
(i) Absolute coordinates
(ii) Relative coordinates
(iii) Polar coordinates
Absolute Coordinates
In this method, the points are located to draw a line with respect to the origin (0, 0).
To mark a point, value is given in pairs for X-coordinate value followed by Y- coordinate.
Consider the following example to generate the given drawing.
Command

Specify first point

Specify next point or [undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8

LINE Press ENTER

key or mouse left button
20, 20
80, 20
80, 50
40, 50
40, 70
20, 70
20, 20
Press ENTER to complete
the drawing.

Relative Coordinates
In this method, the points are located to draw a line with reference to the
previous point. Consider the following example to generate the given drawing.
Command

Specify first point

Specify next point or [undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

LINE Press ENTER

key or mouse left button
20, 20
@60, 0
@0, 30
@-40, 0
@0, 20
@-20, 0
@0, -50
Press ENTER to complete
the drawing.

Polar Coordinates
In this method, the points are located to draw a line by defining the distance of the
point from the current position and the angle made to that line. The angle referred in Auto
CAD is given in fig.
Command

Specify first point

Specify next point or [undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

LINE Press ENTER

key or mouse left button
20, 20
@60<0
@30<90
@40<180
@20<90
@-20<180
@50<270
Press ENTER to complete
the drawing.

Direct Distance Entry

In this method, the points are located to draw a line using the distance entry
in the direction of the cursor. Consider the following example to generate the given
drawing.
Command

LINE [ortho on]

Specify first point

Specify next point or [undo]

Specify next point or [close/undo]

20, 20 move mouse

Horizontally right
60 move mouse vertically
up
30 move mouse
Horizontally left

Specify next point or [close/undo]

Specify next point or [close/undo]

Specify next point or [close/undo]

Specify next point or [close/undo]

Specify next point or [close/undo]

:
:

40 move mouse vertically

up
20 move mouse
Horizontally left
20 move mouse vertically
down
50
Press ENTER to complete
the drawing.

To draw this drawing, the Ortho mode is on. Use F8 key to activate ortho on/off.

10

ERASE Command
The ERASE Command is used to erase objects which are drawn earlier. Select the
objects to be erased one by one, select them in a window by picking the lower left corner
and upper right corner using the mouse.
Command

ERASE

Select objects

Select objects

select the objects to erase

using a mouse or in a window.
to remove the
selected object.

UNDO Command or U Command

The UNDO Command is used to undo the operations which are previously
executed.
Command

UNDO or U

REDO Command
The REDO Command is used to undo the operation immediately following the
UNDO command, if necessary.
Command

REDO

ZOOM Command or Z Command

The ZOOM Command is used to enlarge or reduce the size of the objects on the
screen. Note that the actual size of the object remains unchanged.
Command

ZOOM or Z

Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or

[All/Center/Dynamic/Extent/Previous/Scale/Window] < real time>: Specify
window to zoom by picking the lower left corner and upper right corner using
mouse.

11

the

MOVE Command
The MOVE Command is used to move the object from the present position to the
new position.
Command

MOVE

Select objects

Select objects

Select base point of displacement

Select second point of displacement

select the objects to move

individually or in a window
using a mouse.
to complete the
selected object.
select any point as base point
to move the object.
select the new location for the
base point.

COPY Command
The COPY command is used to copy the existing objects to a new location.
Multiple copies can also be made by selecting multiple options M in this command.
Command

COPY

Select objects

Select objects

select the objects to copy

individually or in a window
using a mouse.
to complete the
selected object.
select any point as base
point.
select the new location for the
base point.

Select base point of displacement or [Multiple]:

Select second point of displacement

SAVE Command
The SAVE command is used to store the prepared drawing in the hard disk or
floppy disk using a file name. AutoCAD will wait for the user to enter the file name to
store the drawing through the displayed dialog box.

Command

SAVE

QUIT Command
The QUIT command is used to end the AutoCAD session to exit.

Command
12

QUIT

ORTHO Command
The ORTHO command is used to help the user to draw horizontal and vertical
lines.
Command

ORTHO

ON/OFF<off>

On

PLINE Command or PL Command

The PLINE command is used to draw polyline segments and is similar to LINE
command except some added features to change the line width etc.
Command

PLINE or PL

Specify the start point

select the starting point

using mouse.

Current line width is 0.0000

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/undo/width]: select the
Second point using mouse
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/undo/width]: to complete
the drawing
CIRCLE Command
The CIRCLE Command is used to draw a circle in many options. Usually a circle
is drawn in the default setup by selecting the center point and radius.
Command

Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/TTR]:

Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <current>:

13

CIRCLE
select the center point using
the mouse.
type any value and to
complete the drawing.

Circle command
ELLIPSE Command
The ELLIPSE Command is used to draw an ellipse in many options.
Command

ELLIPSE

Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Centre]:

Specify other end point of axis

Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]

14

select the first end point using

mouse.
select the second endpoint
using mouse.
select distance using mouse or
type the value using keyboard.

RECTANGLE Command
The RECTANGLE Command is used to draw a rectangle as a single entity by
selecting two diametrically opposite corners.
Command

RECTANGLE

Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:

Select first corner point using
mouse
Specify other corner point
: select second corner point
using mouse.
HATCH Command
The HATCH Command is used to draw hatching lines in a closed boundary region.
There are many standard hatch patterns available in AutoCAD that are identified by a
pattern name.
Command

Enter a pattern name or [? / solid/user defined]:

HATCH
enter the pattern name or
default pattern will be selected.

Specify a scale for the pattern<1.0000>

:

Specify an angle for the pattern<0>

:

Select objects to define hatch boundary or < direct hatch>:

Select objects
:
select the boundary for
hatching using mouse.
Select objects
:
to execute the
command.
BHATCH Command
The BHATCH Command is used to draw hatching lines in a closed boundary
region enclosed within a boundary by selecting a point inside the region.
Command

BHATCH

Select the hatch pattern, scale, angle etc through a dialog box and select [ok] to
apply the hatching inside the specified boundary.
ARC Command
The ARC Command is used to draw in many options. The default option is to draw
arc using 3 points.
15

Command

ARC

Specify start point of arc or [Center]

Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]
Specify end point of arc

:
:
:

select 3 points by using mouse.

OBJECT SELECTION METHODS

An object selection in AutoCAD is made through cursor. Various shapes of cursor
commonly used in AutoCAD are cross hair(+) which is normally seen inside the drawing
area, an arrow cursor which is used to select an icon command from the draw tool bar and
a small square() cursor to select objects in the drawing area to erase, move, copy etc.
Objects can also be selected through window by picking the diametrically opposite
corners of the window using the commonly used picking device mouse.

OBJECT SNAPS SETTING

An exact point on the object such as mid point, end point, center etc. can be selected
by setting object snaps through a dialog box. The OSNAP dialog box is activated by
pressing the F3 key on the keyboard. The snap setting is identified by marker display
which is a small geometric shape.
Object snap tool bar is also used to select the geometric point by picking the
appropriate icon on it. The object snap commands can also be typed to select a particular
point in an object while any draw command such as LINE, CIRCLE etc. is executed ,
commonly used snap mode are listed below:
NEA rest
END point
MID point
CEN ter

INT ersection
TANgent
PER pendicular
QUA drant

EDITING COMMANDS IN AUTOCAD

Commands which are used to modify the existing drawings to the required size and
shape are referred to as editing commands. Following are the list of editing commands
commonly used in engineering drawing preparation.
OFFSET Command
The OFFSET command is used to draw parallel lines, arcs, concentric circles etc. to
the specified distance.
Command

Specify offset distance or [Through]

16

OFFSET

<Through>

Select object to offset or <exit>

Specify point on side to offset

Specify object to offset or <exit>

enter the distance using

keyboard.
select object to offset using
mouse.
specify the side for offsetting
using mouse
to complete the drawing.

FILLET Command
The FILLET command is used to draw chamfering arcs connecting two lines of
specified radius.
Command

FILLET

Current settings

Select first object or [polyline/Radius/Trim]

Select second object

Mode = TRIM, Radius =

3.0
specify first object using
mouse.
specify second object using
mouse.

CHAMFER Command
The CHAMFER command is used to draw beveled lines connecting two lines at a
specified distance from the corner of two lines.
Command

CHAMFER or CHA

(TRIM mode)Current chamfer Dist 1=3.000, Dist 2 =3.000

Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/angle/Trim/Method]:
specify the first line using
mouse.
Select second line

specify the second line using

mouse.

TRIM Command
The TRIM command is used to trim or cut the lines projecting beyond the specified
boundary or cutting lines.
Command
:
TRIM or TR
Current settings: Projection = UCS Edge = None
Select cutting Edges..
Select objects
:
Select objects
:
Select objects to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo] :
17

specify the cutting edges

using mouse.

select edges

Select objects to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo] :

to execute the

command

EXTEND Command
The EXTEND command is used to extend or lengthen a line to meet other object
which is elected as the boundary edge.
Command

Current settings: Projection = UCS Edge = None

Select boundary Edges..
Select objects
:
Select objects
:
Select objects to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo] :
Select objects to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo] :

EXTEND or EX

specify the boundary

edges.

select the lines.

to execute from the
command.

BREAK Command
The BREAK command is used to remove a part of the selected objects like line,
arc, circle etc.
Command

Select object
Enter second break point or [First point]

:
:

BREAK or BR

select the object using mouse.

specify the second point using
mouse.
Option F may be given to select the first point, and then enter the second break
point.
ROTATE Command
The ROTATE command is used to rotate an object t a specified angle.
Command

ROTATE or RO

Current positive angle in UCS

Select objects

ANGDIR = current
ANGBASE = current
select the object for rotation
using mouse.

Select object
Specify base point

:
:

Specify rotation angle [Reference]

:
18

select a base point on or nearer

to the object using mouse.
enter the angle of rotation
using key board.

MIRROR Command
The MIRROR command is used to get a mirror copy of a symmetrical object.
Command

MIRROR

Select objects

select the object for rotation

using mouse.

Select object
Specify first point of mirror line
Specify second point of mirror line
Delete source object? [Yes/No]<N>

:
:
:
:

specify first end point

specify second end point

ARRAY Command
The ARRAY command is used to make a multiple copies of an object in rectangular
or polar fashion.
Command
Select objects

:
:

ARRAY
select the circle using
mouse

Select object
:

Enter type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R> :

Enter the number of rows (---) <1>

:
2
Enter the number of columns ( | | | ) <1>
:
3
Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (---) : 30
Enter the distance between columns ( | | | )
: 40
The polar array arranges the objects around a point in a circular pattern.

Command

ARRAY

Select object
Enter type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>
Specify the center point of array

:
:
:

Enter the number of terms in the array

:
Specify the angle to fill (+=CCW, -=CW) <360 :
Rotate arrayed objects [Yes/No] <Y>
:

19

select the end point of the

line at the center of the circle
8

EXPLODE Command
The EXPLODE command is used to separate a grouped objects into individual
objects. For example, a hexagon generated by a POLYGON command is a single entity
and can be exploded to 6 objects or lines.
Command
Select objects
Select object
CHPROP Command or CH Command

EXPLODE or X

:
:

select the object using mouse.

The CHPROP command is used to change the existing object properties such as
line type, colour, thickness etc.
Command

CHPROP

Select objects
:
select the object using mouse.
Select object
:

Enter property to change

[Color/Layer/Ltype/Itscale/Lweight/Thickness] : specify the properties.
Note that the change properties can also be done through the dialog box. Lines with
various colors can be used in a drawing for better understanding of the drawing. Also lines
with different types such as center, hidden line, continuous line etc. are used in engineering
drawing.
MATCHPROP Command
The MATCHPROP or PAINTER command is used to assign properties such as color,
line type etc. of an existing object to another object.
Command

MATCHPROP

Select objects
Select destination object(s) or [settings]

:
:

select the object using mouse.

select the objects, whose
properties are to be changed by
using mouse.

Select destination object(s) or [settings]

BASIC DIMENSIONING
Any engineering drawing prepared for any application purpose, should accompany
with the dimensions of the object. The method of dimensioning is similar to the normal
20

method followed in engineering drawing. Following dimensioning types are commonly

used in engineering practice.
Linear Dimensioning
The horizontal and vertical dimensions of an object are marked by using Linear
Dimensioning method.
Command

DIM or DIMLIN

DIM
:
HOR
Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:select first extension
point.
Specify second extension line origin
:
select second extension
Point.
Specify dimension line location or
[Mtext/Text/Angle]
:
select the location
conveniently away from the
object.
Enter dimension text<default>
:
Type a rounded dimension
or press ENTER.
DIM

VER

Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:select first extension

point.
Specify second extension line origin
:
select second extension point.
Specify dimension line location
or [Mtext/Text/Angle]
:
select the location
conveniently away from the
object.
Enter dimension text<default>
:
Type a rounded dimension
or press ENTER to
complete Dimensioning.

21

EX.NO:1

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING I

AIM:
To draw the top view, front view of the residential building, the line sketch of
which is given. Also draw the sectional view on XX.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Foundation:
Depth below G.L. is 80cm.
Width of concrete (P.C.C) footing 1:4:8 is 80 cm.
Thickness of concrete (P.C.C) footing is 20 cm.
The footing is of stone masonry in cement mortar 1:5, width 40 cm, height 45cm.

Basement or Plinth:
Height of the basement above G.L. is 45 cm.
Flooring concrete 1: 4: 8 mix and 8 cm thick.
Floor finishes 1.2 cm thick.
Damp proof course is of 2 cm thick in CM 1:3.
Brick work in cement mortar 1: 6, 30 cm thick; provide steps with rise15 cm and tread
25 cm. The basement is filled with sand.

Super Structure:
Wall in brick work with c.m. 1: 6, 20 cm thick. Height of wall from floor level to roof
ceiling is 300 cm.

Roof:
R.C.C. slab thick of mix 1: 2: 4.
22

Weathering course in 1:40 slope is consisting of one course of flat tiles set in CM 1:3
mixed with crude oil.

Sunshade:
Width 60 cm. Lintel beam 15 cm thick.

Parapet:
Brick work in c.m 1: 6, 20 cm thick and 50 cm height above the roof slab.

Window:
W1 90 cm X 120 cm -Glazed.
W2 135 cm X 120 cm -Glazed.
W3 180 cm X 120 cm Glazed.
Placed at 80 cm above floor level.

Door:
D 90 cm X 200 cm Panelled.
D1 80 cm X 200 cm Panelled.

Ventilator:
V 90 cm X 60 cm Glazed.
Placed at 150 cm above floor level.
Any other data missing may be suitably assumed.

23

24

25

26

EX.NO:2

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING II

AIM:
To draw the top view, front view of the residential building, the line sketch of
which is given. Also draw the sectional view on XX.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Foundation:
Depth below G.L. is 1: 4: 8 are 135 cm.
Width of concrete (P.C.C) footing is 115 cm.
Thickness of concrete (P.C.C) footing is 20 cm.
The footing is of stone masonry in cement mortar 1:5
First footing Width: 85 cm, Height: 65 cm.
Second footing Width: 70 cm, Height: 50cm.

Basement or Plinth:
Height of the basement above G.L. is 60 cm.
Flooring concrete 1: 4: 8 mix and 15 cm thick.
Floor finishes 1.2 cm thick.
Damp proof course is of 2 cm thick in C M 1:3.
Brick work in cement mortar 1: 6, 30 cm thick; provide steps with rise15 cm and tread
30 cm. The basement is filled with sand.

Super Structure:
Wall in brick work with C M.1: 6, 20cm thick. Height of wall from floor level to roof
ceiling is 300 cm.

Roof:
R.C.C. slab 20 cm thick of mix 1: 2: 4.
Weathering course is of 2 cm thick.

Sunshade:
Width 75 cm. Height of sunshade is 210 cm above floor level. Lintel is of 10 cm thick.

27

Parapet:
Brick work in C M 1: 6, 20 cm thick and 60 cm height above the roof slab.

Window:
W1 133 cm X 122 cm
W2 110 cm X 122 cm
The sill level is 90 cm above floor level.

Door:
D1 110 cm X 215 cm Paneled.
D2 90 cm X 215 cm Paneled.
G Grill
120 cm x 120 cm
S Spring Gate 90 cm x 210 cm

Ventilator:
V 90 cm X 60 cm Glazed.
Placed at 160 cm above floor level.
Any other data missing may be suitably assumed.

28

29

EX.NO:3

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING III

AIM:
To draw the top view, front view of the residential building, the line sketch of
which is given. Also draw the sectional view on XX.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Foundation:
Depth below G.L. is 1: 4: 8 are 135 cm.
Width of concrete (P.C.C) footing is 115 cm.
Thickness of concrete (P.C.C) footing is 20 cm.
The footing is of stone masonry in cement mortar 1:5
First footing Width: 85 cm, Height: 65 cm.
Second footing Width: 70 cm, Height: 50cm.

Basement or Plinth:
Height of the basement above G.L. is 60 cm.
Flooring concrete 1: 4: 8 mix and 15 cm thick.
Floor finishes 1.2 cm thick.
Damp proof course is of 2 cm thick in C M 1:3.
Brick work in cement mortar 1: 6, 30 cm thick; provide steps with rise 15 cm and tread
30 cm. The basement is filled with sand.

Super Structure:
Wall in brick work with C M 1: 6, 23 cm thick. Height of wall from floor level to roof
ceiling is 300 cm.

Roof:
R.C.C. slab 20 cm thick of mix 1: 2: 4.
Weathering course is of 2 cm thick.

Sunshade:
Width 75 cm. Height of sunshade is 210 cm above floor level. Lintel is of 10 cm thick.

30

Parapet:
Brick work in C M 1: 6, 20 cm thick and 60 cm height above the roof slab.

Window:
W 1.33 cm X 1.22 cm
Placed at 90 cm above floor level.

Door:
D 1.10 cm X 2.15 cm.
D1 90 cm X 2.15 cm.

Ventilator:
V1 90cm X 60cm.
V2 60cm X 60cm
Placed at 160 cm above floor level.
Any other data missing may be suitably assumed.

31

32

EX.NO:4

OFFICE BUILDING I

AIM:
To prepare a set of working drawing consisting of a plan, a front elevation and a
section on AA of a line diagram of an office building given. The dimensions shown are the
inside dimensions.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Foundation:
The foundation consists of R.R. Masonry in cm 1:6. Width of foundation is 60cm and
depth 80cm and is built over P.C.C 1:4:8, 10cm thick.

Basement or Plinth:
The basement is 45 cm wide and 45 cm thick. Provide steps with rise 15 cm and tread
35 cm. The basement is filled with sand.

Super Structure:
Wall are of brick in c.m. 1: 5, 20 cm thick, plastered both inside and outside with c.m
1:5. The rear verandah has brick pillars of 20 cm x 20 cm size, supporting bressumers of size 9
cm x 12.5 cm. The main walls have heights of 360 cm above floor level. The front verandah
has a R.C.C flat roof 10 cm thick supported on walls, columns and beam.

Roof:
The roof is sloping with rise of 1 in 3. The roof frame consists of wall plates, hip and
valley rafters, ridges and rafters. Roofing is of Mangalore pattern (M.P) tiles. The caves
projection is 75 cm.

Window:
W1 150 cm X 140 cm -Glazed.
W2 120 cm X 140 cm -Glazed.
The sill level of the window is 80 cm above the floor level.

Door:
D1 100 cm X 210 cm Panelled.
D2 90 cm X 210 cm Panelled.
D3 75 cm X 210 cm Panelled.
33

Ventilator:
V 90cm X 60cm Glazed.
Placed at 150 cm above floor level.
Any other data missing may be suitably assumed.

AN OFFICE BUILDING - I

34

35

EX.NO:5

OFFICE BUILDING II

AIM:
To prepare a set of working drawing consisting of a plan, a front elevation and a
section on AA of a line diagram of an office building given. The dimensions shown are the
inside dimensions.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Foundation:
Depth below G.L. is 1350 mm.
Width of concrete (P.C.C) footing 1: 4: 8 is 1150mm.
Thickness of concrete (P.C.C) footing is 200mm.
The footing is of stone masonry in cement mortar 1:5
First footing Width: 850 mm, Height: 650 mm.
Second footing Width: 700 mm, Height: 500 mm

Basement or Plinth:
Height of the basement above G.L. is 600 mm.
Flooring concrete P.C.C 1: 4: 8, 150 mm thick.
Floor finish in 1:3, 12 mm thick.
Damp proof course in C M 1:3 are 20 mm thick.
The basement is filled with sand.

Super Structure:
Wall in brick work is 200 mm thick. Mix for plastering in C M is 1: 5. Height of wall
from floor level to roof ceiling is 3000 mm.

Roof:
R.C.C. slab 200 mm thick of mix 1: 2: 4.
Weathering course in C M 1:3 are 20 mm thick.

Sunshade:
Width of the sunshade is 600 mm. The bottom of the sunshade is 2100 mm above the
floor level. The sill level of the window is 900 mm above the floor level. R.C.C lintel
beam 1:2:4 mix, 150 mm thick.

36

Parapet:
Brick work in C M 1: 6, 200mm thick and 600mm height above the roof slab.

Window:
W1 1330 mm X 1220 mm
W2 1100 mm X 1220 mm
The sill level is 90 cm above the ground level.

Door:
D 1100 mm X 2150 mm.
D1 900 mm X 2150 mm.

Ventilator:
V 900mm X 600mm
Placed at 160cm above floor level.
Any other data missing may be suitably assumed.

37

38

EX.NO:6

OFFICE BUILDING III

AIM:
To design and draw a single line diagram for a Taluk office with the following
requirements.
(a) Tahsildars room with attached toilet - 1 No.
(b) Revenue Inspectors room
- 2 Nos.
(c) Office Room
- 2 Nos.
(d) Rooms for miscellaneous use
- 2 Nos.
(e) Waiting Room
- 1 No.
Toilets and corridors are to be provided. Suitable dimensions may be assumed and
indicated. Waiting space has to be provided in the center so that all rooms are more or less
equidistant. Open verandah concept has to be utilized so as to get better ventilation and
lighting.3 m wide single loaded open corridor has to be provided for easy circulation.
Also draw the plan, front elevation and cross sectional view of the Taluk office.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Foundation:
Depth below G.L. is 1: 4: 8 are 135 cm.
Width of concrete (P.C.C) footing is 115 cm.
Thickness of concrete (P.C.C) footing is 20 cm.
The footing is of stone masonry in cement mortar 1:5
First footing Width: 85 cm, Height: 65 cm.
Second footing Width: 70 cm, Height: 50cm.

Basement or Plinth:
Height of the basement above G.L. is 60 cm.
Flooring concrete 1: 4: 8 mix and 15 cm thick.
Floor finishes 1.2 cm thick.
Damp proof course is of 2cm thick in C M 1:3.

Super Structure:
Wall in brick work is 20 cm thick. Mix of plastering in CM is 1:5.
Height of the wall from floor level to roof ceiling is 300 cm.

39

Roof:
R.C.C. roof slab 20 cm thick of mix 1: 2: 4.
Weathering course in cm 1:3 is of 2 cm thick.

Sunshade:
Width of the sunshade is 75 cm. The bottom of the sunshade is 210 cm above the floor
level. The sill level of the window is 90 cm above the floor level. R.C.C lintel beam
1:2:4 mix, 10 cm thick.

Parapet:
Brick work in c.m 1: 6, 20 cm thick and 60 cm height above the roof slab.

Window:
W1 133 cm X 122 cm
W2 110 cm X 122 cm
Placed at 90 cm above floor level.

Door:
D 110 cm X 215 cm.
D1 90 cm X 215 cm.

Ventilator:
V 90cm X 60cm
Placed at 160cm above floor level.
Any other data missing may be suitably assumed.

40

All dimensions are in mm.

OFFICE BUILDING III

41

EX.NO:7

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING I

AIM:
To draw the ground floor and first floor plan, elevation and cross sectional
elevation and salient details of roof for the industrial building. The line diagram of which is
given.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Foundation:
Depth below G.L. is 1.5 m.
R.C.C square column footing of size 1.5m x 1.5m with P.C.C 1:4:8
Thickness of P.C.C is 15 cm.
Size of P.C.C is 1.8 m x 1.8 m.
R.C.C plinth level beam 23 cm x 45 cm size, 1:2:4 mix at basement level.

Basement or Plinth:
Height of the basement above G.L. is 30 cm.
Basement is filled with sand. P.C.C flooring concrete 1: 4: 8 mix and 15 cm thick.
Floor finishes 2 cm thick.
Granolithic flooring 1: 1 : 3 with chips concrete.
Provide 3 steps of rise15 cm and tread 30 cm. Width is 300 cm.

Super Structure:
R.C.C columns 1: 1 : 3 mixes, size 23cm x 45cm
Brick work 23 cm thick in cm 1:5 up to roof truss bottom level.

Roof:
M.S angular truss North light type with A.C sheet roofing element with proper rain
water gutters. The North light glazing fixed type with M.S angles 25 mm x 25 mm x 4
mm. the purlins of size ISMC 75 with proper fixtures for A.C sheet roof.
The boundary wall gutter with proper A.C piping to drain the rain water.

Sunshade:
R.C.C sunshade is 60 cm width for the window length.

42

Window:
W1 150 cm x 120 cm
Placed at 90 cm above floor level.

Door:
D 120 cm x 200 cm.
D1 100 cm x 200 cm.
D2 80 cm x 200 cm.
RS 300cm x 240 cm.

Ventilator:
V 100 cm X 50cm.
Placed at 160 cm above floor level.
Any other data missing may be suitably assumed.

43

Industrial Building I Plan

44

Industrial Building I Section & Elevation

45

EX.NO:8

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING II

AIM:
To draw the ground floor and first floor plan, elevation and cross sectional
elevation and salient details of roof for the industrial building. The line diagram of which is
given.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Foundation:
Depth below G.L. is 135 cm
Width of the cement concrete (P.C.C) 1:4:8 is 100 cm.
Thickness of the cement concrete (P.C.C) is 20 cm.
The footing is of width 85 cm, height 65 cm for brick pillars.
The footing is of width 70 cm, height 50 cm for wall footing.
The stone masonry work is in C M 1:6 mix.

Basement or Plinth:
Height of the basement above G.L. is 60cm.
Basement is filled with sand. P.C.C flooring concrete 1: 4: 8 mix and 15 cm thick.
Floor finishes 2 cm thick.
Damp proof course is of 2cm thick in c.m 1:3.
Basement wall is of stone masonry in C M 1:6 mix and 45 cm width for wall.
Basement wall is of brick masonry in C M 1:6 mix and 30cm width for brick pillars.

Super Structure:
Wall in brick work with cm 1:6. 20 cm thick.
Height of wall from floor level to truss bottom is 400 cm for work shop.
Height of wall from floor level to roof ceiling is 250 cm for verandah.
All main columns of the brick 30 cm x 30 cm.
Ramp 200 cm wide, slope 1:4.
R.C.C 1:2:4 lintels over wall openings.

Roof:
R.C.C slab for verandah 10 cm thick, with weathering course in 1:40 slope consisting
of one course of flat tiles set in cm 1:3 mixed with crude oil.
For work shop area, steel roof truss with A.C sheet roofing with 75 cm overhang on
both sides.
Bed block of 30 cm thick in P.C.C 1:2:4 mix for steel roof supports over brick pillars.

46

Window:
W1 133 cm x 122 cm Fixed Glazed.
W2 110 cm x 122 cm Glazed.
Placed at 90 cm above floor level.

Door:
D2 110cm x 215 cm Panelled.
D3 90 cm x 215cm Panelled.
RS 300cm x 240 cm Rolling shutter.

Ventilator:
V 90 cm X 60cm.
Placed at 160cm above floor level.
Any other data missing may be suitably assumed.

47

AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING II - PLAN

48

EX.NO:9

R.C.C FRAMED BUILDING I

AIM:
To prepare the ground floor plan and first floor plan, front elevation and section on
AA of the line sketch of a two storeyed R.C.C building given.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Foundation:
Depth below G.L. is 80m.
Width of footing is 60 cm.
P.C.C concrete footing 1:4:8, 10 cm thick.
Footing is of stone masonry 60cm width, 70cm height.

Basement or Plinth:
Height of the basement above G.L. is 45cm.
Basement is of R.R masonry in cm 1: 6, 45 cm width.
Floor finishes 2 cm thick.
Damp proof course 2 cm thick.
The columns are connected by a plinth beam of size 30 cm x 50 cm.

Super Structure:
Size of the column 25cm x 50cm.
The infilling between the column is by brick 20cm thick in cm 1:5.
Main beams are 25 cm x 50 cm, and cross beams are 25cm x 30 cm.
Suitable lintel beams between columns span the opening for doors and windows.

Roof:
R.C.C roof slab 1:2:4 mix, 12 cm thick.
Cantilever beam of length 150cm, 12cm thick.
The ceiling height for ground floor and for first floor is same and 300 cm.
Wall in brick work with cm 1:5, 23 cm thick rests on the cantilever beam at ground
floor roof level extending up to parapet.

Sunshade:
Width of sunshade is 60 cm. The bottom of sunshade is 210 cm above the floor level.
The sill level of the window is 90 cm above the floor level.

49

Parapet:
Brick work in c.m 1: 6, 23cm thick and 70 cm height above the roof slab.

Window:
W1 150 cm x 120cm Glazed.
The sill level of the window is 90 cm above floor level.

Door:
D 120cm x 210cm Panelled.
D1 100cm x 210 cm Panelled.
D2 70 cm x 210cm Panelled.
RS 300cm x 210 cm Rolling shutter.

Ventilator:
V 100cm X 60cm Glazed.
Placed at 150cm above floor level.
Any other data missing may be suitably assumed.

50

All dimensions are in mm

PLAN
R.C.C FRAMED BUILDING - I

51

PLAN, SECTION & ELEVATION

R.C.C FRAMED BUILDING - I
52

EX.NO:10

PERSPECTIVE VIEW I

AIM:
To draw the perspective view for the given plan of the building.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Basement height above G.L is 1 6.
Thickness of wall is 0 9
Provide steps with rise 0 6 and tread 0 9.
Ceiling height is 10 0.
Sunshade width is 2 0
Thickness of the parapet wall is 0 9.
Parapet height is 2 0.
Two square pillars of size 1 6 x 1 6 are to be provided in portico.

Window:
W 40 x 43.
W1 20 x 43.

Door:
MD Main Door 36 x 70.
D
30 X 70.
D1
26 X 70.

Opening:
O
30 x 70.
AO Arch Opening 40 x 70.

Ventilator:
V 20 x 16.
Fix the camera position (i.e.) the distance of the camera from the building, angle of the camera
and height of the camera from which the building is viewed and also fix the target point, to get
the appropriate view.

53

All dimensions are in feet & inches

PLAN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IV

54

PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IV

55